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Investor Version 1.09 (31-May-94) 
=================================

Written by Robert N. Owen

� Archimedes World 1994


Introduction
============

Investor: An Overview
---------------------

Investor is an investment analysis system designed for the A3000, A5000 and the Archimedes range of computers. It is designed to be used for manipulating an investment portfolio and is especially suited to monitoring the progress of stocks and shares, month by month.

Investor allows the user to build up lists of data on investments over periods of time and offers many different ways of manipulating that data.

Investor will work off any filing system and can easily be installed on a hard disc. To do this simply copy the Investor application and any relevant files into a suitable directory on your hard disc.

Loading Investor
----------------

Investor is loaded in the same way as all other RISC OS applications; by first opening a directory viewer containing the application and then double clicking on the !Investor icon. After a few seconds, the Investor icon will appear on the icon bar and a new portfolio may be opened by clicking on this icon with the left or right mouse button (ie. Select or Adjust).

The Investor icon bar menu
--------------------------

As stated in previously, Investor can be loaded by simply double clicking on its icon from a directory window. After a few seconds Investor will load and the portfolio icon will appear on the icon bar.

Clicking Menu on this icon will open the Investor icon bar menu containing five options.

The first item, Info, leads to a dialogue box containing information about Investor.

The second item on the Investor icon bar menu is Create. This leads to a writable submenu which allows you to create a new portfolio under a specified name.

To do this, simply type in the required name and either press return or click on the menu item. If there is a portfolio free (Investor allows a maximum of six portfolios to exist at any one time), a new portfolio window will be opened whose title bar will contain the name of the newly created portfolio.

The Open portfolio option leads to a submenu containing a list of all the portfolios currently being held in memory by Investor. If a portfolio has a tick by it then its display window is open, otherwise it is closed. Clicking on a ticked portfolio will close the portfolio window and remove the tick whereas clicking on an unticked portfolio will open the portfolio and tick the item. Hence, this submenu can be used to toggle the state of the portfolios held in memory.

At this stage, it is worth noting that Investor, unlike many RISC OS applications, does not remove a portfolio by clicking on the close icon of the window but by selecting the appropriate menu item from the main menu (discussed later). This has the advantage of not cluttering up the desktop display with windows as all portfolios are stored in memory until specifically removed.

Clicking on the Choices option opens the Investor choices window which controls the way in which Investor is configured and what assumptions it makes on startup.

The choices window allows you to set the default month and year, the accuracy of the display columns and the Show totals, Show fluctuations, Direct input and Universal update settings. These choices can be confirmed by clicking on the OK icon, reset to their previous values using the Cancel icon and saved to disc by clicking on the Save icon.

The default month may be set by clicking on either the icon containing the month name or the arrow icon to the right of this icon.

The default year may be set in the same way, using the icons below the default month icons.

The Investor choices window
---------------------------

Clicking on the icon containing the words Current month or the arrow icon will open the default month menu. Selecting any of the items on this menu will temporarily set the default month and the Current month icon will contain the name of the appropriate month. To confirm the default month click on the OK icon.

The default year may be set in the same way using the other icon set.

The final item on the Investor icon bar menu is Quit. This menu option allows you to leave the program, thus removing its icon from the icon bar. If the program contains modified portfolios then the program will ask you if you are sure that you wish to quit, using a dialogue box.

Loading portfolios using Investor                
---------------------------------

Portfolios may be loaded into Investor in one of three ways.

Firstly, a portfolio may be loaded by double clicking on its icon from the directory viewer in which the file is located. If a version of Investor has not already been loaded, this action will automatically load Investor and the portfolio. If Investor has already been loaded, the portfolio will be loaded into a free portfolio. If there are no portfolios free, Investor will report this.

A portfolio may also be loaded by dragging its icon onto the Investor icon on the icon bar. As in the first case, this will load the portfolio into a free portfolio, if any.

Finally, a portfolio may be loaded by dragging its icon into a portfolio window. If the window already contains a portfolio which has been modified and contains unsaved data, Investor will ask you if you wish to overwrite the portfolio.

Opening a new portfolio
-----------------------

A new portfolio may be opened either by using the Create option from the Investor icon bar menu as stated earlier or by clicking on the Investor icon on the icon bar using either Select or Adjust.


