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Arc/!Calendar/!Help
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Archimedes archive » Micro User » MU 1991-07.adf » Listings |
| Filename: | Arc/!Calendar/!Help |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 1589 bytes |
| Load address: | 0000 |
| Exec address: | 0000 |
File contents
Notes on Calendar Application
=============================
This application shows a one-month-to-a-view calendar for
any month from January 1 AD to December 9999 AD.
The application conforms to normal RISC OS practice;
double-clicking on the icon in the directory window runs
the application and installs its icon on the icon bar.
Clicking on this icon opens the calendar window, showing
the current month, with the current date highlighted in
blue.
Clicking Select on one of the arrow boxes moves onwards or
backwards one month (right and left arrows), or one year
(up and down arrows). Adjust has the opposite effect to
Select. Clicking Menu gives you the options of returning
to the current month or entering a new month and year.
The month may be entered either as its name (only the
first three letters are needed) or as its number 1 - 12.
If you enter the number, you will have to leave a space
between the month and year numbers.
If the year number is less than 100, it will be converted
to a year in the current century, for example, entering
"Feb 56" will produce a calendar for February 1956 until
we are in the year 2000, when it will produce a calendar
for February 2056. If you want to enter a year in the
first century AD, add "AD" onto the end of the year
number, e.g. "Feb 56AD". Do not leave a space between the
number and the "AD".
A star (*) following the year number when the calendar
shows January - March before 1752 indicates that the
calendar year number is one less than the historical year
number, which is shown. See below for further details.
Notes on the Julian Calendar
============================
I am indebted to Mr. Michael Leete of Rowarth, Cheshire
for most of the following information.
This application shows the British calendar, which changed
from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in September
1752.
Under the Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar,
every forth year was a leap year. In the 16th century, it
was realised that the length of the year was slightly less
than 365.25 days, and that there had been too many leap
years - about ten since the beginning of the Christian
epoch. A new calendar was devised in 1582, under the
auspices of Pope Gregory XIII, in which three leap years
were omitted every 400 years, when the year number was
divisible by 100 but not 400.
To change to this new Gregorian calendar meant dropping
ten days from the calendar. Various European countries
changed over the next 200 years or so, depending on how
strongly they adhered to the Roman Catholic Church.
Britain did not change until 1752, by which time they had
had an extra leap year, in 1700, so that eleven days had
to be dropped. In order to make the change, the 2nd of
September was followed by the 14th. The peasants revolted,
thinking that eleven days were being cut from their lives,
shouting "Give us back our eleven days!"
The Christian epoch, which was later named Anno Domini by
Bede, was invented by Dionysius Exiguus in 532 AD. He
calculated the year in which the Annunciation was thought
to have occurred, called this year one, and counted the
years from this date. For this reason, the calendar year
changed at the time of the Annunciation, about a week
before the end of March. The historical year began on 1st
January. This means that the months January, February and
March could be thought of as being either at the start of
the historical year, or at the end of the preceding
calendar year. Historians customarily write such dates as
"February 1749/50". The year 1751 was shortened by three
months, so that 1752 began on 1st January.
The date which you enter using the menu is always taken as
being in the historical year, and the month numbers are
always counted from January.
Unfortunately, there is not sufficient room on the
calendar window to show both the calendar and historical
year, where these are different. The window heading always
shows the historical year number. If the calendar year is
different, the year number is followed by a '*', which
means that the calendar year number is one less than the
historical year number.
The basic calendar was invented by the Romans, with months
alternating in length between 30 and 31 days. Julius
Caesar, with the help of astronomers, determined that the
year was 365.25 days long. He introduced a calendar with
an intercalation in February, when two successive days
were dated identically, and started this system in what
turned out to be 45 BC. In the following year, he was
murdered and the Senate, who were obviously not great
mathematicians, ordered intercalations every three years.
The Emperor Octavian came along, changed his name to
Augustus and decided to name a month after himself, like
Julius Caesar, who had July, with 31 days. He chose the
following month, but, not wanting to have fewer days than
Julius, he determined that August should have 31 days, and
messed up the alternating system of 30 and 31 days. He
realised that there had been too many intercalations and
decreed that there would not be another until 8 AD. For
this reason, 4 AD was not a leap year.
