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Biology/bio8
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Duplicates
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- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_5_25_discs_Biology-Acornsoftib_HD-BIOL.dsd » bio8
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_tapes_Biology-Acornsoftib_Biology-IvanBerg_BE.uef » bio8
- Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron » Acornsoft_Educational.ADF » Biology/bio8
- Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » elk08 » acornsofte/Biology/bio8
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02b_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio8
File contents
10B1
BIOLOGY 8
1 OSMOSIS AND THE ROOT
Osmosis is vital in all living
organisms. It is a process of water
movement. Normally, substances diffuse
from areas of high concentration to
low concentration. Water can diffuse
across cell membranes, but not many
solute molecules. The membrane is
therefore called selectively
permeable. This water diffusion is
called Osmosis.
#
2 OSMOSIS EXPLAINED
Cells are slightly salty/sugary (1%).
In a 1% solution, nothing happens.
In pure water (0%), substances would
diffuse out of the cell .... but
membrane prevents this.
Water diffuses
IN.
The Cell SWELLS
and if there is
no restricting
wall, may burst.
p
0
#
3 OSMOSIS (STRONG SOLUTIONS)
In STRONG SOLUTIONS, substances cannot
enter through the membrane; water
diffuses OUT of the cell and the CELLS
SHRINK.
Note:
Swelling of plant cells
= TURGOR,
Shrinking = PLASMOLYSIS
p
1
#
4 ROOTS
Roots have very many root hair cells.
This gives a very large surface for
absorption.
Water enters by osmosis
and then passes up the
xylem of root and stem.
Salts enter the root by
an active transport
mechanism.
p
2
#
5 TRANSPIRATION AND THE LEAF
A leaf's main function is
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: for this it must also
perform gas exchange, losing water by
evaporation as a consequence -
TRANSPIRATION. This results in a
stream of water being drawn through
the plant.
o
E L R
E
EXPERIMENTS
1) Weighing whole or
part of a plant
measures water loss.
2) Cobalt chloride
paper on leaf turns
from blue to pink
with water vapour.
3) Potometer
measures water
uptake (as shown).
p
3
L
LEAF STRUCTURE
WATERPROOF CUTICLE.
Layer of epidermis
PALISADE cells:
main site of
photosynthesis.
Many CHLOROPLAST.
SPONGY MESOPHYLL:
air spaces, large
surface.
STOMATAL openings
and GUARD cells.
p
4
R
TRANSPIRATION rate
can be controlled by
opening/closing the
STOMATA. This is
done by osmotic
pressure changes in
the GUARD cells.
The rate of
transpiration
is affected by
LIGHT, WIND SPEED,
HUMIDITY and
TEMPERATURE.
p
5
#
6 KIDNEY
Mammalian kidney has two functions:
1) removal of wastes: EXCRETION
2) water/salt balance: OSMOREGULATION
The main excretory product, UREA, is
made in the liver from amino-acids.
o
F H
F
HOW THE KIDNEY WORKS
Blood under pressure
enters the GLOMERULI
where all but cells
and protein is
filtered.
Useful materials are
then reabsorbed into
the blood.
Urine passes to the
bladder.
p
6
H
HORMONES
A number of hormones PITUITARY�
control the kidney. � �
� �
ALDOSTERONE affects ACTH� �ADH
salt balance, while � �
A.D.H. causes water ADRENAL �
retention. CORTEX� �
� �
(Alcohol has the � �
opposite (diuretic) ALDO- ���KIDNEY
effect.) STERONE
#
T
#1
1
The movement of water from a weak
solution through a cell membrane into
a strong solution is called .....
1
OSMOSIS
#2
2
A cell placed in distilled water
will:
(1) swell.
(2) shrink.
1
^2
1
#3
3
(a) Swelling of plant cells is called
.....
(b) Shrinking of plant cells is called
.....
2
~
TURGOR
~
PLASMOLYSIS
#4
5
The loss of water from the leaves is
called .....
1
TRANSPIRATION
#5
5E
When moist, cobalt chloride paper is
.....
1
PINK
#6
5E
The water uptake of a cut shoot can be
measured by means of a .....
1
POTOMETER
#7
5T
What 4 factors affect the rate of
transpiration?
4
~
LIGHT
WIND SPEED
HUMIDITY
TEMPERATURE
~
WIND SPEED
LIGHT
HUMIDITY
TEMERATURE
~
HUMIDITY
LIGHT
WIND SPEED
TEMPERATURE
~
TEMPERATURE
WIND SPEED
LIGHT
HUMIDITY
#8
4
Root hairs increase the surface area
of the root. This makes for better
.....
