Telnet/Internet/Docs/Install

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Telnet/Internet/Docs/Install_Us

This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.

Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.

Tape/disk:	Home » Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » apps » web
Filename:	Telnet/Internet/Docs/Install_Us
Read OK:	✔
File size:	5459 bytes
Load address:	0000
Exec address:	0000

Duplicates

There are 3 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:

Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Greaseweazled » adfs_1.6M_Apps1.adf » Network/Internet/Docs/Install_Us
Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » apps » web » Telnet/Internet/Docs/Install_Us
Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » 2000_apps_1 » apps1/Network/Internet/Docs/Install_Us
Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » 2000_netapps » Network/Internet/Docs/Install_Us

============================================================================
                              About this file
============================================================================


This file tells you how to install and use the Internet application.

* 'Introduction to the Internet application' introduces you to the
  important concepts behind TCP/IP, and explains the requirements of the
  software and how it interworks with other Acorn networking software.

* 'Installing the Internet application' tells you the choices you need to
  make before installing the software; and how to a copy of the distribution
  software on all your RISC OS machines, changing it to include the
  information that is specific to each computer.

* 'Using the Internet application' tells you how to use the Internet
  application.

The separate 'Commands' file tells you how to use the * Commands supplied
by the Internet module. It will mainly be relevant to system administrators
and other more experienced users.

****************************************************************************
* Before attempting to install !Internet you will need to install the      *
* additions to !System.                                                    *
****************************************************************************

Finding out more
================

For general information on the use of a RISC OS computer and its desktop
interface, see the Welcome Guide and RISC OS 3 User Guide supplied with it.

You should also see any relevant documentation supplied with other computers
you plan to be on your TCP/IP network.

Finally, you can get more detailed information from Internetworking with
TCP/IP. Douglas Comer (1988) Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.


============================================================================
                Introduction to the Internet application
============================================================================


The Internet application enables you to connect Acorn RISC OS computers to a
TCP/IP network, and to access computers on that network in a variety of
ways.


Machine requirements
====================

You can use the Internet application on any computer fitted with RISC OS 3
(version 3.10) or later, and that has at least 1 Mbyte of memory. To connect
directly to an existing Ethernet-based TCP/IP network, your RISC OS
computers will obviously need to have an Ethernet interface fitted.



Coexistence with AUN
====================

Your Acorn machines - such as Level 4 FileServers - can now co-exist on the
same network as other machines that use TCP/IP - such as an Ethernet to
which UNIX workstations and NFS file servers are connected. You can follow
this path by using the Internet application in conjunction with its sister
product, AUN.

AUN forms the core component of Acorn's new networking strategy, called
Acorn Universal Networking (AUN). AUN uses the TCP/IP standard in such a way
as to retain Econet's existing interfaces - both to users and to programs -
so your users won't need to learn new skills, and your existing network
programs should continue to work. AUN will work over your existing Econet
network, but because it uses TCP/IP protocols, it will also work over an
existing TCP/IP network. You can hence use AUN-configured Acorn machines
connected to a TCP/IP network in exactly the same way as if they were
connected to an Econet.

Using the Internet application and AUN together is described in an
application note, available from Acorn Customer Services.


TCP/IP concepts
===============

When you install the Internet application, you will have to assign certain
names and numbers to the computers on your TCP/IP network, and to their
network interfaces. This section explains those names and numbers.

Host names
----------
Each computer on your network must have a principal host name, or host name
for short. Your users will use this name to refer to the computer. The name
must be unique on your site - you can't have two computers with the same
name.

It helps your users if each host name is easy for them to remember. One way
to do this is to use a theme, such as planets (eg saturn, uranus); another
way is to give names that have some relationship to the computer's function
on your network (eg accounts1, accounts2). You can combine these ideas - so
you might name the graphics department's computers after famous artists (eg
turner, vangogh).

Interface names
---------------
Each network interface in each computer must also have an interface name.
Again, this name must be unique on your site - you can't have two interfaces
with the same name.

If there's only a single interface in a computer it's normal to use just the
principal host name as the interface name. If there are two interfaces in a
name it's normal to refer to the principal host name in each interface name:
so a machine named saturn may have interfaces named saturn_1 and saturn_2.

Internet addresses, netmasks and subnets
----------------------------------------
Furthermore, each interface must also have a unique numerical address, known
as its Internet address. It is this address that the TCP/IP protocol uses to
communicate; if a user specifies a host name or interface name, the software
automatically converts it to an Internet address.

