StarInfo/Allen/!Ignotum/Formulae/Formulae/Moti

Home » Archimedes archive » Acorn User » AU 1997-01 B.adf » Regulars » StarInfo/Allen/!Ignotum/Formulae/Formulae/Moti

This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.

Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.

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Filename:	StarInfo/Allen/!Ignotum/Formulae/Formulae/Moti
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Load address:	0000
Exec address:	0000

# Physics > Motion

# New entries should take the form of:
#     Formula
#     Note 1
#     Note 2
#     Note 3
#     Note 4
#     Note 5
#     Formula
#     Note 1
#     And so on...
# To fit snugly into the window, each line should be no longer
# than 42 characters.
# There is a limit of 25 formulas per topic.

# Any notes should be made here, at the beginning and should
# be preceeded by a hash (#).

speed=distance/time
Note: speed is a scalar product, it does
not incorporate direction, therefore
distance (also scalar) must be used, not
displacement.

v=s/t
Where:
v=velocity
s=displacement
t=time

a=(v-u)/t
Where:
a=acceleration
v=final velocity
u=initial velocity
t=time
v=u+at
Where:
v=final velocity
u=initial velocity
a=acceleration
t=time
v�=u�+2as
Where:
v=final velocity
u=initial velocity
a=acceleration
s=displacement
s=ut+�at�
Where:
s=displacement
u=initial velocity
t=time
a=acceleration
s=�t(u+v)
Where:
s=displacement
t=time
u=initial velocity
v=final velocity
F=ma
Newton's second law. Where:
F=force (in Newtons)
m=mass of object (in kg)
a=acceleration of object (in m/s)

Weight=mg
Where:
m=mass of object
g=gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg
on Earth)
Note: This is an extension of F=ma
F=-GMm/d�
Where:
F=gravitational force between two objects
G=grav. constant=6.67259 � 10^-11 Nm�/kg�
M and m are the two masses (in kg)
d=distance between the two objects
F=kQq/d�
Where:
F=electrical force between two charges
k=elect. force constant=8.98�10^9 Nm�/C�
Q and q are the two charges (in Coulombs)
d=distance between the two charges
Momentum=mv
Where:
m=mass of object (in kg)
v=velocity of object


Impulse=Ft=mv-mu
Impulse is equal to Ft or the change in
momentum. Where:
F=force, t=time
m=mass of object (in kg)
u and v=initial and final velocity
a=v�/r
For circular motion:
a=acceleration towards centre of circle
v=velocity of object
r=radius of circle

F=mv�/r
For circular motion:
F=force towards centre of circle
m=mass of object
v=velocity of object
r=radius of circle
F=uN
Where:
F=friction force of a moving object
u=coefficient of friction (unique for
every surface)
N=normal force (perpendicular to plane)
P=F/A
Where:
P=pressure (N/m�)
F=force (N)
A=area (m�)

KE=�mv�
Where:
KE=kinetic energy of a moving object (J)
m=mass of object (kg)
v=velocity of object (m/s)

PE=mgh
Where:
PE=potential energy of object (J)
m=mass of object
g=gravitational force (9.8N/kg on Earth)

E=Fd
Where:
E=energy transformed (or work done) (J)
F=force
d=distance that force was done over

P=W/t
Where:
P=power (W)
W=Work done/energy transformed (J)
t=time (s)

moment=Fs
Where:
F=force
s=perpendicular distance from the line of
action of the force to the fulcrum.

E=eV
Where:
E=energy given to an electron accelerated
through an electric field (J)
e=charge on an electron (1.6�10^-19)
V=voltage across field (V)