Using Investor
==============

The main Investor menu
----------------------

Clicking the Menu button on the mouse with the pointer over a portfolio window will open the main Investor menu.

Displaying data
---------------

Following the arrow after the first menu item, Display, leads to a submenu which determines how your portfolio is displayed.

Each month of the main portfolio can be displayed in one of six ways.

If you do not wish to sort your portfolio in any particular order, then you can select the Unsorted option. If this option is selected, your shares will simply be displayed in the order in which you input them.

Selecting Sort by name will sort the shares of the current month into alphabetical order. This is useful for finding individual shares quickly and also looks neat.

Sort by gain is perhaps the most useful of the sort options because it sorts the shares by their percentage gain, highest first, lowest last. This gives an indication of which shares are the most fruitful because it show how much a unit share has increased its value since being purchased.

Sort by value and Sort by price are not particularly useful sorts, but do give an indication of what the largest investments are, how much the shares would be worth if sold and which shares have the highest individual unit value, respectively. Both these sorts are based on current price, not on purchase price.

Sort by fluctuation is a very useful sort because it gives an indication of how much the value of individual shares have increased since the last month. To see the actual fluctuations, you need to set the Show fluctuations option on the Choices window.

The Sort options submenu leads to a small menu with three options, Local, Global and Universal. These options control the 'scope' of a sort. If the sort is to be local, this means that only the current month will be sorted. If the sort is to be global, this means that the whole portfolio will be sorted and if the sort is universal, all portfolios currently being held in memory by Investor will be sorted. The currently selected sort state is indicated by a tick and the default sort type is a local sort.

Manipulating the current month
------------------------------

The month submenu is used to control the current month.

Following the arrow after the Info option will open a window which gives information about the current month of the portfolio, including how many shares are contained in the current month.

The month details dialogue box
------------------------------

The second option on the month submenu is Set. This allows you to set the current display month. Clicking Select on the arrow icons will increase and decrease the month appropriately and clicking Adjust will have the opposite effect (eg. if the current month is February, clicking Select on the right hand icon will change the field to March whereas clicking Adjust will change the field to January). To confirm the new month, click on the OK icon.

The third option, Copy, opens the copy month dialogue box. This allows the current month of shares to be copied to another month of the portfolio with the minimum of effort. This is particularly useful for updating your portfolio with some new current prices, as you can simply copy the contents of the current month to the next month and then update the shares in the next month.

Months can also be copied between portfolios using the Transfer month window which is discussed later. Hence, it is quite possible to copy data in January 1992 of one portfolio into March 1993 of another portfolio.

To alter the source month and year, simply click on the appropriate grey arrow icons as used in the set month dialogue box. The target month and year may also be altered in this way. By default, the source month will be the current month and the target month will be the month after the month you are currently in.

The three radio icons at the base of the window control how the data enters the target month. If the Overwrite stock option is selected, the data will overwrite the data currently in the target month, if any. With the Insert after stock option selected, the data will appear after any data currently in the target month and if the Insert before stock option is selected, the data will appear before any data currently in the target month and hence displace it.

These copy options are useful for displaying your data in a particular way and may be of little use to users who sort their portfolios using one of the sort options.

The final item on the month submenu is Clear month. Selecting this option will remove all the shares from the current month.

Manipulating the current year
-----------------------------

Following the arrow after the Year item on the main menu leads to a series of menus and dialogue boxes very similar to those which are used to control the current month. In much the same way, information about the current year ie. how many months are being used (ie. contain any shares) may be viewed and facilities for setting the current year, copying years within a portfolio and clearing the current year (all 12 months) are provided.

The portfolio submenu
---------------------

The fourth item on the main Investor menu, Portfolio, leads to another submenu. Following the arrow after the first option, Info, opens a window which contains information about the current portfolio.

The menu options Copy and Rename both lead to writable submenus which allow the current portfolio to be copied entirely under an entirely different name (if there is a free portfolio available) and renamed respectively.

Saving portfolios                                 
-----------------

The Save menu item leads to a small submenu containing two options, Save as text and Save portfolio.

