Home » Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02b_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio7
bio7
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02b_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav |
| Filename: | bio7 |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 1299 bytes |
| Load address: | 1BF3 |
| Exec address: | 1BF3 |
Duplicates
There are 4 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_5_25_discs_Biology-Acornsoftib_HD-BIOL.dsd » bio7
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_tapes_Biology-Acornsoftib_Biology-IvanBerg_BE.uef » bio7
- Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron » Acornsoft_Educational.ADF » Biology/bio7
- Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » elk08 » acornsofte/Biology/bio7
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02b_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio7
File contents
129A
BIOLOGY 7
1 GROWTH
The growth of an organism may involve
an increase in cell size and/or in
cell numbers.
Growth requires: MATERIALS (e.g.
protein), ENERGY and STIMULUS (e.g.
hormone).
PATTERNS OF GROWTH
Growth may be
continuous (though
at different
rates), with a
gradual increase in
mass and size.
Graph shows human
male:
Mass (kg) and
Age (years).
p
0
#
2 GROWTH
Growth may be discontinuous, with
periodic increases, such as occurs
with an insect.
This graph shows such a growth
pattern, arrows indicating moults.
L � �������
� �
E � � �
� � �
N � �
� ������
G � � �
� � � �
T � � �
� � ������
H � � �
� � �
� � �����
� �
� �����
������
�������������������������������
T I M E
#
3 GROWTH HORMONES
The mammalian growth hormone is made
in the PITUITARY gland.
Plant growth
hormone (AUXIN) can
be collected in
agar and used in
experiments, as
shown.
p
1
#
4 SKELETONS AND SUPPORT
Plants are supported by CELL WALLS,
TURGOR (osmotic pressure) and WOODY
XYLEM. Animals need some kind of
SKELETON.
This may be:
FLUID (e.g. earthworm)
HARD, EXTERNAL (e.g. arthropod)
HARD, INTERNAL (e.g. vertebrate)
#
5 HUMAN ARM/LEG
The arm and the leg have equivalent
bones, with the PATELLA or the
knee-cap extra in the leg.
The shoulder and
hip joints are BALL
and SOCKET, the
others HINGE.
The 'funny bone' is
the nerve over
the elbow.
p
2
#
6 ARTHROPOD
The insect skeleton is made of CHITIN
which acts as both skin and skeleton.
The insect body is divided into HEAD,
THORAX, ABDOMEN.
Thorax: Legs
(3 pairs)
Wings
(2 pairs)
The skeleton must
be replaced for
growth.
p
3
#
7 VERTEBRATE SKELETONS
FUNCTIONS:
1) Support of body and weight.
2) Shape, e.g. hand, wing,
streamlining.
3) Movement: with the attachment of
muscles, bones become
levers.
4) Protection of vital organs e.g.
brain.
5) Breathing: rib cage movements.
6) Making red blood cells, in bone
marrow.
7) Sound conduction in middle ear.
#
8 VERTEBRATE SKELETONS
Organisation: Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs,
Limbs, Limb Girdles (Pelvic and
Pectoral).
Joint Types: Fixed or Synovial, Ball
and Socket, Hinge, Sliding.
Diagram shows
hinge joint detail.
p
4
#
9 MUSCLES AND MOVEMENT
Muscles can only do work when
contracting. They are arranged in
'ANTAGONISTIC' pairs. For example,
BICEPS bends the elbow joint, TRICEPS
straightens it.
There are three types of mammalian
muscle: SKELETAL, SMOOTH and CARDIAC.
#
10 SKELETAL
SKELETAL, STRIATED and VOLUNTARY
muscle is attached to the bones by
inelastic tendons.
It is under conscious control and
contains large numbers
of MITOCHONDRIA
(for energy
conversion)
and red MYOGLOBIN.
p
5
#
11 SMOOTH MUSCLE
SMOOTH MUSCLE is INVOLUNTARY. It is
stimulated by the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM and is not under conscious
control.
Examples are walls of
arteries and the
muscles of the gut.
p
6
#
12 CARDIAC MUSCLE
CARDIAC MUSCLE is found only in the
heart. It is similar to skeletal
muscle, but has branched fibres. The
fibres contract in time due to the
pacemaker.
Diagram shows E.C.G.
(electocardiogram).
p
7
#
13 FLIGHT MUSCLES
Birds have very large flight
(PECTORAL) muscles to lift and lower
the wings.
Insects also have
paired flight muscles,
with some operating
indirectly by squeezing
the thorax.
p
8
#
T
#1
1
Apart from a stimulus and materials,
what is needed for growth?
1
ENERGY
#2
3
Where is the mammalian growth hormone
made?
1
~IN THE
PITUITARY
PITUITARY GLAND
#3
3
What is the plant growth hormone
called?