An Internet address is four bytes long. These four bytes are split into
fields:

          +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
          | network address | subnet address  |  host address   |
          |                 |   (optional)    |                 |
          +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

                     Fields within an Internet address

The network address identifies an entire network (which is typically a whole
site). The subnet address is optional, and identifies a local network that
forms part of the main network. The host address identifies a host on that
network.

A netmask specifies the portion of the address used by the network and
subnet addresses. For example, if the network address is held in the top
byte, and no subnets are used, the netmask would be 0xFF000000 (i.e.
FF000000 hexadecimal).

Unlike the interface name, the Internet address must be unique on all
networks with which the interface will ever communicate. If you plan to
connect to the Internet, you need to ensure not only that addresses
are unique to your site, but also that they are unique to the entire
Internet.

Physical addresses
------------------
Each interface also has a six byte physical address (alternatively known as
its MAC address). You shouldn't need to do anything to set this up, because
an Ethernet interface's physical address is unique worldwide, and is set in
the hardware at the time of manufacture.


============================================================================
                    Installing the Internet application
============================================================================


Finding out how to set up your computer
=======================================

The Internet already connects together millions of hosts. Clearly it's
impossible to keep so many Internet addresses unique if everyone were just
to choose their own. You must find someone who is authorised to tell you how
to set up your computer so as not to clash with other Internet users:

If you've already got a TCP/IP network running
----------------------------------------------
If you've already got a TCP/IP network running on your site, you should
already have naming and numbering schemes set up. Make sure that any names
and numbers you assign conform to this scheme, and that you first contact
anyone who administrates their allocation.

If you haven't already got a TCP/IP network running
---------------------------------------------------
If you haven't already got a TCP/IP network running on your site, you should
follow the instructions of your service provider.

Once you've found out
---------------------
You'll have to edit some configuration files to set up your hostname,
netmask, Internet address, and so on. The rest of this part of the file
tells you how to make those changes and install the software. It assumes you
are using the desktop, and are familiar with simple use of it. If you have
any problems refer to the RISC OS User Guide supplied with your RISC OS
computer.



The configuration files
=======================

The configuration files you need to edit are held within the Internet
application. Rather than refer to them all the time by their lengthy full
pathnames, we'll just use the leafname. The files are supplied on the
Network distribution disc as:

Filename                        Leafname

$.!Internet.!Configure          !Configure
$.!Internet.files.hosts         hosts     \
$.!Internet.files.networks      networks   \ databases
$.!Internet.files.protocols     protocols  /
$.!Internet.files.services      services  /
$.!Internet.files.startup       startup

The hosts, networks, protocols and services files are collectively known as
the databases.

What the files do
-----------------
* The !Configure file does most of the configuration of the software. It
  sets the principal host name of a computer. It configures each interface,
  setting their Internet addresses, their netmasks, and the driver modules
  to be used. It defines where to find the other configuration files - one
  location for the databases; and another location for the startup file.
  Finally, it sets whether or not the station will forward packets between
  multiple interfaces, and hence whether it acts as a TCP/IP gateway.

* The hosts file gives the host names and Internet addresses of all the
  computers you wish to refer to by their host name.

* The networks, protocols and services files contain databases of network,
  protocol and service names. These files are unused by the Internet
  application, and are provided to support any extra software that uses
  TCP/IP protocols.

The files specify the default values normally used on all computers that
support the TCP/IP protocols; consequently, you shouldn't ever need to edit
them. If you do, you should see respectively the UNIX networks (5),
protocols (5), and services (5) manual pages.

* The startup file initialises your computer's interface(s), and also
  establishes routes to remote networks or hosts.


Different ways to configure the software
========================================

There are some decisions you have to make on how to configure the software.
This section outlines what those decisions are. For details of how to
configure the choices you make, see 'Installing the Internet application'
below, and the instructions and examples in the files you'll need to edit.