The Save as text option leads to a special save window that allows you to save your current portfolio as an ASCII text file, suitable for loading into any application which supports text files, such as !Draw and !Edit and even a word processor or DTP package such as !Impression. This is useful for incorporating your portfolio into a document or other presentation and also for draft printing of your portfolio in your printers native mode rather than via the slower RISC OS printer drivers.

The three radio icons control the contents of the text file. Saving the file with the Month option selected saves the currently displayed month as text. The Year and Portfolio options allow the current year and entire portfolio to be saved as a text file respectively.

The file may be saved in one of three ways; by entering a suitable filename in the white writable field and then dragging the text file icon (positioned above the writable field) to the desired directory viewer. For full details on this procedure, consult the User Guide supplied with your machine. The file may also be saved by typing in the filename into the writable field, including all directory names and the required filing system eg. 'ADFS::$.Investor.Portfolios.MyFolio' and pressing RETURN or clicking on the OK icon.

The save portfolio option leads to a similar save window which allows you to save the entire portfolio (including any dividends) as a portfolio file. This is a special file used by Investor and unlike text files, may be reloaded into Investor for further editing as and when required.

The portfolio may be saved in the same way as described above, either by dragging its icon to a directory viewer or by entering the entire path name and pressing RETURN or clicking on the OK icon.

Clearing and deleting your portfolio
------------------------------------

To clear every month of the current portfolio, select the Clear menu option.
To remove a portfolio from memory, select the Delete option from the portfolio submenu. This will only remove the portfolio from Investor, it will not remove the file on disc, if the portfolio has previously been saved. If the portfolio contains unsaved data Investor will report this and give you the option of removing or clearing the portfolio regardless.

Formatted views
---------------

The Format menu item leads to a submenu containing two options, Current value and Purchase value.

Selecting one of these options will cause Investor to search through the current portfolio, month by month, looking up the current value or purchase value total, as appropriate, for that month and then displaying all the values in the formatted view window. This information may then be displayed graphically.

Formatted views and plotting data are fully covered later on.

Viewing more than one month at a time
-------------------------------------

Investor allows you to view two months of the same portfolio via the New view option. This is very useful for comparing two months of a portfolio directly. Following the arrow after the New view menu option will open the new view window. Clicking on the arrow icons in the window will increase and decrease the month and year appropriately and clicking on the OK icon will open the New view display window containing the specified month of the current portfolio.

Printing portfolios                              
-------------------

The final option on the Portfolio submenu is Print, which provides access to the printout facilities provided by Investor.

Selecting the Print option will open the print window, provided you have already loaded a RISC OS printer driver. If you have not loaded a printer driver, Investor will report this.

The radio icons allow you to specify the month to be printed out. Note that the Month and Year icons are greyed out when the Print current month option is selected and clicking on the arrow icons will have no effect on the month and year shown whilst these icons are greyed out.

Scrolling down the print options window reveals the portfolio title options which allow you to give your portfolio a title.

Clicking on the white writable icon allows you to input your portfolio title.

The three radio icons allow you to position the title at the top of the printed page, either centre justified, left justified or right justified.

Scrolling further down the window allows you to see the type of printer you are printer to and also allows you to specify the miscellaneous details such as the number of copies to be printed (a maximum of 99) and the option of pausing between printing out pages.

Clicking on the Cancel icon of the print window will close the window whereas clicking on the PREVIEW icon will open the print preview window which provides a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) representation of your portfolio, displayed using the Acorn Outline Font Manager.

Clicking Menu with the mouse pointer over the print preview window opens a menu which allows you to set the display font and the view scale.

The Text font submenu lists all the fonts on the system on startup and caters for a maximum of 255 font families.

The Scale view submenu allows you to scale the size of the print preview.

When you set the scale view, Investor automatically scales the window and its contents to the new scale. This is useful for being able to see all the pages of the print preview.

Select the Print option to print your portfolio out using the currently loaded RISC OS printer driver. It is worth noting that printing using the RISC OS printer drivers may take some time.

Investor currently provides an A4 page window for ease of use. If you are printing on a sheet on paper which is non-A4 sized, as long as this is specified by setting the appropriate page size via the printer driver, Investor will scale the printout to fit the page. Hence, if you have an A3 sheet, as long as you set the printer driver page size to A3, Investor will print out so as to fill the A3 completely.