1
AUXIN
#4
4
What kind of skeleton has an
earthworm?
1
FLUID
#5
5
(a) Which bone in the human leg has no
equivalent in the arm?
(b) What kind of joint is the
shoulder?
(c) The 'funny bone' is actually a
.....
3
~
PATELLA
~
BALL AND SOCKET
~
NERVE
#6
8
What name is given to the fluid found
in joints?
1
SYNOVIAL
#7
6
What is an insect's skeleton made of?
1
CHITIN
#8
9
Which muscle is antagonistic to the
triceps?
1
BICEPS
#9
10
(a) What attaches the skeletal muscle
to the bones?
(b) Muscles need a lot of energy. In
which cell organelles is it
converted?
2
~
TENDON
TENDONS
~
MITOCHONDRIA
#10
12
(a) Which type of muscle occurs only
in the heart?
(b) It differs from skeletal muscle
because its fibres are .....
(c) Which type of muscle is found in
the walls of the arteries?
3
~
CARDIAC
~
BRANCHED
~
SMOOTH
#11
11
Which nervous system controls smooth
muscle?
1
AUTONOMIC
e
00000000 31 32 39 41 0d 42 49 4f 4c 4f 47 59 20 37 0d 31 |129A.BIOLOGY 7.1| 00000010 20 47 52 4f 57 54 48 0d 54 68 65 20 67 72 6f 77 | GROWTH.The grow| 00000020 74 68 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 |th of an organis| 00000030 6d 20 6d 61 79 20 69 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 0d 61 6e |m may involve.an| 00000040 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 73 65 20 69 6e 20 63 65 6c | increase in cel| 00000050 6c 20 73 69 7a 65 20 61 6e 64 2f 6f 72 20 69 6e |l size and/or in| 00000060 0d 63 65 6c 6c 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2e 0d 0d |.cell numbers...| 00000070 47 72 6f 77 74 68 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 73 3a |Growth requires:| 00000080 20 4d 41 54 45 52 49 41 4c 53 20 28 65 2e 67 2e | MATERIALS (e.g.| 00000090 0d 0d 70 72 6f 74 65 69 6e 29 2c 20 45 4e 45 52 |..protein), ENER| 000000a0 47 59 20 61 6e 64 20 53 54 49 4d 55 4c 55 53 20 |GY and STIMULUS | 000000b0 28 65 2e 67 2e 0d 0d 68 6f 72 6d 6f 6e 65 29 2e |(e.g...hormone).| 000000c0 0d 0d 50 41 54 54 45 52 4e 53 20 4f 46 20 47 52 |..PATTERNS OF GR| 000000d0 4f 57 54 48 0d 0d 47 72 6f 77 74 68 20 6d 61 79 |OWTH..Growth may| 000000e0 20 62 65 0d 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 6f 75 73 20 28 | be.continuous (| 000000f0 74 68 6f 75 67 68 0d 61 74 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 |though.at differ| 00000100 65 6e 74 0d 72 61 74 65 73 29 2c 20 77 69 74 68 |ent.rates), with| 00000110 20 61 0d 67 72 61 64 75 61 6c 20 69 6e 63 72 65 | a.gradual incre| 00000120 61 73 65 20 69 6e 0d 6d 61 73 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |ase in.mass and | 00000130 73 69 7a 65 2e 0d 0d 47 72 61 70 68 20 73 68 6f |size...Graph sho| 00000140 77 73 20 68 75 6d 61 6e 0d 6d 61 6c 65 3a 0d 4d |ws human.male:.M| 00000150 61 73 73 20 28 6b 67 29 20 61 6e 64 0d 41 67 65 |ass (kg) and.Age| 00000160 20 28 79 65 61 72 73 29 2e 0d 70 0d 30 0d 23 0d | (years)..p.0.#.| 00000170 32 20 47 52 4f 57 54 48 0d 47 72 6f 77 74 68 20 |2 GROWTH.Growth | 00000180 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 64 69 73 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e |may be discontin| 00000190 75 6f 75 73 2c 20 77 69 74 68 0d 70 65 72 69 6f |uous, with.perio| 000001a0 64 69 63 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 73 65 73 2c 20 73 |dic increases, s| 000001b0 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 6f 63 63 75 72 73 0d 77 69 |uch as occurs.wi| 000001c0 74 68 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 73 65 63 74 2e 0d 0d 54 |th an insect...T| 000001d0 68 69 73 20 67 72 61 70 68 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 |his graph shows | 000001e0 73 75 63 68 20 61 20 67 72 6f 77 74 68 0d 70 61 |such a growth.pa| 000001f0 74 74 65 72 6e 2c 20 61 72 72 6f 77 73 20 69 6e |ttern, arrows in| 00000200 64 69 63 61 74 69 6e 67 20 6d 6f 75 6c 74 73 2e |dicating moults.