1
ABSORPTION
#9
5L
(a) What name is given to the openings
on the under-side of a leaf?
(b) In a word, what is the important
feature of the leaf cuticle?
2
~
STOMATA
~
WATERPROOF
#10
5L
(a) Which leaf cells produce a large
surface area?
(b) Guard cells open/close the stomata
by changes in ..... .....
2
~
SPONGY MESOPHYLL
~
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
#11
6
What is the main nitrogen-containing
excretory product of mammals?
1
UREA
#12
6F
The first stage in kidney function (in
the glomeruli) is .....
1
FILTERING
#13
6H
Which hormone controls:
(a) salt balance?
(b) water retention?
2
~
ALDOSTERONE
~
A.D.H.
ADH
e
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Water| 000000d0 20 63 61 6e 20 64 69 66 66 75 73 65 0d 0d 61 63 | can diffuse..ac| 000000e0 72 6f 73 73 20 63 65 6c 6c 20 6d 65 6d 62 72 61 |ross cell membra| 000000f0 6e 65 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 6d 61 6e |nes, but not man| 00000100 79 0d 0d 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 |y..solute molecu| 00000110 6c 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6d 65 6d 62 72 61 6e |les. The membran| 00000120 65 20 69 73 0d 0d 74 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 20 |e is..therefore | 00000130 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 69 76 65 |called selective| 00000140 6c 79 0d 0d 70 65 72 6d 65 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 54 |ly..permeable. T| 00000150 68 69 73 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 64 69 66 66 75 73 |his water diffus| 00000160 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 0d 0d 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 4f |ion is..called O| 00000170 73 6d 6f 73 69 73 2e 0d 23 0d 32 20 4f 53 4d 4f |smosis..#.2 OSMO| 00000180 53 49 53 20 45 58 50 4c 41 49 4e 45 44 0d 43 65 |SIS EXPLAINED.Ce| 00000190 6c 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 6c 69 67 68 74 6c 79 |lls are slightly| 000001a0 20 73 61 6c 74 79 2f 73 75 67 61 72 79 20 28 31 | salty/sugary (1| 000001b0 25 29 2e 0d 0d 49 6e 20 61 20 31 25 20 73 6f 6c |%)...In a 1% sol| 000001c0 75 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 68 |ution, nothing h| 000001d0 61 70 70 65 6e 73 2e 0d 0d 49 6e 20 70 75 72 65 |appens...In pure| 000001e0 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 28 30 25 29 2c 20 73 75 62 | water (0%), sub| 000001f0 73 74 61 6e 63 65 73 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 0d 0d 64 |stances would..d| 00000200 69 66 66 75 73 65 20 6f 75 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |iffuse out of th| 00000210 65 20 63 65 6c 6c 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 62 75 74 0d |e cell .... but.| 00000220 0d 6d 65 6d 62 72 61 6e 65 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e |.membrane preven| 00000230 74 73 20 74 68 69 73 2e 0d 0d 57 61 74 65 72 20 |ts this...Water | 00000240 64 69 66 66 75 73 65 73 0d 0d 49 4e 2e 0d 0d 54 |diffuses..IN...T| 00000250 68 65 20 43 65 6c 6c 20 53 57 45 4c 4c 53 0d 0d |he Cell SWELLS..| 00000260 61 6e 64 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 0d |and if there is.| 00000270 0d 6e 6f 20 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 69 6e 67 0d |.no restricting.| 00000280 0d 77 61 6c 6c 2c 20 6d 61 79 20 62 75 72 73 74 |.wall, may burst| 00000290 2e 0d 70 0d 30 0d 23 0d 33 20 4f 53 4d 4f 53 49 |..p.0.#.3 OSMOSI| 000002a0 53 20 28 53 54 52 4f 4e 47 20 53 4f 4c 55 54 49 |S (STRONG SOLUTI| 000002b0 4f 4e 53 29 0d 0d 49 6e 20 53 54 52 4f 4e 47 20 |ONS)..In STRONG | 000002c0 53 4f 4c 55 54 49 4f 4e 53 2c 20 73 75 62 73 74 |SOLUTIONS, subst| 000002d0 61 6e 63 65 73 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 0d 0d 65 6e |ances cannot..en| 000002e0 74 65 72 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 |ter through the | 000002f0 6d 65 6d 62 72 61 6e 65 3b 20 77 61 74 65 72 0d |membrane; water.