The selected stock submenu
--------------------------

The fifth option on the main menu, Selected stock will be greyed out when you first use Investor as this menu option is only available when a share in the current month of the current portfolio is selected (highlighted in red on the portfolio display).

The selected stock submenu contains six options which allow you set the various attributes of the current share and give various facilities for comparing the current price, value, gain etc. of that share with those at other times within the portfolio.

The first menu item Info gives brief information on the currently selected stock including whether or not it is modified. Modified shares are highlighted in green in the portfolio display.

The alter submenu allows you to alter the selected share's name, units held, purchase price and current price via a series of dialogue boxes.

In the alter share name dialogue box, enter the new name and click on OK. In the other windows, use the arrow icons to adjust the increment and price and click on the OK icon to confirm the new price or number of units held.

For rapid update of a share's current price, it is highly recommended that you set the Direct input option in the Choices window so that clicking on a share will produce a writable white field around the current price of that share into which the new price may be entered. Pressing RETURN automatically selects the next share down and repositions the direct input field.

Comparing share attributes
--------------------------

The Format view menu option allows you to compare one of five attributes of the currently selected share with its corresponding value in all the other months of a portfolio.

Selecting one of these options will open the Formatted view window containing the appropriate 'formatted' values for that share.

Inserting new shares                               
--------------------

To insert a new share into a portfolio, select the New stock option on the main Investor menu. This will open the new share window. The share details may be entered by clicking on the white writable icons so as to place the caret (a red 'I-shaped' bar) in the icon. To confirm the details click on the OK icon. To clear all of the fields, click on the Cancel icon with the Adjust mouse button.

Transferring shares between portfolios
--------------------------------------

The Transfer data menu option leads to a submenu that allows you to move shares between portfolios.

The transfer data options are designed to allow data to be effortlessly moved between portfolios and are essentially more complicated versions of the copy month and copy year windows.

All the transfer data windows allow you to set source and destination portfolios, years and months (except for the transfer year window which only allows you to set the portfolio and year) by means of the arrow icons.

All three windows also provide two sets of radio icons, the first three of which allow you to specify the position in the destination portfolio to which you wish to copy the shares, namely over, before or after any existing shares.

The Clear after transfer and Retain after transfer options allow you to distinguish between copying shares and moving shares.

For example, with Clear after transfer selected, if you decide to copy an entire month to another portfolio, the source month will be cleared after transfer, effectively moving the shares from one month of one portfolio to one month of a totally different portfolio.

The transfer stock window contains a small viewer window which lists all of the shares in the specified month of the specified portfolio.

To select these shares for transfer, click on them with the mouse, this will turn them red, clicking on the share again will unselect it. Leaving the Multiple stock option unset allows you to restrict the stock transfer to one share only.

When OK is clicked, only the highlighted shares will be transferred and then removed, as appropriate.

Using dividends                                                    
---------------

Investor also includes a dividends manager which allows you to store details of any dividends on shares.

The dividend submenu is located off the main Investor menu.

With the first item, Highlight dividends, set (ie. ticked) any shares which have dividends due on the current display month of the portfolio will be highlighted in orange.

Selecting the Show list option will initially open a blank window if you have not set any dividends for the current portfolio. As mentioned before, dividend information is stored along with the portfolio file itself.

If you have set any dividends then you will open the dividends window, containing the appropriate dividend information. Using the dividend manager is explined later on.
                                 

Formatted views and plotting data                 
=================================

Opening the formatted view window
---------------------------------

If you have loaded Investor by double clicking on a portfolio file instead of the Investor application icon, as soon as Investor has loaded, the window below will open in the top left hand corner of the screen, showing the current month of the portfolio which you have loaded.

With the mouse pointer over this window, it is possible to select a share simply by clicking on it. This will turn the selected line of the portfolio red, indicating that it has been selected.

You should also notice that when the mouse pointer is over a display window, it changes its shape to a square selection icon instead of the usual arrow.

Now that you have selected your share, bring up the main Investor menu by clicking on the Menu mouse button. You will now see that the Selected stock option is no longer shaded grey, meaning that you now have access to the editing facilities for use on the selected share.

Follow the arrow after the Selected stock menu option and go to the format view menu by following the arrow after the Format view option.

