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!AWApr94/Goodies/PowerBase/PBaseDoc/!Tutorial
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Archimedes archive » Archimedes World » AW-1994-04-Disc2.adf » Disk2Apr94 |
| Filename: | !AWApr94/Goodies/PowerBase/PBaseDoc/!Tutorial |
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| File size: | 5FE4 bytes |
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| Exec address: | 0000 |
File contents
Tutorial
========
This document is intended to acquaint the new user as painlessly as possible
with the most commonly-used facilities of Powerbase. It does not explain how
to create a database from scratch (the file 'Create' does that) but it does
explain how to:-
(a) Start up Powerbase and open an existing database.
(b) Browse through the database and search for individual records.
(d) Add new records and alter or delete existing ones.
(d) Query the database to create simple reports.
(e) Close the database.
The supplied sample database 'Elements' is used to illustrate most of these
activities. If you have a hard disc you should copy 'Elements' and Powerbase
itself onto it before proceeding further. It is possible to use Powerbase
using floppy discs only but some operations, such as creating reports, will
be quite slow. Unless memory is very tight therefore, users of floppy discs
are recommended to allocate at least 112K to the RAM disc and copy
'Elements' onto it. Everything will then run much faster. Powerbase can
provide context-sensitive help via Acorn's !Help application and you are
advised to load this, resizing the help window and placing it at the top
right of the screen. Further help can be had by choosing the Help entry on
Powerbase's main menu or on the icon-bar menu.
Starting Powerbase
==================
Double-click on the Powerbase icon. After a few seconds it will appear on
the icon-bar with the words "No data" beneath it to show that no database is
open. Dragging the 'Elements' icon onto the Powerbase icon on the icon-bar
will open 'Elements' for use and the words "No data" will be replaced by the
name of the database. Double-clicking on the 'Elements' icon has the same
effect, in fact if Powerbase isn't already on the icon-bar a double-click on
'Elements' will install it for you provided that the Powerbase icon has been
seen by the filer.
Two windows will open. One is the RECORD WINDOW and displays the first
record in the database. The other is the KEYPAD which allows you to control
the browsing, searching and editing functions of Powerbase. The keypad is
rather large and obscures quite a big area of the record window. The
most-used buttons, however, are on the top two rows and the keypad can be
moved part way off screen to get it out of the way.
Browsing through the Records
============================
The top row of buttons on the keypad allows you to browse through the file.
If you have !Help running, as previously suggested, it will tell you what
each button does. Once you get the general idea you will find the symbols on
the buttons logical and self-explanatory. The most commonly used ones act as
follows:
* Single arrows move you one record at a time. From ACTINIUM, clicking the
right arrow takes you to ALUMINIUM. The left arrow takes you back to
ACTINIUM.
* Double arrows move you through the file by long hops. Thus the right
double arrow takes you from ACTINIUM to BISMUTH and the left one back to
ACTINIUM again. The "fast forward/rewind" value is shown in the little
box between the "fast wind" buttons. It is initially set to 10 records
but can be altered by clicking in it with SELECT and entering a new
value.
* The buttons at the far left and right take you to the beginning and end of
the file. The rightmost button therefore takes you to ZIRCONIUM and the
leftmost one to ACTINIUM.
One further feature of these buttons should be noted; the file wraps around.
If you are at the last record (ZIRCONIUM) one record "forward" takes you to
ACTINIUM again. Similarly, one record "back" from ACTINIUM gives ZIRCONIUM.
The second row has buttons marked like the 'play' and 'stop' controls of a
cassette player. 'Play' allows an automatic 'flip-through' of the records
without the need to touch any other buttons. When you get to the place you
want, click on 'stop'. If the records go past too quickly you can slow the
process down by increasing the number in the central icon of the top row of
buttons. (This is normally used to set the 'fast-wind' interval; see above.)
Key fields, Keys and Indices
============================
When using the six buttons on the top row of the keypad you will have
noticed that the records appear to be arranged alphabetically by the name of
the element. The actual order in which records occur in the file is in fact
nothing like alphabetical, but the order in which they are ACCESSED is
determined by an INDEX which forces them to appear in alphabetical order.
