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16-05-88/T\OSB26
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » CEEFAX disks » telesoftware7.adl |
| Filename: | 16-05-88/T\OSB26 |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 2EB7 bytes |
| Load address: | 0000 |
| Exec address: | FFFFFFFF |
File contents
OSBITS - An Exploration of the BBC Micro at Machine Level
By Programmer
.........................................................
Part 26: Editing Your Source Code
Bringing up the rear in this series I am going to briefly
discuss editing source code. Despite having reasonable
facilities for line editing, one of the problems of working
with large bodies of code on the BBC Micro is that you often
wish you could edit it like you would text on a word
processor; moving blocks about and replacing strings. There
are BASIC program editors (such as the one from ACORN) and
with the BBC Master micro you have the EDIT facility to let
you do just this. It de-tokenises the BASIC file you are
working on and puts it in memory ready for the EDIT process.
When you exit from EDIT your edited text is put back into
memory, with line numbers added, as a BASIC program.
If you have a word processor and a disc drive (or, even
better, some kind of RAM filing system like BEEBUG's ROMIT)
you can carry out this kind of operation. Many of the
assembler modules of OSbits were edited using VIEW in this
way.
Although BASIC does not use tokens for assembler mnemonics,
things like line numbers and the FOR/NEXT loop around your
assembly code are still tokenised. This means that you
cannot take a BASIC file and read it directly into a word
processor. You have to have a text version of the file.
BBC BASIC is unusual in having tokenised BASIC. It makes
for more efficient storage and allows you to use
abbreviations like P. for PRINT. Most other BASICs use a
text file (sometimes called an ASCII file) which can be used
in a word processor. In fact, on the BBC, the source files
for high level compiled languages like FORTRAN and BCPL are
straight text files, since with a compiled language (as
opposed to an interpreted one like BBC BASIC) there is
little benefit in compressing the source code.
So, how do you produce a text file version of your BASIC
program. It's simple .... you *SPOOL one. As I use VIEW
exclusively I will tell you about using this particular word
processor, but the principles for using WORDWISE or
INTER-WORD or whatever will be similar.
With your program in memory, and your LISTO option set to 0,
you type *SPOOL <filename>. Then you LIST the program, and
as well as being output to the screen the program listing is
saved to a file. When you have finished you type *SPOOL to
stop the SPOOLing and the file <filename> contains a text
version of your BASIC program.
To load this file into VIEW you select it with *WORD. On
versions up to 2.1 you then have to type NEW, and finally
you READ <filename>. Trying to LOAD <filename> will not
work correctly with a SPOOLed file. The program will now be
loaded into your word processor.
Ideally you want to work without line numbers because this
makes it easier to move blocks of the program around.
Removing them relies on BASIC's line numbers, when
displayed, always occupying 5 character spaces. If there
are less than five digits in the line number it is padded
with leading blanks. This means that any group of five
characters following a carriage return in a spooled BASIC
program are bound to be line numbers.
So, in VIEW 2.1, you type
CHANGE |????? |
on the command screen. The | (vertical bar, which is
SHIFT(\) on your micro) represents a carriage return and
each ? is a wild card for any digit. So changing |?????
into | changes any occurrence of a carriage return followed
by five characters (which includes blank spaces) into a
carriage return by itself. This just removes any five
characters found immediately following any carriage return,
which means the first five characters of any line except the
top one.
With VIEW 3.0 you enter CHANGE ^C^?^?^?^?^? ^C and with
Wordwise Plus you use the global search and replace facility
(option 5) with |||R##### as the search string and |R as the
replace string. With Inter-Word you select the 'Search and
Replace' menu with CTRL-f3, and replace |M##### with |M. In
this case you also have to switch off the change
confirmation.
When this has been done and you look at your text you will
see that the line numbers have gone. Now you have to adjust
the top and bottom of the text. At the bottom you will
probably find the letters OL on their own on the last line.
This is what's left of the *SPOOL you typed at the end of
your listing and you just delete this line. You will
probably also have to manually adjust the top line of the
program to remove its line number.
To make the text suitable for returning to a BASIC program
form after you have edited it, you should enter a couple of
commands at the top of the text. Each on a line of their
own should go *BASIC (or *B.) followed by AUTO. This is
because this text will eventually be *EXECed into the
computer and *BASIC selects the right language while AUTO
will turn on the automatic line numbering.