As stated previously, this menu consists of five options which allow you to determine the type of formatted view you wish to have.

Selecting one of these options will open the formatted view window. It is recommended that you try the Current price option as this will give a good variety of values.

The formatted view window consists of three columns, Year, Month and a third column whose heading will depend upon the type of formatted view you have selected.

The Year column contains the year in which the related data was found and the Month column contains the appropriate month.

The Current price (�) column contains the value of the share in the given month and hence the overall result is a list of all the values of the selected share.

The formatted view menu
-----------------------

Clicking Menu with the mouse pointer over the formatted view window will open the third Investor menu - the formatted view menu.

The first item, Info, leads to a dialogue box containing information about the share being used for the formatted view. This window shows the name of the share, the number of entries found in the selected date range.

It also gives the highest, lowest and average values for the particular aspect of the share being investigated. The average value is very useful for finding out whether the value for a certain month is higher or lower than the average and hence whether that month was a good or a bad one for that share compared with the values for the other months.

The second menu item, Display, leads to two submenus which control the date range of the values.

Whenever the formatted view window is opened, the display will default to All entries ie. all entries found in any of the three years will be displayed. If this option is set, a tick will be found next to this menu item.

If you only wish to look at the values for a particular year, this can easily be done by selecting the year from the year submenu, opened by following the arrow after the Year menu item. This will result in the Year menu item being ticked instead of the All entries item on the display submenu.

If you select a year in which no information is found, Investor will report this and the formatted view and graphics window (if open) will be closed.

Plotting formatted view data
----------------------------

The final item, Show as graphics, is used to open the Investor graphics window.

Clicking Menu with the mouse pointer over this window will open the fourth Investor menu, the graphics menu.

The third menu item, Truncate, can be used to give the graph or chart a more meaningful look. It truncates the values axis on the graph so that the lowest value becomes the base line. The truncated display has the advantage of being far clearer and makes it much easier to compare months with each other.

Plotting data using Investor
----------------------------

Investor offers three different ways of representing your data graphically, line graph, 2D bar chart and 3D bar chart. The type of graphics display used is controlled by the first two items on the graphics menu, Chart and Graph.

Chart leads to a small two item submenu which is used if you wish to display your data as a bar chart and allows you to choose between a two and a three dimensional chart. 

Clicking on Graph, the second menu item, will display the data as a line graph.

As you will probably have noticed, all of the graphics displays have dotted lines on them. The uppermost line denotes the highest value, the middle line the average and the bottom line the lowest value. Of course, if you have the Truncate option set, the lowest value line will be the same as the date axis.

The Set colours option allows you to change the colour of the graphics used in each of the displays.

This window is used to customise the display and the colour can be set using the grey arrow icons in the usual manner. Clicking on the Cancel icon will close the window, clicking on OK will redraw the display using the newly set colours and clicking on Default will reset the colours to what they were on startup.

The colours used form part of the Choices file which is loaded by Investor on startup. Hence if you wish to keep a particular set of colours, this can be done by settings them and then clicking on the Save icon in the Choices window.

The next menu item, Show extents, toggles the highest, lowest and average lines and the labelling on the value axis on and off. This option is set by default.

Exporting graphics and data
---------------------------

The Save option on the graphics menu leads to a submenu containing two options. Following the arrow after the first option, Save as CSV file, opens a save dialogue box.

The graphics options offered by Investor are not meant to be exhaustive and serve only to give a clear, quick representation of your formatted view data.

Subsequently, the program offers the option of saving your data as a CSV file which stands for Comma Separated Value. This is a file format understood by a variety of graphics and spreadsheet software, namely Presenter, Graphbox, Pipedream and Schema. This allows your data to be saved from Investor in this format and reloaded into such a program, thus allowing owners of Presenter or Graphbox to benefit from the vast range of superior graphics options provided by these packages. The Save as CSV file also means that you can load your data into a spreadsheet such as Pipedream and incorporate it into another document, for example.

The CSV file can be saved in the usual manner (refer to the process for saving a portfolio if you are unsure).

Investor also allows you to output your graphics as a draw file, a file format understood by many packages, not least Draw itself.

