SFXM/SFXMDocs

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SFXM/SFXMDocs

This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.

Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.

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4. !SFXM, the sample creator.

4.1. Getting started.

After you loaded the !SFXM application (and the !SFXED application), a click on it's icon on the iconbar will show you the two !SFXM windows (see figure 7). The two windows are titled '<Untitled>', which is the main editing window and 'Stats', which gives information about the sample length, sample type and the author of the sample.

figure 7. main editing window and stats window.

On the main editing window you can edit a so called 'sheet', which is merely a collection of objects and wires. If this is done in a meaningful way, !SFXM will be able to calculate a sample from it. To load a sheet give a double click, drag it's file into the edit window or onto the icon on the iconbar.

ICON BAR Menu

Info: gives you the latest information on the version, date etc.
Save: allows you to save the sheet that you are working on. Type in the name you want to use and drag the icon to a directory.
Restart: will clear all your current work in the sheet and allow you to start on a new sheet. Make sure that you save your sheet before using this option.
Quit: will remove the !SFXM icon from the icon bar.

4.2. Editing functions, building a sheet.

To the left of the edit window is a toolbox, which gives an easy access to various edit functions. These functions are also available in the edit menu. These functions are from top to bottom:

- Place, go to place mode.
- Connect, go to connect mode.
- Select, go to select mode.
- Delete selected objects.
- Delete inputs of selected objects.
- Select all objects.
- Clear selection of all objects.
- Swap selection of all objects.
- Calculate the sample!

Hereafter follows a description of the various edit functions. After reading this, try out some functions to get familiar with them.

4.3. Placing objects.

To place an object, click on the place icon in the toolbox window. Now a menu appears from which you can select the object you want to place. You can also choose the object from the edit menu. Once you have done this you will find the object attached to your mouse pointer. The editor now is in 'place mode'. To place the object on the sheet just click with select at the desired position.

4.4. Selecting objects.

For the editor, each object has two states. An object is either selected or not selected. If an object is selected it will be green, if not it will be grey. To alter the state of one or more objects, the editor must be in 'select mode'. To make the editor go to select mode, click on the select icon in the toolbox window, or choose the 'select' entry from the edit menu (don't go to the sub-menu). Now an object can be selected or deselected by clicking with the select button on it.
All objects can be selected at once by clicking the 'select all' icon in the toolbox window. All objects can be deselected at once by double clicking with select elsewhere on the sheet (not on an object), or by clicking the 'select clear' icon in the toolbox window. The state of all objects can be swapped by clicking the 'select swap' icon in the toolbox window. These functions are also available from the edit menu.

4.5. Moving objects.

Objects which are placed on the sheet can be moved if they are not at the desired position. To do this, the editor must be in select mode and the objects you want to move must be selected (green). To move one or more object, hold down the select button at the start position, move (drag) with the mouse to the end position and release the select button. Whilst doing this you will see a line, which indicates the relative movement of the selected objects.

4.6. Deleting objects.

To delete one or more objects, select the object(s) you want to delete. Now click on the 'delete object' icon in the toolbox window, or choose this menu function from the edit menu.

4.7. Editing the contents of an object.

Most objects contain values. These values can be changed by clicking with adjust on the appropriate object (the editor must be in select mode). Now a window will appear with the contents of the object, for example an oscillator holds the waveform it will produce and a constant generator holds a constant. After you have changed it, close the window or click on the 'OK' icon appropriately.

4.8. Connecting objects.

Each object has inputs and/or an output. Inputs are the arrows at the left side of an object. Outputs are the arrows at the right side of an object. We can connect these inputs and outputs together with wires. Notice that you can only connect an input with an output. You can't connect two inputs or two outputs together, because you would then get a shortcircuit. To be able to make connections, the editor must be in 'connect mode'. A click on the connect icon in the toolbox window or this selection from the edit menu will place the editor in connect mode.
To make a connection click with select on the start point and then with select on the end point. A wire will now be seen to connect the two points. You will notice that after the first click there is a line attached to the desired input/output. If you have made an error and you want to get rid of this line, just click on the connect icon again.
Clicking with adjust on an input changes the placing of the wire connected to that input. There are four different placings (see figure 8).

figure 8. the four different connections.

With this function you can make sure a wire won't go through another object (this doesn't really matter, but it looks a bit messy). If you still can't get a tidy wire path, just move the objects a little bit further apart.

4.9. Deleting connections.

If you want to delete one or more connections you have to use the 'delete inputs' icon in the toolbox window, or choose this menu entry from the edit window. The 'delete inputs' function deletes the wires connected to the inputs of the selected objects. For two-input objects, both connections are deleted. If you just want to delete one of them, delete both connections and reconnect the one you didn't want to delete.

4.10. Calculation.

This chapter probably is the most difficult one to understand. Therefore read through it very carefully and make sure that you examine the example sheets if you don't get it immediately. The most important thing about this package is learning(!), so don't be disappointed if you don't get the right sound at the first attempt.

The chapter 'digital sound' explained how a sample is stored in our computer. So if we want to create a sample, we must create a series of values (samples). First we must determine the length of the sample, or the number of values to be calculated. This value can be set in the 'Stats' window. Let's assume we set this value to 64. This means that !SFXM will calculate 64 values. It begins calculating the first one, then the second one etc. until it has calculated all 64 values. After every calculated value, the value is passed on to !SFXED, which places this value after the previous calculated one. When the calculation is finished !SFXED will show you the final sample. Calculation can be started by clicking on the 'calculate' icon in the toolbox window, or by choosing the menu entry in the edit menu.

4.11. Description of the objects.

Output

We get the calculated values sent to !SFXED by using the output object. Every value which goes in to this object is passed to !SFXED. So if we want to make, for example, a sine wave, we have to get the sine wave values (see figure 6) one after another into the output object. Figure 9 shows the range of values which the output object accepts.

figure 9. output value range.

The maximum value which may go into the output object is '+1' and the minimum value is '-1'. If a value outside this range is put into this object then the value will be 'clipped'. For example, a value of 1234 will be clipped to +1, whereas a value of -10000 will be clipped to -1.

Constant Generator

The constant generator is used for generating constants. The value it will produce is determined by its contents. You can alter this constant by pressing the adjust button over this object on the sheet (see section 'Editing the contents of an object'). Now a window like in figure 10 appears.

figure 10. the constant generator window.

You can enter the value at the caret position. Click on the 'OK' icon to accept it. (note: the second time you open this window, the value inside it may not be the same because of internal rounding, but the error should not be significant)

So having described the output and the constant generator object, we now are ready to make a sample! Namely a sample which entirely consist of constants. Load the example sheet 1 and make sure you fully understand it. Try altering the constant value to for example 1, 0, -0.5, 123 and -100 (don't forget to calculate each time). Notice that the values of 123 and -100 are clipped (changed to 1 and -1)?

Adder

With !SFXM we can also do some arithmetic. The adder object will add two values together. These values must be offered on it's inputs. The added result will be present at it's output. Load example sheet 2 and alter the two constants to see how it works. Try adding 1 and -0.5 together (=0.5).

Subtractor

The subtractor object subtracts the value at the RED input from the value at the BLACK input and outputs the result. If you want to understand this better, try changing the adder from example sheet 2 to a subtractor. Don't forget to connect it properly to the constants and the output. Now try for example to subtract 1.5 from 2 (=0.5), or -0.5 from 0.25 (=0.75).

Multiplier

This object multiplies the values at the inputs and outputs the result. Change the adder from example sheet 2 to a multiplier and see how it works.

Constant Multiplier

Often you want to multiply a signal by a constant factor. This can be done of course by a multiplier object, but then you also need a constant generator. This object will spare you the constant generator, because the constant is held inside it. The constant multiplier will multiply the input value with this constant and will output the result. This value can of course be altered. To do this pop up the window like in figure 11.
figure 11. the constant multiplier window.

The eleven icons numbered 1 to 11 represent the relative distance between two notes. These can be uses to make chords. More of this later on. Load example sheet 3 to see how this object works.

Envelope Generator

The constant generator described earlier is a generator which generates only one value. The value it produces is the same throughout the calculation. The envelope generator is able to produce changing values. These values are represented graphically in a window (see figure 12).

figure 12. an envelope waveform.

This window can be popped up by pressing the adjust mouse button over the object while in select mode. The vertical axis is the amplitude axis, while the horizontal axis is the time axis. The bottom of the window means a value of 0 and the top of the window means a value of 1, so the Envelope Generator outputs values between 0 and 1. These values, which you can draw into the window, are stretched over the entire sample, no matter how long the actual sample is. To make things more clear, load example sheet 4 and calculate the sample. You now see a wave like figure 12. Change the sample size to for example 10000 and calculate again. The wave should look the same as after the previous calculation, but the sample now is much longer. So the envelope generator generates a predefined signal which is stretched over the entire sample.
You can change the wave of the envelope generator by drawing with the mouse. To draw single points, draw in the window with the select button down. To draw connected points, draw with the adjust button down. It is also possible to draw straight lines. To do this follow these instructions:

1- move the mousepointer to the start point.
2- press adjust.
3- press <shift>.
4- drag the mousepointer to the end point.
5- release <shift>.

The line is now drawn. If you want to connect another line to it go to step 3 again.

6- release adjust.

If you draw single points and the mousestep is set to a value higher than two, you won't be able to reach all the points on the screen. To overcome this problem draw with adjust, or set the mousestep to two.

Oscillator

The oscillator object is used for generating predefined waves like a sine wave, a square wave etc. or a hand drawn wave. Figure 13 shows the oscillator window.

figure 13. oscillator window.

The waveform is defined by 256 values. The top of the waveform area means a value of 1, and the bottom means a value of -1, so the Oscillator is capable of producing values between -1 and 1. These values appear on its output. The oscillator also has two inputs. The upper input (BLACK) is used to define the frequency of the output wave and the lower input (RED) is used for synchronising the oscillator to another oscillator.
The frequency input determines the length of the output wave. The length of the output wave is 256/(frequency input) values.
To see how this works, take a look at figure 14.

figure 14. example of an output wave of the oscillator.

In figure 14a the frequency input is 1 and therefore the output wave is 256 values long. In figure 14b the frequency input is 2 and so the output wave is 128 values long. Because the waveform in figure 14b is compressed by a factor of two, the frequency of this wave will be twice as high. So the higher the frequency input, the shorter the output wave and the higher the frequency of it. To experiment with this a little bit, load example sheet 5. Calculate the sheet with constant values of for example 0.5, 1, 2, 4 etc. and examine the result. You can also try to alter the waveform of the oscillator (read on to find out how to do this).
The exact frequency of the output wave can't be determined by !SFXM, because the program doesn't know at what sample rate the calculated sample will be played. The sample rate in most cases will be determined by a music application, which will play the sample. For example: If we have a sine wave of 256 values and it is played at a sample rate of 20000 samples per second, the actual frequency will be: 20000/256 = 78 Hz. If we played the sample at a rate of 40000 samples per second, the frequency is: 40000/256 = 156 Hz. You don't really have to know anything about all this, because the best way to determine the frequency is listen to the sample. If the sample sounds too low or too high, just alter the value at the frequency input of the oscillator. For most cases a frequency value from 2 to 16 will give an acceptable pitch.

The other input (RED) of the Oscillator is the synchronising input. The function of this input is best explained by example sheet 6.

The main oscillator produces a sine wave with a frequency of 2. The second oscillator produces a square wave with a frequency of 3. The output of the second oscillator is connected to the synchronising input of the first oscillator. This causes the first oscillator to oscillate at a frequency of 3! Notice that the output wave isn't quite a sine wave anymore. What happens is that when the synchronising input of the first oscillator goes from negative (-1) to positive (+1) the oscillator 'resets' internally, and therefore takes over the frequency at its synchronising input. Because the output wave gets somewhat distorted it will not sound the same as the original sine wave. If you want to use this function often, experiment a bit with the example sheet, else you may leave the synchronising input unconnected.

The icon functions in the oscillator window (figure 13) are:

Sin: makes the waveform a sine.
Tri: makes the waveform a triangle.
Ramp: makes the waveform a ramp up/down by clicking with select/adjust.
Sqr: make the waveform a square.
Cons: makes the waveform a constant 1/0/-1 by clicking with select/menu/adjust.
<<<<: compresses the waveform by a factor 2, thus making the frequency twice as high.
>>>>: expands the waveform by a factor 2. The last 128 values are lost.
*/2: multiplies/divides (select/adjust) the amplitude of the waveform by a factor 2. If the amplitude becomes too big, the edges are clipped.
+-90: rotates the waveform by +90 or -90 (select/adjust) degrees.
Rand: fills the waveform with random numbers.

You can also draw the waveform by hand. To do this, draw in the area where the waveform is shown. The drawing rules are the same as in the envelope generator window, so you can draw points, connected points and straight lines.

There is no undo function, so be careful.

Noise Generator

This object is also a generator object. It is used to produce random numbers between -1 and +1, which appear on its output. The input of the noise generator is used to control the rate at which the random numbers are generated. If a value of 1 is applied to this input a random value is generated every calculation on the final sample. If a value of for example 0.25 if applied, a random value is generated within every four calculations. Load example sheet 7 and change the constant value to for example 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1 and see what happens.

Pulse Generator

This generator is used for generating waves like in figure 15.

figure 15. waves that can be generated by the pulse generator.

All these waves are called pulse waves. They appear on the output of the pulse generator. This object also has two inputs. The upper input (BLACK) controls the frequency of the output wave, while the lower input (RED) is to control the width of the pulse.

The frequency input acts like the frequency input of the oscillator, so a value of 1 on this input will cause the pulse generator to generate a pulse with a length of 256 values. More generally: the length of the output wave is 256/(frequency input) values. Read the explanation of the frequency input of the oscillator for more information about this.

The pulse width input is used for defining the width of the output pulse. For example a value of 0.25 on this input will give a 25% high, 75% low pulse. This means that if the total pulse length is for example 64 (a value of 4 on the frequency input), there will be after another 16 values 1 and then 48 values -1 (example sheet 8). A square wave (50% high, 50% low) can be obtained by applying a value of 0.5 on this input. To experiment a bit with the pulse generator, load example sheet 8. Try to make a pulse which has a length of 128 values and a 75% high, 25% low width.

Low Pass Filter

This object is used to filter out the high frequency components (see chapter 1) of a sound wave. This only leaves the lower frequency components in the output wave, and so the output wave will have a less 'sharp' sound. This is best explained by a figure.

figure 16. low pass filtering a square wave.

Figure 16 shows the filtering of a square wave. The original square wave is shown in figure 16a and the filtered ones in figure 16b and 16c. Notice that the sharp edges are rounded off. The square wave will therefore have a less sharp sound.

To experiment with this object, load example sheet 9. The original wave from the oscillator is fed into the upper input (BLACK) of the filter. The amount of filtering is controlled by the lower (RED) input of the filter. If a value of 1 is applied to this input, no filtering takes place and the original wave is just passed through the filter. To show what other values do to the filtering, change the filter constant of this sheet to 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, 0.05 and 0. Examine the final waveform. You can listen to the final sound by pressing the 'Y' key on the keyboard, after you have clicked on the 'Loop' icon in the keyboard window. Also try filtering a triangle wave, a ramp wave, a sine wave and your own hand-drawn wave.