00000000  23 20 50 68 79 73 69 63  73 20 3e 20 4d 6f 74 69  |# Physics > Moti|
00000010  6f 6e 0a 0a 23 20 4e 65  77 20 65 6e 74 72 69 65  |on..# New entrie|
00000020  73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64  20 74 61 6b 65 20 74 68  |s should take th|
00000030  65 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 6f  66 3a 0a 23 20 20 20 20  |e form of:.#    |
00000040  20 46 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61  0a 23 20 20 20 20 20 4e  | Formula.#     N|
00000050  6f 74 65 20 31 0a 23 20  20 20 20 20 4e 6f 74 65  |ote 1.#     Note|
00000060  20 32 0a 23 20 20 20 20  20 4e 6f 74 65 20 33 0a  | 2.#     Note 3.|
00000070  23 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f  74 65 20 34 0a 23 20 20  |#     Note 4.#  |
00000080  20 20 20 4e 6f 74 65 20  35 0a 23 20 20 20 20 20  |   Note 5.#     |
00000090  46 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 0a  23 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f  |Formula.#     No|
000000a0  74 65 20 31 0a 23 20 20  20 20 20 41 6e 64 20 73  |te 1.#     And s|
000000b0  6f 20 6f 6e 2e 2e 2e 0a  23 20 54 6f 20 66 69 74  |o on....# To fit|
000000c0  20 73 6e 75 67 6c 79 20  69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65  | snugly into the|
000000d0  20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2c  20 65 61 63 68 20 6c 69  | window, each li|
000000e0  6e 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c  64 20 62 65 20 6e 6f 20  |ne should be no |
000000f0  6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 0a 23  20 74 68 61 6e 20 34 32  |longer.# than 42|
00000100  20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74  65 72 73 2e 0a 23 20 54  | characters..# T|
00000110  68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20  61 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 20  |here is a limit |
00000120  6f 66 20 32 35 20 66 6f  72 6d 75 6c 61 73 20 70  |of 25 formulas p|
00000130  65 72 20 74 6f 70 69 63  2e 0a 0a 23 20 41 6e 79  |er topic...# Any|
00000140  20 6e 6f 74 65 73 20 73  68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65  | notes should be|
00000150  20 6d 61 64 65 20 68 65  72 65 2c 20 61 74 20 74  | made here, at t|
00000160  68 65 20 62 65 67 69 6e  6e 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64  |he beginning and|
00000170  20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 0a  23 20 62 65 20 70 72 65  | should.# be pre|
00000180  63 65 65 64 65 64 20 62  79 20 61 20 68 61 73 68  |ceeded by a hash|
00000190  20 28 23 29 2e 0a 0a 73  70 65 65 64 3d 64 69 73  | (#)...speed=dis|
000001a0  74 61 6e 63 65 2f 74 69  6d 65 0a 4e 6f 74 65 3a  |tance/time.Note:|
000001b0  20 73 70 65 65 64 20 69  73 20 61 20 73 63 61 6c  | speed is a scal|
000001c0  61 72 20 70 72 6f 64 75  63 74 2c 20 69 74 20 64  |ar product, it d|
000001d0  6f 65 73 0a 6e 6f 74 20  69 6e 63 6f 72 70 6f 72  |oes.not incorpor|
000001e0  61 74 65 20 64 69 72 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 74  |ate direction, t|
000001f0  68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65  0a 64 69 73 74 61 6e 63  |herefore.distanc|
00000200  65 20 28 61 6c 73 6f 20  73 63 61 6c 61 72 29 20  |e (also scalar) |
