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F/MCTut1
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron_User_Group » EUG_18.ADF |
| Filename: | F/MCTut1 |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 0C03 bytes |
| Load address: | 4D204556 |
| Exec address: | 74755443 |
File contents
USING THE ASSEMBLER ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ By Richard Dimond I have had the suggestion that I should write a BASIC Compiler to make thewriting of a machine code program easier. Thie was done with a program inEU (Nov 1986) but to me this was rather limited and more confusing thanusing the assembler. Also it did not produce a very satisfactory M/codeprogram. I have even had the idea suggested that it would be nice to be able to write a program in BASIC which would re-write your program inM/code!! This would be very difficult and would also take up too muchmemory. I am not going to attempt to do either of these nor am I going to write atext book on the subject - there are many books available on thisalready!! These tend to be written in so much detail that they can berather confusing and better regarded as reference books. For this reasonI thought it might be helpful give details of several routines which will show you how to do some of the BASIC things in M/code and give you astarting point on which you may experiment and learn how to make up simpleprograms in M/code. I hope that this will help you to use the assembler and find that it isnot so difficult to use as it may seem. I would suggest that you alwaysSAVE the assembler listing before RUNning it as it is easy to make slip upand make a mistake - I have learnt a lot from my own mistakes!! I will assume such knowledge as given in the introduction to M/code in theUser Manual and may make reference the page numbers. However, if there isanything which is not clear to anyone, I will be glad to try to explain itin more detail. Basically, M/coding is using the registers A, X, and Y for storing numbersand manipulating them to perform the task required. There are routinesin the computers memory for doing certain tasks. These are the OperatingSystem routines and for printing to the screen we use OSWRCH (&FFEE) theWrite Character routine. To use this we must load A register with the ASCvalue of the character before we call this routine. To demonstrate this type in: P%=&900 <RETURN> [LDA #ASC"A":JSR&FFEE:RTS CALL&900 P% is the address to which the code is assembled. This must be an addresswhich BASIC does not use and &900 is usually convenient for short routinesbut I will discuss other options later. The code must always be precededby the square bracket. On pressing RETURN, the code is listed and whenthe code is CALLed the letter will be printed. Note the use of the '#' sign (see page 206 of the manual). It is all tooeasy to forget this!! It can produce some peculiar results!! I have put the BASIC assembler listing on the disc together with the firstroutine on the disc and hope that you enjoy adding to this andexperimenting. I will give a simple explanation of each routine and whereit is possible an equivalent BASIC routine. Do not RENUMBER the program, I have left spaces for you to add routines.
00000000 55 53 49 4e 47 20 54 48 45 20 41 53 53 45 4d 42 |USING THE ASSEMB| 00000010 4c 45 52 0d 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e |LER.~~~~~~~~~~~~| 00000020 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 7e 0d 42 79 20 52 69 63 68 61 |~~~~~~~.By Richa| 00000030 72 64 20 44 69 6d 6f 6e 64 0d 0d 49 20 68 61 76 |rd Dimond..I hav| 00000040 65 20 68 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 67 67 65 73 |e had the sugges| 00000050 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 49 20 73 68 6f 75 |tion that I shou| 00000060 6c 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 61 20 42 41 53 49 43 |ld write a BASIC| 00000070 20 43 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 72 20 0d 74 6f 20 6d 61 | Compiler .to ma| 00000080 6b 65 20 74 68 65 10 77 72 69 74 69 6e 67 20 6f |ke the.writing o| 00000090 66 20 61 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 63 6f 64 65 |f a machine code| 000000a0 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 65 61 73 69 65 72 2e | program easier.