To save your graphics as a draw file, follow the arrow after the Save as draw file menu option. This will open a similar save dialogue box.

To save the file, proceed as usual. Either fill out the writable icon with the full pathname of the desired filename or drag the draw file icon to the appropriate directory viewer.

Saving the graphics display as a draw file can be very useful. The file can be loaded into draw and printed out. You can of course, 'touch up' the file, eg. the system font can be replaced with a suitable font by selecting all of the text objects and then using the Style submenu from Draw. The graphs can also be stretched, mirrored, compressed and even rotated to make them look more dynamic.

Show performance
----------------

As stated earlier, the Show performance option on the selected stock submenu is effectively a combination of all the possible format view options. Whereas selecting the appropriate format view type from the format view submenu opened the formatted view window, clicking on the Show performance option opens the much wider show performance window.

Clicking Menu over this window opens the fifth Investor menu.

You will probably notice that this menu contains similar options to the format view menu except that the display cannot be altered.

The Plot option leads to a submenu identical to the format view submenu.

Using the plot submenu, selected aspects of the share history can be plotted using the Investor graphics facilities mentioned previously. Hence, the data can be saved as a draw file or as a CSV file for loading into compatible applications as before.

The Save history option allows you to save the show performance display as a text file using a save dialogue box. Use the radio icons at the base of the window to customise the output. Once saved, the text file can be loaded into a wordprocessor or desktop publishing package so that the text font and size can be altered easily.

As with the formatted view display, the values from either one year or all three years can be saved as a text file.

Clicking on the last menu item, Show statistics, will toggle between showing and not showing miscellaneous information about the share history. This information includes highest, lowest and average values for each of the columns. The information will be shown at the bottom of the window, following all of the values.
                       

Building up a portfolio
=======================

Starting a new portfolio
------------------------

To start a new portfolio, either use the Create submenu from the Investor icon bar menu or click Adjust or Select on the Investor icon on the icon bar. New shares may be entered into a month using the New stock menu item from the main Investor menu. To try this out, open this window and enter the details on the new share.

The stock name can be up to 22 characters in length and should be a brief description of the share name. The number of units held must be a whole number and the purchase and current prices will be rounded to three decimal places if more are used.

Inserting more shares in this way will build up the portfolio. If you make a mistake during entry or wish to change the input values you will need to select a share.

Selecting shares
----------------

During normal operation the mouse pointer is the usual arrow shape. When the mouse pointer is located over an Investor display window, however, it changes its shape. This is known as the selection pointer and when the pointer is this shape, shares may be selected simply by clicking on the share in the display window using either Adjust or Select.

Selected shares will be highlighted on the main display in red and their attributes can be altered using the selected stock submenu.

It is likely that you will only need to input the whole shares list once and then duplicate the list, month by month as necessary using the copy month option. This way, the portfolio can be updated month by month by first copying the previous month onto the next month and systematically altering the shares in the next month by clicking on them.

When you have around three or more months of data, you can compare the progress of individual shares using the format view options described in the last chapter.

Selecting one of the options from the format submenu which is off the Format menu item on the portfolio menu will open the formatted view window containing details of the portfolio totals for each month containing share entries, either purchase value totals or current value totals.

This will allow you to compare the overall value of your share portfolio, month by month, giving a good indication of which month is the most productive for the portfolio as a whole rather than for individual shares. As usual, this data can be plotted as a bar chart or a line graph (truncation recommended) and saved as a draw or CSV file.

New shares may be entered into a month at any time and shares can also be removed, if they are sold, for example.

Hence, portfolios can easily be built up month by month and edited as required. Inter portfolio transfers are also possible using the transfer data options.

Multiple entries per month
--------------------------

If you wish to keep your portfolio updated more frequently than once a month, this is perfectly possible. For example, if you wanted to update your shares twice or three times every month, you could quite easily have two or three entries for a share every month. This would not cause any problem with the formatted view display and is demonstrated by the Frequent portfolio supplied on the Investor disc.

This highlights an important point about Investor. The program is only really month based for convenience and ease of use. Therefore, although Investor is month based, this does not necessarily mean that a share can only have one entry per month. Indeed, it is quite possible to have around thirty entries for a share every month, ie. one for each day.