00000210  6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20  75 73 65 64 2c 20 6e 6f  |must be used, no|
00000220  74 0a 64 69 73 70 6c 61  63 65 6d 65 6e 74 2e 0a  |t.displacement..|
00000230  0a 76 3d 73 2f 74 0a 57  68 65 72 65 3a 0a 76 3d  |.v=s/t.Where:.v=|
00000240  76 65 6c 6f 63 69 74 79  0a 73 3d 64 69 73 70 6c  |velocity.s=displ|
00000250  61 63 65 6d 65 6e 74 0a  74 3d 74 69 6d 65 0a 0a  |acement.t=time..|
00000260  61 3d 28 76 2d 75 29 2f  74 0a 57 68 65 72 65 3a  |a=(v-u)/t.Where:|
00000270  0a 61 3d 61 63 63 65 6c  65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a  |.a=acceleration.|
00000280  76 3d 66 69 6e 61 6c 20  76 65 6c 6f 63 69 74 79  |v=final velocity|
00000290  0a 75 3d 69 6e 69 74 69  61 6c 20 76 65 6c 6f 63  |.u=initial veloc|
000002a0  69 74 79 0a 74 3d 74 69  6d 65 0a 76 3d 75 2b 61  |ity.t=time.v=u+a|
000002b0  74 0a 57 68 65 72 65 3a  0a 76 3d 66 69 6e 61 6c  |t.Where:.v=final|
000002c0  20 76 65 6c 6f 63 69 74  79 0a 75 3d 69 6e 69 74  | velocity.u=init|
000002d0  69 61 6c 20 76 65 6c 6f  63 69 74 79 0a 61 3d 61  |ial velocity.a=a|
000002e0  63 63 65 6c 65 72 61 74  69 6f 6e 0a 74 3d 74 69  |cceleration.t=ti|
000002f0  6d 65 0a 76 b2 3d 75 b2  2b 32 61 73 0a 57 68 65  |me.v.=u.+2as.Whe|
00000300  72 65 3a 0a 76 3d 66 69  6e 61 6c 20 76 65 6c 6f  |re:.v=final velo|
00000310  63 69 74 79 0a 75 3d 69  6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20 76  |city.u=initial v|
00000320  65 6c 6f 63 69 74 79 0a  61 3d 61 63 63 65 6c 65  |elocity.a=accele|
00000330  72 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a 73  3d 64 69 73 70 6c 61 63  |ration.s=displac|
00000340  65 6d 65 6e 74 0a 73 3d  75 74 2b bd 61 74 b2 0a  |ement.s=ut+.at..|
00000350  57 68 65 72 65 3a 0a 73  3d 64 69 73 70 6c 61 63  |Where:.s=displac|
00000360  65 6d 65 6e 74 0a 75 3d  69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20  |ement.u=initial |
00000370  76 65 6c 6f 63 69 74 79  0a 74 3d 74 69 6d 65 0a  |velocity.t=time.|
00000380  61 3d 61 63 63 65 6c 65  72 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a 73  |a=acceleration.s|
00000390  3d bd 74 28 75 2b 76 29  0a 57 68 65 72 65 3a 0a  |=.t(u+v).Where:.|
000003a0  73 3d 64 69 73 70 6c 61  63 65 6d 65 6e 74 0a 74  |s=displacement.t|
000003b0  3d 74 69 6d 65 0a 75 3d  69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20  |=time.u=initial |
000003c0  76 65 6c 6f 63 69 74 79  0a 76 3d 66 69 6e 61 6c  |velocity.v=final|
000003d0  20 76 65 6c 6f 63 69 74  79 0a 46 3d 6d 61 0a 4e  | velocity.F=ma.N|
000003e0  65 77 74 6f 6e 27 73 20  73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 6c  |ewton's second l|
000003f0  61 77 2e 20 57 68 65 72  65 3a 0a 46 3d 66 6f 72  |aw. Where:.F=for|
00000400  63 65 20 28 69 6e 20 4e  65 77 74 6f 6e 73 29 0a  |ce (in Newtons).|
00000410  6d 3d 6d 61 73 73 20 6f  66 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  |m=mass of object|
00000420  20 28 69 6e 20 6b 67 29  0a 61 3d 61 63 63 65 6c  | (in kg).a=accel|
00000430  65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20  6f 66 20 6f 62 6a 65 63  |eration of objec|
00000440  74 20 28 69 6e 20 6d 2f  73 29 0a 0a 57 65 69 67  |t (in m/s)..Weig|
00000450  68 74 3d 6d 67 0a 57 68  65 72 65 3a 0a 6d 3d 6d  |ht=mg.Where:.m=m|