High Pass Filter

This object works opposite to the low pass filter. It is used to filter out the low frequency components of a sound wave. This only leaves the higher frequency components in the output wave, and so the output wave will sound sharper. Figure 17 shows how high pass filtering a square wave affect the waveform. Notice that the sharp edges are made even sharper.

figure 17. high pass filtering a square wave.

To experiment with this object, load example sheet 10. Again the original wave from the oscillator is fed into the upper input (BLACK) of the filter and the amount of filtering is controlled by the lower (RED) input of the filter. There also is a constant multiplier which multiplies the output signal by 0.5, so that the 'spikes' won't be clipped. This time, a value of 0 applied to this input, will cause no filtering to take place, so this works opposite to the way that the low pass filter works. To show what other values do to the filtering change the filter constant of this sheet to 0.01, 0.05, 0.5, and 1. Examine and listen to the final waveform. Also try filtering a triangle wave, a ramp wave, a sine wave and your own hand-drawn wave.

General Function

The function of this object is to apply a user defined function on a signal. The output value of this object can be written as a function of the input signal: O = f(I). The function is determined by a graphical representation on a grid. Take a look at figure 18. This is the General Function window and is used to define this function.

figure 18. General Function window.

The horizontal axis is the input axis in the range from -1 (left) to +1 (right) and the vertical axis is the output axis also in the range from -1 (bottom) to +1 (top). If you are not familiar with functions take a look at an example function in figure 19.
figure 19. the output value is a function of the input value.

This example shows how output values are determined by input values of: -0.5 -0.25 and 0.75. The output values are respectively 0.5, 0.25 and -0.5. Input values out of the range from -1 to 1 are clipped. So an input value of for example -100 will be clipped to -1 and an input value of 50 will be clipped to +1. The default function is the identity function, so the output value will be the input value.

The general function object can be used for transforming one wave to a different one. Figure 20 gives some examples of how a sine wave can be distorted. The figure shows the applied function and the output wave. Try to make a sheet which produces these results (use a constant generator, an oscillator, a general function and an output object).

figure 20. distortion of a sine wave.

Delay Line

This object delays the input signal (BLACK) by a maximum of 64 values. The amount of delay is controlled by the control signal (RED). For example a value of 0 at the control input doesn't delay the signal, while a value of 0.5 delays the input signal by 32 values. This means that an input value will arrive 32 calculations later at the output. If you want more delay, add more delay blocks to form a sort of pipeline. Example sheet 11 gives an example of the Delay Line object. When the calculation starts, the delay object is filled with zero's (this is done by !SFXM). At the control input is a value of 0.5 which delays the input signal, in this example '+1', by 32 values. When you calculate the sample, you will see that the first 32 values are 0, while the last 32 values are 1 (the sample size is set to 64). This object can be used for example to make echo's (see later on).

Sample & Hold

This object has a kind of memory function. It can be used to remember a value during the calculation. The value to be stored should be present at the signal input (BLACK). When the control input (RED) goes from negative to positive the value at the signal input is stored and will be present at the output. This value at the output will remain the same until the next negative to positive transition at the control input. To make things more clear, load example sheet 12. Have a look at the contents of the oscillators and the constants. Calculate the sheet and examine the result. Now change the lower constant to 64. Calculate and examine the result again.

Input

With !SFXM it is also possible to perform calculations on sample files. This can be done by using the Input object. This object outputs the contents of a sample file. Figure 21 shows you the input window.
figure 21. the input window.

You can enter the filename of the sample file here, or drag the sample file into this window, which has the same effect. Don't forget to set the set the correct sample type. Only raw data files can be used. If the sample length in the 'Stats' window isn't equal to the size of the sample file, the sample file will be stretched or compressed so that it will fit into the calculated sample. This will only happen if the 'Stretch Sample' icon is 'on'. If it is 'off' this will not be the case. If you want the base pitch of the input-sample to remain the same, make the sample length in the 'Stats' window equal to the size of the sample file.

5. Advanced techniques.

This chapter describes the techniques which have been used to create all the samples in the 'Sheets' directory. The examples are quite interesting on their own, but they are even more interesting when you combine them. With each example comes a sheet, which resides in the directory Sheets.Examples.Advanced. Make sure you understand the function of the sheet by examining and experimenting with it.

5.1. Envelopes.

An envelope is the variation of the volume of a sound. Most instruments have an ADSR envelope, which stands for Attack, Decay, Sustain and Release. A typical ADSR envelope is shown in figure 22.
figure 22. an ADSR envelope.

The attack phase is the time that the signal goes from zero volume to maximum volume. In the decay phase, the volume goes from maximum level to sustain level. When the sustain level is reached, the volume remains the same for a while in the sustain phase. After the sustain phase comes the release phase, where the signal drops to zero volume.

Obviously the best way to create envelopes is to use the envelope generator. This object is used in the example sheet 'Envelope'. Load this sheet and examine the contents of the envelope generator. You will see that it genarates an ADSR envelope. This envelope generator is controlling the outgoing signal of the oscillator, which generates a ramp wave with a frequency of 4.

Experiments:
-change the envelope waveform and examine how this affects the sound.
-alter the waveform of the oscillator.

5.2. Amplitude Modulation.

Amplitude modulation is, like the envelope generation, variation of the volume of a sound wave. This time we are not going to use the envelope generator, but an oscillator to do this. Load the example sheet 'AM'. The upper oscillator is generating the signal we want to modulate. It is a square wave with a frequency of 8. The modulation signal comes from the lower oscillator. This oscillator generates a sine wave with a frequency of 0.25. Out of the oscillator comes a signal which lies between -1 and 1. This signal isn't quite suitable for modulation. If we add 1 to the signal using an adder, and then multiply the signal by 0.5, the outgoing signal lies between 0 and 1 (ok?). Now its a suitable modulation signal and we can use it to modulate using a multiplier.

Experiments:
-change the constant at the lower oscillator to for example 0.5 (faster modulation).
-modulate a different sound wave, by changing the waveform of the upper oscillator.
-change the modulating signal by altering the waveform of the lower oscillator (for example to a ramp wave).
-change the constant at the adder and the constant multiplier after it, so that the outgoing signal lies between 0.5 and 1 (this is changing the 'depth of the modulation', so less modulation).

5.3. Frequency Modulation.

Frequency modulation means varying the frequency of a sound wave. This can be done in several ways.

In example sheet 'FM1' modulation is done by an envelope generator. The envelope generator generates a signal which goes from 1 to 0 and then from 0 to 1 (just have a look at its contents). Connected to the envelope generator is a constant multiplier which multiplies by 32, so the output signal of the envelope generator and the multiplier together lies between 0 and 32. This signal is used for controlling the frequency of the oscillator, which produces a sine wave.

Experiments:
-change the shape of the envelope waveform.
-alter the constant multiplier, so you will get a different frequency range.
-alter the oscillator waveform.

Example sheet 'FM2' shows you how modulation can be done by an oscillator. The left oscillator generates a modulating sine wave with a frequency of 0.125. The constant, adder and multiplier make the output of the oscillator (-1 to 1) go from 16 to 32 (check it). This signal controls the frequency of the right oscillator, which also generates a sine wave.

Experiments:
-change the speed of modulation by altering the constant, which controls the modulating oscillator.
-alter the constant at the adder and the constant multiplier to get a different frequency range.
-change the waveform of the modulating oscillator.

If we put up the speed of modulation dramatically we can make some quite interesting effects. This is shown in example sheet 'FM3'. Note that this is the same sheet as 'FM2'.

Experiments:
-change the constant at the adder to 5 and the constant multiplier to 4.
-change the constant at the left oscillator to 4.

Example sheet 'FM4' shows you that you can also control the speed of modulation by an envelope generator.

Experiments:
-change the constant multiplier after the envelope generator to 1, 4 or even 16.
-alter the constant at the adder and the multiplier after the adder to change the depth of modulation.
-try replacing the constant at the adder by an envelope generator and a constant multiplier. Now you can control the depth of the modulation by the envelope generator. Find a nice value for the constant multiplier.
-you can even try to put up a third oscillator on the sheet to control the modulating oscillator (move all the objects to the right to make place). An FM synthesizer like the Yamaha DX7 uses methods like these to create its sounds.

5.4. Variable Pulse Width.

Example sheet 'PulseWidth' shows you how you can use the pulse generator object. The constant controls the frequency, and the envelope generator controls the pulse width. Just take a look at the envelope waveform to see how it controls the pulse width. Calculate the sample and listen to the outcome. Click on the 'Multiple' icon in the keyboard window, now press F2 and then 'Y', 'N' and 'I' simultaneously. That�s a nice string sound, isn't it? You can also make other chords like: 'I' 'P' and ']' together. This method of combining pulse generators is used in the sheet 'Strings6'. This sheet uses two pulse generators with frequencies of 4 and 8 to make a nice string sound.

5.5. Filtering.

With a filter you can alter the timbre of a sound. Load example sheet 'Filter1', calculate the sample and listen to the result. The oscillator generates a square wave with a frequency of 2. The upper envelope generator is used to control the low-pass filter, while the lower envelope generator is used to control the high-pass filter. Have a look at these waveforms and listen to the calculated sound. Can you recognise what the filters do to the sound? The reason why there are two filters after each other is that you then get better filtering.

We can also use the low-pass filter together with an envelope generator to control the envelope of a sound. Load example sheet 'Filter2' to see how this is done. By the way, you get this kind of oscillator waveform by clicking on the 'Rand' icon in the oscillator window and then 3 clicks on the '>>>>' icon. It is a wave which has a lot of high harmonics in it.

Experiments:
-alter the envelopes and work out how this affects the sound.

5.6. Synchronising Oscillators.

Example sheet 'Synchro' gives an example of how to use the synchronising input of the oscillator. The frequency input of the upper oscillator goes from (about) 0 to 6 and back to 0 again. This oscillator is synchronised by the lower oscillator at a frequency of 4, so the frequency which comes out of the upper oscillator remains 4 all the time. Have a close look at the waveform to understand this better (read the !SFXED chapter for info about zooming in etc.). The waveform is changing all the time, but the frequency stays the same. Because of this, you get a very lively sound.

Experiments:
-alter the waveform of the upper oscillator.
-change the constant multiplier to 8, 16, 32, or even 64.
-change the constant at the synchronising oscillator to for example 2, 8 etc (this will alter the base frequency of the sound).

5.7. Phase Shifting.

Another way to make a sound more lively is to pass it through a phase shifter. A phase shifter delays the incoming waveform a bit and then mixes it with the original signal. How to do this is show in example sheet 'Phase1' and 'Phase2'.

Load example sheet 'Phase1', calculate the sample and listen to it. Notice that you get a kind of 'floating' sound?

The oscillator generates a rather edgy hand-drawn wave, so it has a lot of high frequency components in it. This signal goes into the delay object, where it is being delayed a bit. The amount of delay is controlled by an envelope generator. Take a look at the envelope waveform to see how it controls the delay. The adder is used for mixing the original signal with the delayed signal. After the adder is a constant multiplier to avoid clipping.

Experiments:
-change the oscillator waveform to your own hand-drawn waveform.
-change the envelope waveform to another slow changing wave. Do you notice any difference in the sound?
-make the envelope generator generate a constant wave by drawing a horizontal line in it. The 'floating' effect should now be gone. Why is that?

Example sheet 'Phase2' applies phase shifting on a noise waveform. It gives a very clear phasing effect.

Experiments:
-alter the envelope waveform.
-alter the constant generator to for example 0.5, 0.25, 0.125

5.8. Echoes.

In the previous section we used the delay line for the phasing effect. This time we are going to use it to create echoes.

Load example sheet 'Echo', calculate the sample and listen to the result. Nice echo right?

The oscillator generates the signal we want to make echoes of. The envelope generator together with the multiplier makes this signal into a very short burst (check the envelope waveform). The very short burst goes into the adder, which passes this signal directly to the output. This signal is also fed back into the pipe-line of delay objects, where it comes out some time later. This delayed signal is then added to the original signal, goes to the output object and is fed back into the delay again etc. If you don't understand this immediately, just follow the signal route from the oscillator to the adder, through the delay objects, to the adder, through the delay objects etc. Notice that the signal loops? This is called feedback.

The amount of feedback is controlled by the constant multiplier. This is set to 0.75, so the volume of the next echo is 75% of the volume of the previous one. If you set the constant multiplier to for example 0.5, the echo volume will halve each time.

The amount of delay, so the time between two echoes, is controlled by the constant generator which is connected to the delay lines.

Experiments:
-change the waveform of the envelope generator which controls the volume of the oscillator.
-alter the amount of feedback.
-alter the delay time.
-replace the oscillator by an input object. You now can make very sophisticated echoes on your own sample files. Don't forget to set the sample length equal to the file size, else the base pitch of your sample will be changed.

5.9. Distortion.

Distortion is also used for making a sound more interesting. Distortion changes the shape of the waveform, so that it get more higher harmonics.

Load example sheet 'Distortion'. In this example, we use the general function object to distort a sine wave. The sine wave is generated by the oscillator. It is amplified by the envelope generator together with the multiplier and constant multiplier. The maximum amplification is 4 (check the constant multiplier). The amplified signal goes through the general function, where it gets transformed into a different signal. A transformation like this is show in figure 20 (in the section General Function). Because the amplification is controlled by an envelope generator, we can control the amount of distortion with it. The more the amplification, the more the signal gets distorted. At the start of the sample there is much distortion, while at the end of the sample there is hardly any distortion (check the waveform of the envelope generator, also have a close look at the calculated sample).

If we make a general function like in example 'Distort2' or 'Distort3', we even get more distortion.

Experiments:
-change the oscillator waveform.
-alter the general function (some nice straight lines, or just make a mess of it).

5.10. Fourier Synthesis.

In the chapter about sound, we stated that every sound signal can be made up of pure sine waves. So, if we want to make a sound we might as well only use sine waves to do this.

This is done in example sheet 'FourSynth'. There are four oscillators generating sine waves. The frequencies are determined by the constants. The amplitude of the sine waves are controlled by the envelope generators (notice that the envelope generators are connected to the multipliers, not the synchronising inputs of the oscillators). Have a look at these envelope generators, to see what kind of wave they produce.

With this kind of technique you have an almost infinite number of possibilities. Experiment a lot with it!.

Experiments:
-change the constants.
-alter the waveforms or the envelope generators.
-add more oscillators.
-experiment with the sheets: 'BlubZing', 'Bells', 'Celeste', 'Choir', 'Claves', 'Marimba', 'Organ'.

5.11. Tuned Noise.

It is very difficult to make a nice sound with the noise generator. This is because the noise sound is too sharp. You can get rid of the sharpness by using a low-pass filter, but then the high frequencies are gone as well. We can overcome this problem if we tune the noise using an oscillator. How to do this is shown in example sheet 'TuneNoise1'.

The noise from the noise generator gets filtered by the low pass filter. This filter is controlled by a constant generator. The actual tuning is done by an oscillator and a multiplier. After the multiplier comes a constant multiplier which amplifies the signal.

With the filter you can control the bandwidth of the noise. With the oscillator you can control the tuning.