Managing dividends
------------------

An important aspect of stocks & shares management is the dividend earned by shares. This is a type of interest.

Investor provides full support for dividends via the dividend manager. This is activated by opening the dividend list for a particular portfolio (done by selecting the Show list menu option from the dividends submenu, which is located near the base of the main Investor menu).

Clicking on Show list from a portfolio containing no dividends will open a window containing just column headings. 

Clicking Menu over this window will open the dividends menu.

The dividends menu
------------------

The dividends menu is used to build up a list of dividends for shares in your portfolio.

Building up a list of dividends
-------------------------------

If your portfolio does not already contain any dividends, the first menu option you will want to use will be the Base upon month item. This leads to a window similar to the new view dialogue box.

This window allows you to specify the month and year of the portfolio from which you wish to extract the names for the dividends. Clicking on the OK icon will redraw the dividend list, now containing the names of all shares from the selected month.

To select a share, click on it using either Adjust or Select. This will turn the dividend entry blue.

If no share is selected, the Set values and Clear selection menu items will be shaded ie. unavailable. When a share is selected, Clear selection will de-select the share whereas following the arrow after the Set values option will allow you to set the dividend values.

Initially, none of the selected dividend�s attributes are set. To set the dividend month and year use the grey arrow icons, and to set the dividend amount and tax credit use the writable icons.

Clicking on the OK icon will set the dividend values and update the main display. If you wish to alter the dividend attributes, simply select the dividend and open the set values window again. This time it will contain the information about the dividend in the icons.

Multiple dividends for a share
------------------------------

If you select a dividend and then alter its attributes including the month and year and then click OK, provided the month and year were not previously unset, Investor will display this new dividend under the old one, without the dividend name.

The dividend display contains six columns. The first three columns are self-explanatory. The next two, Gross dividend (�) and Tax Credit (�) will contain the values from the set values window and the Net dividend (�) will be calculated by Investor, simply by subtracting the tax credit from the gross dividend. If you only know the net dividend value and not the gross dividend, simply set the tax credit for that dividend to zero.

The dividend totals are always shown at the bottom of the window.

Clearing the current dividend list
----------------------------------

To clear the current dividend list, simply select the Clear dividends menu option from the dividends menu.

Saving dividends
----------------

The dividend list for a given portfolio is saved along with the portfolio as part of the file.

Should you wish to have a copy of the dividend list only, however, this is possible by using the Save as text menu option. This leads to a standard save dialogue box.

To save the dividends, follow the usual procedure. If you are unsure, please refer to the instructions on how to save a portfolio in Chapter 3.

This will save your dividend list as a text file, suitable for loading into a wordprocessor or desktop publishing package eg. Edit.

Using the dividend menu, it is possible to build up a list of the dividends in your portfolio with ease.


An introduction to stocks & shares
==================================

What are stocks & shares?
-------------------------

Stocks and shares are the way in which Governments or Private Corporations raise money in order to conduct their affairs. Certificates are usually issued to form a contract between the company and it's stock-holders or share-holders. These certificates are transferable from one person to another.

Many companies issue only one class of stock usually known as common stock or ordinary shares. Holders of these common stocks have the right to control the company through their voting rights. They are also entitled to  cash dividends, the size of which may vary depending on the amount the company earns within a particular financial year. If a company does particularly well it will sometimes give its shareholders Bonus Shares.

Governments and some of the larger companies often issue preferred stock or loan stock. These appeal to investors who are looking for a guaranteed fixed dividend usually known as interest.

Stocks and shares are traded in an organised market known as the Stock Exchange (or the Bourse in continental Europe). Individuals or companies may purchase any listed share or stock through a Stockbroker stating the number of units required. The Stockbroker charges a nominal fee for each transaction - usually a percentage of the amount of money invested. Similarly the sale of stocks or shares are made through a Stockbroker.

Conventions used by Investor
----------------------------

When you open the main Investor display window you will notice that there are eight column headings. Four of these are user-definable and the other four are calculated by Investor.

Stock Name is the name of the stock or share purchased.

Number Of Units Held is the number of individual share units bought.

Purchase Price is the amount paid for each individual unit when bought, usually the price listed on the day of purchase.

Purchase Value is the total amount paid for the shareholding or stockholding acquired. This is the product of the purchase price and the number of units.