Ways to set the Internet address of each interface
--------------------------------------------------
You can set the Internet address of each interface in two ways:

* you can set it explicitly on the computer to which it's fitted

* you can use the interface name to look up the Internet address in the
  hosts database

How to establish routing information
------------------------------------
If you are using gateways, you need to ensure that each RISC OS computer
knows their location, and the route to subnets other than the one to which
it is connected. To do this, use the *Route command to explicitly define the
routing of each gateway. For example:

                      No route command needed because
                    computer is already on both networks
                                     |
route add net 2 1.0.0.2 1            |              route add net 1 2.0.0.2 1
          |                          |                            |
         \ /                        \ /                          \ /

        +---+                      +---+                        +---+
        |m/c|                      |m/c|                        |m/c|
        +---+                      +---+                        +---+
          |         Ethernet         |          Ethernet          |
          +--------------------------+----------------------------+

         / \                      / \ / \                        / \
          |                        |   |                          |
      Interface            Interface   Interface              Interface
       1.0.0.1              1.0.0.2     2.0.0.2                2.0.0.3

You can get more background about the *Route command from the file
'Commands'.


Installing the Internet application
===================================

Where you can install the software
----------------------------------
When you actually install the software for a particular station, you can do
so on any media you like, such as a hard disc or floppy disc.

* Before you install the software, make sure that you have installed the
  additions to !System.

* If you're installing the software on a hard disc, we suggest you make a
  directory called (say) TCP_IP to hold the software. This directory can be
  anywhere you like - it needn't be in the root directory.

* You don't have to do this, and may prefer to put the software in a
  directory that already contains other applications.

Configuring the software
------------------------
1 Load Edit onto the icon bar - if it's not already loaded.

2 Open the !Internet application directory by holding down the Shift key
  while you double-click on its icon.

3 If you have a third-party network interface fitted that has a disc-based
  driver, (additional to ones already supplied) add that driver to the
  network subdirectory within !System.Modules :

  * Open the directory display that shows the third-party driver.

  * Open the !System application directory by holding down Shift key while
    you double-clicking on its icon.
    
  * Open the Modules directory by double-clicking on its icon, likewise for
    the Network directory within Modules.

  * Drag the third-party driver from its directory display to the
    !System.Modules.Network directory.

  Take note of the name of the driver; you'll need to know this for the next
  step.

4 Edit the !Configure file:

  * Load it into Edit by dragging its icon to the Edit icon on the icon bar.

  * Edit the lines that set the system variables.

    You will need to alter these variables, following the instructions in
    the file:

      Variable            Notes
      --------            -----
      Inet$HostName       This sets a station's principal host name.

      Inet$EtherIPAddr    This sets whether your station has an Ethernet
                          interface that you wish to configure for use with
                          TCP/IP, and (if so) sets its Internet address, or
                          specifies that it be looked up using Reverse ARP
                          or BOOTP. Note that the software required for
                          Reverse ARP and BOOTP is not supplied with this
                          release.

      Inet$EtherIPMask    This sets the netmask for an Ethernet interface;
                          the default is correct for most cases.

      Inet$EtherDevice    This sets the driver module to be used to
                          interface the TCP/IP software with your Ethernet
                          interface.

      Inet$IsGateway      This sets whether the machine is to forward IP
                          packets, and hence whether it will act as a
                          gateway.

    You should not need to alter these variables, as they are already
    correct for the software as supplied:

      Variable            Notes
      --------            -----
      InetDBase$Path      This sets the pathname of the directory containing
                          the database files.

      Inet$Startup        This sets the pathname of the startup file.

    You must not alter these variables - irrespective of what the comments
    in the file say - since the software required to use Econet interfaces
    or RouteD is not supplied with this release:

      Variable            Notes
      --------            -----
      Inet$EcoIPAddr      This sets whether your station has an Econet
                          interface that you wish to configure for use with
                          TCP/IP, and (if so) sets its Internet address, or
                          specifies that it be looked up using Reverse ARP
                          or BOOTP.

      Inet$EcoIPMask      This sets the netmask for an Econet interface; the
                          default is correct for most cases.

      Inet$RouteDOptions  This sets whether RouteD - the Internet routing
                          module - is run, and (if so) with what options.

  * Save the edited !Configure file, overwriting the old version.

5 Open the files directory.

6 Edit the hosts file:

  * Load it into Edit by dragging its icon to the Edit icon on the icon bar.

  * Edit the file so that it contains the Internet addresses and host names
    of all the RISC OS computers you wish to refer to by host name. (If a
    computer's host name isn't in here you'll instead have to use its
    Internet address whenever you want to communicate with it.)