Experiments:
-Change the constant which controls the filter to: 0.075, 0.05 and 0.02.
-Change the constant which controls the oscillator to: 16, 32 and 96.

In example sheet 'TuneNoise2' both the oscillator and the filter are controlled by an envelope generator.

5.12. Chords.

You have probably already noticed that sometimes, if you press two or three keys simultaneously you get a very nice sound. This is called a chord. With !SFXM we can quite easily make samples which are chords by using the constant multiplier. Load example sheet 'Chord1' to see how this works.

There are three oscillators to simulate three keys pressed simultaneously. The base frequency is determined by the constant. The two constant multipliers to the oscillators control the other frequencies. For example, if you calculate the sample and press the 'Q' key, the sample sounds like you press the 'E' and the 'T' key as well. Here is how it works: the first constant multiplier is set to 1.25... You get this constant by clicking on the box with '4' in it. This means that the second oscillator oscillates at a frequency that is 4 halftones higher than the first one. Likewise, the third oscillator oscillates at a frequency that is 7 halftones higher.

There are a lot of chords you can make. Example sheet 'Chord2' generates a minor chord, like pressing 'Q', '#' and 'T' together. See if you can find out what kind of chords 'Chord3', 'Chord4' and 'Chord5' are.

6. !SFXED, the sample editor.

6.1. Getting started.

To start the application double click on the !SFXED icon. If you have started up the !SFXM application first, the !SFXED will automatically be loaded.

If you want to load a sample into the editor, either drag it onto the !SFXED icon on the iconbar, or drag it into the !SFXED waveform window.

A click on the !SFXED icon on the iconbar will bring up the waveform window and the keyboard window.

figure 23. The waveform window and the keyboard window.

6.2. The waveform and the keyboard window.

The waveform window is the window where the sample editing takes place. You can select an area of sample data by pressing either select or adjust over the waveform, and then drag to the desired position. Alternatively use the left button to select the start and the right button to define the end of the selection.

To set the left loop pointer (green) press select on the area above the waveform. Set the right loop pointer (red) by using adjust. If you hold down the <shift> key, the distance between the left and right loop pointer is kept constant, allowing you to drag the selected loop area around the window.

The position icon indicates the absolute sample position within the sample. You can also click on this icon to toggle between hexadecimal and decimal representation.

The sample rate can be set by using the SRate icon.

The keyboard window is used to play the sample data. To be able to play, the keyboard must have the 'input focus' (title bar should be yellow). This can be done by clicking with select or adjust in the window (clicking with adjust will also cause !SFXED to stop playing).

The keyboard window has the following icons which are activated by clicking on them:

Play: What to play when you press a key.

All : will play the whole sample.
Loop : will play a loop of the area selected by the loop pointers.
Sel : will play the selected area.
->Loop : will play the sample form start to the right loop pointer, then it will play the loop (this is used for example by 'Tracker' and 'EMR' files).

Keys:

Release : if release is on, the volume will fade after a key is released.
Multiple : allows multiple key playing (up to three channels).

Hitting the spacebar will stop the sample playing.

It is also possible to play the sample from the editor window by clicking on the 'All', 'Sel' and 'Window' icons. Clicking on the 'X' icon will stop the sample playing.

The function keys set the octave for the sample to play. F1 is the lowest and F5 the highest. This gives a total pitch range of over 6 octaves.

6.3. Waveform window menu functions.

The waveform window menu functions are:

Misc:

Info : gives info about memory, pointers etc.
Sample Type : allows you to set the sample type.
Set Buffer : set the buffer length. If you wish to use a particularly large sample, you will have to set the buffer to the appropriate size. The maximum buffer size is currently set to 1Mb. You can change the default buffersize by altering the !Run file in the !SFXED directory. Use: Set SFXED$BufferSize <Size>.
Restart : clears everything. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE SAVED!.

Save:

All : this saves the whole sample.
Selection : only saves the selected area.
Clipboard : saves the clipboard (from 'Cut' or 'Copy').

!SFXED saves in the following formats:

Tracker: Tracker file.
Tracker_NH : Tracker file without header.
Armadeus : Armadeus file.
DSEdit : DSEdit file.
EMR : EMR file.
Raw : raw data file.
Module : creates a module from sample data.

For some file types, the sample must be of the correct form (eg. Tracker files must be logarithmic). If the are not, !SFXED will warn you that it cannot perform your action.

Note on modules: the loop pointers will only be used in the module if the 'Loop' icon is on and when the Save -> All menu entry is used.

Edit:

Cut : cuts the selected area onto the clipboard.
Copy : copies the selected area onto the clipboard.
Paste : pastes the clipboard at the right select pointer.
Delete : deletes the selected area.
Delete* : deletes everything that is NOT selected.
DeleteL : deletes everything to the left of the left select pointer.
DeleteR : deletes everything to the right of the right select pointer.

There is NO undo function!

Select:

Select : click on Select (without going to the sub-menu) will clear any selection.
All : selects the whole sample.
Loop : selects the area indicated by the loop pointers.
Left : selects everything to the left of the left select pointer.
Right : selects everything to the right of the right select pointer.
Window : selects the current window.
Clear : clears the selection (this is the same as Select without sub-menu).

Zoom:

Zoom : click on Zoom (without sub-menu) will zoom in to the selected area. It is possible to zoom into one byte of sample data.
All : views the whole sample.
Out : zooms out to view some more sample data.
Loop : zoom in on the loop.
Selected : Zoom in and view the selected area (this is the same as Zoom without sub-menu).
Remember : remembers the state of the current window. If you want to go back to this particular section use...
Recall : will zoom into the selection you have 'Remembered'.

Loop:

All : sets the loop pointers to the whole sample.
Window : sets the loop pointers to the current window.
Selected : sets the loop pointers to the current selection.
Half : halves the distance between the loop pointers (handy for making 'songs' from only one sample).
Double : doubles the distance between the loop pointers.
Remember : remembers the loop pointer positions.
Recall : recalls the 'Remembered' loop pointer positions.

Goodies:

These functions work on the selected area, or (if nothing is selected) on the whole sample. Some functions are only available for linear samples. If you want to use these functions on a logarithmic sample, you have to convert the sample from log to lin, perform the function and then convert from lin to log.

Signed : converts signed <-> unsigned.
Lin->Log : converts linear to logarithmic.
Log->Lin : converts logarithmic to signed linear.
Reverse : will reverse the sample data (to play it backwards).
Low Pass : will filter out the higher frequencies. A value of 0 will filter everything, while a value of 255 will filter nothing.
High Pass : will filter out the lower frequencies. A value of 0 will filter nothing, while a value of 255 will filter everything.
Amplify : scale the amplitude in %. eg 50% will halve the volume.
Echo/Reverb : echo (multiple echo's)/reverb (only one echo). For example a decay of 50% every 1024 bytes means that the echo on a 10K sample will repeat 10 times, halving the amplitude each repeat.
Fade In/Out : fade from start volume to end volume in %.
Stretch : stretch the sample in %. This allows you to change the base pitch of a sample or section of a sample. For example a stretch of 50% will double the base pitch.
Silence : this will zero any chosen section, the result being silence.
FFT : This allows you a graphic format of your sample, where each frequency has a different position on the grid. This is provided to help the more experienced user to create samples with !SFXM from a sampled sound. There is a frequency axis, a time axis and an amplitude axis. The frequency axis ranges from 0 to 128 (frequency at an !SFXM Oscillator object). The selected sample area is stretched over the time axis. The amplitude can be set by the scale value.
Add Clipboard : merges the selected area with the sound currently in the clipboard.

Song:

A song is a collection of loops from a sample, which can be played in a sequence.

Play : plays the currently loaded song.
Show : pops up the song window.
Save : for saving the song (Armadeus compatible).
Save Module : saves the song as a relocatable module.
Clear : clears the current song from memory.
Repeat : choosing this item will add a 'tick'. When this option is on, the song will repeat infinitely.

6.4. Creating a song.

To bring up the song window use 'Show' from the song menu. You are now ready to create a song from the sample currently in the waveform window.

Next set the loop pointers for the section that you want to play.

Click the cursor in the song window at the point marked <Untitled> and give the loop a name. This yellow box section of the window is where all the editing takes place. When you hit <return> the cursor will move to the next icon, where you can type in the number of times the loop must repeat. The loop will play at the pitch which you last played using the keyboard window. ie. if you want to change the pitch of the current loop that you are editing, do so with the keyboard window. Hit <return> again and now specify the volume from 1 to 255. To save all of this, click on the white section below the yellow box with the menu button and click on 'append'.

The loop will now appear as '1'.

Now repeat the above in the yellow box for the next loop and append it.

This loop will now appear as '2'.

If you wish to edit any of your loops, click on the white box containing the loop and edit it in the yellow box at the top of the window.

Menu options in the loop window.

Insert Loop : This will automatically add the current loop in the editor in the previous loop position. ie if you click on loop 3 and insert the current loop, the current loop becomes 3 and all loops above 3 are incremented by 1.
Append Loop : will add the current loop at the end of all loops.
Overwrite Loop : will overwrite the selected loop with the loop currently in the edit box.
Delete Loop : will delete the selected loop.
Play to End : this will play the song from the selected loop to the end of the song.
Play Song : plays the whole song.

7. File Formats.

Tracker : logarithmic.
Tracker_NH : any type.
Armadeus : signed linear.
DSEdit : unsigned linear.
EMR : signed linear.
Maestro : RM (any type).
Notate : RM (any type).
Rhapsody : RM (any type).
Coconiser : logarithmic.
Raw : any type.