| 00000300 0d 64 69 66 66 75 73 65 73 20 4f 55 54 20 6f 66 |.diffuses OUT of| 00000310 20 74 68 65 20 63 65 6c 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 | the cell and th| 00000320 65 20 43 45 4c 4c 53 0d 0d 53 48 52 49 4e 4b 2e |e CELLS..SHRINK.| 00000330 0d 0d 0d 0d 4e 6f 74 65 3a 0d 0d 53 77 65 6c 6c |....Note:..Swell| 00000340 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 20 63 65 6c |ing of plant cel| 00000350 6c 73 0d 0d 0d 3d 20 54 55 52 47 4f 52 2c 0d 0d |ls...= TURGOR,..| 00000360 0d 53 68 72 69 6e 6b 69 6e 67 20 3d 20 50 4c 41 |.Shrinking = PLA| 00000370 53 4d 4f 4c 59 53 49 53 0d 70 0d 31 0d 23 0d 34 |SMOLYSIS.p.1.#.4| 00000380 20 52 4f 4f 54 53 0d 0d 52 6f 6f 74 73 20 68 61 | ROOTS..Roots ha| 00000390 76 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 72 6f 6f |ve very many roo| 000003a0 74 20 68 61 69 72 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 2e 0d 0d 54 |t hair cells...T| 000003b0 68 69 73 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 61 20 76 65 72 79 |his gives a very| 000003c0 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 20 66 | large surface f| 000003d0 6f 72 0d 0d 61 62 73 6f 72 70 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d |or..absorption..| 000003e0 0d 0d 57 61 74 65 72 20 65 6e 74 65 72 73 20 62 |..Water enters b| 000003f0 79 20 6f 73 6d 6f 73 69 73 0d 0d 61 6e 64 20 74 |y osmosis..and t| 00000400 68 65 6e 20 70 61 73 73 65 73 20 75 70 20 74 68 |hen passes up th| 00000410 65 0d 0d 78 79 6c 65 6d 20 6f 66 20 72 6f 6f 74 |e..xylem of root| 00000420 20 61 6e 64 20 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0d 53 61 6c 74 | and stem...Salt| 00000430 73 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 |s enter the root| 00000440 20 62 79 0d 0d 61 6e 20 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 74 | by..an active t| 00000450 72 61 6e 73 70 6f 72 74 0d 0d 6d 65 63 68 61 6e |ransport..mechan| 00000460 69 73 6d 2e 0d 70 0d 32 0d 23 0d 35 20 54 52 41 |ism..p.2.#.5 TRA| 00000470 4e 53 50 49 52 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 41 4e 44 20 54 |NSPIRATION AND T| 00000480 48 45 20 4c 45 41 46 0d 41 20 6c 65 61 66 27 73 |HE LEAF.A leaf's| 00000490 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 | main function i| 000004a0 73 20 0d 50 48 4f 54 4f 53 59 4e 54 48 45 53 49 |s .PHOTOSYNTHESI| 000004b0 53 3a 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 74 20 6d |S: for this it m| 000004c0 75 73 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 0d 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d |ust also.perform| 000004d0 20 67 61 73 20 65 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 2c 20 6c | gas exchange, l| 000004e0 6f 73 69 6e 67 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 62 79 0d 65 |osing water by.e| 000004f0 76 61 70 6f 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 73 20 61 20 |vaporation as a | 00000500 63 6f 6e 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 2d 0d 54 52 |consequence -.TR| 00000510 41 4e 53 50 49 52 41 54 49 4f 4e 2e 20 54 68 69 |ANSPIRATION. Thi| 00000520 73 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 73 20 69 6e 20 61 0d 73 |s results in a.s| 00000530 74 72 65 61 6d 20 6f 66 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 62 |tream of water b| 00000540 65 69 6e 67 20 64 72 61 77 6e 20 74 68 72 6f 75 |eing drawn throu| 00000550 67 68 0d 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 2e 0d 6f 0d |gh.the plant..o.