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bio10
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
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Duplicates
There are 4 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_5_25_discs_Biology-Acornsoftib_HD-BIOL.dsd » bio10
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_tapes_Biology-Acornsoftib_Biology-IvanBerg_BE.uef » bio10
- Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron » Acornsoft_Educational.ADF » Biology/bio10
- Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » elk08 » acornsofte/Biology/bio10
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02b_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio10
File contents
1AF8
BIOLOGY 10
1 ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction in animals
involves the fertilisation of the
female gamete (ovum) by a male gamete
(sperm).
Because sperm can only survive in
liquids, land animals have complex
reproductive organs.
Note: gametes are haploid not diploid.
#
2 INVERTEBRATES
Many invertebrates are hermaphrodite,
i.e. both sexes in one animal.
EXAMPLES are:
HYDRA: The testes form near the mouth,
the ovaries near the base. Sperm is
released as the testes burst.
EARTHWORM: Testes and ovaries in
adjacent segments prevent
self-fertilisation. Two worms meet and
exchange sperm.
SNAILS: Produce a packet of sperm
(a love-dart) which is 'fired' into
partner.
#
3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION
MALE: Sperm is made in testes a few
degrees centigrade below body
temperature. Supplied with fructose
'fuel' from seminal fluid. 200 million
sperm are ejaculated from erect penis.
FEMALE: The ovum is released singly
from ovaries protected in the pelvis.
If it is not fertilised it is shed
with the uterus lining at
menstruation. Development and release
of ova is hormonally controlled.
#
4 HUMAN FERTILISATION
A single sperm fertilises the ovum in
the oviduct. It divides by MITOSIS
(ovum and sperm produced by MEIOSIS)
to form a ball of cells which implants
in the wall of the uterus. These cells
are DIPLOID.
PLACENTA: An exchange system (with no
mixing of blood) which supplies the
embryo with food and oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide and urea.
(Large surface area for exchange).
GESTATION PERIOD: 38 weeks before
birth.
#
5 INSECT LIFE CYCLES
Insects may have several distinct
stages in life.
METAMORPHOSIS.
The LARVAL stage makes use of a food
supply which is different to the
adult's and may live in a very
different habitat.
e.g. Mosquito larva in water.
EGG ������� NYMPH ������ ADULT
PARTIAL METAMORPHOSIS
EGG ���� LARVA (MAGGOT,
� � CATERPILLAR)
� �
ADULT��� PUPA
COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
#
6 VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION
FISH: External fertilisation; the eggs
(numbering thousands) are laid in
water; no shell, no food, no care of
young.
AMPHIBIA: External fertilisation; the
eggs (numbering hundreds) are laid in
water, and covered in jelly; little
food and no care of young.
REPTILES: Internal fertilisation; the
eggs (numbering tens) are laid on
land; leather shell; the yolk provides
food; care during the egg stage.
BIRDS: Internal fertilisation; the
eggs (up to ten) are laid on land;
chalk shell; the yolk provides food;
care of young.
MAMMALS: Internal fertilisation; the
young are born alive, fed through the
placenta; care of young.
#
7 SEEDS AND FRUITS
A seed is a FERTILISED OVULE, the
embryo of the flowering plant together
with a food supply.
The fruit, formed from the ovary wall,
provides a means of dispersal so that
seeds can germinate away from the
parent plant.
#
8 SEED STRUCTURE
TESTA: A waterproof layer, with
MICROPYLE (hole for fertilisation and
absorption of water).
PLUMULE: Growing point.
RADICLE: Embryo root.
COTYLEDON: Seed
leaf for food
absorption.
ENDOSPERM: Food
store.
p
0
#
9 GERMINATION
EXPERIMENT to find conditions
necessary for germination: 5 sets of
seeds, one with water, oxygen, light
and warmth, (the control), and four
which each have a factor missing.
Results show that light is not needed,
the other factors are.
(1) CONTROL (2) COLD
GROWS WELL MAY BEGIN TO PUSH
OUT
(3) DRY (4) DARK
SHOWS NO GROWS TALL AND
GROWTH AT YELLOW
ALL
(5) NO OXYGEN
DOES NOT GROW AT ALL
#
10 FRUITS AND DISPERSAL
The fruits protect the seed and aid
its dispersal. They may be dry or
succulent, and are dispersed by wind,
water, animals or by 'exploding'.