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00002600  70 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 73  75 62 74 72 61 63 74 20  |ple to subtract |
00002610  31 2e 35 20 66 72 6f 6d  20 32 20 28 3d 30 2e 35  |1.5 from 2 (=0.5|
00002620  29 2c 20 6f 72 20 2d 30  2e 35 20 66 72 6f 6d 20  |), or -0.5 from |
00002630  30 2e 32 35 20 28 3d 30  2e 37 35 29 2e 0a 0a 20  |0.25 (=0.75)... |
00002640  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
00002650  20 20 20 0a 4d 75 6c 74  69 70 6c 69 65 72 0a 0a  |   .Multiplier..|
00002660  54 68 69 73 20 6f 62 6a  65 63 74 20 6d 75 6c 74  |This object mult|
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00002690  61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70  75 74 73 20 74 68 65 20  |and outputs the |
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00002780  6e 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6c  73 6f 20 6e 65 65 64 20  |n you also need |
00002790  61 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61  6e 74 20 67 65 6e 65 72  |a constant gener|
000027a0  61 74 6f 72 2e 20 54 68  69 73 20 6f 62 6a 65 63  |ator. This objec|
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000027e0  20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e  73 74 61 6e 74 20 69 73  | the constant is|
000027f0  20 68 65 6c 64 20 69 6e  73 69 64 65 20 69 74 2e  | held inside it.|
00002800  20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6e  73 74 61 6e 74 20 6d 75  | The constant mu|
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00002830  20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 77  69 74 68 20 74 68 69 73  | value with this|
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00002990  20 68 6f 77 20 74 68 69  73 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  | how this object|
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000029b0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
000029c0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 0a 45 6e 76 65  |           .Enve|
000029d0  6c 6f 70 65 20 47 65 6e  65 72 61 74 6f 72 20 20  |lope Generator  |
000029e0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
000029f0  20 20 20 0a 0a 54 68 65  20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e  |   ..The constan|
00002a00  74 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61  74 6f 72 20 64 65 73 63  |t generator desc|
00002a10  72 69 62 65 64 20 65 61  72 6c 69 65 72 20 69 73  |ribed earlier is|
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00002a40  79 20 6f 6e 65 20 76 61  6c 75 65 2e 20 54 68 65  |y one value. The|
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00002ca0  72 61 77 20 69 6e 74 6f  20 74 68 65 20 77 69 6e  |raw into the win|
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00002ce0  74 74 65 72 20 68 6f 77  20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 68  |tter how long th|
00002cf0  65 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c  20 73 61 6d 70 6c 65 20  |e actual sample |
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00002d10  67 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20  63 6c 65 61 72 2c 20 6c  |gs more clear, l|
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00002d60  20 6c 69 6b 65 20 66 69  67 75 72 65 20 31 32 2e  | like figure 12.|
00002d70  20 43 68 61 6e 67 65 20  74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 70  | Change the samp|
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00002d90  78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 31  30 30 30 30 20 61 6e 64  |xample 10000 and|
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00002dc0  64 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 74  68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20  |d look the same |
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00002de0  76 69 6f 75 73 20 63 61  6c 63 75 6c 61 74 69 6f  |vious calculatio|
00002df0  6e 2c 20 62 75 74 20 74  68 65 20 73 61 6d 70 6c  |n, but the sampl|
00002e00  65 20 6e 6f 77 20 69 73  20 6d 75 63 68 20 6c 6f  |e now is much lo|
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00002e20  65 6c 6f 70 65 20 67 65  6e 65 72 61 74 6f 72 20  |elope generator |
00002e30  67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65  73 20 61 20 70 72 65 64  |generates a pred|
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00002e50  69 63 68 20 69 73 20 73  74 72 65 74 63 68 65 64  |ich is stretched|
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00002e70  20 73 61 6d 70 6c 65 2e  0a 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e  | sample..You can|
00002e80  20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20  74 68 65 20 77 61 76 65  | change the wave|
00002e90  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  65 6e 76 65 6c 6f 70 65  | of the envelope|
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00002eb0  61 77 69 6e 67 20 77 69  74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6d  |awing with the m|
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00002ee0  77 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65  20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20  |w in the window |
00002ef0  77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65  20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 20  |with the select |
00002f00  62 75 74 74 6f 6e 20 64  6f 77 6e 2e 20 54 6f 20  |button down. To |
00002f10  64 72 61 77 20 63 6f 6e  6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 70  |draw connected p|
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00002f40  6f 6e 20 64 6f 77 6e 2e  20 49 74 20 69 73 20 61  |on down. It is a|
00002f50  6c 73 6f 20 70 6f 73 73  69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20  |lso possible to |
00002f60  64 72 61 77 20 73 74 72  61 69 67 68 74 20 6c 69  |draw straight li|
00002f70  6e 65 73 2e 20 54 6f 20  64 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20  |nes. To do this |
00002f80  66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 20 74  68 65 73 65 20 69 6e 73  |follow these ins|
00002f90  74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e  73 3a 0a 0a 31 2d 20 6d  |tructions:..1- m|
00002fa0  6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20  6d 6f 75 73 65 70 6f 69  |ove the mousepoi|
00002fb0  6e 74 65 72 20 74 6f 20  74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72  |nter to the star|
00002fc0  74 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 2e  0a 32 2d 20 70 72 65 73  |t point..2- pres|
00002fd0  73 20 61 64 6a 75 73 74  2e 0a 33 2d 20 70 72 65  |s adjust..3- pre|
00002fe0  73 73 20 3c 73 68 69 66  74 3e 2e 0a 34 2d 20 64  |ss <shift>..4- d|
00002ff0  72 61 67 20 74 68 65 20  6d 6f 75 73 65 70 6f 69  |rag the mousepoi|
00003000  6e 74 65 72 20 74 6f 20  74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20  |nter to the end |
00003010  70 6f 69 6e 74 2e 0a 35  2d 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73  |point..5- releas|
00003020  65 20 3c 73 68 69 66 74  3e 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20  |e <shift>...The |
00003030  6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20  6e 6f 77 20 64 72 61 77  |line is now draw|
00003040  6e 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f  75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74  |n. If you want t|
00003050  6f 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63  74 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65  |o connect anothe|
00003060  72 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 74  6f 20 69 74 20 67 6f 20  |r line to it go |
00003070  74 6f 20 73 74 65 70 20  33 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2e  |to step 3 again.|
00003080  0a 0a 36 2d 20 72 65 6c  65 61 73 65 20 61 64 6a  |..6- release adj|
00003090  75 73 74 2e 0a 0a 49 66  20 79 6f 75 20 64 72 61  |ust...If you dra|
000030a0  77 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65  20 70 6f 69 6e 74 73 20  |w single points |
000030b0  61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20  6d 6f 75 73 65 73 74 65  |and the mouseste|
000030c0  70 20 69 73 20 73 65 74  20 74 6f 20 61 20 76 61  |p is set to a va|
000030d0  6c 75 65 20 68 69 67 68  65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20  |lue higher than |
000030e0  74 77 6f 2c 20 79 6f 75  20 77 6f 6e 27 74 20 62  |two, you won't b|
000030f0  65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74  6f 20 72 65 61 63 68 20  |e able to reach |
00003100  61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20  70 6f 69 6e 74 73 20 6f  |all the points o|
00003110  6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63  72 65 65 6e 2e 20 54 6f  |n the screen. To|
00003120  20 6f 76 65 72 63 6f 6d  65 20 74 68 69 73 20 70  | overcome this p|
00003130  72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 64  72 61 77 20 77 69 74 68  |roblem draw with|
00003140  20 61 64 6a 75 73 74 2c  20 6f 72 20 73 65 74 20  | adjust, or set |
00003150  74 68 65 20 6d 6f 75 73  65 73 74 65 70 20 74 6f  |the mousestep to|
00003160  20 74 77 6f 2e 0a 0a 0a  4f 73 63 69 6c 6c 61 74  | two....Oscillat|
00003170  6f 72 0a 0a 54 68 65 20  6f 73 63 69 6c 6c 61 74  |or..The oscillat|
00003180  6f 72 20 6f 62 6a 65 63  74 20 69 73 20 75 73 65  |or object is use|
00003190  64 20 66 6f 72 20 67 65  6e 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67  |d for generating|
000031a0  20 70 72 65 64 65 66 69  6e 65 64 20 77 61 76 65  | predefined wave|
000031b0  73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 61  20 73 69 6e 65 20 77 61  |s like a sine wa|
000031c0  76 65 2c 20 61 20 73 71  75 61 72 65 20 77 61 76  |ve, a square wav|
000031d0  65 20 65 74 63 2e 20 6f  72 20 61 20 68 61 6e 64  |e etc. or a hand|
000031e0  20 64 72 61 77 6e 20 77  61 76 65 2e 20 46 69 67  | drawn wave. Fig|
000031f0  75 72 65 20 31 33 20 73  68 6f 77 73 20 74 68 65  |ure 13 shows the|
00003200  20 6f 73 63 69 6c 6c 61  74 6f 72 20 77 69 6e 64  | oscillator wind|
00003210  6f 77 2e 20 0a 0a 66 69  67 75 72 65 20 31 33 2e  |ow. ..figure 13.|
00003220  20 6f 73 63 69 6c 6c 61  74 6f 72 20 77 69 6e 64  | oscillator wind|
00003230  6f 77 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65  20 77 61 76 65 66 6f 72  |ow...The wavefor|
00003240  6d 20 69 73 20 64 65 66  69 6e 65 64 20 62 79 20  |m is defined by |
00003250  32 35 36 20 76 61 6c 75  65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20  |256 values. The |
00003260  74 6f 70 20 6f 66 20 74  68 65 20 77 61 76 65 66  |top of the wavef|
00003270  6f 72 6d 20 61 72 65 61  20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 61  |orm area means a|
00003280  20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 6f  66 20 31 2c 20 61 6e 64  | value of 1, and|
00003290  20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 74  74 6f 6d 20 6d 65 61 6e  | the bottom mean|
000032a0  73 20 61 20 76 61 6c 75  65 20 6f 66 20 2d 31 2c  |s a value of -1,|
000032b0  20 73 6f 20 74 68 65 20  4f 73 63 69 6c 6c 61 74  | so the Oscillat|
000032c0  6f 72 20 69 73 20 63 61  70 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 66  |or is capable of|
000032d0  20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 69  6e 67 20 76 61 6c 75 65  | producing value|
000032e0  73 20 62 65 74 77 65 65  6e 20 2d 31 20 61 6e 64  |s between -1 and|
000032f0  20 31 2e 20 54 68 65 73  65 20 76 61 6c 75 65 73  | 1. These values|
00003300  20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20  6f 6e 20 69 74 73 20 6f  | appear on its o|
00003310  75 74 70 75 74 2e 20 54  68 65 20 6f 73 63 69 6c  |utput. The oscil|
00003320  6c 61 74 6f 72 20 61 6c  73 6f 20 68 61 73 20 74  |lator also has t|
00003330  77 6f 20 69 6e 70 75 74  73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 75  |wo inputs. The u|
00003340  70 70 65 72 20 69 6e 70  75 74 20 28 42 4c 41 43  |pper input (BLAC|
00003350  4b 29 20 69 73 20 75 73  65 64 20 74 6f 20 64 65  |K) is used to de|
00003360  66 69 6e 65 20 74 68 65  20 66 72 65 71 75 65 6e  |fine the frequen|
00003370  63 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68  65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74  |cy of the output|
00003380  20 77 61 76 65 20 61 6e  64 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f  | wave and the lo|
00003390  77 65 72 20 69 6e 70 75  74 20 28 52 45 44 29 20  |wer input (RED) |
000033a0  69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20  66 6f 72 20 73 79 6e 63  |is used for sync|
000033b0  68 72 6f 6e 69 73 69 6e  67 20 74 68 65 20 6f 73  |hronising the os|
000033c0  63 69 6c 6c 61 74 6f 72  20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74  |cillator to anot|
000033d0  68 65 72 20 6f 73 63 69  6c 6c 61 74 6f 72 2e 20  |her oscillator. |
000033e0  0a 54 68 65 20 66 72 65  71 75 65 6e 63 79 20 69  |.The frequency i|
000033f0  6e 70 75 74 20 64 65 74  65 72 6d 69 6e 65 73 20  |nput determines |
00003400  74 68 65 20 6c 65 6e 67  74 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68  |the length of th|
00003410  65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74  20 77 61 76 65 2e 20 54  |e output wave. T|
00003420  68 65 20 6c 65 6e 67 74  68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  |he length of the|
00003430  20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20  77 61 76 65 20 69 73 20  | output wave is |
00003440  32 35 36 2f 28 66 72 65  71 75 65 6e 63 79 20 69  |256/(frequency i|
00003450  6e 70 75 74 29 20 76 61  6c 75 65 73 2e 0a 54 6f  |nput) values..To|
00003460  20 73 65 65 20 68 6f 77  20 74 68 69 73 20 77 6f  | see how this wo|
00003470  72 6b 73 2c 20 74 61 6b  65 20 61 20 6c 6f 6f 6b  |rks, take a look|
00003480  20 61 74 20 66 69 67 75  72 65 20 31 34 2e 0a 0a  | at figure 14...|
00003490  66 69 67 75 72 65 20 31  34 2e 20 65 78 61 6d 70  |figure 14. examp|
000034a0  6c 65 20 6f 66 20 61 6e  20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20  |le of an output |
000034b0  77 61 76 65 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 6f 73 63 69  |wave of the osci|
000034c0  6c 6c 61 74 6f 72 2e 20  0a 0a 49 6e 20 66 69 67  |llator. ..In fig|
000034d0  75 72 65 20 31 34 61 20  74 68 65 20 66 72 65 71  |ure 14a the freq|
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00003510  73 20 32 35 36 20 76 61  6c 75 65 73 20 6c 6f 6e  |s 256 values lon|
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00003530  20 74 68 65 20 66 72 65  71 75 65 6e 63 79 20 69  | the frequency i|
00003540  6e 70 75 74 20 69 73 20  32 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f  |nput is 2 and so|
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000035b0  72 20 6f 66 20 74 77 6f  2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 72  |r of two, the fr|
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00003670  62 69 74 2c 20 6c 6f 61  64 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c  |bit, load exampl|
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000036c0  6c 65 20 30 2e 35 2c 20  31 2c 20 32 2c 20 34 20  |le 0.5, 1, 2, 4 |
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00003850  20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61  6d 70 6c 65 3a 20 49 66  | For example: If|
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000038e0  32 30 30 30 30 2f 32 35  36 20 3d 20 37 38 20 48  |20000/256 = 78 H|
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00003940  69 73 3a 20 34 30 30 30  30 2f 32 35 36 20 3d 20  |is: 40000/256 = |
00003950  31 35 36 20 48 7a 2e 20  59 6f 75 20 64 6f 6e 27  |156 Hz. You don'|
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00003990  65 63 61 75 73 65 20 74  68 65 20 62 65 73 74 20  |ecause the best |
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00003a40  20 46 6f 72 20 6d 6f 73  74 20 63 61 73 65 73 20  | For most cases |
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00003f30  65 2e 0a 43 6f 6e 73 3a  20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 74  |e..Cons: makes t|
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00004120  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 0a 0a 59 6f 75  |           ..You|
00004130  20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73  6f 20 64 72 61 77 20 74  | can also draw t|
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00004170  61 20 77 68 65 72 65 20  74 68 65 20 77 61 76 65  |a where the wave|
00004180  66 6f 72 6d 20 69 73 20  73 68 6f 77 6e 2e 20 54  |form is shown. T|