| 000000b0 20 20 54 68 69 65 20 0d 77 61 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 | Thie .was done| 000000c0 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 | with a program | 000000d0 69 6e 10 45 55 1a 20 28 4e 6f 76 1a 20 31 39 38 |in.EU. (Nov. 198| 000000e0 36 29 1a 20 62 75 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 65 20 74 68 |6). but to me th| 000000f0 69 73 20 77 61 73 20 0d 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 6c |is was .rather l| 00000100 69 6d 69 74 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 |imited and more | 00000110 63 6f 6e 66 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 6e 10 75 |confusing than.u| 00000120 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c |sing the assembl| 00000130 65 72 2e 20 20 0d 41 6c 73 6f 1a 20 69 74 1a 20 |er. .Also. it. | 00000140 64 69 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 |did not produce | 00000150 61 20 76 65 72 79 20 73 61 74 69 73 66 61 63 74 |a very satisfact| 00000160 6f 72 79 20 4d 2f 63 6f 64 65 10 70 72 6f 67 72 |ory M/code.progr| 00000170 61 6d 2e 20 20 49 20 0d 68 61 76 65 20 65 76 65 |am. I .have eve| 00000180 6e 20 68 61 64 1a 20 74 68 65 1a 20 69 64 65 61 |n had. the. idea| 00000190 20 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 | suggested that | 000001a0 69 74 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 6e 69 63 65 |it would be nice| 000001b0 20 74 6f 20 62 65 10 0d 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 | to be..able to | 000001c0 77 72 69 74 65 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 |write a program | 000001d0 69 6e 20 42 41 53 49 43 1a 20 77 68 69 63 68 1a |in BASIC. which.| 000001e0 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 1a 20 72 65 2d 77 72 69 74 65 | would. re-write| 000001f0 1a 20 79 6f 75 72 1a 20 0d 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d |. your. .program| 00000200 20 69 6e 10 4d 2f 63 6f 64 65 21 21 1a 20 54 68 | in.M/code!!. Th| 00000210 69 73 1a 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 1a 20 62 65 1a 20 76 |is. would. be. v| 00000220 65 72 79 1a 20 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 20 61 |ery. difficult a| 00000230 6e 64 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 0d 61 6c 73 6f 20 74 |nd would .also t| 00000240 61 6b 65 20 75 70 20 74 6f 6f 20 6d 75 63 68 10 |ake up too much.| 00000250 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0d 49 20 61 6d 20 6e 6f |memory...I am no| 00000260 74 20 67 6f 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 1a 20 61 74 74 65 |t going to. atte| 00000270 6d 70 74 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 |mpt to do either| 00000280 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 6e 6f 72 20 61 6d | of these nor am| 00000290 20 49 20 67 6f 69 6e 67 20 0d 74 6f 20 77 72 69 | I going .to wri| 000002a0 74 65 20 61 10 74 65 78 74 1a 20 62 6f 6f 6b 1a |te a.text. book.| 000002b0 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63 74 20 | on the subject | 000002c0 2d 1a 20 74 68 65 72 65 1a 20 61 72 65 1a 20 6d |-. there. are. m| 000002d0 61 6e 79 1a 20 62 6f 6f 6b 73 1a 20 0d 61 76 61 |any. books. .ava| 000002e0 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 1a 20 6f 6e 1a 20 74 68 69 73 |ilable. on. this| 000002f0 10 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 21 21 20 20 54 68 65 73 |.already!! Thes| 00000300 65 20 74 65 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 1a 20 77 72 |e tend to be. wr| 00000310 69 74 74 65 6e 1a 20 69 6e 1a 20 73 6f 1a 20 0d |itten. in. so. .| 00000320 6d 75 63 68 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 20 74 68 61 74 |much detail that| 00000330 20 74 68 65 79 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 10 72 61 74 | they can be.rat| 00000340 68 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 66 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 6e |her confusing an| 00000350 64 20 62 65 74 74 65 72 20 0d 72 65 67 61 72 64 |d better .regard| 00000360 65 64 20 61 73 20 72 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 |ed as reference | 00000370 62 6f 6f 6b 73 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 1a 20 74 68 69 |books. For. thi| 00000380 73 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 10 49 20 74 68 6f 75 67 |s reason.I thoug| 00000390 68 74 20 69 74 20 0d 6d 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 |ht it .might be | 000003a0 68 65 6c 70 66 75 6c 20 67 69 76 65 20 64 65 74 |helpful give det| 000003b0 61 69 6c 73 20 6f 66 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 1a |ails of several.