FRUIT DISPERSAL ����
� � � �
� � � �
ANIMAL WIND WATER �
� � �
� � �
� � �
STICK/STORE WING EXPLODE
EAT & PASS OUT PEPPER-POT
DISCARD PARACHUTE
#
11 FLOWERS
The flower is an organ for sexual
reproduction. It normally produces
both male and female GAMETES, but may
develop only one or at different
times.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
STAMEN: The ANTHER makes pollen, the
FILAMENT holds it in a
suitable position.
CARPEL: The OVARY produces OVULES, the
STIGMA receives pollen, the
STYLE holds the STIGMA.
PETAL: Provides colour/scent.
SEPAL: Protects the flower as a bud.
RECEPTACLE: The swollen tip of the
stalk, supports the other
structures.
#
12 WIND-POLLINATED FLOWERS
Wind-pollinated flowers:
1) Have small, unattractive petals.
2) Have long filaments and large
anthers.
3) Produce large quantities of small,
dry, light pollen.
4) Have large, exposed stigmas.
EXAMPLES: Grasses, trees such as oak.
#
13 INSECT-POLLINATED FLOWERS
Insect-pollinated flowers:
1) Have large, brightly coloured,
often scented, attractive petals.
2) Have stiff filaments and anthers.
3) Produce relatively small quantities
of sticky/rough pollen.
4) Have small, unexposed, sticky
stigmas with stiff styles.
EXAMPLES: Buttercup, trees such as
cherry.
#
T
#1
1
What name is given to specialised
reproductive cells?
1
GAMETES
GAMETE
#2
2
Animals which have both sexes in the
same individual are .....
1
HERMAPHRODITE
HERMAPHRODITES
#3
5
Change in body form is known as .....
1
METAMORPHOSIS
#4
3
(a) Where are human sperm produced?
(b) What name is given to the fluid
which nourishes the sperm?
2
~IN THE
TESTES
TESTIS
~
SEMINAL
#5
3
When is the unfertilised egg lost from
the body?
1
MENSTRUATION
DURING MENSTRUATION
AT MENSTRUATION
#6
4
(a) Where does human fertilisation
take place?
(b) Which organ supplies the embryo
with food and oxygen?
(c) How long (in weeks) is the human
gestation period?
3
~IN THE
OVIDUCT
~
PLACENTA
THE PLACENTA
~IN WEEKS =
38
#7
6
(a) Which group of vertebrates has
internal fertilisation and lays
leathery eggs?
(b) In which group of vertebrates are
the young born alive?
2
~
REPTILES
REPTILE
~
MAMMALS
MAMMAL
#8
11
Which part of the flower produces
pollen?
1
ANTHER
THE ANTHER
#9
12
(a) Which part of the flower is much
reduced in wind-pollinated
flowers?
(b) Which type of pollination is
associated with large quantities
of pollen?
2
~
PETALS
THE PETALS
PETAL
~
WIND
WIND POLLINATION
#10
9
For germination, seeds require 3
factors. These are .....
3
~
WATER
WARMTH
OXYGEN
HEAT
MOISTURE
~
WARMTH
WATER
OXYGEN
HEAT
MOISTURE
~
OXYGEN
WARMTH
WATER
HEAT
MOISTURE
#11
7
The fertilised ovule becomes a .....
1
SEED
#12
8
What name is given to the hole in the
surface of a seed, through which the
pollen entered and where water is
absorbed?