Before 1000 AD, and certainly before the Synod of Whitby
(664 AD), there were a variety of ways of counting the
dates, so any calendar before then is a trifle vague. This
application, however, shows the system that was decided
upon, projected backwards to 1 AD.
00000000 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f | No| 00000010 74 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 43 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 |tes on Calendar | 00000020 41 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a 20 20 20 20 |Application. | 00000030 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | ======| 00000040 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00000050 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 61 70 |=======..This ap| 00000060 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 |plication shows | 00000070 61 20 6f 6e 65 2d 6d 6f 6e 74 68 2d 74 6f 2d 61 |a one-month-to-a| 00000080 2d 76 69 65 77 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 66 |-view calendar f| 00000090 6f 72 20 0a 61 6e 79 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 20 66 72 |or .any month fr| 000000a0 6f 6d 20 4a 61 6e 75 61 72 79 20 31 20 41 44 20 |om January 1 AD | 000000b0 74 6f 20 44 65 63 65 6d 62 65 72 20 39 39 39 39 |to December 9999| 000000c0 20 41 44 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 | AD...The applic| 000000d0 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 6f 6e 66 6f 72 6d 73 20 74 |ation conforms t| 000000e0 6f 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 52 49 53 43 20 4f 53 |o normal RISC OS| 000000f0 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 63 65 3b 20 0a 64 6f 75 62 | practice; .doub| 00000100 6c 65 2d 63 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 |le-clicking on t| 00000110 68 65 20 69 63 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 |he icon in the d| 00000120 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 |irectory window | 00000130 72 75 6e 73 20 0a 74 68 65 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 |runs .the applic| 00000140 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c |ation and instal| 00000150 6c 73 20 69 74 73 20 69 63 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 |ls its icon on t| 00000160 68 65 20 69 63 6f 6e 20 62 61 72 2e 20 0a 43 6c |he icon bar. .Cl| 00000170 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 |icking on this i| 00000180 63 6f 6e 20 6f 70 65 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 |con opens the ca| 00000190 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2c 20 73 |lendar window, s| 000001a0 68 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 0a 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 |howing .the curr| 000001b0 65 6e 74 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 |ent month, with | 000001c0 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 61 74 65 |the current date| 000001d0 20 68 69 67 68 6c 69 67 68 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 | highlighted in | 000001e0 0a 62 6c 75 65 2e 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 |.blue...Clicking| 000001f0 20 53 65 6c 65 63 74 20 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f | Select on one o| 00000200 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 72 6f 77 20 62 6f 78 65 |f the arrow boxe| 00000210 73 20 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 6f 6e 77 61 72 64 73 20 |s moves onwards | 00000220 6f 72 20 0a 62 61 63 6b 77 61 72 64 73 20 6f 6e |or .backwards on| 00000230 65 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 20 28 72 69 67 68 74 20 61 |e month (right a| 00000240 6e 64 20 6c 65 66 74 20 61 72 72 6f 77 73 29 2c |nd left arrows),| 00000250 20 6f 72 20 6f 6e 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 0a 28 75 | or one year .