| 000003c0 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 | routines which | 000003d0 77 69 6c 6c 10 0d 73 68 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 68 |will..show you h| 000003e0 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 1a 20 73 6f 6d 65 1a 20 |ow to do. some. | 000003f0 6f 66 1a 20 74 68 65 1a 20 42 41 53 49 43 1a 20 |of. the. BASIC. | 00000400 74 68 69 6e 67 73 1a 20 69 6e 20 4d 2f 63 6f 64 |things. in M/cod| 00000410 65 20 61 6e 64 20 67 69 76 65 20 0d 79 6f 75 20 |e and give .you | 00000420 61 10 73 74 61 72 74 69 6e 67 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 |a.starting point| 00000430 20 6f 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 | on which you ma| 00000440 79 20 65 78 70 65 72 69 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 6e 64 |y experiment and| 00000450 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 68 6f 77 20 0d 74 6f 20 6d | learn how .to m| 00000460 61 6b 65 20 75 70 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 10 70 72 |ake up simple.pr| 00000470 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 69 6e 20 4d 2f 63 6f 64 65 |ograms in M/code| 00000480 2e 0d 0d 49 20 68 6f 70 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 |...I hope that t| 00000490 68 69 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 65 6c 70 20 79 6f |his will help yo| 000004a0 75 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 73 |u to use the ass| 000004b0 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 1a 20 61 6e 64 1a 20 66 69 6e |embler. and. fin| 000004c0 64 1a 20 0d 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 69 73 10 6e |d. .that it is.n| 000004d0 6f 74 1a 20 73 6f 1a 20 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c |ot. so. difficul| 000004e0 74 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 61 73 20 69 74 20 6d |t to use as it m| 000004f0 61 79 20 73 65 65 6d 2e 20 20 49 20 77 6f 75 6c |ay seem. I woul| 00000500 64 20 0d 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 |d .suggest that | 00000510 79 6f 75 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 10 53 41 56 45 20 |you always.SAVE | 00000520 74 68 65 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 20 6c 69 |the assembler li| 00000530 73 74 69 6e 67 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 0d 52 55 |sting before .RU| 00000540 4e 6e 69 6e 67 20 69 74 20 61 73 20 69 74 20 69 |Nning it as it i| 00000550 73 20 65 61 73 79 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 |s easy to make s| 00000560 6c 69 70 20 75 70 10 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 |lip up.and make | 00000570 61 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 20 2d 20 0d 49 20 68 |a mistake - .I h| 00000580 61 76 65 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 74 20 61 20 6c 6f 74 |ave learnt a lot| 00000590 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6d 79 20 6f 77 6e 20 6d 69 73 | from my own mis| 000005a0 74 61 6b 65 73 21 21 0d 0d 49 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |takes!!..I will | 000005b0 61 73 73 75 6d 65 20 73 75 63 68 20 6b 6e 6f 77 |assume such know| 000005c0 6c 65 64 67 65 20 61 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 69 |ledge as given i| 000005d0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 |n the introducti| 000005e0 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 0d 4d 2f 63 6f 64 65 20 69 6e |on to .M/code in| 000005f0 20 74 68 65 10 55 73 65 72 20 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c | the.User Manual| 00000600 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 79 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 72 65 | and may make re| 00000610 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 67 65 |ference the page| 00000620 20 0d 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2e 20 20 48 6f 77 65 | .numbers. Howe| 00000630 76 65 72 2c 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 |ver, if there is| 00000640 10 61 