| 00000210 0d 0d 20 4c 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.. L . | 00000220 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 8a 91 91 91 | ....| 00000230 91 91 91 0d 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.... . | 00000240 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d | ..| 00000250 20 45 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | E . | 00000260 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 90 | . .. .| 00000270 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000280 20 95 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 4e 20 90 20 20 20 20 | . .. N . | 00000290 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 000002a0 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. . | 000002b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 8a 91 91 91 91 8e 0d | .......| 000002c0 20 47 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | G . | 000002d0 90 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 0d 20 20 20 90 20 |. . . . | 000002e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 95 20 20 20 20 | . | 000002f0 90 20 20 20 20 94 0d 20 54 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 |. .. T . | 00000300 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 | . | 00000310 20 90 0d 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 | .. . .| 00000320 20 20 20 8a 91 91 91 91 8e 0d 20 48 20 90 20 20 | ....... H . | 00000330 20 20 20 20 20 20 95 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 90 | . .. .| 00000340 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 | . .. | 00000350 20 90 20 20 20 95 20 20 20 20 8a 91 91 91 8e 0d | . . ......| 00000360 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 | . .. | 00000370 20 90 20 20 20 20 8a 91 91 91 8e 0d 20 20 20 90 | . ...... .| 00000380 91 91 91 91 8e 0d 20 20 20 9c 91 91 91 91 91 91 |...... .......| 00000390 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 |................| 000003a0 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |......... | 000003b0 20 20 20 20 20 54 20 49 20 4d 20 45 0d 23 0d 33 | T I M E.#.3| 000003c0 20 47 52 4f 57 54 48 20 48 4f 52 4d 4f 4e 45 53 | GROWTH HORMONES| 000003d0 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 6d 61 6d 6d 61 6c 69 61 6e 20 |..The mammalian | 000003e0 67 72 6f 77 74 68 20 68 6f 72 6d 6f 6e 65 20 69 |growth hormone i| 000003f0 73 20 6d 61 64 65 0d 0d 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 50 |s made..in the P| 00000400 49 54 55 49 54 41 52 59 20 67 6c 61 6e 64 2e 0d |ITUITARY gland..| 00000410 0d 0d 0d 50 6c 61 6e 74 20 67 72 6f 77 74 68 0d |...Plant growth.| 00000420 0d 68 6f 72 6d 6f 6e 65 20 28 41 55 58 49 4e 29 |.hormone (AUXIN)| 00000430 20 63 61 6e 0d 0d 62 65 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 | can..be collect| 00000440 65 64 20 69 6e 0d 0d 61 67 61 72 20 61 6e 64 20 |ed in..agar and | 00000450 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 0d 0d 65 78 70 65 72 69 6d |used in..experim| 00000460 65 6e 74 73 2c 20 61 73 0d 0d 73 68 6f 77 6e 2e |ents, as..shown.| 00000470 0d 70 0d 31 0d 23 0d 34 20 53 4b 45 4c 45 54 4f |.p.1.#.4 SKELETO| 00000480 4e 53 20 41 4e 44 20 53 55 50 50 4f 52 54 0d 50 |NS AND SUPPORT.P| 00000490 6c 61 6e 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 75 70 70 6f 72 |lants are suppor| 000004a0 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 43 45 4c 4c 20 57 41 4c 4c |ted by CELL WALL| 000004b0 53 2c 0d 0d 54 55 52 47 4f 52 20 28 6f 73 6d 6f |S,..TURGOR (osmo| 000004c0 74 69 63 20 70 72 65 73 73 75 72 65 29 20 61 6e |tic pressure) an| 000004d0 64 20 57 4f 4f 44 59 0d 0d 58 59 4c 45 4d 2e 20 |d WOODY..XYLEM. | 000004e0 41 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 20 6e 65 65 64 20 73 6f 6d |Animals need som| 000004f0 65 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 0d 0d 53 4b 45 4c 45 |e kind of..SKELE| 00000500 54 4f 4e 2e 0d 0d 54 68 69 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 |TON...This may b| 00000510 65 3a 0d 0d 46 4c 55 49 44 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 |e:..FLUID (e.g. | 00000520 65 61 72 74 68 77 6f 72 6d 29 0d 0d 48 41 52 44 |earthworm)..HARD| 00000530 2c 20 45 58 54 45 52 4e 41 4c 20 28 65 2e 67 2e |, EXTERNAL (e.g.