(u| 00000260 70 20 61 6e 64 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 61 72 72 6f 77 |p and down arrow| 00000270 73 29 2e 20 41 64 6a 75 73 74 20 68 61 73 20 74 |s). Adjust has t| 00000280 68 65 20 6f 70 70 6f 73 69 74 65 20 65 66 66 65 |he opposite effe| 00000290 63 74 20 74 6f 20 0a 53 65 6c 65 63 74 2e 20 43 |ct to .Select. C| 000002a0 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 67 69 76 |licking Menu giv| 000002b0 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f |es you the optio| 000002c0 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 69 6e 67 20 |ns of returning | 000002d0 0a 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 |.to the current | 000002e0 6d 6f 6e 74 68 20 6f 72 20 65 6e 74 65 72 69 6e |month or enterin| 000002f0 67 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 20 61 6e |g a new month an| 00000300 64 20 79 65 61 72 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 6d 6f 6e |d year...The mon| 00000310 74 68 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 |th may be entere| 00000320 64 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 61 73 20 69 74 73 20 |d either as its | 00000330 6e 61 6d 65 20 28 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 0a |name (only the .| 00000340 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 6c 65 74 74 |first three lett| 00000350 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 29 20 |ers are needed) | 00000360 6f 72 20 61 73 20 69 74 73 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 |or as its number| 00000370 20 31 20 2d 20 31 32 2e 20 0a 49 66 20 79 6f 75 | 1 - 12. .If you| 00000380 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 | enter the numbe| 00000390 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 |r, you will have| 000003a0 20 74 6f 20 6c 65 61 76 65 20 61 20 73 70 61 63 | to leave a spac| 000003b0 65 20 0a 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d |e .between the m| 000003c0 6f 6e 74 68 20 61 6e 64 20 79 65 61 72 20 6e 75 |onth and year nu| 000003d0 6d 62 65 72 73 2e 0a 0a 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 79 |mbers...If the y| 000003e0 65 61 72 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 69 73 20 6c 65 |ear number is le| 000003f0 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 31 30 30 2c 20 69 74 20 |ss than 100, it | 00000400 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 72 74 65 |will be converte| 00000410 64 20 0a 74 6f 20 61 20 79 65 61 72 20 69 6e 20 |d .to a year in | 00000420 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 63 65 6e 74 |the current cent| 00000430 75 72 79 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 |ury, for example| 00000440 2c 20 65 6e 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 0a 22 46 65 62 |, entering ."Feb| 00000450 20 35 36 22 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 | 56" will produc| 00000460 65 20 61 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 66 6f 72 |e a calendar for| 00000470 20 46 65 62 72 75 61 72 79 20 31 39 35 36 20 75 | February 1956 u| 00000480 6e 74 69 6c 20 0a 77 65 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 |ntil .we are in | 00000490 74 68 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 32 30 30 30 2c 20 77 |the year 2000, w| 000004a0 68 65 6e 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 6f 64 |hen it will prod| 000004b0 75 63 65 20 61 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 0a |uce a calendar .| 000004c0 66 6f 72 20 46 65 62 72 75 61 72 79 20 32 30 35 |for February 205| 000004d0 36 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 |6. If you want t| 000004e0 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 79 65 61 72 20 69 |o enter a year i| 000004f0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 66 69 72 73 74 20 63 65 6e |n the .first cen| 00000500 74 75 72 79 20 41 44 2c 20 61 64 64 20 22 41 44 |tury AD, add "AD| 00000510 22 20 6f 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f |" onto the end o| 00000520 66 20 74 68 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 0a 6e 75 6d 62 |f the year .numb| 00000530 65 72 2c 20 65 2e 67 2e 20 22 46 65 62 20 35 36 |er, e.g. "Feb 56| 00000540 41 44 22 2e 20 44 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 6c 65 61 76 |AD". Do not leav| 00000550 65 20 61 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 |e a space betwee| 00000560 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 61 6e |n the .number an| 00000570 64 20 74 68 65 20 22 41 44 22 2e 0a 0a 41 20 73 |d the "AD"...A s| 00000580 74 61 72 20 28 2a 29 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e |tar (*) followin| 00000590 67 20 74 68 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 |g the year numbe| 000005a0 72 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 6c 65 6e |r when