In editing the text you can work with most of the facilities
of the word processor, such as replacing words or moving
blocks of text about or inserting lines. You must, however,
make sure you turn off the formatting and justifying since
you have to keep your lines separate. Although BASIC will
accept lines that are up to 255 characters long, a
limitation of using VIEW to edit source files is that you
cannot have lines longer than 132 characters. Also your
lines will not wrap around on the screen, so lines over 74
characters long (if you work in Mode 3, which I recommend)
will run off the right hand end of the screen.
You also have to take care with blank lines. If you want to
include blank lines in your final BASIC or assembler program
you will have to make sure that any blank lines in your text
file contain a single space (or more, but that's wasteful).
One very important limitation of this method of writing and
editing BASIC is that you can no longer use GOTO or GOSUB in
your programs! But you wouldn't want to anyway would you?
Adding header and footer and formatting information, or
margins, or using TABs or markers, will mean that your text
file will contain extra control characters. Although you
can SPOOL text out from your word processor to produce a
text file, I work by ignoring all these facilities in VIEW
and aiming to produce a text file more simply. If you do
not use any stored commands or markers or TABs or new rulers
then any text file SAVED from VIEW will only contain ASCII
text characters, and so is suitable for the next stage of
the operation.
Once you have edited your source, how do you get it back
into the machine ready to compile? This takes two stages.
Let's assume that your source file, in memory in VIEW, has
no stored commands, rulers, markers or TABS and so simply
saying SAVE <filename> will save a text file. I have a
small silicon disc system in my micro (BEEBUG's ROMIT) which
allows me to use sideways RAM to save files. This speeds up
this process and cuts down on disc use, but you can just as
easily use disc for all these stages.
When the file <filename> is saved you enter *EXEC <filename>
which takes every character in the file and treats it just
as if it had been typed in at the keyboard. Therefore the
first line, *BASIC, selects the language and the second,
AUTO, starts the automatic line numbering. You will see the
program going in with line numbers now added. At the end of
the file the micro will wait, showing the next line number.
You press ESCAPE to finish the process. Your BASIC program
is now in memory and ready to RUN.
As an example I have provided a short piece of source code
in text format which you can either load into a word
processor or EXEC into memory ready to be run. The program
B/osb26 is a simple ROM unplugging routine to remove a ROM
that is causing trouble. I use it to remove ADFS when I
want to use the AMX Art utilities or the AMPLE music
language as there are clashes over workspace and memory,
since ADFS in a B raises PAGE up to around &2000.
The program works by using OSBYTEs 247 to 249 to write a JMP
instruction (starting with &4C which is the op code for JMP)
into a section of memory starting at &287. This memory is
tested by the OS on every reset (BREAK) and if there is a
JMP instruction at &287 the OS will obey the jump each time
the reset occurs. In this way you can add your own code to
the reset procedure. You might want to print your own
message in the banner (this is the correct way of doing
this, rather than intercepting service call 1 or 3) or there
may be a piece of code that has to precede the ROM service
calls to be effective.
That last reason is why this code is used. The OS copies
the ROM information bytes of all the resident sideways ROMs
into a ROM information table in RAM during the reset
initialisation. The OS knows whether a valid ROM is in a
particular socket by checking the relevant byte in the ROM
table. Invalid or absent ROMS have their byte set to zero.
If we make one of these bytes zero after the OS has set it
on initialisation, but before it sends out the service
calls, then we have effectively removed the ROM from the
OS's ken and therefore from the machine .... without having
to actually touch it!
The most likely reasons for wanting to do this are because
of a clash of *command name with another ROM or a problem
with the workspace that the ROM grabs for itself.
The BREAK intercept code pointed to by the JUMP, set using
OSBYTEs 247-9, is executed twice. Firstly before the tube
initialisation and banner message with CARRY clear, and
then after the tube initialisation and banner with CARRY
set. To successfully remove the ROM we put the zero in the
ROM information table when the CARRY is clear. This will
mean that the zero is in place before the OS sends out the
ROM service calls and so the ROM will play no part in
grabbing workspace. Although you can remove the ROM by
executing the intercept code when CARRY is set you will find
that the memory allocation has already taken place and the
OS high water mark (PAGE in BASIC) is set as if the ROM were
still active.