| 00000540 20 61 72 74 68 72 6f 70 6f 64 29 0d 0d 48 41 52 | arthropod)..HAR| 00000550 44 2c 20 49 4e 54 45 52 4e 41 4c 20 28 65 2e 67 |D, INTERNAL (e.g| 00000560 2e 20 76 65 72 74 65 62 72 61 74 65 29 0d 23 0d |. vertebrate).#.| 00000570 35 20 48 55 4d 41 4e 20 41 52 4d 2f 4c 45 47 0d |5 HUMAN ARM/LEG.| 00000580 0d 54 68 65 20 61 72 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 |.The arm and the| 00000590 20 6c 65 67 20 68 61 76 65 20 65 71 75 69 76 61 | leg have equiva| 000005a0 6c 65 6e 74 0d 0d 62 6f 6e 65 73 2c 20 77 69 74 |lent..bones, wit| 000005b0 68 20 74 68 65 20 50 41 54 45 4c 4c 41 20 6f 72 |h the PATELLA or| 000005c0 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 6b 6e 65 65 2d 63 61 70 20 65 | the..knee-cap e| 000005d0 78 74 72 61 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 67 2e |xtra in the leg.| 000005e0 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 65 72 20 61 |..The shoulder a| 000005f0 6e 64 0d 0d 68 69 70 20 6a 6f 69 6e 74 73 20 61 |nd..hip joints a| 00000600 72 65 20 42 41 4c 4c 0d 0d 61 6e 64 20 53 4f 43 |re BALL..and SOC| 00000610 4b 45 54 2c 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 6f 74 68 65 72 73 |KET, the..others| 00000620 20 48 49 4e 47 45 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 27 66 75 | HINGE...The 'fu| 00000630 6e 6e 79 20 62 6f 6e 65 27 20 69 73 0d 0d 74 68 |nny bone' is..th| 00000640 65 20 6e 65 72 76 65 20 6f 76 65 72 0d 0d 74 68 |e nerve over..th| 00000650 65 20 65 6c 62 6f 77 2e 0d 70 0d 32 0d 23 0d 36 |e elbow..p.2.#.6| 00000660 20 41 52 54 48 52 4f 50 4f 44 0d 54 68 65 20 69 | ARTHROPOD.The i| 00000670 6e 73 65 63 74 20 73 6b 65 6c 65 74 6f 6e 20 69 |nsect skeleton i| 00000680 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 6f 66 20 43 48 49 54 49 4e |s made of CHITIN| 00000690 0d 0d 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 63 74 73 20 61 73 20 |..which acts as | 000006a0 62 6f 74 68 20 73 6b 69 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6b |both skin and sk| 000006b0 65 6c 65 74 6f 6e 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 69 6e 73 |eleton...The ins| 000006c0 65 63 74 20 62 6f 64 79 20 69 73 20 64 69 76 69 |ect body is divi| 000006d0 64 65 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 48 45 41 44 2c 0d 0d |ded into HEAD,..| 000006e0 54 48 4f 52 41 58 2c 20 41 42 44 4f 4d 45 4e 2e |THORAX, ABDOMEN.| 000006f0 0d 0d 54 68 6f 72 61 78 3a 20 4c 65 67 73 0d 0d |..Thorax: Legs..| 00000700 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 33 20 70 61 69 72 73 | (3 pairs| 00000710 29 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 57 69 6e 67 73 |).. Wings| 00000720 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 32 20 70 61 69 |.. (2 pai| 00000730 72 73 29 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 73 6b 65 6c 65 74 6f |rs)..The skeleto| 00000740 6e 20 6d 75 73 74 0d 0d 62 65 20 72 65 70 6c 61 |n must..be repla| 00000750 63 65 64 20 66 6f 72 0d 0d 67 72 6f 77 74 68 2e |ced for..growth.| 00000760 0d 70 0d 33 0d 23 0d 37 20 56 45 52 54 45 42 52 |.p.3.#.7 VERTEBR| 00000770 41 54 45 20 53 4b 45 4c 45 54 4f 4e 53 0d 46 55 |ATE SKELETONS.FU| 00000780 4e 43 54 49 4f 4e 53 3a 0d 0d 31 29 20 53 75 70 |NCTIONS:..1) Sup| 00000790 70 6f 72 74 20 6f 66 20 62 6f 64 79 20 61 6e 64 |port of body and| 000007a0 20 77 65 69 67 68 74 2e 0d 0d 32 29 20 53 68 61 | weight...2) Sha| 000007b0 70 65 2c 20 65 2e 67 2e 20 68 61 6e 64 2c 20 77 |pe, e.g. hand, w| 000007c0 69 6e 67 2c 0d 0d 20 20 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d 6c |ing,.. streaml| 000007d0 69 6e 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0d 33 29 20 4d 6f 76 65 6d |ining...3) Movem| 000007e0 65 6e 74 3a 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 61 74 |ent: with the at| 000007f0 74 61 63 68 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 0d 0d 20 20 20 |tachment of.. | 00000800 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 | muscle| 00000810 73 2c 20 62 6f 6e 65 73 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 0d |s, bones become.