00004190  68 65 20 64 72 61 77 69  6e 67 20 72 75 6c 65 73  |he drawing rules|
000041a0  20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65  20 73 61 6d 65 20 61 73  | are the same as|
000041b0  20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20  65 6e 76 65 6c 6f 70 65  | in the envelope|
000041c0  20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74  6f 72 20 77 69 6e 64 6f  | generator windo|
000041d0  77 2c 20 73 6f 20 79 6f  75 20 63 61 6e 20 64 72  |w, so you can dr|
000041e0  61 77 20 70 6f 69 6e 74  73 2c 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65  |aw points, conne|
000041f0  63 74 65 64 20 70 6f 69  6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20  |cted points and |
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00004210  0a 54 68 65 72 65 20 69  73 20 6e 6f 20 75 6e 64  |.There is no und|
00004220  6f 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69  6f 6e 2c 20 73 6f 20 62  |o function, so b|
00004230  65 20 63 61 72 65 66 75  6c 2e 0a 0a 0a 4e 6f 69  |e careful....Noi|
00004240  73 65 20 47 65 6e 65 72  61 74 6f 72 0a 0a 54 68  |se Generator..Th|
00004250  69 73 20 6f 62 6a 65 63  74 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73  |is object is als|
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00004290  6f 6d 20 6e 75 6d 62 65  72 73 20 62 65 74 77 65  |om numbers betwe|
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000042d0  70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 74  68 65 20 6e 6f 69 73 65  |put of the noise|
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000042f0  65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 6f  6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 74 68  |ed to control th|
00004300  65 20 72 61 74 65 20 61  74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20  |e rate at which |
00004310  74 68 65 20 72 61 6e 64  6f 6d 20 6e 75 6d 62 65  |the random numbe|
00004320  72 73 20 61 72 65 20 67  65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 64  |rs are generated|
00004330  2e 20 49 66 20 61 20 76  61 6c 75 65 20 6f 66 20  |. If a value of |
00004340  31 20 69 73 20 61 70 70  6c 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20  |1 is applied to |
00004350  74 68 69 73 20 69 6e 70  75 74 20 61 20 72 61 6e  |this input a ran|
00004360  64 6f 6d 20 76 61 6c 75  65 20 69 73 20 67 65 6e  |dom value is gen|
00004370  65 72 61 74 65 64 20 65  76 65 72 79 20 63 61 6c  |erated every cal|
00004380  63 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e  20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20  |culation on the |
00004390  66 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 61  6d 70 6c 65 2e 20 49 66  |final sample. If|
000043a0  20 61 20 76 61 6c 75 65  20 6f 66 20 66 6f 72 20  | a value of for |
000043b0  65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20  30 2e 32 35 20 69 66 20  |example 0.25 if |
000043c0  61 70 70 6c 69 65 64 2c  20 61 20 72 61 6e 64 6f  |applied, a rando|
000043d0  6d 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20  69 73 20 67 65 6e 65 72  |m value is gener|
000043e0  61 74 65 64 20 77 69 74  68 69 6e 20 65 76 65 72  |ated within ever|
000043f0  79 20 66 6f 75 72 20 63  61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 69  |y four calculati|
00004400  6f 6e 73 2e 20 4c 6f 61  64 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c  |ons. Load exampl|
00004410  65 20 73 68 65 65 74 20  37 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68  |e sheet 7 and ch|
00004420  61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65  20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e  |ange the constan|
00004430  74 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20  74 6f 20 66 6f 72 20 65  |t value to for e|
00004440  78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 31  2c 20 30 2e 35 2c 20 30  |xample 1, 0.5, 0|
00004450  2e 32 35 2c 20 30 2e 31  20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 65  |.25, 0.1 and see|
00004460  20 77 68 61 74 20 68 61  70 70 65 6e 73 2e 0a 0a  | what happens...|
00004470  0a 50 75 6c 73 65 20 47  65 6e 65 72 61 74 6f 72  |.Pulse Generator|
00004480  0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 67  65 6e 65 72 61 74 6f 72  |..This generator|
00004490  20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64  20 66 6f 72 20 67 65 6e  | is used for gen|
000044a0  65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20  77 61 76 65 73 20 6c 69  |erating waves li|
000044b0  6b 65 20 69 6e 20 66 69  67 75 72 65 20 31 35 2e  |ke in figure 15.|
000044c0  0a 0a 66 69 67 75 72 65  20 31 35 2e 20 77 61 76  |..figure 15. wav|
000044d0  65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20  63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 67  |es that can be g|
000044e0  65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 64  20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20  |enerated by the |
000044f0  70 75 6c 73 65 20 67 65  6e 65 72 61 74 6f 72 2e  |pulse generator.|
00004500  0a 20 0a 41 6c 6c 20 74  68 65 73 65 20 77 61 76  |. .All these wav|
00004510  65 73 20 61 72 65 20 63  61 6c 6c 65 64 20 70 75  |es are called pu|
00004520  6c 73 65 20 77 61 76 65  73 2e 20 54 68 65 79 20  |lse waves. They |
00004530  61 70 70 65 61 72 20 6f  6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75  |appear on the ou|
00004540  74 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 70 75 6c 73  |tput of the puls|
00004550  65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61  74 6f 72 2e 20 54 68 69  |e generator. Thi|
00004560  73 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  20 61 6c 73 6f 20 68 61  |s object also ha|
00004570  73 20 74 77 6f 20 69 6e  70 75 74 73 2e 20 54 68  |s two inputs. Th|
00004580  65 20 75 70 70 65 72 20  69 6e 70 75 74 20 28 42  |e upper input (B|
00004590  4c 41 43 4b 29 20 63 6f  6e 74 72 6f 6c 73 20 74  |LACK) controls t|
000045a0  68 65 20 66 72 65 71 75  65 6e 63 79 20 6f 66 20  |he frequency of |
000045b0  74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70  75 74 20 77 61 76 65 2c  |the output wave,|
000045c0  20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 74  68 65 20 6c 6f 77 65 72  | while the lower|
000045d0  20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 28  52 45 44 29 20 69 73 20  | input (RED) is |
000045e0  74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 72  6f 6c 20 74 68 65 20 77  |to control the w|
000045f0  69 64 74 68 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 70 75 6c 73  |idth of the puls|
00004600  65 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a  0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a  |e...............|
00004610  0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 54 68  65 20 66 72 65 71 75 65  |......The freque|
00004620  6e 63 79 20 69 6e 70 75  74 20 61 63 74 73 20 6c  |ncy input acts l|
00004630  69 6b 65 20 74 68 65 20  66 72 65 71 75 65 6e 63  |ike the frequenc|
00004640  79 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f  |y input of the o|
00004650  73 63 69 6c 6c 61 74 6f  72 2c 20 73 6f 20 61 20  |scillator, so a |
00004660  76 61 6c 75 65 20 6f 66  20 31 20 6f 6e 20 74 68  |value of 1 on th|
00004670  69 73 20 69 6e 70 75 74  20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 61  |is input will ca|
00004680  75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20  70 75 6c 73 65 20 67 65  |use the pulse ge|
00004690  6e 65 72 61 74 6f 72 20  74 6f 20 67 65 6e 65 72  |nerator to gener|
000046a0  61 74 65 20 61 20 70 75  6c 73 65 20 77 69 74 68  |ate a pulse with|
000046b0  20 61 20 6c 65 6e 67 74  68 20 6f 66 20 32 35 36  | a length of 256|
000046c0  20 76 61 6c 75 65 73 2e  20 4d 6f 72 65 20 67 65  | values. More ge|
000046d0  6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 3a  20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 6e  |nerally: the len|
000046e0  67 74 68 20 6f 66 20 74  68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75  |gth of the outpu|
000046f0  74 20 77 61 76 65 20 69  73 20 32 35 36 2f 28 66  |t wave is 256/(f|
00004700  72 65 71 75 65 6e 63 79  20 69 6e 70 75 74 29 20  |requency input) |
00004710  76 61 6c 75 65 73 2e 20  52 65 61 64 20 74 68 65  |values. Read the|
00004720  20 65 78 70 6c 61 6e 61  74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20  | explanation of |
00004730  74 68 65 20 66 72 65 71  75 65 6e 63 79 20 69 6e  |the frequency in|
00004740  70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 74  68 65 20 6f 73 63 69 6c  |put of the oscil|
00004750  6c 61 74 6f 72 20 66 6f  72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 69  |lator for more i|
00004760  6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69  6f 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74  |nformation about|
00004770  20 74 68 69 73 2e 0a 0a  54 68 65 20 70 75 6c 73  | this...The puls|
00004780  65 20 77 69 64 74 68 20  69 6e 70 75 74 20 69 73  |e width input is|
00004790  20 75 73 65 64 20 66 6f  72 20 64 65 66 69 6e 69  | used for defini|
000047a0  6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 77  69 64 74 68 20 6f 66 20  |ng the width of |
000047b0  74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70  75 74 20 70 75 6c 73 65  |the output pulse|
000047c0  2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78  61 6d 70 6c 65 20 61 20  |. For example a |
000047d0  76 61 6c 75 65 20 6f 66  20 30 2e 32 35 20 6f 6e  |value of 0.25 on|
000047e0  20 74 68 69 73 20 69 6e  70 75 74 20 77 69 6c 6c  | this input will|
000047f0  20 67 69 76 65 20 61 20  32 35 25 20 68 69 67 68  | give a 25% high|
00004800  2c 20 37 35 25 20 6c 6f  77 20 70 75 6c 73 65 2e  |, 75% low pulse.|
00004810  20 54 68 69 73 20 6d 65  61 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74  | This means that|
00004820  20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20  74 6f 74 61 6c 20 70 75  | if the total pu|
00004830  6c 73 65 20 6c 65 6e 67  74 68 20 69 73 20 66 6f  |lse length is fo|
00004840  72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c  65 20 36 34 20 28 61 20  |r example 64 (a |
00004850  76 61 6c 75 65 20 6f 66  20 34 20 6f 6e 20 74 68  |value of 4 on th|
00004860  65 20 66 72 65 71 75 65  6e 63 79 20 69 6e 70 75  |e frequency inpu|
00004870  74 29 2c 20 74 68 65 72  65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62  |t), there will b|
00004880  65 20 61 66 74 65 72 20  61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20  |e after another |
00004890  31 36 20 76 61 6c 75 65  73 20 31 20 61 6e 64 20  |16 values 1 and |
000048a0  74 68 65 6e 20 34 38 20  76 61 6c 75 65 73 20 2d  |then 48 values -|
000048b0  31 20 28 65 78 61 6d 70  6c 65 20 73 68 65 65 74  |1 (example sheet|
000048c0  20 38 29 2e 20 41 20 73  71 75 61 72 65 20 77 61  | 8). A square wa|
000048d0  76 65 20 28 35 30 25 20  68 69 67 68 2c 20 35 30  |ve (50% high, 50|
000048e0  25 20 6c 6f 77 29 20 63  61 6e 20 62 65 20 6f 62  |% low) can be ob|
000048f0  74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 62  79 20 61 70 70 6c 79 69  |tained by applyi|
00004900  6e 67 20 61 20 76 61 6c  75 65 20 6f 66 20 30 2e  |ng a value of 0.|
00004910  35 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69  73 20 69 6e 70 75 74 2e  |5 on this input.|
00004920  20 54 6f 20 65 78 70 65  72 69 6d 65 6e 74 20 61  | To experiment a|
00004930  20 62 69 74 20 77 69 74  68 20 74 68 65 20 70 75  | bit with the pu|
00004940  6c 73 65 20 67 65 6e 65  72 61 74 6f 72 2c 20 6c  |lse generator, l|
00004950  6f 61 64 20 65 78 61 6d  70 6c 65 20 73 68 65 65  |oad example shee|
00004960  74 20 38 2e 20 54 72 79  20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65  |t 8. Try to make|
00004970  20 61 20 70 75 6c 73 65  20 77 68 69 63 68 20 68  | a pulse which h|
00004980  61 73 20 61 20 6c 65 6e  67 74 68 20 6f 66 20 31  |as a length of 1|
00004990  32 38 20 76 61 6c 75 65  73 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20  |28 values and a |
000049a0  37 35 25 20 68 69 67 68  2c 20 32 35 25 20 6c 6f  |75% high, 25% lo|
000049b0  77 20 77 69 64 74 68 2e  0a 0a 20 20 20 0a 4c 6f  |w width...   .Lo|
000049c0  77 20 50 61 73 73 20 46  69 6c 74 65 72 0a 0a 54  |w Pass Filter..T|
000049d0  68 69 73 20 6f 62 6a 65  63 74 20 69 73 20 75 73  |his object is us|
000049e0  65 64 20 74 6f 20 66 69  6c 74 65 72 20 6f 75 74  |ed to filter out|
000049f0  20 74 68 65 20 68 69 67  68 20 66 72 65 71 75 65  | the high freque|
00004a00  6e 63 79 20 63 6f 6d 70  6f 6e 65 6e 74 73 20 28  |ncy components (|
00004a10  73 65 65 20 63 68 61 70  74 65 72 20 31 29 20 6f  |see chapter 1) o|
00004a20  66 20 61 20 73 6f 75 6e  64 20 77 61 76 65 2e 20  |f a sound wave. |
00004a30  54 68 69 73 20 6f 6e 6c  79 20 6c 65 61 76 65 73  |This only leaves|
00004a40  20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 77  65 72 20 66 72 65 71 75  | the lower frequ|
00004a50  65 6e 63 79 20 63 6f 6d  70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 73 20  |ency components |
00004a60  69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f  75 74 70 75 74 20 77 61  |in the output wa|
00004a70  76 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20  73 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6f  |ve, and so the o|
00004a80  75 74 70 75 74 20 77 61  76 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  |utput wave will |
00004a90  68 61 76 65 20 61 20 6c  65 73 73 20 27 73 68 61  |have a less 'sha|
00004aa0  72 70 27 20 73 6f 75 6e  64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20  |rp' sound. This |
00004ab0  69 73 20 62 65 73 74 20  65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 65  |is best explaine|
00004ac0  64 20 62 79 20 61 20 66  69 67 75 72 65 2e 20 0a  |d by a figure. .|
00004ad0  0a 66 69 67 75 72 65 20  31 36 2e 20 6c 6f 77 20  |.figure 16. low |
00004ae0  70 61 73 73 20 66 69 6c  74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 61  |pass filtering a|
00004af0  20 73 71 75 61 72 65 20  77 61 76 65 2e 0a 0a 0a  | square wave....|
00004b00  46 69 67 75 72 65 20 31  36 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20  |Figure 16 shows |
00004b10  74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 74  65 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66  |the filtering of|
00004b20  20 61 20 73 71 75 61 72  65 20 77 61 76 65 2e 20  | a square wave. |
00004b30  54 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67  69 6e 61 6c 20 73 71 75  |The original squ|
00004b40  61 72 65 20 77 61 76 65  20 69 73 20 73 68 6f 77  |are wave is show|
00004b50  6e 20 69 6e 20 66 69 67  75 72 65 20 31 36 61 20  |n in figure 16a |
00004b60  61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20  66 69 6c 74 65 72 65 64  |and the filtered|
00004b70  20 6f 6e 65 73 20 69 6e  20 66 69 67 75 72 65 20  | ones in figure |
00004b80  31 36 62 20 61 6e 64 20  31 36 63 2e 20 4e 6f 74  |16b and 16c. Not|
00004b90  69 63 65 20 74 68 61 74  20 74 68 65 20 73 68 61  |ice that the sha|
00004ba0  72 70 20 65 64 67 65 73  20 61 72 65 20 72 6f 75  |rp edges are rou|
00004bb0  6e 64 65 64 20 6f 66 66  2e 20 54 68 65 20 73 71  |nded off. The sq|
00004bc0  75 61 72 65 20 77 61 76  65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 74  |uare wave will t|
00004bd0  68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65  20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20  |herefore have a |
00004be0  6c 65 73 73 20 73 68 61  72 70 20 73 6f 75 6e 64  |less sharp sound|
00004bf0  2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |.               |
00004c00  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00004c20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  0a 0a 54 6f 20 65 78 70  |        ..To exp|
00004c30  65 72 69 6d 65 6e 74 20  77 69 74 68 20 74 68 69  |eriment with thi|
00004c40  73 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  2c 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 65  |s object, load e|
00004c50  78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 73  68 65 65 74 20 39 2e 20  |xample sheet 9. |
00004c60  54 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67  69 6e 61 6c 20 77 61 76  |The original wav|
00004c70  65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74  68 65 20 6f 73 63 69 6c  |e from the oscil|
00004c80  6c 61 74 6f 72 20 69 73  20 66 65 64 20 69 6e 74  |lator is fed int|
00004c90  6f 20 74 68 65 20 75 70  70 65 72 20 69 6e 70 75  |o the upper inpu|
00004ca0  74 20 28 42 4c 41 43 4b  29 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  |t (BLACK) of the|