| 00000560 45 20 4c 20 52 0d 45 0d 45 58 50 45 52 49 4d 45 |E L R.E.EXPERIME| 00000570 4e 54 53 0d 31 29 20 57 65 69 67 68 69 6e 67 20 |NTS.1) Weighing | 00000580 77 68 6f 6c 65 20 6f 72 0d 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 |whole or.part of| 00000590 20 61 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 0d 6d 65 61 73 75 72 65 | a plant.measure| 000005a0 73 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 6c 6f 73 73 2e 0d 0d 32 |s water loss...2| 000005b0 29 20 43 6f 62 61 6c 74 20 63 68 6c 6f 72 69 64 |) Cobalt chlorid| 000005c0 65 0d 70 61 70 65 72 20 6f 6e 20 6c 65 61 66 20 |e.paper on leaf | 000005d0 74 75 72 6e 73 0d 66 72 6f 6d 20 62 6c 75 65 20 |turns.from blue | 000005e0 74 6f 20 70 69 6e 6b 0d 77 69 74 68 20 77 61 74 |to pink.with wat| 000005f0 65 72 20 76 61 70 6f 75 72 2e 0d 0d 33 29 20 50 |er vapour...3) P| 00000600 6f 74 6f 6d 65 74 65 72 0d 6d 65 61 73 75 72 65 |otometer.measure| 00000610 73 20 77 61 74 65 72 0d 75 70 74 61 6b 65 20 28 |s water.uptake (| 00000620 61 73 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 29 2e 0d 70 0d 33 0d 4c |as shown)..p.3.L| 00000630 0d 4c 45 41 46 20 53 54 52 55 43 54 55 52 45 0d |.LEAF STRUCTURE.| 00000640 0d 57 41 54 45 52 50 52 4f 4f 46 20 43 55 54 49 |.WATERPROOF CUTI| 00000650 43 4c 45 2e 0d 0d 4c 61 79 65 72 20 6f 66 20 65 |CLE...Layer of e| 00000660 70 69 64 65 72 6d 69 73 20 0d 50 41 4c 49 53 41 |pidermis .PALISA| 00000670 44 45 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 3a 0d 6d 61 69 6e 20 73 |DE cells:.main s| 00000680 69 74 65 20 6f 66 0d 70 68 6f 74 6f 73 79 6e 74 |ite of.photosynt| 00000690 68 65 73 69 73 2e 0d 4d 61 6e 79 20 43 48 4c 4f |hesis..Many CHLO| 000006a0 52 4f 50 4c 41 53 54 2e 0d 53 50 4f 4e 47 59 20 |ROPLAST..SPONGY | 000006b0 4d 45 53 4f 50 48 59 4c 4c 3a 0d 61 69 72 20 73 |MESOPHYLL:.air s| 000006c0 70 61 63 65 73 2c 20 6c 61 72 67 65 0d 73 75 72 |paces, large.sur| 000006d0 66 61 63 65 2e 0d 53 54 4f 4d 41 54 41 4c 20 6f |face..STOMATAL o| 000006e0 70 65 6e 69 6e 67 73 0d 61 6e 64 20 47 55 41 52 |penings.and GUAR| 000006f0 44 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 2e 0d 70 0d 34 0d 52 0d 54 |D cells..p.4.R.T| 00000700 52 41 4e 53 50 49 52 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 72 61 74 |RANSPIRATION rat| 00000710 65 0d 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c |e.can be control| 00000720 6c 65 64 20 62 79 0d 6f 70 65 6e 69 6e 67 2f 63 |led by.opening/c| 00000730 6c 6f 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 0d 53 54 4f 4d 41 |losing the.STOMA| 00000740 54 41 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 0d 64 6f 6e 65 |TA. This is.done| 00000750 20 62 79 20 6f 73 6d 6f 74 69 63 0d 70 72 65 73 | by osmotic.pres| 00000760 73 75 72 65 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 69 6e 0d |sure changes in.| 00000770 74 68 65 20 47 55 41 52 44 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 2e |the GUARD cells.| 00000780 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 72 61 74 65 20 6f 66 0d 74 72 |..The rate of.tr| 00000790 61 6e 73 70 69 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 0d 69 73 20 61 |anspiration.is a| 000007a0 66 66 65 63 74 65 64 20 62 79 0d 4c 49 47 48 54 |ffected by.LIGHT| 000007b0 2c 20 57 49 4e 44 20 53 50 45 45 44 2c 0d 48 55 |, WIND SPEED,.HU| 000007c0 4d 49 44 49 54 59 20 61 6e 64 0d 54 45 4d 50 45 |MIDITY and.TEMPE| 000007d0 52 41 54 55 52 45 2e 0d 70 0d 35 0d 23 0d 36 20 |RATURE..p.5.