| 00000820 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 65 |. le| 00000830 76 65 72 73 2e 0d 0d 34 29 20 50 72 6f 74 65 63 |vers...4) Protec| 00000840 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 76 69 74 61 6c 20 6f 72 |tion of vital or| 00000850 67 61 6e 73 20 65 2e 67 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 62 72 |gans e.g... br| 00000860 61 69 6e 2e 0d 0d 35 29 20 42 72 65 61 74 68 69 |ain...5) Breathi| 00000870 6e 67 3a 20 72 69 62 20 63 61 67 65 20 6d 6f 76 |ng: rib cage mov| 00000880 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 0d 0d 36 29 20 4d 61 6b 69 |ements...6) Maki| 00000890 6e 67 20 72 65 64 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 63 65 6c |ng red blood cel| 000008a0 6c 73 2c 20 69 6e 20 62 6f 6e 65 0d 0d 20 20 20 |ls, in bone.. | 000008b0 20 6d 61 72 72 6f 77 2e 0d 0d 37 29 20 53 6f 75 | marrow...7) Sou| 000008c0 6e 64 20 63 6f 6e 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e |nd conduction in| 000008d0 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 65 61 72 2e 0d 23 0d 38 | middle ear..#.8| 000008e0 20 56 45 52 54 45 42 52 41 54 45 20 53 4b 45 4c | VERTEBRATE SKEL| 000008f0 45 54 4f 4e 53 0d 4f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 61 74 69 |ETONS.Organisati| 00000900 6f 6e 3a 20 53 6b 75 6c 6c 2c 20 56 65 72 74 65 |on: Skull, Verte| 00000910 62 72 61 65 2c 20 52 69 62 73 2c 0d 0d 4c 69 6d |brae, Ribs,..Lim| 00000920 62 73 2c 20 4c 69 6d 62 20 47 69 72 64 6c 65 73 |bs, Limb Girdles| 00000930 20 28 50 65 6c 76 69 63 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 50 65 | (Pelvic and..Pe| 00000940 63 74 6f 72 61 6c 29 2e 0d 0d 4a 6f 69 6e 74 20 |ctoral)...Joint | 00000950 54 79 70 65 73 3a 20 46 69 78 65 64 20 6f 72 20 |Types: Fixed or | 00000960 53 79 6e 6f 76 69 61 6c 2c 20 42 61 6c 6c 0d 0d |Synovial, Ball..| 00000970 61 6e 64 20 53 6f 63 6b 65 74 2c 20 48 69 6e 67 |and Socket, Hing| 00000980 65 2c 20 53 6c 69 64 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0d 0d 44 69 |e, Sliding....Di| 00000990 61 67 72 61 6d 20 73 68 6f 77 73 0d 0d 0d 68 69 |agram shows...hi| 000009a0 6e 67 65 20 6a 6f 69 6e 74 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c |nge joint detail| 000009b0 2e 0d 70 0d 34 0d 23 0d 39 20 4d 55 53 43 4c 45 |..p.4.#.9 MUSCLE| 000009c0 53 20 41 4e 44 20 4d 4f 56 45 4d 45 4e 54 0d 4d |S AND MOVEMENT.M| 000009d0 75 73 63 6c 65 73 20 63 61 6e 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 |uscles can only | 000009e0 64 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 77 68 65 6e 0d 0d 63 6f |do work when..co| 000009f0 6e 74 72 61 63 74 69 6e 67 2e 20 54 68 65 79 20 |ntracting. They | 00000a00 61 72 65 20 61 72 72 61 6e 67 65 64 20 69 6e 0d |are arranged in.| 00000a10 0d 27 41 4e 54 41 47 4f 4e 49 53 54 49 43 27 20 |.'ANTAGONISTIC' | 00000a20 70 61 69 72 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 |pairs. For examp| 00000a30 6c 65 2c 0d 0d 42 49 43 45 50 53 20 62 65 6e 64 |le,..BICEPS bend| 00000a40 73 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 62 6f 77 20 6a 6f 69 6e |s the elbow join| 00000a50 74 2c 20 54 52 49 43 45 50 53 0d 0d 73 74 72 61 |t, TRICEPS..stra| 00000a60 69 67 68 74 65 6e 73 20 69 74 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 |ightens it...The| 00000a70 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 74 79 70 |re are three typ| 00000a80 65 73 20 6f 66 20 6d 61 6d 6d 61 6c 69 61 6e 0d |es of mammalian.