00004cb0  20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 2e  20 54 68 65 20 61 6d 6f  | filter. The amo|
00004cc0  75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 66  69 6c 74 65 72 69 6e 67  |unt of filtering|
00004cd0  20 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 74  72 6f 6c 6c 65 64 20 62  | is controlled b|
00004ce0  79 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f  77 65 72 20 28 52 45 44  |y the lower (RED|
00004cf0  29 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66  |) input of the f|
00004d00  69 6c 74 65 72 2e 20 49  66 20 61 20 76 61 6c 75  |ilter. If a valu|
00004d10  65 20 6f 66 20 31 20 69  73 20 61 70 70 6c 69 65  |e of 1 is applie|
00004d20  64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69  73 20 69 6e 70 75 74 2c  |d to this input,|
00004d30  20 6e 6f 20 66 69 6c 74  65 72 69 6e 67 20 74 61  | no filtering ta|
00004d40  6b 65 73 20 70 6c 61 63  65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68  |kes place and th|
00004d50  65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e  61 6c 20 77 61 76 65 20  |e original wave |
00004d60  69 73 20 6a 75 73 74 20  70 61 73 73 65 64 20 74  |is just passed t|
00004d70  68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 74  68 65 20 66 69 6c 74 65  |hrough the filte|
00004d80  72 2e 20 54 6f 20 73 68  6f 77 20 77 68 61 74 20  |r. To show what |
00004d90  6f 74 68 65 72 20 76 61  6c 75 65 73 20 64 6f 20  |other values do |
00004da0  74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66  69 6c 74 65 72 69 6e 67  |to the filtering|
00004db0  2c 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65  20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c  |, change the fil|
00004dc0  74 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 73  74 61 6e 74 20 6f 66 20  |ter constant of |
00004dd0  74 68 69 73 20 73 68 65  65 74 20 74 6f 20 30 2e  |this sheet to 0.|
00004de0  35 2c 20 30 2e 32 35 2c  20 30 2e 31 2c 20 30 2e  |5, 0.25, 0.1, 0.|
00004df0  30 35 20 61 6e 64 20 30  2e 20 45 78 61 6d 69 6e  |05 and 0. Examin|
00004e00  65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69  6e 61 6c 20 77 61 76 65  |e the final wave|
00004e10  66 6f 72 6d 2e 20 59 6f  75 20 63 61 6e 20 6c 69  |form. You can li|
00004e20  73 74 65 6e 20 74 6f 20  74 68 65 20 66 69 6e 61  |sten to the fina|
00004e30  6c 20 73 6f 75 6e 64 20  62 79 20 70 72 65 73 73  |l sound by press|
00004e40  69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20  27 59 27 20 6b 65 79 20  |ing the 'Y' key |
00004e50  6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6b  65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 2c  |on the keyboard,|
00004e60  20 61 66 74 65 72 20 79  6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20  | after you have |
00004e70  63 6c 69 63 6b 65 64 20  6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 27  |clicked on the '|
00004e80  4c 6f 6f 70 27 20 69 63  6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68  |Loop' icon in th|
00004e90  65 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61  72 64 20 77 69 6e 64 6f  |e keyboard windo|
00004ea0  77 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 20  74 72 79 20 66 69 6c 74  |w. Also try filt|
00004eb0  65 72 69 6e 67 20 61 20  74 72 69 61 6e 67 6c 65  |ering a triangle|
00004ec0  20 77 61 76 65 2c 20 61  20 72 61 6d 70 20 77 61  | wave, a ramp wa|
00004ed0  76 65 2c 20 61 20 73 69  6e 65 20 77 61 76 65 20  |ve, a sine wave |
00004ee0  61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 72  20 6f 77 6e 20 68 61 6e  |and your own han|
00004ef0  64 2d 64 72 61 77 6e 20  77 61 76 65 2e 0a 0a 0a  |d-drawn wave....|
00004f00  48 69 67 68 20 50 61 73  73 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72  |High Pass Filter|
00004f10  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 0a 0a 54 68 69  |           ..Thi|
00004f20  73 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  20 77 6f 72 6b 73 20 6f  |s object works o|
00004f30  70 70 6f 73 69 74 65 20  74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6c  |pposite to the l|
00004f40  6f 77 20 70 61 73 73 20  66 69 6c 74 65 72 2e 20  |ow pass filter. |
00004f50  49 74 20 69 73 20 75 73  65 64 20 74 6f 20 66 69  |It is used to fi|
00004f60  6c 74 65 72 20 6f 75 74  20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 77  |lter out the low|
00004f70  20 66 72 65 71 75 65 6e  63 79 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f  | frequency compo|
00004f80  6e 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66  20 61 20 73 6f 75 6e 64  |nents of a sound|
00004f90  20 77 61 76 65 2e 20 54  68 69 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79  | wave. This only|
00004fa0  20 6c 65 61 76 65 73 20  74 68 65 20 68 69 67 68  | leaves the high|
00004fb0  65 72 20 66 72 65 71 75  65 6e 63 79 20 63 6f 6d  |er frequency com|
00004fc0  70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 73 20  69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f  |ponents in the o|
00004fd0  75 74 70 75 74 20 77 61  76 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20  |utput wave, and |
00004fe0  73 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6f  75 74 70 75 74 20 77 61  |so the output wa|
00004ff0  76 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  73 6f 75 6e 64 20 73 68  |ve will sound sh|
00005000  61 72 70 65 72 2e 20 46  69 67 75 72 65 20 31 37  |arper. Figure 17|
00005010  20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 68  6f 77 20 68 69 67 68 20  | shows how high |
00005020  70 61 73 73 20 66 69 6c  74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 61  |pass filtering a|
00005030  20 73 71 75 61 72 65 20  77 61 76 65 20 61 66 66  | square wave aff|
00005040  65 63 74 20 74 68 65 20  77 61 76 65 66 6f 72 6d  |ect the waveform|
00005050  2e 20 4e 6f 74 69 63 65  20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68  |. Notice that th|
00005060  65 20 73 68 61 72 70 20  65 64 67 65 73 20 61 72  |e sharp edges ar|
00005070  65 20 6d 61 64 65 20 65  76 65 6e 20 73 68 61 72  |e made even shar|
00005080  70 65 72 2e 0a 0a 66 69  67 75 72 65 20 31 37 2e  |per...figure 17.|
00005090  20 68 69 67 68 20 70 61  73 73 20 66 69 6c 74 65  | high pass filte|
000050a0  72 69 6e 67 20 61 20 73  71 75 61 72 65 20 77 61  |ring a square wa|
000050b0  76 65 2e 0a 0a 54 6f 20  65 78 70 65 72 69 6d 65  |ve...To experime|
000050c0  6e 74 20 77 69 74 68 20  74 68 69 73 20 6f 62 6a  |nt with this obj|
000050d0  65 63 74 2c 20 6c 6f 61  64 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c  |ect, load exampl|
000050e0  65 20 73 68 65 65 74 20  31 30 2e 20 41 67 61 69  |e sheet 10. Agai|
000050f0  6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72  69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 77  |n the original w|
00005100  61 76 65 20 66 72 6f 6d  20 74 68 65 20 6f 73 63  |ave from the osc|
00005110  69 6c 6c 61 74 6f 72 20  69 73 20 66 65 64 20 69  |illator is fed i|
00005120  6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20  75 70 70 65 72 20 69 6e  |nto the upper in|
00005130  70 75 74 20 28 42 4c 41  43 4b 29 20 6f 66 20 74  |put (BLACK) of t|
00005140  68 65 20 66 69 6c 74 65  72 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68  |he filter and th|
00005150  65 20 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74  20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 74  |e amount of filt|
00005160  65 72 69 6e 67 20 69 73  20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c  |ering is control|
00005170  6c 65 64 20 62 79 20 74  68 65 20 6c 6f 77 65 72  |led by the lower|
00005180  20 28 52 45 44 29 20 69  6e 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20  | (RED) input of |
00005190  74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 74  65 72 2e 20 54 68 65 72  |the filter. Ther|
000051a0  65 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 69  73 20 61 20 63 6f 6e 73  |e also is a cons|
000051b0  74 61 6e 74 20 6d 75 6c  74 69 70 6c 69 65 72 20  |tant multiplier |
000051c0  77 68 69 63 68 20 6d 75  6c 74 69 70 6c 69 65 73  |which multiplies|
000051d0  20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74  70 75 74 20 73 69 67 6e  | the output sign|
000051e0  61 6c 20 62 79 20 30 2e  35 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68  |al by 0.5, so th|
000051f0  61 74 20 74 68 65 20 27  73 70 69 6b 65 73 27 20  |at the 'spikes' |
00005200  77 6f 6e 27 74 20 62 65  20 63 6c 69 70 70 65 64  |won't be clipped|
00005210  2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 74  69 6d 65 2c 20 61 20 76  |. This time, a v|
00005220  61 6c 75 65 20 6f 66 20  30 20 61 70 70 6c 69 65  |alue of 0 applie|
00005230  64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69  73 20 69 6e 70 75 74 2c  |d to this input,|
00005240  20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 61  75 73 65 20 6e 6f 20 66  | will cause no f|
00005250  69 6c 74 65 72 69 6e 67  20 74 6f 20 74 61 6b 65  |iltering to take|
00005260  20 70 6c 61 63 65 2c 20  73 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20  | place, so this |
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*
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00008030  74 68 65 20 66 72 65 71  75 65 6e 63 79 20 77 68  |the frequency wh|
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00008080  76 65 20 61 20 63 6c 6f  73 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20  |ve a close look |
00008090  61 74 20 74 68 65 20 77  61 76 65 66 6f 72 6d 20  |at the waveform |
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000082f0  61 76 65 66 6f 72 6d 20  61 20 62 69 74 20 61 6e  |aveform a bit an|
00008300  64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 6d  69 78 65 73 20 69 74 20  |d then mixes it |
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00008340  20 69 6e 20 65 78 61 6d  70 6c 65 20 73 68 65 65  | in example shee|
00008350  74 20 27 50 68 61 73 65  31 27 20 61 6e 64 20 27  |t 'Phase1' and '|
00008360  50 68 61 73 65 32 27 2e  20 0a 0a 4c 6f 61 64 20  |Phase2'. ..Load |
00008370  65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20  73 68 65 65 74 20 27 50  |example sheet 'P|
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00008390  65 20 74 68 65 20 73 61  6d 70 6c 65 20 61 6e 64  |e the sample and|
000083a0  20 6c 69 73 74 65 6e 20  74 6f 20 69 74 2e 20 4e  | listen to it. N|
000083b0  6f 74 69 63 65 20 74 68  61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 67  |otice that you g|
000083c0  65 74 20 61 20 6b 69 6e  64 20 6f 66 20 27 66 6c  |et a kind of 'fl|
000083d0  6f 61 74 69 6e 67 27 20  73 6f 75 6e 64 3f 0a 0a  |oating' sound?..|
000083e0  54 68 65 20 6f 73 63 69  6c 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 67  |The oscillator g|
000083f0  65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 73  20 61 20 72 61 74 68 65  |enerates a rathe|
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00008460  6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 65  6c 61 79 20 6f 62 6a 65  |o the delay obje|
00008470  63 74 2c 20 77 68 65 72  65 20 69 74 20 69 73 20  |ct, where it is |
00008480  62 65 69 6e 67 20 64 65  6c 61 79 65 64 20 61 20  |being delayed a |
00008490  62 69 74 2e 20 54 68 65  20 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20  |bit. The amount |
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000084c0  65 6c 6f 70 65 20 67 65  6e 65 72 61 74 6f 72 2e  |elope generator.|
000084d0  20 54 61 6b 65 20 61 20  6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 20  | Take a look at |
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00008520  72 20 69 73 20 75 73 65  64 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 69  |r is used for mi|
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00008550  65 20 64 65 6c 61 79 65  64 20 73 69 67 6e 61 6c  |e delayed signal|
00008560  2e 20 41 66 74 65 72 20  74 68 65 20 61 64 64 65  |. After the adde|
00008570  72 20 69 73 20 61 20 63  6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 20  |r is a constant |
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00008590  6f 69 64 20 63 6c 69 70  70 69 6e 67 2e 0a 0a 45  |oid clipping...E|
000085a0  78 70 65 72 69 6d 65 6e  74 73 3a 0a 2d 63 68 61  |xperiments:.-cha|
000085b0  6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20  6f 73 63 69 6c 6c 61 74  |nge the oscillat|
000085c0  6f 72 20 77 61 76 65 66  6f 72 6d 20 74 6f 20 79  |or waveform to y|
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00008670  72 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61  74 65 20 61 20 63 6f 6e  |r generate a con|
00008680  73 74 61 6e 74 20 77 61  76 65 20 62 79 20 64 72  |stant wave by dr|
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000086f0  68 65 65 74 20 27 50 68  61 73 65 32 27 20 61 70  |heet 'Phase2' ap|
00008700  70 6c 69 65 73 20 70 68  61 73 65 20 73 68 69 66  |plies phase shif|
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00008760  6c 74 65 72 20 74 68 65  20 65 6e 76 65 6c 6f 70  |lter the envelop|
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000087b0  32 35 2c 20 30 2e 31 32  35 0a 0a 0a 35 2e 38 2e  |25, 0.125...5.8.|
000087c0  20 45 63 68 6f 65 73 2e  0a 0a 49 6e 20 74 68 65  | Echoes...In the|
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00008800  20 70 68 61 73 69 6e 67  20 65 66 66 65 63 74 2e  | phasing effect.|
00008810  20 54 68 69 73 20 74 69  6d 65 20 77 65 20 61 72  | This time we ar|
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00008890  69 63 65 20 65 63 68 6f  20 72 69 67 68 74 3f 0a  |ice echo right?.|
000088a0  0a 54 68 65 20 6f 73 63  69 6c 6c 61 74 6f 72 20  |.The oscillator |
000088b0  67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65  73 20 74 68 65 20 73 69  |generates the si|
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00008ac0  74 65 6c 79 2c 20 6a 75  73 74 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f  |tely, just follo|
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00008b20  74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 61  64 64 65 72 2c 20 74 68  |to the adder, th|
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00008b40  6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20  65 74 63 2e 20 4e 6f 74  |objects etc. Not|
00008b50  69 63 65 20 74 68 61 74  20 74 68 65 20 73 69 67  |ice that the sig|
00008b60  6e 61 6c 20 6c 6f 6f 70  73 3f 20 54 68 69 73 20  |nal loops? This |
00008b70  69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65  64 20 66 65 65 64 62 61  |is called feedba|
00008b80  63 6b 2e 20 0a 0a 54 68  65 20 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74  |ck. ..The amount|
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00008bb0  65 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61  6e 74 20 6d 75 6c 74 69  |e constant multi|
00008bc0  70 6c 69 65 72 2e 20 54  68 69 73 20 69 73 20 73  |plier. This is s|
00008bd0  65 74 20 74 6f 20 30 2e  37 35 2c 20 73 6f 20 74  |et to 0.75, so t|
00008be0  68 65 20 76 6f 6c 75 6d  65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  |he volume of the|
00008bf0  20 6e 65 78 74 20 65 63  68 6f 20 69 73 20 37 35  | next echo is 75|
00008c00  25 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  20 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 20  |% of the volume |
00008c10  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70  72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20  |of the previous |
00008c20  6f 6e 65 2e 20 49 66 20  79 6f 75 20 73 65 74 20  |one. If you set |
00008c30  74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73  74 61 6e 74 20 6d 75 6c  |the constant mul|
00008c40  74 69 70 6c 69 65 72 20  74 6f 20 66 6f 72 20 65  |tiplier to for e|
00008c50  78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 30  2e 35 2c 20 74 68 65 20  |xample 0.5, the |
00008c60  65 63 68 6f 20 76 6f 6c  75 6d 65 20 77 69 6c 6c  |echo volume will|
00008c70  20 68 61 6c 76 65 20 65  61 63 68 20 74 69 6d 65  | halve each time|
00008c80  2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 61  6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66  |...The amount of|
00008c90  20 64 65 6c 61 79 2c 20  73 6f 20 74 68 65 20 74  | delay, so the t|
00008ca0  69 6d 65 20 62 65 74 77  65 65 6e 20 74 77 6f 20  |ime between two |
00008cb0  65 63 68 6f 65 73 2c 20  69 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 72  |echoes, is contr|