1
MICROPYLE
THE MICROPYLE
e
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Sperm is| 000001d0 0d 0d 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 64 20 61 73 20 74 68 |..released as th| 000001e0 65 20 74 65 73 74 65 73 20 62 75 72 73 74 2e 0d |e testes burst..| 000001f0 0d 45 41 52 54 48 57 4f 52 4d 3a 20 54 65 73 74 |.EARTHWORM: Test| 00000200 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 76 61 72 69 65 73 20 69 |es and ovaries i| 00000210 6e 0d 0d 61 64 6a 61 63 65 6e 74 20 73 65 67 6d |n..adjacent segm| 00000220 65 6e 74 73 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 0d 0d 73 65 |ents prevent..se| 00000230 6c 66 2d 66 65 72 74 69 6c 69 73 61 74 69 6f 6e |lf-fertilisation| 00000240 2e 20 54 77 6f 20 77 6f 72 6d 73 20 6d 65 65 74 |. Two worms meet| 00000250 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 65 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 73 | and..exchange s| 00000260 70 65 72 6d 2e 0d 0d 53 4e 41 49 4c 53 3a 20 50 |perm...SNAILS: P| 00000270 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 61 20 70 61 63 6b 65 74 20 |roduce a packet | 00000280 6f 66 20 73 70 65 72 6d 0d 0d 28 61 20 6c 6f 76 |of sperm..(a lov| 00000290 65 2d 64 61 72 74 29 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 |e-dart) which is| 000002a0 20 27 66 69 72 65 64 27 20 69 6e 74 6f 0d 0d 70 | 'fired' into..p| 000002b0 61 72 74 6e 65 72 2e 0d 23 0d 33 20 48 55 4d 41 |artner..#.3 HUMA| 000002c0 4e 20 52 45 50 52 4f 44 55 43 54 49 4f 4e 0d 4d |N REPRODUCTION.M| 000002d0 41 4c 45 3a 20 53 70 65 72 6d 20 69 73 20 6d 61 |ALE: Sperm is ma| 000002e0 64 65 20 69 6e 20 74 65 73 74 65 73 20 61 20 66 |de in testes a f| 000002f0 65 77 0d 0d 64 65 67 72 65 65 73 20 63 65 6e 74 |ew..degrees cent| 00000300 69 67 72 61 64 65 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 62 6f 64 |igrade below bod| 00000310 79 0d 0d 74 65 6d 70 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 2e 20 |y..temperature. | 00000320 53 75 70 70 6c 69 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 66 72 |Supplied with fr| 00000330 75 63 74 6f 73 65 0d 0d 27 66 75 65 6c 27 20 66 |uctose..'fuel' f| 00000340 72 6f 6d 20 73 65 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 6c 75 69 |rom seminal flui| 00000350 64 2e 20 32 30 30 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 0d 0d |d. 200 million..| 00000360 73 70 65 72 6d 20 61 72 65 20 65 6a 61 63 75 6c |sperm are ejacul| 00000370 61 74 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 65 72 65 63 74 20 |ated from erect | 00000380 70 65 6e 69 73 2e 0d 0d 0d 46 45 4d 41 4c 45 3a |penis....FEMALE:| 00000390 20 54 68 65 20 6f 76 75 6d 20 69 73 20 72 65 6c | The ovum is rel| 000003a0 65 61 73 65 64 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 79 0d 0d 66 72 |eased singly..fr| 000003b0 6f 6d 20 6f 76 61 72 69 65 73 20 70 72 6f 74 65 |om ovaries prote| 000003c0 63 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 6c 76 |cted in the pelv| 000003d0 69 73 2e 0d 0d 49 66 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f |is...If it is no| 000003e0 74 20 66 65 72 74 69 6c 69 73 65 64 20 69 74 20 |t fertilised it | 000003f0 69 73 20 73 68 65 64 0d 0d 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 |is shed..with th| 00000400 65 20 75 74 65 72 75 73 20 6c 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 |e uterus lining | 00000410 61 74 0d 0d 6d 65 6e 73 74 72 75 61 74 69 6f 6e |at..menstruation| 00000420 2e 20 44 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 6e |. Development an| 00000430 64 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 0d 0d 6f 66 20 6f 76 |d release..of ov| 00000440 61 20 69 73 20 68 6f 72 6d 6f 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 |a is hormonally | 00000450 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 65 64 2e 0d 23 0d 34 20 |controlled..