the calen| 000005b0 64 61 72 20 0a 73 68 6f 77 73 20 4a 61 6e 75 61 |dar .shows Janua| 000005c0 72 79 20 2d 20 4d 61 72 63 68 20 62 65 66 6f 72 |ry - March befor| 000005d0 65 20 31 37 35 32 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 |e 1752 indicates| 000005e0 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 63 61 6c 65 6e | that the .calen| 000005f0 64 61 72 20 79 65 61 72 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 |dar year number | 00000600 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e |is one less than| 00000610 20 74 68 65 20 68 69 73 74 6f 72 69 63 61 6c 20 | the historical | 00000620 79 65 61 72 20 0a 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 77 68 |year .number, wh| 00000630 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 2e 20 53 65 |ich is shown. Se| 00000640 65 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 66 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 |e below for furt| 00000650 68 65 72 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 2e 0a 0a 20 20 |her details... | 00000660 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 74 | Not| 00000670 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 4a 75 6c 69 61 6e |es on the Julian| 00000680 20 43 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 | Calendar. | 00000690 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | =======| 000006a0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 000006b0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 49 20 61 6d 20 69 6e 64 65 |=====..I am inde| 000006c0 62 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 4d 72 2e 20 4d 69 63 68 |bted to Mr. Mich| 000006d0 61 65 6c 20 4c 65 65 74 65 20 6f 66 20 52 6f 77 |ael Leete of Row| 000006e0 61 72 74 68 2c 20 43 68 65 73 68 69 72 65 20 0a |arth, Cheshire .| 000006f0 66 6f 72 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |for most of the | 00000700 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d |following inform| 00000710 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 61 70 70 |ation...This app| 00000720 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 |lication shows t| 00000730 68 65 20 42 72 69 74 69 73 68 20 63 61 6c 65 6e |he British calen| 00000740 64 61 72 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 68 61 6e 67 |dar, which chang| 00000750 65 64 20 0a 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 4a 75 6c |ed .from the Jul| 00000760 69 61 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 47 72 65 67 6f |ian to the Grego| 00000770 72 69 61 6e 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 69 6e |rian calendar in| 00000780 20 53 65 70 74 65 6d 62 65 72 20 0a 31 37 35 32 | September .1752| 00000790 2e 0a 0a 55 6e 64 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 4a 75 6c |...Under the Jul| 000007a0 69 61 6e 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 2c 20 69 6e |ian calendar, in| 000007b0 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 62 79 20 4a 75 6c 69 |troduced by Juli| 000007c0 75 73 20 43 61 65 73 61 72 2c 20 0a 65 76 65 72 |us Caesar, .ever| 000007d0 79 20 66 6f 72 74 68 20 79 65 61 72 20 77 61 73 |y forth year was| 000007e0 20 61 20 6c 65 61 70 20 79 65 61 72 2e 20 49 6e | a leap year. In| 000007f0 20 74 68 65 20 31 36 74 68 20 63 65 6e 74 75 72 | the 16th centur| 00000800 79 2c 20 69 74 20 0a 77 61 73 20 72 65 61 6c 69 |y, it .was reali| 00000810 73 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 6e |sed that the len| 00000820 67 74 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 |gth of the year | 00000830 77 61 73 20 73 6c 69 67 68 74 6c 79 20 6c 65 73 |was slightly les| 00000840 73 20 0a 74 68 61 6e 20 33 36 35 2e 32 35 20 64 |s .than 365.25 d| 00000850 61 79 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 |ays, and that th| 00000860 65 72 65 20 68 61 64 20 62 65 65 6e 20 74 6f 6f |ere had been too| 00000870 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6c 65 61 70 20 0a 79 65 61 72 | many leap .year| 00000880 73 20 2d 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 65 6e 20 73 69 |s - about ten si| 00000890 6e 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e |nce the beginnin| 000008a0 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 43 68 72 69 73 74 69 |g of the Christi| 000008b0 61 6e 20 0a 65 70 6f 63 68 2e 20 41 20 6e 