Once this code is run (it assembles at &380 in the I/O
processor only) you press BREAK and from then on the ROM is
absent. If you are not using cassettes then the block from
&380 to &3DF is available to you for machine code.
Re-CALLing the code at &380 will crash the machine and only
a power down will rescue the situation. Also assembling any
other code at &380 will crash the machine. You need to find
in which socket your errant ROM lives (possibly using *ROMS
or even *ROMLIST from module 9) and set the variable
'rom_list' accordingly. Note that this program can only
unplug one ROM at a time. You could modify it to unplug
more but be careful, it is very easy to crash the machine
when intercepting BREAK!
You can do a *FX247,0 to bring the ROM back and a *FX247,76
to remove it again - 76 is &4C which is 6502-speak for JMP.
A complete cure for this intercept is best achieved by
switching off. Your advanced guide will tell you more about
OSBYTEs 247-9.
............................................................
So, that's it for OSbits. I hope you have enjoyed toying
around with the assembler and have found some of the
benefits and fun to be had programming your machine in its
own language.
My thanks to those of you who have commented on the series,
especially Pete Vince who has provided much constructive
criticism of my communicative abilities. All I can say is
LDA #pint, STA Pete.
If you missed any modules of OSbits, then watch out for a
re-transmission of the whole series from September. The
re-transmissions will have minor modifications to some of
the files (a kind of second edition) taking note of your
comments and any second thoughts I had along the way.
Until we meet again on the datastream then, thanks for
taking the trouble to download and read, and happy
assembling.
Andy Finney
London 7 June 1987
00000000 4f 53 42 49 54 53 20 2d 20 41 6e 20 45 78 70 6c |OSBITS - An Expl| 00000010 6f 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 42 |oration of the B| 00000020 42 43 20 4d 69 63 72 6f 20 61 74 20 4d 61 63 68 |BC Micro at Mach| 00000030 69 6e 65 20 4c 65 76 65 6c 0d 0d 42 79 20 50 72 |ine Level..By Pr| 00000040 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 72 0d 0d 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e |ogrammer........| 00000050 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e |................| * 00000080 2e 2e 2e 0d 0d 0d 50 61 72 74 20 32 36 3a 20 45 |......Part 26: E| 00000090 64 69 74 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 53 6f 75 72 |diting Your Sour| 000000a0 63 65 20 43 6f 64 65 0d 0d 0d 42 72 69 6e 67 69 |ce Code...Bringi| 000000b0 6e 67 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 61 72 20 69 |ng up the rear i| 000000c0 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 72 69 65 73 20 49 20 |n this series I | 000000d0 61 6d 20 67 6f 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 62 72 69 65 |am going to brie| 000000e0 66 6c 79 0d 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 20 65 64 69 74 |fly.discuss edit| 000000f0 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 75 72 63 65 20 63 6f 64 65 2e |ing source code.| 00000100 20 20 44 65 73 70 69 74 65 20 68 61 76 69 6e 67 | Despite having| 00000110 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 61 62 6c 65 0d 66 61 63 69 | reasonable.faci| 00000120 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 |lities for line | 00000130 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 |editing, one of | 00000140 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 6f 66 20 |the problems of | 00000150 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 0d 77 69 74 68 20 6c 61 72 |working.with lar| 00000160 67 65 20 62 6f 64 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 64 |ge bodies of cod| 00000170 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 42 42 43 20 4d 69 63 |e on the BBC Mic| 00000180 72 6f 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6f |ro is that you o| 00000190 66 74 65 6e 0d 77 69 73 68 20 79 6f 75 20 63 6f |ften.wish you co| 000001a0 75 6c 64 20 65 64 69 74 20 69 74 20 6c 69 6b 65 |uld edit it like| 000001b0 20 79 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 65 78 74 20 | you would text | 000001c0 6f 6e 20 61 20 77 6f 72 64 0d 70 72 6f 63 65 73 |on a word.proces| 000001d0 73 6f 72 3b 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 62 6c 6f 63 |sor; moving bloc| 000001e0 6b 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 70 |ks about and rep| 000001f0 6c 61 63 69 6e 67 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 73 2e 20 |lacing strings. | 00000200 20 54 68 65 72 65 0d 61 72 