00000460  61 73 73 20 6f 66 20 6f  62 6a 65 63 74 0a 67 3d  |ass of object.g=|
00000470  67 72 61 76 69 74 61 74  69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 66 69  |gravitational fi|
00000480  65 6c 64 20 73 74 72 65  6e 67 74 68 20 28 39 2e  |eld strength (9.|
00000490  38 20 4e 2f 6b 67 0a 6f  6e 20 45 61 72 74 68 29  |8 N/kg.on Earth)|
000004a0  0a 4e 6f 74 65 3a 20 54  68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61  |.Note: This is a|
000004b0  6e 20 65 78 74 65 6e 73  69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 46  |n extension of F|
000004c0  3d 6d 61 0a 46 3d 2d 47  4d 6d 2f 64 b2 0a 57 68  |=ma.F=-GMm/d..Wh|
000004d0  65 72 65 3a 0a 46 3d 67  72 61 76 69 74 61 74 69  |ere:.F=gravitati|
000004e0  6f 6e 61 6c 20 66 6f 72  63 65 20 62 65 74 77 65  |onal force betwe|
000004f0  65 6e 20 74 77 6f 20 6f  62 6a 65 63 74 73 0a 47  |en two objects.G|
00000500  3d 67 72 61 76 2e 20 63  6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 3d  |=grav. constant=|
00000510  36 2e 36 37 32 35 39 20  d7 20 31 30 5e 2d 31 31  |6.67259 . 10^-11|
00000520  20 4e 6d b2 2f 6b 67 b2  0a 4d 20 61 6e 64 20 6d  | Nm./kg..M and m|
00000530  20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65  20 74 77 6f 20 6d 61 73  | are the two mas|
00000540  73 65 73 20 28 69 6e 20  6b 67 29 0a 64 3d 64 69  |ses (in kg).d=di|
00000550  73 74 61 6e 63 65 20 62  65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74  |stance between t|
00000560  68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 6f  62 6a 65 63 74 73 0a 46  |he two objects.F|
00000570  3d 6b 51 71 2f 64 b2 0a  57 68 65 72 65 3a 0a 46  |=kQq/d..Where:.F|
00000580  3d 65 6c 65 63 74 72 69  63 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 63  |=electrical forc|
00000590  65 20 62 65 74 77 65 65  6e 20 74 77 6f 20 63 68  |e between two ch|
000005a0  61 72 67 65 73 0a 6b 3d  65 6c 65 63 74 2e 20 66  |arges.k=elect. f|
000005b0  6f 72 63 65 20 63 6f 6e  73 74 61 6e 74 3d 38 2e  |orce constant=8.|
000005c0  39 38 d7 31 30 5e 39 20  4e 6d b2 2f 43 b2 0a 51  |98.10^9 Nm./C..Q|
000005d0  20 61 6e 64 20 71 20 61  72 65 20 74 68 65 20 74  | and q are the t|
000005e0  77 6f 20 63 68 61 72 67  65 73 20 28 69 6e 20 43  |wo charges (in C|
000005f0  6f 75 6c 6f 6d 62 73 29  0a 64 3d 64 69 73 74 61  |oulombs).d=dista|
00000600  6e 63 65 20 62 65 74 77  65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20  |nce between the |
00000610  74 77 6f 20 63 68 61 72  67 65 73 0a 4d 6f 6d 65  |two charges.Mome|
00000620  6e 74 75 6d 3d 6d 76 0a  57 68 65 72 65 3a 0a 6d  |ntum=mv.Where:.m|
00000630  3d 6d 61 73 73 20 6f 66  20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 20  |=mass of object |
00000640  28 69 6e 20 6b 67 29 0a  76 3d 76 65 6c 6f 63 69  |(in kg).v=veloci|
00000650  74 79 20 6f 66 20 6f 62  6a 65 63 74 0a 0a 0a 49  |ty of object...I|
00000660  6d 70 75 6c 73 65 3d 46  74 3d 6d 76 2d 6d 75 0a  |mpulse=Ft=mv-mu.|
00000670  49 6d 70 75 6c 73 65 20  69 73 20 65 71 75 61 6c  |Impulse is equal|
00000680  20 74 6f 20 46 74 20 6f  72 20 74 68 65 20 63 68  | to Ft or the ch|
00000690  61 6e 67 65 20 69 6e 0a  6d 6f 6d 65 6e 74 75 6d  |ange in.momentum|
000006a0  2e 20 57 68 65 72 65 3a  0a 46 3d 66 6f 72 63 65  |. Where:.F=force|