65 77 |an .epoch. A new| 000008c0 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 77 61 73 20 64 65 | calendar was de| 000008d0 76 69 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 31 35 38 32 2c 20 75 |vised in 1582, u| 000008e0 6e 64 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 61 75 73 70 69 63 |nder the .auspic| 000008f0 65 73 20 6f 66 20 50 6f 70 65 20 47 72 65 67 6f |es of Pope Grego| 00000900 72 79 20 58 49 49 49 2c 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 |ry XIII, in whic| 00000910 68 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 6c 65 61 70 20 79 65 61 |h three leap yea| 00000920 72 73 20 0a 77 65 72 65 20 6f 6d 69 74 74 65 64 |rs .were omitted| 00000930 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 34 30 30 20 79 65 61 72 73 | every 400 years| 00000940 2c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 |, when the year | 00000950 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 77 61 73 20 0a 64 69 76 69 |number was .divi| 00000960 73 69 62 6c 65 20 62 79 20 31 30 30 20 62 75 74 |sible by 100 but| 00000970 20 6e 6f 74 20 34 30 30 2e 0a 0a 54 6f 20 63 68 | not 400...To ch| 00000980 61 6e 67 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 6e 65 77 |ange to this new| 00000990 20 47 72 65 67 6f 72 69 61 6e 20 63 61 6c 65 6e | Gregorian calen| 000009a0 64 61 72 20 6d 65 61 6e 74 20 64 72 6f 70 70 69 |dar meant droppi| 000009b0 6e 67 20 0a 74 65 6e 20 64 61 79 73 20 66 72 6f |ng .ten days fro| 000009c0 6d 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 2e 20 |m the calendar. | 000009d0 56 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 45 75 72 6f 70 65 61 6e |Various European| 000009e0 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 69 65 73 20 0a 63 68 61 6e | countries .chan| 000009f0 67 65 64 20 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 |ged over the nex| 00000a00 74 20 32 30 30 20 79 65 61 72 73 20 6f 72 20 73 |t 200 years or s| 00000a10 6f 2c 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 |o, depending on | 00000a20 68 6f 77 20 0a 73 74 72 6f 6e 67 6c 79 20 74 68 |how .strongly th| 00000a30 65 79 20 61 64 68 65 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 |ey adhered to th| 00000a40 65 20 52 6f 6d 61 6e 20 43 61 74 68 6f 6c 69 63 |e Roman Catholic| 00000a50 20 43 68 75 72 63 68 2e 20 0a 42 72 69 74 61 69 | Church. .Britai| 00000a60 6e 20 64 69 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 |n did not change| 00000a70 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 31 37 35 32 2c 20 62 79 20 | until 1752, by | 00000a80 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 69 6d 65 20 74 68 65 79 20 |which time they | 00000a90 68 61 64 20 0a 68 61 64 20 61 6e 20 65 78 74 72 |had .had an extr| 00000aa0 61 20 6c 65 61 70 20 79 65 61 72 2c 20 69 6e 20 |a leap year, in | 00000ab0 31 37 30 30 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 6c |1700, so that el| 00000ac0 65 76 65 6e 20 64 61 79 73 20 68 61 64 20 0a 74 |even days had .t| 00000ad0 6f 20 62 65 20 64 72 6f 70 70 65 64 2e 20 49 6e |o be dropped. In| 00000ae0 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 74 | order to make t| 00000af0 68 65 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 32 |he change, the 2| 00000b00 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 0a 53 65 70 74 65 6d 62 65 72 |nd of .September| 00000b10 20 77 61 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 | was followed by| 00000b20 20 74 68 65 20 31 34 74 68 2e 20 54 68 65 20 70 | the 14th. The p| 00000b30 65 61 73 61 6e 74 73 20 72 65 76 6f 6c 74 65 64 |easants revolted| 00000b40 2c 20 0a 74 68 69 6e 6b 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 |, .thinking that| 00000b50 20 65 6c 65 76 65 6e 20 64 61 79 73 20 77 65 72 | eleven days wer| 00000b60 65 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 63 75 74 20 66 72 6f 6d |e being cut from| 00000b70 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6c 69 76 65 73 2c 20 0a 73 | their lives, .s| 00000b80 68 6f 75 74 69 6e 67 20 22 47 69 76 65 20 75 73 |houting "Give us| 00000b90 20 62 61 63 6b 20 6f 75 72 20 65 6c 65 76 65 6e | back our eleven| 00000ba0 20 64 61 79 73 21 22 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 43 68 72 | days!"