65 20 42 41 53 49 43 | There.are BASIC| 00000210 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 73 | program editors| 00000220 20 28 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e | (such as the on| 00000230 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 41 43 4f 52 4e 29 20 61 6e |e from ACORN) an| 00000240 64 0d 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 42 42 43 20 4d |d.with the BBC M| 00000250 61 73 74 65 72 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 |aster micro you | 00000260 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 45 44 49 54 20 66 61 |have the EDIT fa| 00000270 63 69 6c 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 6c 65 74 0d 79 6f |cility to let.yo| 00000280 75 20 64 6f 20 6a 75 73 74 20 74 68 69 73 2e 20 |u do just this. | 00000290 20 49 74 20 64 65 2d 74 6f 6b 65 6e 69 73 65 73 | It de-tokenises| 000002a0 20 74 68 65 20 42 41 53 49 43 20 66 69 6c 65 20 | the BASIC file | 000002b0 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 0d 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 |you are.working | 000002c0 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 74 73 20 69 74 20 69 |on and puts it i| 000002d0 6e 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 72 65 61 64 79 20 66 |n memory ready f| 000002e0 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 45 44 49 54 20 70 72 6f 63 |or the EDIT proc| 000002f0 65 73 73 2e 20 0d 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 65 |ess. .When you e| 00000300 78 69 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 45 44 49 54 20 79 6f |xit from EDIT yo| 00000310 75 72 20 65 64 69 74 65 64 20 74 65 78 74 20 69 |ur edited text i| 00000320 73 20 70 75 74 20 62 61 63 6b 20 69 6e 74 6f 0d |s put back into.| 00000330 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 6c 69 6e |memory, with lin| 00000340 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 61 64 64 65 64 2c |e numbers added,| 00000350 20 61 73 20 61 20 42 41 53 49 43 20 70 72 6f 67 | as a BASIC prog| 00000360 72 61 6d 2e 0d 0d 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 |ram...If you hav| 00000370 65 20 61 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 |e a word process| 00000380 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 64 69 73 63 20 64 72 |or and a disc dr| 00000390 69 76 65 20 28 6f 72 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 0d 62 65 |ive (or, even.be| 000003a0 74 74 65 72 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 |tter, some kind | 000003b0 6f 66 20 52 41 4d 20 66 69 6c 69 6e 67 20 73 79 |of RAM filing sy| 000003c0 73 74 65 6d 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 42 45 45 42 55 47 |stem like BEEBUG| 000003d0 27 73 20 52 4f 4d 49 54 29 0d 79 6f 75 20 63 61 |'s ROMIT).you ca| 000003e0 6e 20 63 61 72 72 79 20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 69 73 |n carry out this| 000003f0 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 | kind of operati| 00000400 6f 6e 2e 20 20 4d 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |on. Many of the| 00000410 0d 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 20 6d 6f 64 75 6c |.assembler modul| 00000420 65 73 20 6f 66 20 4f 53 62 69 74 73 20 77 65 72 |es of OSbits wer| 00000430 65 20 65 64 69 74 65 64 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 56 |e edited using V| 00000440 49 45 57 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 0d 77 61 79 2e |IEW in this.way.| 00000450 0d 0d 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 42 41 53 49 43 |..Although BASIC| 00000460 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 20 74 6f | does not use to| 00000470 6b 65 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c |kens for assembl| 00000480 65 72 20 6d 6e 65 6d 6f 6e 69 63 73 2c 0d 74 68 |er mnemonics,.th| 00000490 69 6e 67 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6e |ings like line n| 000004a0 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 46 |umbers and the F| 000004b0 4f 52 2f 4e 45 58 54 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 61 72 6f |OR/NEXT loop aro| 000004c0 75 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 72 0d 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c |und your.assembl| 000004d0 79 20 63 6f 64 65 20 61 72 65 20 73 74 69 6c 6c |y code are still| 000004e0 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 69 73 65 64 2e 20 20 54 68 69 | tokenised. Thi| 000004f0 73 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 |s means that you| 00000500 0d 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 20 74 61 6b 65 20 61 20 42 |.cannot take a B| 