| 00000a90 0d 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 3a 20 53 4b 45 4c 45 54 41 |.muscle: SKELETA| 00000aa0 4c 2c 20 53 4d 4f 4f 54 48 20 61 6e 64 20 43 41 |L, SMOOTH and CA| 00000ab0 52 44 49 41 43 2e 0d 23 0d 31 30 20 53 4b 45 4c |RDIAC..#.10 SKEL| 00000ac0 45 54 41 4c 0d 53 4b 45 4c 45 54 41 4c 2c 20 53 |ETAL.SKELETAL, S| 00000ad0 54 52 49 41 54 45 44 20 61 6e 64 20 56 4f 4c 55 |TRIATED and VOLU| 00000ae0 4e 54 41 52 59 0d 0d 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 20 69 73 |NTARY..muscle is| 00000af0 20 61 74 74 61 63 68 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 | attached to the| 00000b00 20 62 6f 6e 65 73 20 62 79 0d 0d 69 6e 65 6c 61 | bones by..inela| 00000b10 73 74 69 63 20 74 65 6e 64 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0d 49 |stic tendons...I| 00000b20 74 20 69 73 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 73 63 |t is under consc| 00000b30 69 6f 75 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 61 6e 64 |ious control and| 00000b40 0d 0d 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6c 61 72 67 65 |..contains large| 00000b50 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 0d 0d 0d 6f 66 20 4d 49 | numbers...of MI| 00000b60 54 4f 43 48 4f 4e 44 52 49 41 0d 0d 28 66 6f 72 |TOCHONDRIA..(for| 00000b70 20 65 6e 65 72 67 79 0d 0d 20 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 | energy.. conve| 00000b80 72 73 69 6f 6e 29 0d 0d 61 6e 64 20 72 65 64 20 |rsion)..and red | 00000b90 4d 59 4f 47 4c 4f 42 49 4e 2e 0d 70 0d 35 0d 23 |MYOGLOBIN..p.5.#| 00000ba0 0d 31 31 20 53 4d 4f 4f 54 48 20 4d 55 53 43 4c |.11 SMOOTH MUSCL| 00000bb0 45 0d 53 4d 4f 4f 54 48 20 4d 55 53 43 4c 45 20 |E.SMOOTH MUSCLE | 00000bc0 69 73 20 49 4e 56 4f 4c 55 4e 54 41 52 59 2e 20 |is INVOLUNTARY. | 00000bd0 49 74 20 69 73 0d 0d 73 74 69 6d 75 6c 61 74 65 |It is..stimulate| 00000be0 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 41 55 54 4f 4e 4f 4d |d by the AUTONOM| 00000bf0 49 43 20 4e 45 52 56 4f 55 53 0d 0d 53 59 53 54 |IC NERVOUS..SYST| 00000c00 45 4d 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 6e |EM and is not un| 00000c10 64 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 73 63 69 6f 75 73 0d 0d 63 |der conscious..c| 00000c20 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 2e 0d 0d 0d 45 78 61 6d 70 6c |ontrol....Exampl| 00000c30 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 77 61 6c 6c 73 20 6f 66 0d |es are walls of.| 00000c40 0d 0d 61 72 74 65 72 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 |..arteries and t| 00000c50 68 65 0d 0d 0d 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 73 20 6f 66 20 |he...muscles of | 00000c60 74 68 65 20 67 75 74 2e 0d 70 0d 36 0d 23 0d 31 |the gut..p.6.#.1| 00000c70 32 20 43 41 52 44 49 41 43 20 4d 55 53 43 4c 45 |2 CARDIAC MUSCLE| 00000c80 0d 43 41 52 44 49 41 43 20 4d 55 53 43 4c 45 20 |.CARDIAC MUSCLE | 00000c90 69 73 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 6e |is found only in| 00000ca0 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 68 65 61 72 74 2e 20 49 74 20 | the..heart. It | 00000cb0 69 73 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 73 6b |is similar to sk| 00000cc0 65 6c 65 74 61 6c 0d 0d 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 2c 20 |eletal..muscle, | 00000cd0 62 75 74 20 68 61 73 20 62 72 61 6e 63 68 65 64 |but has branched| 00000ce0 20 66 69 62 72 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 0d 0d 66 69 | fibres. The..fi| 00000cf0 62 72 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 61 63 74 20 69 6e |bres contract in| 00000d00 20 74 69 6d 65 20 64 75 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 | time due to the| 00000d10 0d 0d 70 61 63 65 6d 61 6b 65 72 2e 0d 0d 0d 44 |..pacemaker....D| 00000d20 69 61 67 72 61 6d 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 45 2e 43 |iagram shows E.C| 00000d30 2e 47 2e 0d 0d 0d 28 65 6c 65 63 74 6f 63 61 72 |.G....