..The Chr| 00000bb0 69 73 74 69 61 6e 20 65 70 6f 63 68 2c 20 77 68 |istian epoch, wh| 00000bc0 69 63 68 20 77 61 73 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 6e 61 |ich was later na| 00000bd0 6d 65 64 20 41 6e 6e 6f 20 44 6f 6d 69 6e 69 20 |med Anno Domini | 00000be0 62 79 20 0a 42 65 64 65 2c 20 77 61 73 20 69 6e |by .Bede, was in| 00000bf0 76 65 6e 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 44 69 6f 6e 79 73 |vented by Dionys| 00000c00 69 75 73 20 45 78 69 67 75 75 73 20 69 6e 20 35 |ius Exiguus in 5| 00000c10 33 32 20 41 44 2e 20 48 65 20 0a 63 61 6c 63 75 |32 AD. He .calcu| 00000c20 6c 61 74 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 69 |lated the year i| 00000c30 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 41 6e 6e 75 |n which the Annu| 00000c40 6e 63 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 61 73 20 74 68 6f |nciation was tho| 00000c50 75 67 68 74 20 0a 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 6f 63 |ught .to have oc| 00000c60 63 75 72 72 65 64 2c 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 74 |curred, called t| 00000c70 68 69 73 20 79 65 61 72 20 6f 6e 65 2c 20 61 6e |his year one, an| 00000c80 64 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 0a 79 |d counted the .y| 00000c90 65 61 72 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 69 73 20 64 |ears from this d| 00000ca0 61 74 65 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 65 |ate. For this re| 00000cb0 61 73 6f 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 |ason, the calend| 00000cc0 61 72 20 79 65 61 72 20 0a 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 |ar year .changed| 00000cd0 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 | at the time of | 00000ce0 74 68 65 20 41 6e 6e 75 6e 63 69 61 74 69 6f 6e |the Annunciation| 00000cf0 2c 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 61 20 77 65 65 6b 20 0a |, about a week .| 00000d00 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f |before the end o| 00000d10 66 20 4d 61 72 63 68 2e 20 54 68 65 20 68 69 73 |f March. The his| 00000d20 74 6f 72 69 63 61 6c 20 79 65 61 72 20 62 65 67 |torical year beg| 00000d30 61 6e 20 6f 6e 20 31 73 74 20 0a 4a 61 6e 75 61 |an on 1st .Janua| 00000d40 72 79 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 |ry. This means t| 00000d50 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 73 20 4a |hat the months J| 00000d60 61 6e 75 61 72 79 2c 20 46 65 62 72 75 61 72 79 |anuary, February| 00000d70 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 4d 61 72 63 68 20 63 6f 75 6c | and .March coul| 00000d80 64 20 62 65 20 74 68 6f 75 67 68 74 20 6f 66 20 |d be thought of | 00000d90 61 73 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 |as being either | 00000da0 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 |at the start of | 00000db0 0a 74 68 65 20 68 69 73 74 6f 72 69 63 61 6c 20 |.the historical | 00000dc0 79 65 61 72 2c 20 6f 72 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 |year, or at the | 00000dd0 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 63 65 |end of the prece| 00000de0 64 69 6e 67 20 0a 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 79 |ding .calendar y| 00000df0 65 61 72 2e 20 48 69 73 74 6f 72 69 61 6e 73 20 |ear. Historians | 00000e00 63 75 73 74 6f 6d 61 72 69 6c 79 20 77 72 69 74 |customarily writ| 00000e10 65 20 73 75 63 68 20 64 61 74 65 73 20 61 73 20 |e such dates as | 00000e20 0a 22 46 65 62 72 75 61 72 79 20 31 37 34 39 2f |."February 1749/| 00000e30 35 30 22 2e 20 54 68 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 31 37 |50". The year 17| 00000e40 35 31 20 77 61 73 20 73 68 6f 72 74 65 6e 65 64 |51 was shortened| 00000e50 20 62 79 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 0a 6d 6f 6e 74 68 | by three .month| 00000e60 73 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 31 37 35 32 20 |s, so that 1752 | 00000e70 62 65 67 61 6e 20 6f 6e 20 31 73 74 20 4a 61 6e |began on 1st Jan| 00000e80 75 61 72 79 2e 20 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 64 61 74 65 |uary. ..The date| 00000e90 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 65 6e 74 65 72 | which you enter| 00000ea0 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 | using the menu | 00000eb0 69 73 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 |is always taken | 00000ec0 61 73 20 0a 62 65 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |as .being in the| 00000ed0 20 68 69 73 74 6f 72 69 63 61 6c 20 79 65 61 72 | historical year| 00000ee0 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 20 |, and the month | 00000ef0 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 0a 61 6c 77 |numbers are .alw| 00000f00 61 79 73 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d |ays counted from| 00000f10 20 4a 61 6e 75 61 72 79 2e 0a 0a 55 6e 66 6f 72 | January...Unfor| 00000f20 74 75 6e 61 74 65 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 |tunately, there | 00000f30 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e |is not sufficien| 00000f40 74 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 63 |t room on the .c| 00000f50 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 74 |alendar window t| 00000f60 6f 20 73 68 6f 77 20 62 6f 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 |o show both the | 00000f70 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 61 6e 64 20 68 69 73 |calendar and his| 00000f80 74 6f 72 69 63 61 6c 20 0a 79 65 61 72 2c 20 77 |torical .year, w| 00000f90 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 65 20 64 |here these are d| 00000fa0 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 2e 20 54 68 65 20 77 69 |ifferent. The wi| 00000fb0 6e 64 6f 77 20 68 65 61 64 69 6e 67 20 61 6c 77 |ndow heading alw| 00000fc0 61 79 73 20 0a 73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 68 65 20 68 |ays .shows the h| 00000fd0 69 73 74 6f 72 69 63 61 6c 20 79 65 61 72 20 6e |istorical year n| 00000fe0 75 6d 62 65 72 2e 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 |umber. If the ca| 00000ff0 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 79 65 61 72 20 69 73 20 0a |lendar year is .| 00001000 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 2c 20 74 68 65 20 79 |different, the y| 00001010 65 61 72 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 69 73 20 66 6f |ear number is fo| 00001020 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 27 2a 27 2c |llowed by a '*',| 00001030 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 | which .means th| 00001040 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 |at the calendar | 00001050 79 65 61 72 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 69 73 20 6f |year number is o| 00001060 6e 65 20 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 |ne less than the| 00001070 20 0a 68 69 73 74 6f 72 69 63 61 6c 20 79 65 61 | .historical yea| 00001080 72 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 62 |r number...The b| 00001090 61 73 69 63 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 77 61 |asic calendar wa| 000010a0 73 20 69 6e 76 65 6e 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 |s invented by th| 000010b0 65 20 52 6f 6d 61 6e 73 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 6d |e Romans, with m| 000010c0 6f 6e 74 68 73 20 0a 61 6c 74 65 72 6e 61 74 69 |onths .alternati| 000010d0 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 20 62 65 74 |ng in length bet| 000010e0 77 65 65 6e 20 33 30 20 61 6e 64 20 33 31 20 64 |ween 30 and 31 d| 000010f0 61 79 73 2e 20 4a 75 6c 69 75 73 20 0a 43 61 65 |ays. Julius .Cae| 00001100 73 61 72 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 68 65 |sar, with the he| 00001110 6c 70 20 6f 66 20 61 73 74 72 6f 6e 6f 6d 65 72 |lp of astronomer| 00001120 73 2c 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 64 20 74 68 |s, determined th| 00001130 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 79 65 61 72 20 77 61 73 |at the .year was| 00001140 20 33 36 35 2e 32 35 20 64 61 79 73 20 6c 6f 6e | 365.25 days lon| 00001150 67 2e 20 48 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 |g. He introduced| 00001160 20 61 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 77 69 74 68 | a calendar with| 00001170 20 0a 61 6e 20 69 6e 74 65 72 63 61 6c 61 74 69 | .an intercalati| 00001180 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 46 65 62 72 75 61 72 79 2c 20 |on in February, | 00001190 77 68 65 6e 20 74 77 6f 20 73 75 63 63 65 73 73 |when two success| 000011a0 69 76 65 20 64 61 79 73 20 0a 77 65 72 65 20 64 |ive days .were d| 000011b0 61 74 65 64 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 |ated identically| 000011c0 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 74 68 |, and started