000006b0  2c 20 74 3d 74 69 6d 65  0a 6d 3d 6d 61 73 73 20  |, t=time.m=mass |
000006c0  6f 66 20 6f 62 6a 65 63  74 20 28 69 6e 20 6b 67  |of object (in kg|
000006d0  29 0a 75 20 61 6e 64 20  76 3d 69 6e 69 74 69 61  |).u and v=initia|
000006e0  6c 20 61 6e 64 20 66 69  6e 61 6c 20 76 65 6c 6f  |l and final velo|
000006f0  63 69 74 79 0a 61 3d 76  b2 2f 72 0a 46 6f 72 20  |city.a=v./r.For |
00000700  63 69 72 63 75 6c 61 72  20 6d 6f 74 69 6f 6e 3a  |circular motion:|
00000710  0a 61 3d 61 63 63 65 6c  65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20  |.a=acceleration |
00000720  74 6f 77 61 72 64 73 20  63 65 6e 74 72 65 20 6f  |towards centre o|
00000730  66 20 63 69 72 63 6c 65  0a 76 3d 76 65 6c 6f 63  |f circle.v=veloc|
00000740  69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 6f  62 6a 65 63 74 0a 72 3d  |ity of object.r=|
00000750  72 61 64 69 75 73 20 6f  66 20 63 69 72 63 6c 65  |radius of circle|
00000760  0a 0a 46 3d 6d 76 b2 2f  72 0a 46 6f 72 20 63 69  |..F=mv./r.For ci|
00000770  72 63 75 6c 61 72 20 6d  6f 74 69 6f 6e 3a 0a 46  |rcular motion:.F|
00000780  3d 66 6f 72 63 65 20 74  6f 77 61 72 64 73 20 63  |=force towards c|
00000790  65 6e 74 72 65 20 6f 66  20 63 69 72 63 6c 65 0a  |entre of circle.|
000007a0  6d 3d 6d 61 73 73 20 6f  66 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  |m=mass of object|
000007b0  0a 76 3d 76 65 6c 6f 63  69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 6f  |.v=velocity of o|
000007c0  62 6a 65 63 74 0a 72 3d  72 61 64 69 75 73 20 6f  |bject.r=radius o|
000007d0  66 20 63 69 72 63 6c 65  0a 46 3d 75 4e 0a 57 68  |f circle.F=uN.Wh|
000007e0  65 72 65 3a 0a 46 3d 66  72 69 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  |ere:.F=friction |
000007f0  66 6f 72 63 65 20 6f 66  20 61 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e  |force of a movin|
00000800  67 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  0a 75 3d 63 6f 65 66 66  |g object.u=coeff|
00000810  69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 6f  66 20 66 72 69 63 74 69  |icient of fricti|
00000820  6f 6e 20 28 75 6e 69 71  75 65 20 66 6f 72 0a 65  |on (unique for.e|
00000830  76 65 72 79 20 73 75 72  66 61 63 65 29 0a 4e 3d  |very surface).N=|
00000840  6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 66  6f 72 63 65 20 28 70 65  |normal force (pe|
00000850  72 70 65 6e 64 69 63 75  6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 70  |rpendicular to p|
00000860  6c 61 6e 65 29 0a 50 3d  46 2f 41 0a 57 68 65 72  |lane).P=F/A.Wher|
00000870  65 3a 0a 50 3d 70 72 65  73 73 75 72 65 20 28 4e  |e:.P=pressure (N|
00000880  2f 6d b2 29 0a 46 3d 66  6f 72 63 65 20 28 4e 29  |/m.).F=force (N)|
00000890  0a 41 3d 61 72 65 61 20  28 6d b2 29 0a 0a 4b 45  |.A=area (m.)..KE|
000008a0  3d bd 6d 76 b2 0a 57 68  65 72 65 3a 0a 4b 45 3d  |=.mv..Where:.KE=|
000008b0  6b 69 6e 65 74 69 63 20  65 6e 65 72 67 79 20 6f  |kinetic energy o|
000008c0  66 20 61 20 6d 6f 76 69  6e 67 20 6f 62 6a 65 63  |f a moving objec|
000008d0  74 20 28 4a 29 0a 6d 3d  6d 61 73 73 20 6f 66 20  |t (J).m=mass of |
000008e0  6f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 28  6b 67 29 0a 76 3d 76 65  |object (kg).v=ve|