00000510 41 53 49 43 20 66 69 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 |ASIC file and re| 00000520 61 64 20 69 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 20 69 |ad it directly i| 00000530 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 77 6f 72 64 0d 70 72 6f 63 65 |nto a word.proce| 00000540 73 73 6f 72 2e 20 20 59 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 |ssor. You have | 00000550 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 74 65 78 74 20 76 |to have a text v| 00000560 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 |ersion of the fi| 00000570 6c 65 2e 20 0d 42 42 43 20 42 41 53 49 43 20 69 |le. .BBC BASIC i| 00000580 73 20 75 6e 75 73 75 61 6c 20 69 6e 20 68 61 76 |s unusual in hav| 00000590 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 69 73 65 64 20 42 41 |ing tokenised BA| 000005a0 53 49 43 2e 20 20 49 74 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 0d 66 |SIC. It makes.f| 000005b0 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e |or more efficien| 000005c0 74 20 73 74 6f 72 61 67 65 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c |t storage and al| 000005d0 6c 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 0d |lows you to use.| 000005e0 61 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6c 69 |abbreviations li| 000005f0 6b 65 20 50 2e 20 66 6f 72 20 50 52 49 4e 54 2e |ke P. for PRINT.| 00000600 20 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 42 41 53 | Most other BAS| 00000610 49 43 73 20 75 73 65 20 61 0d 74 65 78 74 20 66 |ICs use a.text f| 00000620 69 6c 65 20 28 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 63 |ile (sometimes c| 00000630 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 61 6e 20 41 53 43 49 49 20 66 |alled an ASCII f| 00000640 69 6c 65 29 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 62 |ile) which can b| 00000650 65 20 75 73 65 64 0d 69 6e 20 61 20 77 6f 72 64 |e used.in a word| 00000660 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 | processor. In | 00000670 66 61 63 74 2c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 42 42 43 |fact, on the BBC| 00000680 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 75 72 63 65 20 66 69 6c |, the source fil| 00000690 65 73 0d 66 6f 72 20 68 69 67 68 20 6c 65 76 65 |es.for high leve| 000006a0 6c 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 64 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 |l compiled langu| 000006b0 61 67 65 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 46 4f 52 54 52 41 |ages like FORTRA| 000006c0 4e 20 61 6e 64 20 42 43 50 4c 20 61 72 65 0d 73 |N and BCPL are.s| 000006d0 74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20 74 65 78 74 20 66 69 6c |traight text fil| 000006e0 65 73 2c 20 73 69 6e 63 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 |es, since with a| 000006f0 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 64 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 | compiled langua| 00000700 67 65 20 28 61 73 0d 6f 70 70 6f 73 65 64 20 74 |ge (as.opposed t| 00000710 6f 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 74 65 64 |o an interpreted| 00000720 20 6f 6e 65 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 42 42 43 20 42 41 | one like BBC BA| 00000730 53 49 43 29 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 0d 6c 69 |SIC) there is.li| 00000740 74 74 6c 65 20 62 65 6e 65 66 69 74 20 69 6e 20 |ttle benefit in | 00000750 63 6f 6d 70 72 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 |compressing the | 00000760 73 6f 75 72 63 65 20 63 6f 64 65 2e 0d 0d 53 6f |source code...So| 00000770 2c 20 68 6f 77 20 64 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 70 72 6f |, how do you pro| 00000780 64 75 63 65 20 61 20 74 65 78 74 20 66 69 6c 65 |duce a text file| 00000790 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 | version of your| 000007a0 20 42 41 53 49 43 0d 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 | BASIC.program. | 000007b0 20 49 74 27 73 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e | It's simple ...