  * If you want to add any UNIX hosts to the file, their addresses and names
    must match those in your UNIX /etc/hosts files.

  If you need help, see the comments in the supplied hosts file, and the
  UNIX hosts (5) manual page.

Then save the edited hosts file:

  * If you did not change the value of InetDBase$Path in the !Configure
    file, just overwrite the file you loaded.

  * Otherwise, save it to the new location you set up when you edited the
    !Configure file. Copy the other databases (the networks, protocols, and
    services files) to the same new location. Delete the old databases from
    the files directory.

7 If you are using gateways, edit the startup file:

  * Load it into Edit by dragging its icon to the Edit icon on the icon bar.

  * Add *Route commands to the file so that it contains details of all the
    gateways you will use.

  For guidance and examples see the comments in the file, and the
  documentation of the *Route command in the 'Commands' file.

  Then save the edited startup file:

  * If you did not change the value of Inet$Startup in the !Configure file,
    just overwrite the file you loaded.

  * Otherwise, save it to the new location you set up when you edited the
    !Configure file. Delete the old version of the file from the files
    directory. If there's nothing left in the files directory, delete it
    too.

8 Finally, remove write permission from the files so that your work won't be
  undone. If you've been using floppy discs, you may also like to write
  protect them.

You've now finished installing the Internet application on RISC OS.

Advanced installation
=====================

If you have a good knowledge of RISC OS system variables, you will be able
to see the wide range of ways you can set up the Internet application. In
the above text, and in the comments in the configuration files, we've laid
out several different ways which should suit most possible installations -
but you may be able to see a way that is better suited to your site. If you
do, and if you know what you're doing, by all means further adapt the
configuration files.

If you have a RISC OS 3.60 machine, you have version 4.03 of the Internet
module in ROM. The !Internet application, as supplied, will soft-load
version 4.07. If you are not on an AUN network with AUN gateways, and
you are not using a PPP modem driver, then version 4.03 is perfectly
adequate. You can change the !Internet.!Run file to only check for
version 4.03, and save yourself 96K of memory.


============================================================================
                      Using the Internet application
============================================================================


The Internet application holds various modules that provide the services and
protocols needed for other TCP/IP applications to work. All that happens if
you run Internet is that it loads these modules, making the services and
protocols available to these applications.

Normally you won't ever need to do so, because the other applications should
automatically run Internet if they need it and it's not yet been run.
However, if necessary you cant run Internet rather than the applications
doing so. Also, it doesn't matter if you try to run Internet after it's
first been run (either by you or by an application that needs it.) It can
tell it's already been run, and so avoids unnecessarily loading a second
copy of itself.


How it works
============

When RISC OS first 'sees' the Internet application (ie has to display its
icon) it remembers where you've stored it. (It uses a system variable to do
this). If another application needs the services and protocols in Internet
it just finds out where Internet is stored and automatically runs it.

Of course if RISC OS hasn't 'seen' Internet before you try to run an
application that needs its services, that application won't know where
Internet is and so won't be able to run it. But so long as you (or your
system administrator) have followed our installation instructions, you won't
get this problem.


Finding out more
================

The file 'Commands' tells you:

* what modules and programs are available within the Internet application

* what * Commands they provide you with

* how to use those * Commands.

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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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00004db0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
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*
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00005110  74 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 0a  3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d  |t works.========|
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00005380  0a 0a 0a 46 69 6e 64 69  6e 67 20 6f 75 74 20 6d  |...Finding out m|
00005390  6f 72 65 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d  3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d  |ore.============|
000053a0  3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68  65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 27  |====..The file '|
000053b0  43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73  27 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20  |Commands' tells |
000053c0  79 6f 75 3a 0a 0a 2a 20  77 68 61 74 20 6d 6f 64  |you:..* what mod|
000053d0  75 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64  20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d  |ules and program|
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000053f0  77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 74  68 65 20 49 6e 74 65 72  |within the Inter|
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00005410  0a 2a 20 77 68 61 74 20  2a 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e  |.* what * Comman|
00005420  64 73 20 74 68 65 79 20  70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 20  |ds they provide |
00005430  79 6f 75 20 77 69 74 68  0a 0a 2a 20 68 6f 77 20  |you with..* how |
00005440  74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74  68 6f 73 65 20 2a 20 43  |to use those * C|
00005450  6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e  0a                       |ommands..|
00005459

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