00008cc0  6f 6c 6c 65 64 20 62 79  20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e  |olled by the con|
00008cd0  73 74 61 6e 74 20 67 65  6e 65 72 61 74 6f 72 20  |stant generator |
00008ce0  77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73  20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74  |which is connect|
00008cf0  65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68  65 20 64 65 6c 61 79 20  |ed to the delay |
00008d00  6c 69 6e 65 73 2e 0a 0a  45 78 70 65 72 69 6d 65  |lines...Experime|
00008d10  6e 74 73 3a 0a 2d 63 68  61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65  |nts:.-change the|
00008d20  20 77 61 76 65 66 6f 72  6d 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  | waveform of the|
00008d30  20 65 6e 76 65 6c 6f 70  65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61  | envelope genera|
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00008d60  20 74 68 65 20 6f 73 63  69 6c 6c 61 74 6f 72 2e  | the oscillator.|
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00008d80  6e 74 20 6f 66 20 66 65  65 64 62 61 63 6b 2e 0a  |nt of feedback..|
00008d90  2d 61 6c 74 65 72 20 74  68 65 20 64 65 6c 61 79  |-alter the delay|
00008da0  20 74 69 6d 65 2e 0a 2d  72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 20  | time..-replace |
00008db0  74 68 65 20 6f 73 63 69  6c 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 62  |the oscillator b|
00008dc0  79 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 70  75 74 20 6f 62 6a 65 63  |y an input objec|
00008dd0  74 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6e  6f 77 20 63 61 6e 20 6d  |t. You now can m|
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00008e90  20 44 69 73 74 6f 72 74  69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 44 69  | Distortion...Di|
00008ea0  73 74 6f 72 74 69 6f 6e  20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f  |stortion is also|
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00008ee0  72 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 68  61 6e 67 65 73 20 74 68  |rtion changes th|
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00008f10  20 69 74 20 67 65 74 20  6d 6f 72 65 20 68 69 67  | it get more hig|
00008f20  68 65 72 20 68 61 72 6d  6f 6e 69 63 73 2e 0a 0a  |her harmonics...|
00008f30  4c 6f 61 64 20 65 78 61  6d 70 6c 65 20 73 68 65  |Load example she|
00008f40  65 74 20 27 44 69 73 74  6f 72 74 69 6f 6e 27 2e  |et 'Distortion'.|
00008f50  20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73  20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65  | In this example|
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00008f80  6a 65 63 74 20 74 6f 20  64 69 73 74 6f 72 74 20  |ject to distort |
00008f90  61 20 73 69 6e 65 20 77  61 76 65 2e 20 54 68 65  |a sine wave. The|
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00009050  20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e  73 74 61 6e 74 20 6d 75  | the constant mu|
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00009630  61 6e 20 61 6c 6d 6f 73  74 20 69 6e 66 69 6e 69  |an almost infini|
00009640  74 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65  72 20 6f 66 20 70 6f 73  |te number of pos|
00009650  73 69 62 69 6c 69 74 69  65 73 2e 20 45 78 70 65  |sibilities. Expe|
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000096b0  20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20  65 6e 76 65 6c 6f 70 65  | or the envelope|
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000096e0  72 73 2e 0a 2d 65 78 70  65 72 69 6d 65 6e 74 20  |rs..-experiment |
000096f0  77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65  20 73 68 65 65 74 73 3a  |with the sheets:|
00009700  20 27 42 6c 75 62 5a 69  6e 67 27 2c 20 27 42 65  | 'BlubZing', 'Be|
00009710  6c 6c 73 27 2c 20 27 43  65 6c 65 73 74 65 27 2c  |lls', 'Celeste',|
00009720  20 27 43 68 6f 69 72 27  2c 20 27 43 6c 61 76 65  | 'Choir', 'Clave|
00009730  73 27 2c 20 27 4d 61 72  69 6d 62 61 27 2c 20 27  |s', 'Marimba', '|
00009740  4f 72 67 61 6e 27 2e 0a  0a 0a 35 2e 31 31 2e 20  |Organ'....5.11. |
00009750  54 75 6e 65 64 20 4e 6f  69 73 65 2e 0a 0a 49 74  |Tuned Noise...It|
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00009770  6c 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 61  6b 65 20 61 20 6e 69 63  |lt to make a nic|
00009780  65 20 73 6f 75 6e 64 20  77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65  |e sound with the|
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000097b0  65 20 74 68 65 20 6e 6f  69 73 65 20 73 6f 75 6e  |e the noise soun|
000097c0  64 20 69 73 20 74 6f 6f  20 73 68 61 72 70 2e 20  |d is too sharp. |
000097d0  59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20  67 65 74 20 72 69 64 20  |You can get rid |
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00009820  72 65 71 75 65 6e 63 69  65 73 20 61 72 65 20 67  |requencies are g|
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00009870  73 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20  6f 73 63 69 6c 6c 61 74  |sing an oscillat|
00009880  6f 72 2e 20 48 6f 77 20  74 6f 20 64 6f 20 74 68  |or. How to do th|
00009890  69 73 20 69 73 20 73 68  6f 77 6e 20 69 6e 20 65  |is is shown in e|
000098a0  78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 73  68 65 65 74 20 27 54 75  |xample sheet 'Tu|
000098b0  6e 65 4e 6f 69 73 65 31  27 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20  |neNoise1'...The |
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000098d0  6f 69 73 65 20 67 65 6e  65 72 61 74 6f 72 20 67  |oise generator g|
000098e0  65 74 73 20 66 69 6c 74  65 72 65 64 20 62 79 20  |ets filtered by |
000098f0  74 68 65 20 6c 6f 77 20  70 61 73 73 20 66 69 6c  |the low pass fil|
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00009910  20 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 74  72 6f 6c 6c 65 64 20 62  | is controlled b|
00009920  79 20 61 20 63 6f 6e 73  74 61 6e 74 20 67 65 6e  |y a constant gen|
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00009960  6f 72 20 61 6e 64 20 61  20 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c  |or and a multipl|
00009970  69 65 72 2e 20 41 66 74  65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d  |ier. After the m|
00009980  75 6c 74 69 70 6c 69 65  72 20 63 6f 6d 65 73 20  |ultiplier comes |
00009990  61 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61  6e 74 20 6d 75 6c 74 69  |a constant multi|
000099a0  70 6c 69 65 72 20 77 68  69 63 68 20 61 6d 70 6c  |plier which ampl|
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000099c0  2e 0a 0a 57 69 74 68 20  74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 74  |...With the filt|
000099d0  65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 63  61 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 72  |er you can contr|
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000099f0  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  6e 6f 69 73 65 2e 20 57  | of the noise. W|
00009a00  69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20  6f 73 63 69 6c 6c 61 74  |ith the oscillat|
00009a10  6f 72 20 79 6f 75 20 63  61 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 72  |or you can contr|
00009a20  6f 6c 20 74 68 65 20 74  75 6e 69 6e 67 2e 0a 0a  |ol the tuning...|
00009a30  45 78 70 65 72 69 6d 65  6e 74 73 3a 0a 2d 43 68  |Experiments:.-Ch|
00009a40  61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65  20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e  |ange the constan|
00009a50  74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20  63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 73  |t which controls|
00009a60  20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c  74 65 72 20 74 6f 3a 20  | the filter to: |
00009a70  30 2e 30 37 35 2c 20 30  2e 30 35 20 61 6e 64 20  |0.075, 0.05 and |
00009a80  30 2e 30 32 2e 0a 2d 43  68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68  |0.02..-Change th|
00009a90  65 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61  6e 74 20 77 68 69 63 68  |e constant which|
00009aa0  20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c  73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 73  | controls the os|
00009ab0  63 69 6c 6c 61 74 6f 72  20 74 6f 3a 20 31 36 2c  |cillator to: 16,|
00009ac0  20 33 32 20 61 6e 64 20  39 36 2e 0a 0a 49 6e 20  | 32 and 96...In |
00009ad0  65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20  73 68 65 65 74 20 27 54  |example sheet 'T|
00009ae0  75 6e 65 4e 6f 69 73 65  32 27 20 62 6f 74 68 20  |uneNoise2' both |
00009af0  74 68 65 20 6f 73 63 69  6c 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 61  |the oscillator a|
00009b00  6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 66  69 6c 74 65 72 20 61 72  |nd the filter ar|
00009b10  65 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f  6c 6c 65 64 20 62 79 20  |e controlled by |
00009b20  61 6e 20 65 6e 76 65 6c  6f 70 65 20 67 65 6e 65  |an envelope gene|
00009b30  72 61 74 6f 72 2e 0a 0a  0a 35 2e 31 32 2e 20 43  |rator....5.12. C|
00009b40  68 6f 72 64 73 2e 0a 0a  59 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65  |hords...You have|
00009b50  20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c  79 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64  | probably alread|
00009b60  79 20 6e 6f 74 69 63 65  64 20 74 68 61 74 20 73  |y noticed that s|
00009b70  6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73  2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75  |ometimes, if you|
00009b80  20 70 72 65 73 73 20 74  77 6f 20 6f 72 20 74 68  | press two or th|
00009b90  72 65 65 20 6b 65 79 73  20 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61  |ree keys simulta|
00009ba0  6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 20  79 6f 75 20 67 65 74 20  |neously you get |
00009bb0  61 20 76 65 72 79 20 6e  69 63 65 20 73 6f 75 6e  |a very nice soun|
00009bc0  64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20  69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65  |d. This is calle|
00009bd0  64 20 61 20 63 68 6f 72  64 2e 20 57 69 74 68 20  |d a chord. With |
00009be0  21 53 46 58 4d 20 77 65  20 63 61 6e 20 71 75 69  |!SFXM we can qui|
00009bf0  74 65 20 65 61 73 69 6c  79 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 73  |te easily make s|
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0000af10  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
0000af30  20 0a 45 64 69 74 3a 0a  0a 43 75 74 20 3a 20 63  | .Edit:..Cut : c|
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0000b3d0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
0000b400  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 0a 52 65  |             .Re|
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0000b4d0  20 0a 4c 6f 6f 70 3a 0a  0a 41 6c 6c 20 3a 20 73  | .Loop:..All : s|
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0000b7d0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 0a 53 69  |             .Si|
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0000b7f0  73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 3c  2d 3e 20 75 6e 73 69 67  |signed <-> unsig|
0000b800  6e 65 64 2e 0a 4c 69 6e  2d 3e 4c 6f 67 20 3a 20  |ned..Lin->Log : |
0000b810  63 6f 6e 76 65 72 74 73  20 6c 69 6e 65 61 72 20  |converts linear |
0000b820  74 6f 20 6c 6f 67 61 72  69 74 68 6d 69 63 2e 0a  |to logarithmic..|
0000b830  4c 6f 67 2d 3e 4c 69 6e  20 3a 20 63 6f 6e 76 65  |Log->Lin : conve|
0000b840  72 74 73 20 6c 6f 67 61  72 69 74 68 6d 69 63 20  |rts logarithmic |
0000b850  74 6f 20 73 69 67 6e 65  64 20 6c 69 6e 65 61 72  |to signed linear|
0000b860  2e 0a 52 65 76 65 72 73  65 20 3a 20 77 69 6c 6c  |..Reverse : will|
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0000b8c0  68 69 67 68 65 72 20 66  72 65 71 75 65 6e 63 69  |higher frequenci|
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0000b900  20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 6f  66 20 32 35 35 20 77 69  | value of 255 wi|
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0000b920  67 2e 0a 48 69 67 68 20  50 61 73 73 20 3a 20 77  |g..High Pass : w|
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0000b9d0  77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 6c  76 65 20 74 68 65 20 76  |will halve the v|
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0000ba30  61 20 64 65 63 61 79 20  6f 66 20 35 30 25 20 65  |a decay of 50% e|
0000ba40  76 65 72 79 20 31 30 32  34 20 62 79 74 65 73 20  |very 1024 bytes |
0000ba50  6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68  61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65  |means that the e|
0000ba60  63 68 6f 20 6f 6e 20 61  20 31 30 4b 20 73 61 6d  |cho on a 10K sam|
0000ba70  70 6c 65 20 77 69 6c 6c  20 72 65 70 65 61 74 20  |ple will repeat |
0000ba80  31 30 20 74 69 6d 65 73  2c 20 68 61 6c 76 69 6e  |10 times, halvin|
0000ba90  67 20 74 68 65 20 61 6d  70 6c 69 74 75 64 65 20  |g the amplitude |
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0000bab0  65 20 49 6e 2f 4f 75 74  20 3a 20 66 61 64 65 20  |e In/Out : fade |
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0000bad0  65 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 64  20 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 20  |e to end volume |
0000bae0  69 6e 20 25 2e 0a 53 74  72 65 74 63 68 20 3a 20  |in %..Stretch : |
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0000bb20  67 65 20 74 68 65 20 62  61 73 65 20 70 69 74 63  |ge the base pitc|
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0000bb40  20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e  20 6f 66 20 61 20 73 61  | section of a sa|
0000bb50  6d 70 6c 65 2e 20 46 6f  72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c  |mple. For exampl|
0000bb60  65 20 61 20 73 74 72 65  74 63 68 20 6f 66 20 35  |e a stretch of 5|
0000bb70  30 25 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  64 6f 75 62 6c 65 20 74  |0% will double t|
0000bb80  68 65 20 62 61 73 65 20  70 69 74 63 68 2e 0a 53  |he base pitch..S|
0000bb90  69 6c 65 6e 63 65 20 3a  20 74 68 69 73 20 77 69  |ilence : this wi|
0000bba0  6c 6c 20 7a 65 72 6f 20  61 6e 79 20 63 68 6f 73  |ll zero any chos|
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0000bbc0  72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 62  65 69 6e 67 20 73 69 6c  |result being sil|
0000bbd0  65 6e 63 65 2e 0a 46 46  54 20 3a 20 54 68 69 73  |ence..FFT : This|
0000bbe0  20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20  79 6f 75 20 61 20 67 72  | allows you a gr|
0000bbf0  61 70 68 69 63 20 66 6f  72 6d 61 74 20 6f 66 20  |aphic format of |
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0000bc10  72 65 20 65 61 63 68 20  66 72 65 71 75 65 6e 63  |re each frequenc|
0000bc20  79 20 68 61 73 20 61 20  64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e  |y has a differen|
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0000bc40  65 20 67 72 69 64 2e 20  54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20  |e grid. This is |
0000bc50  70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64  20 74 6f 20 68 65 6c 70  |provided to help|
0000bc60  20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 72  65 20 65 78 70 65 72 69  | the more experi|
0000bc70  65 6e 63 65 64 20 75 73  65 72 20 74 6f 20 63 72  |enced user to cr|
0000bc80  65 61 74 65 20 73 61 6d  70 6c 65 73 20 77 69 74  |eate samples wit|
0000bc90  68 20 21 53 46 58 4d 20  66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 73  |h !SFXM from a s|
0000bca0  61 6d 70 6c 65 64 20 73  6f 75 6e 64 2e 20 54 68  |ampled sound. Th|
0000bcb0  65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61  20 66 72 65 71 75 65 6e  |ere is a frequen|
0000bcc0  63 79 20 61 78 69 73 2c  20 61 20 74 69 6d 65 20  |cy axis, a time |
0000bcd0  61 78 69 73 20 61 6e 64  20 61 6e 20 61 6d 70 6c  |axis and an ampl|
0000bce0  69 74 75 64 65 20 61 78  69 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20  |itude axis. The |
0000bcf0  66 72 65 71 75 65 6e 63  79 20 61 78 69 73 20 72  |frequency axis r|
0000bd00  61 6e 67 65 73 20 66 72  6f 6d 20 30 20 74 6f 20  |anges from 0 to |
0000bd10  31 32 38 20 28 66 72 65  71 75 65 6e 63 79 20 61  |128 (frequency a|
0000bd20  74 20 61 6e 20 21 53 46  58 4d 20 4f 73 63 69 6c  |t an !SFXM Oscil|
0000bd30  6c 61 74 6f 72 20 6f 62  6a 65 63 74 29 2e 20 54  |lator object). T|