#.4 | 00000460 48 55 4d 41 4e 20 46 45 52 54 49 4c 49 53 41 54 |HUMAN FERTILISAT| 00000470 49 4f 4e 0d 41 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 73 70 65 |ION.A single spe| 00000480 72 6d 20 66 65 72 74 69 6c 69 73 65 73 20 74 68 |rm fertilises th| 00000490 65 20 6f 76 75 6d 20 69 6e 0d 0d 74 68 65 20 6f |e ovum in..the o| 000004a0 76 69 64 75 63 74 2e 20 49 74 20 64 69 76 69 64 |viduct. It divid| 000004b0 65 73 20 62 79 20 4d 49 54 4f 53 49 53 0d 0d 28 |es by MITOSIS..(| 000004c0 6f 76 75 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 73 70 65 72 6d 20 70 |ovum and sperm p| 000004d0 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 62 79 20 4d 45 49 4f 53 |roduced by MEIOS| 000004e0 49 53 29 0d 0d 74 6f 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 62 |IS)..to form a b| 000004f0 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 77 68 69 |all of cells whi| 00000500 63 68 20 69 6d 70 6c 61 6e 74 73 0d 0d 69 6e 20 |ch implants..in | 00000510 74 68 65 20 77 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |the wall of the | 00000520 75 74 65 72 75 73 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 63 65 |uterus. These ce| 00000530 6c 6c 73 0d 0d 61 72 65 20 44 49 50 4c 4f 49 44 |lls..are DIPLOID| 00000540 2e 0d 0d 50 4c 41 43 45 4e 54 41 3a 20 41 6e 20 |...PLACENTA: An | 00000550 65 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 |exchange system | 00000560 28 77 69 74 68 20 6e 6f 0d 0d 6d 69 78 69 6e 67 |(with no..mixing| 00000570 20 6f 66 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 29 20 77 68 69 63 68 | of blood) which| 00000580 20 73 75 70 70 6c 69 65 73 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 65 | supplies the..e| 00000590 6d 62 72 79 6f 20 77 69 74 68 20 66 6f 6f 64 20 |mbryo with food | 000005a0 61 6e 64 20 6f 78 79 67 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d |and oxygen and..| 000005b0 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 63 61 72 62 6f 6e 20 64 |removes carbon d| 000005c0 69 6f 78 69 64 65 20 61 6e 64 20 75 72 65 61 2e |ioxide and urea.| 000005d0 0d 0d 28 4c 61 72 67 65 20 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 |..(Large surface| 000005e0 20 61 72 65 61 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 63 68 61 6e | area for exchan| 000005f0 67 65 29 2e 0d 0d 47 45 53 54 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 |ge)...GESTATION | 00000600 50 45 52 49 4f 44 3a 20 33 38 20 77 65 65 6b 73 |PERIOD: 38 weeks| 00000610 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 0d 0d 62 69 72 74 68 2e 0d | before..birth..| 00000620 23 0d 35 20 49 4e 53 45 43 54 20 4c 49 46 45 20 |#.5 INSECT LIFE | 00000630 43 59 43 4c 45 53 0d 49 6e 73 65 63 74 73 20 6d |CYCLES.Insects m| 00000640 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 |ay have several | 00000650 64 69 73 74 69 6e 63 74 0d 73 74 61 67 65 73 20 |distinct.stages | 00000660 69 6e 20 6c 69 66 65 2e 0d 0d 4d 45 54 41 4d 4f |in life...METAMO| 00000670 52 50 48 4f 53 49 53 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 4c 41 |RPHOSIS...The LA| 00000680 52 56 41 4c 20 73 74 61 67 65 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 |RVAL stage makes| 00000690 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 6f 6f 64 0d 73 | use of a food.s| 000006a0 75 70 70 6c 79 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 64 |upply which is d| 000006b0 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 0d |ifferent to the.