Current Price is the present cost of buying one unit. This is usually quoted daily in the national press and regularly changes depending on the state of the country's economy or the performance of the company.

Current Value is the present market value of the portfolio of stocks or shares in a particular company or Government.

Net Gain is the difference between the purchase value and the current value.

Percentage Gain is the net gain expressed as a percentage of the purchase value.


Tutorial
========

This Tutorial
-------------

This tutorial is a step by step guide to producing the TutFolio portfolio. The portfolio file is located in the Tutorial directory which is itself in the Portfolios directory at it's various stages of development.

The portfolio that we are going to create is a portfolio containing six shares (British Telecom, Midland Bank, Tesco, Grand Metropolitan, British Steel and Scottish Hydroelectric) each of which is to be updated three times monthly over a three year period (giving a total of 108 entries per share).

The first thing to do is to open a portfolio - simple click on the Investor icon on the icon bar to open a portfolio window. Alternatively, to create the portfolio under the name TutFolio use the Create menu from the icon bar menu.

Set the month to January and the year to the earliest year available (if the current time clock year is 1993, then this will be 1991). Select the New stock option from the main Investor menu and enter the details for the first share, British Telecom. To enter the share press Return in the Current Price field or click on OK. Repeat this procedure for the other five shares using the values below:


Name                    Units Held   Purchase price (�)   Current price (�)
----                    ----------   ------------------   -----------------

Midland Bank                300             1.11                1.33
Tesco                       450             0.98                0.65
Grand Metropolitan         1100             5.41                6.10
British Steel               760             0.71                0.72
Scottish Hydroelectric       50             1.91                1.99

The portfolio is saved at this stage as TutFolio1 in the Tutorial directory.

Duplicating entries
-------------------

As the shares are to be updated three times monthly, three entries will be required each month. To duplicate the current entries, first select the Individual stock option from the Transfer data menu off the main Investor menu.

Ensure that the source and target portfolios, months and years are the same and select (by clicking on them to turn them red) all the shares in the small window below the source month icons (you will need to set the Multiple stock option to do this).

Then set the Retain after transfer and Insert after stock options and then click on the OK icon.

Repeat this procedure, this time selecting only the first six shares from the list (remember that there will now be 12 entries in the window and duplicating all of these would give 24 entries - four for each share, not three as required). The month should now contain 18 entries - this can be checked using the Info option from the Month submenu.

Grouping multiple share entries
-------------------------------

To group the share entries together into groups of three for each share, use the Sort by name option from the Display submenu off the main menu.

The portfolio has been saved at this stage as TutFolio2.

Updating entries
----------------

This basically completes the tutorial - the current prices of the duplicate shares in the above portfolio may easily be set using either the Direct input method or by using the Alter submenu from the Selected stock menu.

Using the Copy month option, all the entries can easily be copied onto the next calendar month and hence updated - TutFolio contains three years of entries which were prepared in this way.

To see all 108 entries for a particular share, select any entry in any month and select the Current price option from the Format view menu from the Selected stock menu.

Select the Show as graphics options from the formatted view menu to plot the values.



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*
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*
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*
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*
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00009870  3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d  3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d  |================|
00009880  3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d  3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a  |===============.|
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000098b0  2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d  2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d  |----------------|
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00009e20  20 49 6e 76 65 73 74 6f  72 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d  | Investor.------|
00009e30  2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d  2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d  |----------------|
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0000a280  6f 72 69 61 6c 0a 3d 3d  3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a  |orial.========..|
0000a290  54 68 69 73 20 54 75 74  6f 72 69 61 6c 0a 2d 2d  |This Tutorial.--|
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0000a760  20 20 20 43 75 72 72 65  6e 74 20 70 72 69 63 65  |   Current price|
0000a770  20 28 a3 29 0a 2d 2d 2d  2d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  | (.).----       |
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0000a7a0  2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d  2d 2d 2d 2d 20 20 20 2d  |------------   -|
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0000a7c0  0a 0a 4d 69 64 6c 61 6e  64 20 42 61 6e 6b 20 20  |..Midland Bank  |
0000a7d0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 33 30  |              30|
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0000a810  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
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0000b0fe

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