0000bd40  68 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63  74 65 64 20 73 61 6d 70  |he selected samp|
0000bd50  6c 65 20 61 72 65 61 20  69 73 20 73 74 72 65 74  |le area is stret|
0000bd60  63 68 65 64 20 6f 76 65  72 20 74 68 65 20 74 69  |ched over the ti|
0000bd70  6d 65 20 61 78 69 73 2e  20 54 68 65 20 61 6d 70  |me axis. The amp|
0000bd80  6c 69 74 75 64 65 20 63  61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65  |litude can be se|
0000bd90  74 20 62 79 20 74 68 65  20 73 63 61 6c 65 20 76  |t by the scale v|
0000bda0  61 6c 75 65 2e 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |alue.           |
0000bdb0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
0000bde0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 0a 41 64 64  |            .Add|
0000bdf0  20 43 6c 69 70 62 6f 61  72 64 20 3a 20 6d 65 72  | Clipboard : mer|
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0000be10  20 61 72 65 61 20 77 69  74 68 20 74 68 65 20 73  | area with the s|
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0000be30  6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6c  69 70 62 6f 61 72 64 2e  |n the clipboard.|
0000be40  0a 20 20 20 20 20 0a 0a  53 6f 6e 67 3a 0a 0a 41  |.     ..Song:..A|
0000be50  20 73 6f 6e 67 20 69 73  20 61 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65  | song is a colle|
0000be60  63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66  20 6c 6f 6f 70 73 20 66  |ction of loops f|
0000be70  72 6f 6d 20 61 20 73 61  6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 77 68  |rom a sample, wh|
0000be80  69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20  62 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65  |ich can be playe|
0000be90  64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73  65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 2e  |d in a sequence.|
0000bea0  0a 0a 50 6c 61 79 20 3a  20 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74  |..Play : plays t|
0000beb0  68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65  6e 74 6c 79 20 6c 6f 61  |he currently loa|
0000bec0  64 65 64 20 73 6f 6e 67  2e 0a 53 68 6f 77 20 3a  |ded song..Show :|
0000bed0  20 70 6f 70 73 20 75 70  20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 6e  | pops up the son|
0000bee0  67 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77  2e 0a 53 61 76 65 20 3a  |g window..Save :|
0000bef0  20 66 6f 72 20 73 61 76  69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20  | for saving the |
0000bf00  73 6f 6e 67 20 28 41 72  6d 61 64 65 75 73 20 63  |song (Armadeus c|
0000bf10  6f 6d 70 61 74 69 62 6c  65 29 2e 0a 53 61 76 65  |ompatible)..Save|
0000bf20  20 4d 6f 64 75 6c 65 20  3a 20 73 61 76 65 73 20  | Module : saves |
0000bf30  74 68 65 20 73 6f 6e 67  20 61 73 20 61 20 72 65  |the song as a re|
0000bf40  6c 6f 63 61 74 61 62 6c  65 20 6d 6f 64 75 6c 65  |locatable module|
0000bf50  2e 0a 43 6c 65 61 72 20  3a 20 63 6c 65 61 72 73  |..Clear : clears|
0000bf60  20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72  72 65 6e 74 20 73 6f 6e  | the current son|
0000bf70  67 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6d  65 6d 6f 72 79 2e 0a 52  |g from memory..R|
0000bf80  65 70 65 61 74 20 3a 20  63 68 6f 6f 73 69 6e 67  |epeat : choosing|
0000bf90  20 74 68 69 73 20 69 74  65 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  | this item will |
0000bfa0  61 64 64 20 61 20 27 74  69 63 6b 27 2e 20 57 68  |add a 'tick'. Wh|
0000bfb0  65 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20  6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 69  |en this option i|
0000bfc0  73 20 6f 6e 2c 20 74 68  65 20 73 6f 6e 67 20 77  |s on, the song w|
0000bfd0  69 6c 6c 20 72 65 70 65  61 74 20 69 6e 66 69 6e  |ill repeat infin|
0000bfe0  69 74 65 6c 79 2e 0a 0a  36 2e 34 2e 20 43 72 65  |itely...6.4. Cre|
0000bff0  61 74 69 6e 67 20 61 20  73 6f 6e 67 2e 0a 0a 54  |ating a song...T|
0000c000  6f 20 62 72 69 6e 67 20  75 70 20 74 68 65 20 73  |o bring up the s|
0000c010  6f 6e 67 20 77 69 6e 64  6f 77 20 75 73 65 20 27  |ong window use '|
0000c020  53 68 6f 77 27 20 66 72  6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73  |Show' from the s|
0000c030  6f 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75  2e 20 59 6f 75 20 61 72  |ong menu. You ar|
0000c040  65 20 6e 6f 77 20 72 65  61 64 79 20 74 6f 20 63  |e now ready to c|
0000c050  72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20  73 6f 6e 67 20 66 72 6f  |reate a song fro|
0000c060  6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 61  6d 70 6c 65 20 63 75 72  |m the sample cur|
0000c070  72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 69  6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 61  |rently in the wa|
0000c080  76 65 66 6f 72 6d 20 77  69 6e 64 6f 77 2e 0a 0a  |veform window...|
0000c090  4e 65 78 74 20 73 65 74  20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f  |Next set the loo|
0000c0a0  70 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 65  72 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74  |p pointers for t|
0000c0b0  68 65 20 73 65 63 74 69  6f 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20  |he section that |
0000c0c0  79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74  20 74 6f 20 70 6c 61 79  |you want to play|
0000c0d0  2e 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b  20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72  |...Click the cur|
0000c0e0  73 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 74  68 65 20 73 6f 6e 67 20  |sor in the song |
0000c0f0  77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 61  74 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f  |window at the po|
0000c100  69 6e 74 20 6d 61 72 6b  65 64 20 3c 55 6e 74 69  |int marked <Unti|
0000c110  74 6c 65 64 3e 20 61 6e  64 20 67 69 76 65 20 74  |tled> and give t|
0000c120  68 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20  61 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20  |he loop a name. |
0000c130  54 68 69 73 20 79 65 6c  6c 6f 77 20 62 6f 78 20  |This yellow box |
0000c140  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 77  |section of the w|
0000c150  69 6e 64 6f 77 20 69 73  20 77 68 65 72 65 20 61  |indow is where a|
0000c160  6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 65  64 69 74 69 6e 67 20 74  |ll the editing t|
0000c170  61 6b 65 73 20 70 6c 61  63 65 2e 20 57 68 65 6e  |akes place. When|
0000c180  20 79 6f 75 20 68 69 74  20 3c 72 65 74 75 72 6e  | you hit <return|
0000c190  3e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75  72 73 6f 72 20 77 69 6c  |> the cursor wil|
0000c1a0  6c 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 74  6f 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65  |l move to the ne|
0000c1b0  78 74 20 69 63 6f 6e 2c  20 77 68 65 72 65 20 79  |xt icon, where y|
0000c1c0  6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 74  79 70 65 20 69 6e 20 74  |ou can type in t|
0000c1d0  68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65  72 20 6f 66 20 74 69 6d  |he number of tim|
0000c1e0  65 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c  6f 6f 70 20 6d 75 73 74  |es the loop must|
0000c1f0  20 72 65 70 65 61 74 2e  20 54 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f  | repeat. The loo|
0000c200  70 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70  6c 61 79 20 61 74 20 74  |p will play at t|
0000c210  68 65 20 70 69 74 63 68  20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79  |he pitch which y|
0000c220  6f 75 20 6c 61 73 74 20  70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 75  |ou last played u|
0000c230  73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65  20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72  |sing the keyboar|
0000c240  64 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77  2e 20 69 65 2e 20 69 66  |d window. ie. if|
0000c250  20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e  74 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61  | you want to cha|
0000c260  6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20  70 69 74 63 68 20 6f 66  |nge the pitch of|
0000c270  20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72  72 65 6e 74 20 6c 6f 6f  | the current loo|
0000c280  70 20 74 68 61 74 20 79  6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 65  |p that you are e|
0000c290  64 69 74 69 6e 67 2c 20  64 6f 20 73 6f 20 77 69  |diting, do so wi|
0000c2a0  74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6b  65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20  |th the keyboard |
0000c2b0  77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2e 20  48 69 74 20 3c 72 65 74  |window. Hit <ret|
0000c2c0  75 72 6e 3e 20 61 67 61  69 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 6e  |urn> again and n|
0000c2d0  6f 77 20 73 70 65 63 69  66 79 20 74 68 65 20 76  |ow specify the v|
0000c2e0  6f 6c 75 6d 65 20 66 72  6f 6d 20 31 20 74 6f 20  |olume from 1 to |
0000c2f0  32 35 35 2e 20 54 6f 20  73 61 76 65 20 61 6c 6c  |255. To save all|
0000c300  20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73  2c 20 63 6c 69 63 6b 20  | of this, click |
0000c310  6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77  68 69 74 65 20 73 65 63  |on the white sec|
0000c320  74 69 6f 6e 20 62 65 6c  6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 79  |tion below the y|
0000c330  65 6c 6c 6f 77 20 62 6f  78 20 77 69 74 68 20 74  |ellow box with t|
0000c340  68 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 20  62 75 74 74 6f 6e 20 61  |he menu button a|
0000c350  6e 64 20 63 6c 69 63 6b  20 6f 6e 20 27 61 70 70  |nd click on 'app|
0000c360  65 6e 64 27 2e 0a 0a 54  68 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20  |end'...The loop |
0000c370  77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 77  20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20  |will now appear |
0000c380  61 73 20 27 31 27 2e 0a  0a 4e 6f 77 20 72 65 70  |as '1'...Now rep|
0000c390  65 61 74 20 74 68 65 20  61 62 6f 76 65 20 69 6e  |eat the above in|
0000c3a0  20 74 68 65 20 79 65 6c  6c 6f 77 20 62 6f 78 20  | the yellow box |
0000c3b0  66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20  6e 65 78 74 20 6c 6f 6f  |for the next loo|
0000c3c0  70 20 61 6e 64 20 61 70  70 65 6e 64 20 69 74 2e  |p and append it.|
0000c3d0  20 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20  6c 6f 6f 70 20 77 69 6c  | ..This loop wil|
0000c3e0  6c 20 6e 6f 77 20 61 70  70 65 61 72 20 61 73 20  |l now appear as |
0000c3f0  27 32 27 2e 0a 0a 49 66  20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 73  |'2'...If you wis|
0000c400  68 20 74 6f 20 65 64 69  74 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66  |h to edit any of|
0000c410  20 79 6f 75 72 20 6c 6f  6f 70 73 2c 20 63 6c 69  | your loops, cli|
0000c420  63 6b 20 6f 6e 20 74 68  65 20 77 68 69 74 65 20  |ck on the white |
0000c430  62 6f 78 20 63 6f 6e 74  61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 74  |box containing t|
0000c440  68 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20  61 6e 64 20 65 64 69 74  |he loop and edit|
0000c450  20 69 74 20 69 6e 20 74  68 65 20 79 65 6c 6c 6f  | it in the yello|
0000c460  77 20 62 6f 78 20 61 74  20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70  |w box at the top|
0000c470  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2e 0a  | of the window..|
0000c480  0a 4d 65 6e 75 20 6f 70  74 69 6f 6e 73 20 69 6e  |.Menu options in|
0000c490  20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f  70 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77  | the loop window|
0000c4a0  2e 0a 0a 49 6e 73 65 72  74 20 4c 6f 6f 70 20 3a  |...Insert Loop :|
0000c4b0  20 54 68 69 73 20 77 69  6c 6c 20 61 75 74 6f 6d  | This will autom|
0000c4c0  61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79  20 61 64 64 20 74 68 65  |atically add the|
0000c4d0  20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74  20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 69 6e  | current loop in|
0000c4e0  20 74 68 65 20 65 64 69  74 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 74  | the editor in t|
0000c4f0  68 65 20 70 72 65 76 69  6f 75 73 20 6c 6f 6f 70  |he previous loop|
0000c500  20 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f  6e 2e 20 69 65 20 69 66  | position. ie if|
0000c510  20 79 6f 75 20 63 6c 69  63 6b 20 6f 6e 20 6c 6f  | you click on lo|
0000c520  6f 70 20 33 20 61 6e 64  20 69 6e 73 65 72 74 20  |op 3 and insert |
0000c530  74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72  65 6e 74 20 6c 6f 6f 70  |the current loop|
0000c540  2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 75  72 72 65 6e 74 20 6c 6f  |, the current lo|
0000c550  6f 70 20 62 65 63 6f 6d  65 73 20 33 20 61 6e 64  |op becomes 3 and|
0000c560  20 61 6c 6c 20 6c 6f 6f  70 73 20 61 62 6f 76 65  | all loops above|
0000c570  20 33 20 61 72 65 20 69  6e 63 72 65 6d 65 6e 74  | 3 are increment|
0000c580  65 64 20 62 79 20 31 2e  0a 41 70 70 65 6e 64 20  |ed by 1..Append |
0000c590  4c 6f 6f 70 20 3a 20 77  69 6c 6c 20 61 64 64 20  |Loop : will add |
0000c5a0  74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72  65 6e 74 20 6c 6f 6f 70  |the current loop|
0000c5b0  20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20  65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 61  | at the end of a|
0000c5c0  6c 6c 20 6c 6f 6f 70 73  2e 0a 4f 76 65 72 77 72  |ll loops..Overwr|
0000c5d0  69 74 65 20 4c 6f 6f 70  20 3a 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  |ite Loop : will |
0000c5e0  6f 76 65 72 77 72 69 74  65 20 74 68 65 20 73 65  |overwrite the se|
0000c5f0  6c 65 63 74 65 64 20 6c  6f 6f 70 20 77 69 74 68  |lected loop with|
0000c600  20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f  70 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e  | the loop curren|
0000c610  74 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 74  68 65 20 65 64 69 74 20  |tly in the edit |
0000c620  62 6f 78 2e 0a 44 65 6c  65 74 65 20 4c 6f 6f 70  |box..Delete Loop|
0000c630  20 3a 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 74  | : will delete t|
0000c640  68 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63  74 65 64 20 6c 6f 6f 70  |he selected loop|
0000c650  2e 0a 50 6c 61 79 20 74  6f 20 45 6e 64 20 3a 20  |..Play to End : |
0000c660  74 68 69 73 20 77 69 6c  6c 20 70 6c 61 79 20 74  |this will play t|
0000c670  68 65 20 73 6f 6e 67 20  66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65  |he song from the|
0000c680  20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 65  64 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 74  | selected loop t|
0000c690  6f 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e  64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  |o the end of the|
0000c6a0  20 73 6f 6e 67 2e 0a 50  6c 61 79 20 53 6f 6e 67  | song..Play Song|
0000c6b0  20 3a 20 70 6c 61 79 73  20 74 68 65 20 77 68 6f  | : plays the who|
0000c6c0  6c 65 20 73 6f 6e 67 2e  0a 0a 37 2e 20 46 69 6c  |le song...7. Fil|
0000c6d0  65 20 46 6f 72 6d 61 74  73 2e 0a 0a 54 72 61 63  |e Formats...Trac|
0000c6e0  6b 65 72 20 3a 20 6c 6f  67 61 72 69 74 68 6d 69  |ker : logarithmi|
0000c6f0  63 2e 0a 54 72 61 63 6b  65 72 5f 4e 48 20 3a 20  |c..Tracker_NH : |
0000c700  61 6e 79 20 74 79 70 65  2e 0a 41 72 6d 61 64 65  |any type..Armade|
0000c710  75 73 20 3a 20 73 69 67  6e 65 64 20 6c 69 6e 65  |us : signed line|
0000c720  61 72 2e 0a 44 53 45 64  69 74 20 3a 20 75 6e 73  |ar..DSEdit : uns|
0000c730  69 67 6e 65 64 20 6c 69  6e 65 61 72 2e 0a 45 4d  |igned linear..EM|
0000c740  52 20 3a 20 73 69 67 6e  65 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 61  |R : signed linea|
0000c750  72 2e 0a 4d 61 65 73 74  72 6f 20 3a 20 52 4d 20  |r..Maestro : RM |
0000c760  28 61 6e 79 20 74 79 70  65 29 2e 0a 4e 6f 74 61  |(any type)..Nota|
0000c770  74 65 20 3a 20 52 4d 20  28 61 6e 79 20 74 79 70  |te : RM (any typ|
0000c780  65 29 2e 0a 52 68 61 70  73 6f 64 79 20 3a 20 52  |e)..Rhapsody : R|
0000c790  4d 20 28 61 6e 79 20 74  79 70 65 29 2e 0a 43 6f  |M (any type)..Co|
0000c7a0  63 6f 6e 69 73 65 72 20  3a 20 6c 6f 67 61 72 69  |coniser : logari|
0000c7b0  74 68 6d 69 63 2e 0a 52  61 77 20 3a 20 61 6e 79  |thmic..Raw : any|
0000c7c0  20 74 79 70 65 2e 0a 0a                           | type...|
0000c7c8

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