| 000006c0 61 64 75 6c 74 27 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 79 20 |adult's and may | 000006d0 6c 69 76 65 20 69 6e 20 61 20 76 65 72 79 0d 64 |live in a very.d| 000006e0 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 68 61 62 69 74 61 74 |ifferent habitat| 000006f0 2e 0d 0d 65 2e 67 2e 20 4d 6f 73 71 75 69 74 6f |...e.g. Mosquito| 00000700 20 6c 61 72 76 61 20 69 6e 20 77 61 74 65 72 2e | larva in water.| 00000710 0d 0d 45 47 47 20 20 91 91 91 91 91 91 96 20 4e |..EGG ....... N| 00000720 59 4d 50 48 20 91 91 91 91 91 96 20 41 44 55 4c |YMPH ...... ADUL| 00000730 54 0d 0d 20 20 50 41 52 54 49 41 4c 20 4d 45 54 |T.. PARTIAL MET| 00000740 41 4d 4f 52 50 48 4f 53 49 53 0d 0d 45 47 47 20 |AMORPHOSIS..EGG | 00000750 91 91 91 96 20 4c 41 52 56 41 20 20 20 28 4d 41 |.... LARVA (MA| 00000760 47 47 4f 54 2c 0d 94 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 |GGOT,.. .| 00000770 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 41 54 45 52 50 49 4c | CATERPIL| 00000780 4c 41 52 29 0d 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 95 0d |LAR).. ..| 00000790 41 44 55 4c 54 97 91 91 20 50 55 50 41 0d 0d 43 |ADULT... PUPA..C| 000007a0 4f 4d 50 4c 45 54 45 20 4d 45 54 41 4d 4f 52 50 |OMPLETE METAMORP| 000007b0 48 4f 53 49 53 0d 23 0d 36 20 56 45 52 54 45 42 |HOSIS.#.6 VERTEB| 000007c0 52 41 54 45 20 52 45 50 52 4f 44 55 43 54 49 4f |RATE REPRODUCTIO| 000007d0 4e 0d 46 49 53 48 3a 20 45 78 74 65 72 6e 61 6c |N.FISH: External| 000007e0 20 66 65 72 74 69 6c 69 73 61 74 69 6f 6e 3b 20 | fertilisation; | 000007f0 74 68 65 20 65 67 67 73 0d 28 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 |the eggs.(number| 00000800 69 6e 67 20 74 68 6f 75 73 61 6e 64 73 29 20 61 |ing thousands) a| 00000810 72 65 20 6c 61 69 64 20 69 6e 0d 77 61 74 65 72 |re laid in.water| 00000820 3b 20 6e 6f 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 2c 20 6e 6f 20 66 |; no shell, no f| 00000830 6f 6f 64 2c 20 6e 6f 20 63 61 72 65 20 6f 66 0d |ood, no care of.| 00000840 79 6f 75 6e 67 2e 0d 0d 41 4d 50 48 49 42 49 41 |young...AMPHIBIA| 00000850 3a 20 45 78 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 66 65 72 74 69 |: External ferti| 00000860 6c 69 73 61 74 69 6f 6e 3b 20 74 68 65 0d 65 67 |lisation; the.eg| 00000870 67 73 20 28 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 69 6e 67 20 68 75 |gs (numbering hu| 00000880 6e 64 72 65 64 73 29 20 61 72 65 20 6c 61 69 64 |ndreds) are laid| 00000890 20 69 6e 0d 77 61 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 | in.water, and c| 000008a0 6f 76 65 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 6a 65 6c 6c 79 3b |overed in jelly;| 000008b0 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 0d 66 6f 6f 64 20 61 6e 64 | little.food and| 000008c0 20 6e 6f 20 63 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 6e | no care of youn| 000008d0 67 2e 0d 0d 52 45 50 54 49 4c 45 53 3a 20 49 6e |g...REPTILES: In| 000008e0 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 66 65 72 74 69 6c 69 73 61 |ternal fertilisa| 000008f0 74 69 6f 6e 3b 20 74 68 65 0d 65 67 67 73 20 28 |tion; the.eggs (| 00000900 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 69 6e 67 20 74 65 6e 73 29 20 |numbering tens) | 00000910 61 72 65 20 6c 61 69 64 20 6f 6e 0d 6c 61 6e 64 |are laid on.land| 00000920 3b 20 6c 65 61 74 68 65 72 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 3b |; leather shell;| 00000930 20 74 68 65 20 79 6f 6c 6b 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 | the yolk provid| 00000940 65 73 0d 66 6f 6f 64 3b 20 63 61 72 65 20 64 75 |es.food; care du| 00000950 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 65 67 67 20 73 74 61 |ring the egg