| 000007c0 2e 20 79 6f 75 20 2a 53 50 4f 4f 4c 20 6f 6e 65 |. you *SPOOL one| 000007d0 2e 20 20 41 73 20 49 20 75 73 65 20 56 49 45 57 |. As I use VIEW| 000007e0 0d 65 78 63 6c 75 73 69 76 65 6c 79 20 49 20 77 |.exclusively I w| 000007f0 69 6c 6c 20 74 65 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 62 6f |ill tell you abo| 00000800 75 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 61 |ut using this pa| 00000810 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 77 6f 72 64 0d 70 72 |rticular word.pr| 00000820 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 2c 20 62 75 74 20 74 68 65 |ocessor, but the| 00000830 20 70 72 69 6e 63 69 70 6c 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 | principles for | 00000840 75 73 69 6e 67 20 57 4f 52 44 57 49 53 45 20 6f |using WORDWISE o| 00000850 72 0d 49 4e 54 45 52 2d 57 4f 52 44 20 6f 72 20 |r.INTER-WORD or | 00000860 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 |whatever will be| 00000870 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 2e 0d 0d 57 69 74 68 20 | similar...With | 00000880 79 6f 75 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 6e 20 |your program in | 00000890 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 72 |memory, and your| 000008a0 20 4c 49 53 54 4f 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 65 | LISTO option se| 000008b0 74 20 74 6f 20 30 2c 0d 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 |t to 0,.you type| 000008c0 20 2a 53 50 4f 4f 4c 20 3c 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d | *SPOOL <filenam| 000008d0 65 3e 2e 20 20 54 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 4c 49 |e>. Then you LI| 000008e0 53 54 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 |ST the program, | 000008f0 61 6e 64 0d 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 62 |and.as well as b| 00000900 65 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 74 6f 20 74 |eing output to t| 00000910 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 |he screen the pr| 00000920 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 69 73 |ogram listing is| 00000930 0d 73 61 76 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 |.saved to a file| 00000940 2e 20 20 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 |. When you have| 00000950 20 66 69 6e 69 73 68 65 64 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 | finished you ty| 00000960 70 65 20 2a 53 50 4f 4f 4c 20 74 6f 0d 73 74 6f |pe *SPOOL to.sto| 00000970 70 20 74 68 65 20 53 50 4f 4f 4c 69 6e 67 20 61 |p the SPOOLing a| 00000980 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 3c 66 69 6c |nd the file <fil| 00000990 65 6e 61 6d 65 3e 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 |ename> contains | 000009a0 61 20 74 65 78 74 0d 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f |a text.version o| 000009b0 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 42 41 53 49 43 20 70 72 6f |f your BASIC pro| 000009c0 67 72 61 6d 2e 0d 0d 54 6f 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 74 |gram...To load t| 000009d0 68 69 73 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 56 49 |his file into VI| 000009e0 45 57 20 79 6f 75 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 20 69 74 |EW you select it| 000009f0 20 77 69 74 68 20 2a 57 4f 52 44 2e 20 20 4f 6e | with *WORD. 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I have| 00001aa0 20 61 0d 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 73 69 6c 69 63 6f 6e | a.small silicon| 00001ab0 20 64 69 73 63 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 | disc system in | 00001ac0 6d 79 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 20 28 42 45 45 42 55 47 |my micro (BEEBUG| 00001ad0 27 73 20 52 4f 4d 49 54 29 20 77 68 69 63 68 0d |'s ROMIT) which.| 00001ae0 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 |allows me to use| 00001af0 20 73 69 64 65 77 61 79 73 20 52 41 4d 20 74 6f | sideways RAM to| 00001b00 20 73 61 76 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 20 54 68 | save files. 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The program.B| 00001e30 2f 6f 73 62 32 36 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 69 6d 70 |/osb26 is a simp| 00001e40 6c 65 20 52 4f 4d 20 75 6e 70 6c 75 67 67 69 6e |le ROM unpluggin| 00001e50 67 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d |g routine to rem| 00001e60 6f 76 65 20 61 20 52 4f 4d 0d 74 68 61 74 20 69 |ove a ROM.that i| 00001e70 73 20 63 61 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 72 6f 75 62 6c |s causing troubl| 00001e80 65 2e 20 20 49 20 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 74 6f 20 |e. 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If you are no| 00002800 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 63 61 73 73 65 74 74 65 |t using cassette| 00002810 73 20 74 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b |s then the block| 00002820 20 66 72 6f 6d 0d 26 33 38 30 20 74 6f 20 26 33 | from.