6e 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 |.anything which | 00000650 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 63 6c 65 61 72 20 74 6f 20 |is not clear to | 00000660 0d 61 6e 79 6f 6e 65 2c 20 49 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |.anyone, I will | 00000670 62 65 20 67 6c 61 64 20 74 6f 20 74 72 79 20 74 |be glad to try t| 00000680 6f 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 20 69 74 10 69 6e 20 |o explain it.in | 00000690 6d 6f 72 65 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 2e 0d 0d 42 61 |more detail...Ba| 000006a0 73 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 4d 2f 63 6f 64 69 6e |sically, M/codin| 000006b0 67 20 69 73 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 72 |g is using the r| 000006c0 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 73 20 41 2c 20 58 2c 20 61 |egisters A, X, a| 000006d0 6e 64 20 59 20 66 6f 72 20 0d 73 74 6f 72 69 6e |nd Y for .storin| 000006e0 67 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 10 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 |g numbers.and ma| 000006f0 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 6d 20 |nipulating them | 00000700 74 6f 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 1a 20 74 68 65 1a |to perform. the.| 00000710 20 74 61 73 6b 1a 20 0d 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 | task. .required| 00000720 2e 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 72 6f 75 |. There are rou| 00000730 74 69 6e 65 73 10 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d |tines.in the com| 00000740 70 75 74 65 72 73 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 66 6f |puters memory fo| 00000750 72 1a 20 0d 64 6f 69 6e 67 20 63 65 72 74 61 69 |r. .doing certai| 00000760 6e 20 74 61 73 6b 73 2e 20 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 |n tasks. These | 00000770 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 4f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e |are the Operatin| 00000780 67 10 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 |g.System routine| 00000790 73 20 0d 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 20 70 72 69 6e 74 |s .and for print| 000007a0 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 1a 20 74 68 65 1a 20 73 63 72 |ing to. the. scr| 000007b0 65 65 6e 20 77 65 20 75 73 65 20 4f 53 57 52 43 |een we use OSWRC| 000007c0 48 20 28 26 46 46 45 45 29 20 74 68 65 10 57 72 |H (&FFEE) the.Wr| 000007d0 69 74 65 20 0d 43 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 72 |ite .Character r| 000007e0 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 2e 20 54 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 |outine. To use t| 000007f0 68 69 73 20 77 65 20 6d 75 73 74 1a 20 6c 6f 61 |his we must. loa| 00000800 64 20 41 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 77 69 74 |d A register wit| 00000810 68 20 0d 74 68 65 20 41 53 43 10 76 61 6c 75 65 |h .the ASC.value| 00000820 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 | of the characte| 00000830 72 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 77 65 20 63 61 6c 6c |r before we call| 00000840 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 2e 0d 0d | this routine...| 00000850 54 6f 20 64 65 6d 6f 6e 73 74 72 61 74 65 20 74 |To demonstrate t| 00000860 68 69 73 20 74 79 70 65 20 69 6e 3a 0d 09 50 25 |his type in:..P%| 00000870 3d 26 39 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |=&900 | 00000880 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3c 52 45 54 55 | <RETU| 00000890 52 4e 3e 0d 09 5b 4c 44 41 20 23 41 53 43 22 41 |RN>..[LDA #ASC"A| 000008a0 22 3a 4a 53 52 26 46 46 45 45 3a 52 54 53 0d 09 |":JSR&FFEE:RTS..