th| 000011d0 69 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 77 68 61 |is system in wha| 000011e0 74 20 0a 74 75 72 6e 65 64 20 6f 75 74 20 74 6f |t .turned out to| 000011f0 20 62 65 20 34 35 20 42 43 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 | be 45 BC. In th| 00001200 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 79 65 61 72 |e following year| 00001210 2c 20 68 65 20 77 61 73 20 0a 6d 75 72 64 65 72 |, he was .murder| 00001220 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 53 65 6e 61 74 |ed and the Senat| 00001230 65 2c 20 77 68 6f 20 77 65 72 65 20 6f 62 76 69 |e, who were obvi| 00001240 6f 75 73 6c 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 67 72 65 61 74 20 |ously not great | 00001250 0a 6d 61 74 68 65 6d 61 74 69 63 69 61 6e 73 2c |.mathematicians,| 00001260 20 6f 72 64 65 72 65 64 20 69 6e 74 65 72 63 61 | ordered interca| 00001270 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 74 68 |lations every th| 00001280 72 65 65 20 79 65 61 72 73 2e 20 0a 54 68 65 20 |ree years. .The | 00001290 45 6d 70 65 72 6f 72 20 4f 63 74 61 76 69 61 6e |Emperor Octavian| 000012a0 20 63 61 6d 65 20 61 6c 6f 6e 67 2c 20 63 68 61 | came along, cha| 000012b0 6e 67 65 64 20 68 69 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 74 6f |nged his name to| 000012c0 20 0a 41 75 67 75 73 74 75 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 | .Augustus and d| 000012d0 65 63 69 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 |ecided to name a| 000012e0 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 68 69 6d | month after him| 000012f0 73 65 6c 66 2c 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a 4a 75 6c 69 |self, like .Juli| 00001300 75 73 20 43 61 65 73 61 72 2c 20 77 68 6f 20 68 |us Caesar, who h| 00001310 61 64 20 4a 75 6c 79 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 33 31 |ad July, with 31| 00001320 20 64 61 79 73 2e 20 48 65 20 63 68 6f 73 65 20 | days. He chose | 00001330 74 68 65 20 0a 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 6d |the .following m| 00001340 6f 6e 74 68 2c 20 62 75 74 2c 20 6e 6f 74 20 77 |onth, but, not w| 00001350 61 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 66 |anting to have f| 00001360 65 77 65 72 20 64 61 79 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 0a |ewer days than .| 00001370 4a 75 6c 69 75 73 2c 20 68 65 20 64 65 74 65 72 |Julius, he deter| 00001380 6d 69 6e 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 41 75 67 75 73 |mined that Augus| 00001390 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 61 76 65 20 33 31 |t should have 31| 000013a0 20 64 61 79 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 6d 65 73 73 | days, and .mess| 000013b0 65 64 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 20 61 6c 74 65 72 6e |ed up the altern| 000013c0 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 66 20 |ating system of | 000013d0 33 30 20 61 6e 64 20 33 31 20 64 61 79 73 2e 20 |30 and 31 days. | 000013e0 48 65 20 0a 72 65 61 6c 69 73 65 64 20 74 68 61 |He .realised tha| 000013f0 74 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 68 61 64 20 62 65 65 6e |t there had been| 00001400 20 74 6f 6f 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 69 6e 74 65 72 63 | too many interc| 00001410 61 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 64 65 |alations and .de| 00001420 63 72 65 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 72 65 |creed that there| 00001430 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 61 6e | would not be an| 00001440 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 38 20 41 44 |other until 8 AD| 00001450 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 74 68 69 73 20 72 65 61 73 |. 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This .app| 00001530 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 76 65 |lication, howeve| 00001540 72 2c 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 |r, shows the sys| 00001550 74 65 6d 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 61 73 20 64 65 63 |tem that was dec| 00001560 69 64 65 64 20 0a 75 70 6f 6e 2c 20 70 72 6f 6a |ided .upon, proj| 00001570 65 63 74 65 64 20 62 61 63 6b 77 61 72 64 73 20 |ected backwards | 00001580 74 6f 20 31 20 41 44 2e 0a |to 1 AD..| 00001589
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