sta| 00000960 67 65 2e 0d 0d 42 49 52 44 53 3a 20 49 6e 74 65 |ge...BIRDS: Inte| 00000970 72 6e 61 6c 20 66 65 72 74 69 6c 69 73 61 74 69 |rnal fertilisati| 00000980 6f 6e 3b 20 74 68 65 0d 65 67 67 73 20 28 75 70 |on; the.eggs (up| 00000990 20 74 6f 20 74 65 6e 29 20 61 72 65 20 6c 61 69 | to ten) are lai| 000009a0 64 20 6f 6e 20 6c 61 6e 64 3b 0d 63 68 61 6c 6b |d on land;.chalk| 000009b0 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 3b 20 74 68 65 20 79 6f 6c 6b | shell; the yolk| 000009c0 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 66 6f 6f 64 3b 0d | provides food;.| 000009d0 63 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 6e 67 2e 0d 0d |care of young...| 000009e0 4d 41 4d 4d 41 4c 53 3a 20 49 6e 74 65 72 6e 61 |MAMMALS: Interna| 000009f0 6c 20 66 65 72 74 69 6c 69 73 61 74 69 6f 6e 3b |l fertilisation;| 00000a00 20 74 68 65 0d 79 6f 75 6e 67 20 61 72 65 20 62 | the.young are b| 00000a10 6f 72 6e 20 61 6c 69 76 65 2c 20 66 65 64 20 74 |orn alive, fed t| 00000a20 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 0d 70 6c 61 63 65 |hrough the.place| 00000a30 6e 74 61 3b 20 63 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 |nta; 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wh| 000017f0 69 63 68 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 6f 66 20 76 65 72 |ich group of ver| 00001800 74 65 62 72 61 74 65 73 20 61 72 65 0d 0d 20 20 |tebrates are.. | 00001810 20 20 74 68 65 20 79 6f 75 6e 67 20 62 6f 72 6e | the young born| 00001820 20 61 6c 69 76 65 3f 0d 32 0d 7e 0d 52 45 50 54 | alive?.2.~.REPT| 00001830 49 4c 45 53 0d 52 45 50 54 49 4c 45 0d 7e 0d 4d |ILES.REPTILE.~.M| 00001840 41 4d 4d 41 4c 53 0d 4d 41 4d 4d 41 4c 0d 23 38 |AMMALS.MAMMAL.#8| 00001850 0d 31 31 0d 57 68 69 63 68 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f |.11.Which part o| 00001860 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 70 72 6f |f the flower pro| 00001870 64 75 63 65 73 0d 0d 70 6f 6c 6c 65 6e 3f 0d 31 |duces..pollen?.1| 00001880 0d 41 4e 54 48 45 52 0d 54 48 45 20 41 4e 54 48 |.ANTHER.THE ANTH| 00001890 45 52 0d 23 39 0d 31 32 0d 28 61 29 20 57 68 69 |ER.#9.12.(a) Whi| 000018a0 63 68 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 |ch part of the f| 000018b0 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 69 73 20 6d 75 63 68 0d 0d 20 |lower is much.. | 000018c0 20 20 20 72 65 64 75 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 77 69 | reduced in wi| 000018d0 6e 64 2d 70 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 61 74 65 64 0d 0d 20 |nd-pollinated.. | 000018e0 20 20 20 66 6c 6f 77 65 72 73 3f 0d 0d 28 62 29 | flowers?..(b)| 000018f0 20 57 68 69 63 68 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f 66 20 70 | Which type of p| 00001900 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 0d 0d 20 |ollination is.. | 00001910 20 20 20 61 73 73 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 77 69 | associated wi| 00001920 74 68 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 71 75 61 6e 74 69 74 |th large quantit| 00001930 69 65 73 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 6f 66 20 70 6f 6c 6c |ies.. of poll| 00001940 65 6e 3f 0d 0d 32 0d 7e 0d 50 45 54 41 4c 53 0d |en?..2.~.PETALS.| 00001950 54 48 45 20 50 45 54 41 4c 53 0d 50 45 54 41 4c |THE PETALS.PETAL| 00001960 0d 7e 0d 57 49 4e 44 0d 57 49 4e 44 20 50 4f 4c |.~.WIND.WIND POL| 00001970 4c 49 4e 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 23 31 30 0d 39 0d 46 |LINATION.#10.9.F| 00001980 6f 72 20 67 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 |or germination, | 00001990 73 65 65 64 73 20 72 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