#.6 | 000007e0 4b 49 44 4e 45 59 0d 4d 61 6d 6d 61 6c 69 61 6e |KIDNEY.Mammalian| 000007f0 20 6b 69 64 6e 65 79 20 68 61 73 20 74 77 6f 20 | kidney has two | 00000800 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 3a 0d 0d 31 29 20 72 |functions:..1) r| 00000810 65 6d 6f 76 61 6c 20 6f 66 20 77 61 73 74 65 73 |emoval of wastes| 00000820 3a 20 45 58 43 52 45 54 49 4f 4e 0d 0d 32 29 20 |: EXCRETION..2) | 00000830 77 61 74 65 72 2f 73 61 6c 74 20 62 61 6c 61 6e |water/salt balan| 00000840 63 65 3a 20 4f 53 4d 4f 52 45 47 55 4c 41 54 49 |ce: OSMOREGULATI| 00000850 4f 4e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 65 78 63 |ON..The main exc| 00000860 72 65 74 6f 72 79 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 74 2c 20 |retory product, | 00000870 55 52 45 41 2c 20 69 73 0d 0d 6d 61 64 65 20 69 |UREA, is..made i| 00000880 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 76 65 72 20 66 72 6f 6d |n the liver from| 00000890 20 61 6d 69 6e 6f 2d 61 63 69 64 73 2e 0d 6f 0d | amino-acids..o.| 000008a0 46 20 48 0d 46 0d 48 4f 57 20 54 48 45 20 4b 49 |F H.F.HOW THE KI| 000008b0 44 4e 45 59 20 57 4f 52 4b 53 0d 0d 42 6c 6f 6f |DNEY WORKS..Bloo| 000008c0 64 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 70 72 65 73 73 75 72 65 |d under pressure| 000008d0 0d 65 6e 74 65 72 73 20 74 68 65 20 47 4c 4f 4d |.enters the GLOM| 000008e0 45 52 55 4c 49 0d 77 68 65 72 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 |ERULI.where all | 000008f0 62 75 74 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 0d 61 6e 64 20 70 72 |but cells.and pr| 00000900 6f 74 65 69 6e 20 69 73 0d 66 69 6c 74 65 72 65 |otein is.filtere| 00000910 64 2e 0d 0d 55 73 65 66 75 6c 20 6d 61 74 65 72 |d...Useful mater| 00000920 69 61 6c 73 20 61 72 65 0d 74 68 65 6e 20 72 65 |ials are.then re| 00000930 61 62 73 6f 72 62 65 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 0d 74 68 |absorbed into.th| 00000940 65 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 2e 0d 0d 55 72 69 6e 65 20 |e blood...Urine | 00000950 70 61 73 73 65 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 0d 62 6c |passes to the.bl| 00000960 61 64 64 65 72 2e 0d 70 0d 36 0d 48 0d 48 4f 52 |adder..p.6.H.HOR| 00000970 4d 4f 4e 45 53 0d 41 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f |MONES.A number o| 00000980 66 20 68 6f 72 6d 6f 6e 65 73 20 20 50 49 54 55 |f hormones PITU| 00000990 49 54 41 52 59 8c 0d 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 74 |ITARY..control t| 000009a0 68 65 20 6b 69 64 6e 65 79 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 |he kidney. | 000009b0 20 90 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . .. | 000009c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 000009d0 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 90 0d 41 4c 44 4f 53 54 45 | . ..ALDOSTE| 000009e0 52 4f 4e 45 20 61 66 66 65 63 74 73 20 20 20 41 |RONE affects A| 000009f0 43 54 48 90 20 20 20 20 90 41 44 48 0d 73 61 6c |CTH. .ADH.sal| 00000a00 74 20 62 61 6c 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 |t balance, while| 00000a10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 95 20 20 20 20 90 0d 41 2e | . ..A.| 00000a20 44 2e 48 2e 20 63 61 75 73 65 73 20 77 61 74 65 |D.H. causes wate| 00000a30 72 20 20 20 41 44 52 45 4e 41 4c 20 20 90 0d 72 |r ADRENAL ..r| 00000a40 65 74 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |etention. | 00000a50 20 20 20 20 20 43 4f 52 54 45 58 90 20 20 90 0d | CORTEX. ..| 00000a60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000a70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 90 | . .| 00000a80 0d 28 41 6c 63 6f 68 6f 6c 20 68 61 73 20 74 68 |.(Alcohol has th| 00000a90 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 |e . | 00000aa0 95 0d 6f 70 70 6f 73 69 74 65 20 28 64 69 75 72 |..opposite (diur| 00000ab0 65 74 69 63 29 20 20 20 41 4c 44 4f 2d 20 9c 91 |etic) ALDO- ..