&380 to &3| 00002830 44 46 20 69 73 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 |DF is available | 00002840 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 61 63 68 69 |to you for machi| 00002850 6e 65 20 63 6f 64 65 2e 0d 0d 52 65 2d 43 41 4c |ne code...Re-CAL| 00002860 4c 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 64 65 20 61 74 |Ling the code at| 00002870 20 26 33 38 30 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 72 61 73 68 | &380 will crash| 00002880 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 | the machine and| 00002890 20 6f 6e 6c 79 0d 61 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 64 6f | only.a power do| 000028a0 77 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 63 75 65 20 74 |wn will rescue t| 000028b0 68 65 20 73 69 74 75 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 20 41 |he situation. A| 000028c0 6c 73 6f 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 69 6e 67 20 61 |lso assembling a| 000028d0 6e 79 0d 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 6f 64 65 20 61 74 |ny.other code at| 000028e0 20 26 33 38 30 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 72 61 73 68 | &380 will crash| 000028f0 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 2e 20 20 59 | the machine. Y| 00002900 6f 75 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 0d |ou need to find.| 00002910 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 73 6f 63 6b 65 74 20 |in which socket | 00002920 79 6f 75 72 20 65 72 72 61 6e 74 20 52 4f 4d 20 |your errant ROM | 00002930 6c 69 76 65 73 20 28 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 79 20 |lives (possibly | 00002940 75 73 69 6e 67 20 2a 52 4f 4d 53 0d 6f 72 20 65 |using *ROMS.or e| 00002950 76 65 6e 20 2a 52 4f 4d 4c 49 53 54 20 66 72 6f |ven *ROMLIST fro| 00002960 6d 20 6d 6f 64 75 6c 65 20 39 29 20 61 6e 64 20 |m module 9) and | 00002970 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 |set the variable| 00002980 0d 27 72 6f 6d 5f 6c 69 73 74 27 20 61 63 63 6f |.'rom_list' acco| 00002990 72 64 69 6e 67 6c 79 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 |rdingly. 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Your adva| 00002b10 6e 63 65 64 20 67 75 69 64 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |nced guide will | 00002b20 74 65 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 61 62 |tell you more ab| 00002b30 6f 75 74 0d 4f 53 42 59 54 45 73 20 32 34 37 2d |out.OSBYTEs 247-| 00002b40 39 2e 0d 0d 0d 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e |9...............| 00002b50 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e |................| * 00002b80 2e 0d 0d 0d 53 6f 2c 20 74 68 61 74 27 73 20 69 |....So, that's i| 00002b90 74 20 66 6f 72 20 4f 53 62 69 74 73 2e 20 20 49 |t for OSbits. I| 00002ba0 20 68 6f 70 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 65 | hope you have e| 00002bb0 6e 6a 6f 79 65 64 20 74 6f 79 69 6e 67 0d 61 72 |njoyed toying.ar| 00002bc0 6f 75 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 |ound with the as| 00002bd0 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 68 61 76 65 |sembler and have| 00002be0 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 | found some of t| 00002bf0 68 65 0d 62 65 6e 65 66 69 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |he.benefits and | 00002c00 66 75 6e 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 68 61 64 20 70 72 |fun to be had pr| 00002c10 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6d |ogramming your m| 00002c20 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 69 74 73 0d 6f 77 |achine in its.ow| 00002c30 6e 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 2e 0d 0d 4d 79 20 |n language...My | 00002c40 74 68 61 6e 6b 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 |thanks to those | 00002c50 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 68 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 |of you who have | 00002c60 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 |commented on the| 00002c70 20 73 65 72 69 65 73 2c 0d 65 73 70 65 63 69 61 | series,.especia| 00002c80 6c 6c 79 20 50 65 74 65 20 56 69 6e 63 65 20 77 |lly Pete Vince w| 00002c90 68 6f 20 68 61 73 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 |ho has provided | 00002ca0 6d 75 63 68 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 76 |much constructiv| 00002cb0 65 0d 63 72 69 74 69 63 69 73 6d 20 6f 66 20 6d |e.criticism of m| 00002cc0 79 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 69 76 65 20 |y communicative | 00002cd0 61 62 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 2e 20 20 41 6c 6c 20 |abilities. 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16-05-88/T\OSB26.m0
16-05-88/T\OSB26.m1
16-05-88/T\OSB26.m2
16-05-88/T\OSB26.m4
16-05-88/T\OSB26.m5
.