(electocar| 00000d40 64 69 6f 67 72 61 6d 29 2e 0d 70 0d 37 0d 23 0d |diogram)..p.7.#.| 00000d50 31 33 20 46 4c 49 47 48 54 20 4d 55 53 43 4c 45 |13 FLIGHT MUSCLE| 00000d60 53 0d 0d 42 69 72 64 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 76 65 |S..Birds have ve| 00000d70 72 79 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 66 6c 69 67 68 74 0d |ry large flight.| 00000d80 0d 28 50 45 43 54 4f 52 41 4c 29 20 6d 75 73 63 |.(PECTORAL) musc| 00000d90 6c 65 73 20 74 6f 20 6c 69 66 74 20 61 6e 64 20 |les to lift and | 00000da0 6c 6f 77 65 72 0d 0d 74 68 65 20 77 69 6e 67 73 |lower..the wings| 00000db0 2e 0d 0d 0d 49 6e 73 65 63 74 73 20 61 6c 73 6f |....Insects also| 00000dc0 20 68 61 76 65 0d 0d 70 61 69 72 65 64 20 66 6c | have..paired fl| 00000dd0 69 67 68 74 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 73 2c 0d 0d 77 |ight muscles,..w| 00000de0 69 74 68 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 |ith some operati| 00000df0 6e 67 0d 0d 69 6e 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 20 62 |ng..indirectly b| 00000e00 79 20 73 71 75 65 65 7a 69 6e 67 0d 0d 74 68 65 |y squeezing..the| 00000e10 20 74 68 6f 72 61 78 2e 0d 70 0d 38 0d 23 0d 54 | thorax..p.8.#.T| 00000e20 0d 23 31 0d 31 0d 41 70 61 72 74 20 66 72 6f 6d |.#1.1.Apart from| 00000e30 20 61 20 73 74 69 6d 75 6c 75 73 20 61 6e 64 20 | a stimulus and | 00000e40 6d 61 74 65 72 69 61 6c 73 2c 0d 0d 77 68 61 74 |materials,..what| 00000e50 20 69 73 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 67 | is needed for g| 00000e60 72 6f 77 74 68 3f 0d 31 0d 45 4e 45 52 47 59 0d |rowth?.1.ENERGY.| 00000e70 23 32 0d 33 0d 57 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 |#2.3.Where is th| 00000e80 65 20 6d 61 6d 6d 61 6c 69 61 6e 20 67 72 6f 77 |e mammalian grow| 00000e90 74 68 20 68 6f 72 6d 6f 6e 65 0d 0d 6d 61 64 65 |th hormone..made| 00000ea0 3f 0d 31 0d 7e 49 4e 20 54 48 45 0d 50 49 54 55 |?.1.~IN THE.PITU| 00000eb0 49 54 41 52 59 0d 50 49 54 55 49 54 41 52 59 20 |ITARY.PITUITARY | 00000ec0 47 4c 41 4e 44 0d 23 33 0d 33 0d 57 68 61 74 20 |GLAND.#3.3.What | 00000ed0 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 20 67 72 6f |is the plant gro| 00000ee0 77 74 68 20 68 6f 72 6d 6f 6e 65 0d 0d 63 61 6c |wth hormone..cal| 00000ef0 6c 65 64 3f 0d 31 0d 41 55 58 49 4e 0d 23 34 0d |led?.1.AUXIN.#4.| 00000f00 34 0d 57 68 61 74 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 73 |4.What kind of s| 00000f10 6b 65 6c 65 74 6f 6e 20 68 61 73 20 61 6e 0d 0d |keleton has an..| 00000f20 65 61 72 74 68 77 6f 72 6d 3f 0d 31 0d 46 4c 55 |earthworm?.1.FLU| 00000f30 49 44 0d 23 35 0d 35 0d 28 61 29 20 57 68 69 63 |ID.#5.5.(a) Whic| 00000f40 68 20 62 6f 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 68 75 |h bone in the hu| 00000f50 6d 61 6e 20 6c 65 67 20 68 61 73 20 6e 6f 0d 0d |man leg has no..| 00000f60 20 20 20 20 65 71 75 69 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 20 69 | equivalent i| 00000f70 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 6d 3f 0d 0d 28 62 29 20 |n the arm?..(b) | 00000f80 57 68 61 74 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 6a 6f 69 |What kind of joi| 00000f90 6e 74 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 73 |nt is the.. s| 00000fa0 68 6f 75 6c 64 65 72 3f 0d 0d 28 63 29 20 54 68 |houlder?..(c) Th| 00000fb0 65 20 27 66 75 6e 6e 79 20 62 6f 6e 65 27 20 69 |e 'funny bone' i| 00000fc0 73 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 0d 0d 20 20 |s actually a.. | 00000fd0 20 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 0d 33 0d 7e 0d 50 41 54 | .......3.~.PAT| 00000fe0 45 4c 4c 41 0d 7e 0d 42 41 4c 4c 20 41 4e 44 20 |ELLA.~.BALL AND | 00000ff0 53 4f 43 4b 45 54 0d 7e 0d 4e 45 52 56 45 0d 23 |SOCKET.~.NERVE.