| 00000ac0 96 4b 49 44 4e 45 59 0d 65 66 66 65 63 74 2e 29 |.KIDNEY.effect.)| 00000ad0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 54 | ST| 00000ae0 45 52 4f 4e 45 0d 23 0d 54 0d 23 31 0d 31 0d 54 |ERONE.#.T.#1.1.T| 00000af0 68 65 20 6d 6f 76 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 77 |he movement of w| 00000b00 61 74 65 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 77 65 61 6b |ater from a weak| 00000b10 0d 0d 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 72 6f 75 |..solution throu| 00000b20 67 68 20 61 20 63 65 6c 6c 20 6d 65 6d 62 72 61 |gh a cell membra| 00000b30 6e 65 20 69 6e 74 6f 0d 0d 61 20 73 74 72 6f 6e |ne into..a stron| 00000b40 67 20 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 63 61 |g solution is ca| 00000b50 6c 6c 65 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 0d 4f 53 4d |lled ......1.OSM| 00000b60 4f 53 49 53 0d 23 32 0d 32 0d 41 20 63 65 6c 6c |OSIS.#2.2.A cell| 00000b70 20 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 64 69 73 74 69 | placed in disti| 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20 6c 65 61 76 65 73 20 69 73 0d 0d 63 |the leaves is..c| 00000c60 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 0d 54 52 |alled ......1.TR| 00000c70 41 4e 53 50 49 52 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 23 35 0d 35 |ANSPIRATION.#5.5| 00000c80 45 0d 57 68 65 6e 20 6d 6f 69 73 74 2c 20 63 6f |E.When moist, co| 00000c90 62 61 6c 74 20 63 68 6c 6f 72 69 64 65 20 70 61 |balt chloride pa| 00000ca0 70 65 72 20 69 73 0d 0d 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 0d |per is........1.| 00000cb0 50 49 4e 4b 0d 23 36 0d 35 45 0d 54 68 65 20 77 |PINK.#6.5E.The w| 00000cc0 61 74 65 72 20 75 70 74 61 6b 65 20 6f 66 20 61 |ater uptake of a| 00000cd0 20 63 75 74 20 73 68 6f 6f 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 | cut shoot can b| 00000ce0 65 0d 0d 6d 65 61 73 75 72 65 64 20 62 79 20 6d |e..measured by m| 00000cf0 65 61 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d |eans of a ......| 00000d00 31 0d 50 4f 54 4f 4d 45 54 45 52 0d 23 37 0d 35 |1.POTOMETER.#7.5| 00000d10 54 0d 57 68 61 74 20 34 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 |T.What 4 factors| 00000d20 20 61 66 66 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 61 74 65 | affect the rate| 00000d30 20 6f 66 0d 0d 74 72 61 6e 73 70 69 72 61 74 69 | of..transpirati| 00000d40 6f 6e 3f 0d 34 0d 7e 0d 4c 49 47 48 54 0d 57 49 |on?.4.~.LIGHT.WI| 00000d50 4e 44 20 53 50 45 45 44 0d 48 55 4d 49 44 49 54 |ND SPEED.HUMIDIT| 00000d60 59 0d 54 45 4d 50 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 0d 7e 0d |Y.TEMPERATURE.~.| 00000d70 57 49 4e 44 20 53 50 45 45 44 0d 4c 49 47 48 54 |WIND SPEED.LIGHT| 00000d80 0d 48 55 4d 49 44 49 54 59 0d 54 45 4d 45 52 41 |.HUMIDITY.TEMERA| 00000d90 54 55 52 45 0d 7e 0d 48 55 4d 49 44 49 54 59 0d |TURE.~.HUMIDITY.| 00000da0 4c 49 47 48 54 0d 57 49 4e 44 20 53 50 45 45 44 |LIGHT.WIND SPEED| 00000db0 0d 54 45 4d 50 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 0d 7e 0d 54 |.TEMPERATURE.~.T| 00000dc0 45 4d 50 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 0d 57 49 4e 44 20 |EMPERATURE.WIND | 00000dd0 53 50 45 45 44 0d 4c 49 47 48 54 0d 48 55 4d 49 |SPEED.LIGHT.HUMI| 00000de0 44 49 54 59 0d 23 38 0d 34 0d 52 6f 6f 74 20 68 |DITY.#8.4.Root h| 00000df0 61 69 72 73 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 73 65 20 74 68 |airs increase th| 00000e00 65 20 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 20 61 72 65 61 0d 0d |e surface area..| 00000e10 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 2e 20 54 68 69 |of the root. 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