000008f0  6c 6f 63 69 74 79 20 6f  66 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  |locity of object|
00000900  20 28 6d 2f 73 29 0a 0a  50 45 3d 6d 67 68 0a 57  | (m/s)..PE=mgh.W|
00000910  68 65 72 65 3a 0a 50 45  3d 70 6f 74 65 6e 74 69  |here:.PE=potenti|
00000920  61 6c 20 65 6e 65 72 67  79 20 6f 66 20 6f 62 6a  |al energy of obj|
00000930  65 63 74 20 28 4a 29 0a  6d 3d 6d 61 73 73 20 6f  |ect (J).m=mass o|
00000940  66 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74  0a 67 3d 67 72 61 76 69  |f object.g=gravi|
00000950  74 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c  20 66 6f 72 63 65 20 28  |tational force (|
00000960  39 2e 38 4e 2f 6b 67 20  6f 6e 20 45 61 72 74 68  |9.8N/kg on Earth|
00000970  29 0a 0a 45 3d 46 64 0a  57 68 65 72 65 3a 0a 45  |)..E=Fd.Where:.E|
00000980  3d 65 6e 65 72 67 79 20  74 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72  |=energy transfor|
00000990  6d 65 64 20 28 6f 72 20  77 6f 72 6b 20 64 6f 6e  |med (or work don|
000009a0  65 29 20 28 4a 29 0a 46  3d 66 6f 72 63 65 0a 64  |e) (J).F=force.d|
000009b0  3d 64 69 73 74 61 6e 63  65 20 74 68 61 74 20 66  |=distance that f|
000009c0  6f 72 63 65 20 77 61 73  20 64 6f 6e 65 20 6f 76  |orce was done ov|
000009d0  65 72 0a 0a 50 3d 57 2f  74 0a 57 68 65 72 65 3a  |er..P=W/t.Where:|
000009e0  0a 50 3d 70 6f 77 65 72  20 28 57 29 0a 57 3d 57  |.P=power (W).W=W|
000009f0  6f 72 6b 20 64 6f 6e 65  2f 65 6e 65 72 67 79 20  |ork done/energy |
00000a00  74 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72  6d 65 64 20 28 4a 29 0a  |transformed (J).|
00000a10  74 3d 74 69 6d 65 20 28  73 29 0a 0a 6d 6f 6d 65  |t=time (s)..mome|
00000a20  6e 74 3d 46 73 0a 57 68  65 72 65 3a 0a 46 3d 66  |nt=Fs.Where:.F=f|
00000a30  6f 72 63 65 0a 73 3d 70  65 72 70 65 6e 64 69 63  |orce.s=perpendic|
00000a40  75 6c 61 72 20 64 69 73  74 61 6e 63 65 20 66 72  |ular distance fr|
00000a50  6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6c  69 6e 65 20 6f 66 0a 61  |om the line of.a|
00000a60  63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66  20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72  |ction of the for|
00000a70  63 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68  65 20 66 75 6c 63 72 75  |ce to the fulcru|
00000a80  6d 2e 0a 0a 45 3d 65 56  0a 57 68 65 72 65 3a 0a  |m...E=eV.Where:.|
00000a90  45 3d 65 6e 65 72 67 79  20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 74  |E=energy given t|
00000aa0  6f 20 61 6e 20 65 6c 65  63 74 72 6f 6e 20 61 63  |o an electron ac|
00000ab0  63 65 6c 65 72 61 74 65  64 0a 74 68 72 6f 75 67  |celerated.throug|
00000ac0  68 20 61 6e 20 65 6c 65  63 74 72 69 63 20 66 69  |h an electric fi|
00000ad0  65 6c 64 20 28 4a 29 0a  65 3d 63 68 61 72 67 65  |eld (J).e=charge|
00000ae0  20 6f 6e 20 61 6e 20 65  6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 20  | on an electron |
00000af0  28 31 2e 36 d7 31 30 5e  2d 31 39 29 0a 56 3d 76  |(1.6.10^-19).V=v|
00000b00  6f 6c 74 61 67 65 20 61  63 72 6f 73 73 20 66 69  |oltage across fi|
00000b10  65 6c 64 20 28 56 29 0a  0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a  |eld (V).........|
00000b20  0a 0a 0a 0a                                       |....|
00000b24

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