| 000008b0 43 41 4c 4c 26 39 30 30 0d 0d 50 25 20 69 73 20 |CALL&900..P% is | 000008c0 74 68 65 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 77 |the address to w| 000008d0 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 64 65 20 69 73 |hich the code is| 000008e0 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 64 2e 20 20 54 68 69 | assembled. Thi| 000008f0 73 20 6d 75 73 74 20 0d 62 65 20 61 6e 20 61 64 |s must .be an ad| 00000900 64 72 65 73 73 10 77 68 69 63 68 20 42 41 53 49 |dress.which BASI| 00000910 43 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 20 61 |C does not use a| 00000920 6e 64 20 26 39 30 30 20 69 73 20 75 73 75 61 6c |nd &900 is usual| 00000930 6c 79 20 0d 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 20 66 |ly .convenient f| 00000940 6f 72 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 |or short routine| 00000950 73 10 62 75 74 20 49 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 64 69 73 |s.but I will dis| 00000960 63 75 73 73 20 6f 74 68 65 72 1a 20 6f 70 74 69 |cuss other. opti| 00000970 6f 6e 73 20 0d 6c 61 74 65 72 2e 20 20 54 68 65 |ons .later. The| 00000980 20 63 6f 64 65 20 6d 75 73 74 20 61 6c 77 61 79 | code must alway| 00000990 73 20 62 65 20 70 72 65 63 65 64 65 64 10 62 79 |s be preceded.by| 000009a0 20 74 68 65 20 73 71 75 61 72 65 20 0d 62 72 61 | the square .bra| 000009b0 63 6b 65 74 2e 20 20 4f 6e 20 70 72 65 73 73 69 |cket. On pressi| 000009c0 6e 67 1a 20 52 45 54 55 52 4e 2c 1a 20 74 68 65 |ng. RETURN,. the| 000009d0 1a 20 63 6f 64 65 20 69 73 20 6c 69 73 74 65 64 |. code is listed| 000009e0 20 61 6e 64 20 77 68 65 6e 10 74 68 65 20 0d 63 | and when.the .c| 000009f0 6f 64 65 20 69 73 20 43 41 4c 4c 65 64 20 74 68 |ode is CALLed th| 00000a00 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 |e letter will be| 00000a10 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 2e 0d 0d 4e 6f 74 65 20 | printed...Note | 00000a20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 1a 20 |the use of the. | 00000a30 27 23 27 20 73 69 67 6e 20 28 73 65 65 20 70 61 |'#' sign (see pa| 00000a40 67 65 20 32 30 36 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 |ge 206 of the ma| 00000a50 6e 75 61 6c 29 2e 20 20 49 74 20 0d 69 73 20 61 |nual). It .is a| 00000a60 6c 6c 20 74 6f 6f 10 65 61 73 79 20 74 6f 20 66 |ll too.easy to f| 00000a70 6f 72 67 65 74 20 74 68 69 73 21 21 20 20 49 74 |orget this!! It| 00000a80 20 63 61 6e 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 73 6f 6d | can produce som| 00000a90 65 20 70 65 63 75 6c 69 61 72 20 0d 72 65 73 75 |e peculiar .resu| 00000aa0 6c 74 73 21 21 0d 0d 49 20 68 61 76 65 20 70 75 |lts!!..I have pu| 00000ab0 74 20 74 68 65 20 42 41 53 49 43 20 61 73 73 65 |t the BASIC asse| 00000ac0 6d 62 6c 65 72 20 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e |mbler listing on| 00000ad0 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 63 20 74 6f 67 65 74 68 | the disc togeth| 00000ae0 65 72 20 0d 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 |er .with the fir| 00000af0 73 74 10 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 1a 20 6f 6e 1a 20 |st.routine. on. | 00000b00 74 68 65 1a 20 64 69 73 63 1a 20 61 6e 64 1a 20 |the. disc. and. | 00000b10 68 6f 70 65 1a 20 74 68 61 74 1a 20 79 6f 75 1a |hope. that. you.| 00000b20 20 65 6e 6a 6f 79 1a 20 0d 61 64 64 69 6e 67 1a | enjoy. .adding.| 00000b30 20 74 6f 1a 20 74 68 69 73 1a 20 61 6e 64 10 65 | to. this. and.e| 00000b40 78 70 65 72 69 6d 65 6e 74 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 49 |xperimenting. I| 00000b50 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 69 76 65 20 61 20 73 69 6d | will give a sim| 00000b60 70 6c 65 20 0d 65 78 70 6c 61 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e |ple .explanation| 00000b70 20 6f 66 20 65 61 63 68 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 | of each routine| 00000b80 20 61 6e 64 20 77 68 65 72 65 10 69 74 20 69 73 | and where.it is| 00000b90 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 61 6e 20 0d 65 71 | possible an .eq| 00000ba0 75 69 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 20 42 41 53 49 43 20 72 |uivalent BASIC r| 00000bb0 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 2e 0d 0d 44 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 |outine...Do not | 00000bc0 52 45 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f |RENUMBER the pro| 00000bd0 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 49 20 68 61 76 65 20 6c 65 66 |gram, I have lef| 00000be0 74 20 73 70 61 63 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 |t spaces for you| 00000bf0 20 74 6f 20 61 64 64 20 0d 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 | to add .routine| 00000c00 73 2e 0d |s..| 00000c03
F/MCTut1.m0
F/MCTut1.m1
F/MCTut1.m2
F/MCTut1.m4
F/MCTut1.m5
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