#| 00001000 36 0d 38 0d 57 68 61 74 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 |6.8.What name is| 00001010 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c | given to the fl| 00001020 75 69 64 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 0d 0d 69 6e 20 6a 6f |uid found..in jo| 00001030 69 6e 74 73 3f 0d 31 0d 53 59 4e 4f 56 49 41 4c |ints?.1.SYNOVIAL| 00001040 0d 23 37 0d 36 0d 57 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 61 6e |.#7.6.What is an| 00001050 20 69 6e 73 65 63 74 27 73 20 73 6b 65 6c 65 74 | insect's skelet| 00001060 6f 6e 20 6d 61 64 65 20 6f 66 3f 0d 31 0d 43 48 |on made of?.1.CH| 00001070 49 54 49 4e 0d 23 38 0d 39 0d 57 68 69 63 68 20 |ITIN.#8.9.Which | 00001080 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 20 69 73 20 61 6e 74 61 67 6f |muscle is antago| 00001090 6e 69 73 74 69 63 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 74 |nistic to the..t| 000010a0 72 69 63 65 70 73 3f 0d 31 0d 42 49 43 45 50 53 |riceps?.1.BICEPS| 000010b0 0d 23 39 0d 31 30 0d 28 61 29 20 57 68 61 74 20 |.#9.10.(a) What | 000010c0 61 74 74 61 63 68 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 6b 65 |attaches the ske| 000010d0 6c 65 74 61 6c 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 0d 0d 20 20 |letal muscle.. | 000010e0 20 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 6e 65 73 3f 0d | to the bones?.| 000010f0 0d 28 62 29 20 4d 75 73 63 6c 65 73 20 6e 65 65 |.(b) Muscles nee| 00001100 64 20 61 20 6c 6f 74 20 6f 66 20 65 6e 65 72 67 |d a lot of energ| 00001110 79 2e 20 49 6e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 77 68 69 63 68 |y. In.. which| 00001120 20 63 65 6c 6c 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 65 6c 6c 65 73 | cell organelles| 00001130 20 69 73 20 69 74 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 63 6f 6e 76 | is it.. conv| 00001140 65 72 74 65 64 3f 0d 32 0d 7e 0d 54 45 4e 44 4f |erted?.2.~.TENDO| 00001150 4e 0d 54 45 4e 44 4f 4e 53 0d 7e 0d 4d 49 54 4f |N.TENDONS.~.MITO| 00001160 43 48 4f 4e 44 52 49 41 0d 23 31 30 0d 31 32 0d |CHONDRIA.#10.12.| 00001170 28 61 29 20 57 68 69 63 68 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f |(a) Which type o| 00001180 66 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 20 6f 63 63 75 72 73 20 |f muscle occurs | 00001190 6f 6e 6c 79 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |only.. in the| 000011a0 20 68 65 61 72 74 3f 0d 0d 28 62 29 20 49 74 20 | heart?..(b) It | 000011b0 64 69 66 66 65 72 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 73 6b 65 |differs from ske| 000011c0 6c 65 74 61 6c 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 0d 0d 20 20 |letal muscle.. | 000011d0 20 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 73 20 66 69 | because its fi| 000011e0 62 72 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 0d |bres are .......| 000011f0 28 63 29 20 57 68 69 63 68 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f |(c) Which type o| 00001200 66 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 20 69 73 20 66 6f 75 6e |f muscle is foun| 00001210 64 20 69 6e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 |d in.. the wa| 00001220 6c 6c 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 74 65 72 |lls of the arter| 00001230 69 65 73 3f 0d 0d 33 0d 7e 0d 43 41 52 44 49 41 |ies?..3.~.CARDIA| 00001240 43 0d 7e 0d 42 52 41 4e 43 48 45 44 0d 7e 0d 53 |C.~.BRANCHED.~.S| 00001250 4d 4f 4f 54 48 0d 23 31 31 0d 31 31 0d 57 68 69 |MOOTH.#11.11.Whi| 00001260 63 68 20 6e 65 72 76 6f 75 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 |ch nervous syste| 00001270 6d 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 73 20 73 6d 6f 6f 74 |m controls smoot| 00001280 68 0d 0d 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 3f 0d 31 0d 41 55 54 |h..muscle?.1.AUT| 00001290 4f 4e 4f 4d 49 43 0d 65 0d |ONOMIC.e.| 00001299
bio7.m0
bio7.m1
bio7.m2
bio7.m4
bio7.m5
.