Every database must have at least one index, but you can have as many extra
ones as you wish (subject to memory and disc limitations).
Changing index
--------------
The second row of the keypad has two buttons featuring a blue arrow with a
key symbol. Click on the right one and the record for HYDROGEN is displayed!
If you now experiment with the top row of buttons as before you will find
that the records no longer appear in alphabetical order of name but in order
of ATOMIC NUMBER instead. What we have done is change to a different index.
If a database has multiple indices the "key" buttons allow you to cycle
through them in opposite directions. (Since Elements has only two indices
the two buttons have exactly the same effect.) When you change to a
different index the screen always displays the first record as determined by
that index.
Keys and key fields
-------------------
An index is built from KEYS which are derived from a particular KEY FIELD.
The two indices used by Elements are based on the NAME and ATOMIC NUMBER
fields. The way in which the key stored in the index is derived from the key
field is different in the two cases. For the NAME index the first four
letters of the name are used. Since no two elements have names beginning
with the same four letters this gives a unique "value" for the key. (Two
letters would not have been enough because of such names as CHLORINE and
CHROMIUM.) The ATOMIC NUMBER index is based on the whole 3-digit maximum
length and the ordering is NUMERIC. Whenever a record is displayed the key
is shown in the window title (# characters are for padding and should be
ignored.)
The record screen clearly shows which fields are keyfields and which are
not. The descriptors, or labels, of fields are normally black. Where the
fields are keyfields they are shown in dark blue instead and the field used
by the current index has its descriptor in red. Note also that the
background colour of the NAME field is pale yellow whereas the rest are
white . This indicates that NAME is the PRIMARY KEY field. The primary key
and the index based on it is more important than the others. It is the one
index which a database MUST have and is the one selected when a database is
first opened.
Searching for a record
======================
The rightmost button on the third row of the keypad shows a question mark
followed by a "record card" icon We will call it the Search button.
When clicked with SELECT the keypad window grows an extension on the
right-hand side. This new area contains a writable icon in which to enter
the key of the record you wish to display. Suppose you want to see the
record for the element NITROGEN. If the current index is the NAME then type
in NITR and either type RETURN or click the 'OK' button. The required record
quickly appears. If you enter the key of a non-existent record an error box
is displayed. You don't necessarily need to type the whole key; NIT would do
in this case, but NI would be ambiguous (there are elements called NICKEL
and NIOBIUM).
To find NITROGEN when the ATOMIC NUMBER index is active you would need to
know that the atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Type this in and type RETURN
or click on 'OK' and the record appears. Abbreviated keys are NOT allowed in
this case for obvious reasons; if you want element 103 (LAWRENCIUM) it's no
good entering 10 (NEON)!
Editing the Database
====================
This part of the tutorial involves changes to the data records. Make a
working copy of the disc and put the original in a safe place. If you are
using a copy of Elements on the RAM disc then the floppy disc won't be
altered, but it's still not a good idea to work with the original disc.
Modifying records
-----------------
Pointing the mouse at any field and clicking SELECT places the caret in that
field. The contents of the field may then be edited in the standard way for
RISC OS writable icons. i.e.
CTRL U clears the field.
DELETE removes the character to the left of the caret.
COPY removes the character to the right of the caret.
SHIFT/COPY deletes the word to the right of the caret.
CTRL/COPY deletes everything from the caret to the end of the line.
� and � move the caret left/right by one character.
SHIFT � and SHIFT � move the caret left/right by one word.
CRTL � and CTRL � move the caret to start and end of the field.
Changes made to a record cause the record to be written back to the database
whenever you display a different record or close the database. There is a
button on the keypad called 'Force update' but you don't normally need to
use it.
At the ends of the third row of keypad buttons are two which contain a
vertical blue arrow. Clicking on the left button stores the contents of the
field which has the caret in a scratchpad. Moving the caret to another
field and clicking the right button copies the data from the scratchpad
into that field, over-writing its previous contents. This provides a quick
method of copying data from one field to another, or from one record to
another. You may continue to "paste" the data into new fields as often as
you like. Only when you click the left button again are the contents of the
scratchpad changed. Data "pasted" into a field cannot "overflow"; if too
long for the field it will be cut to the permitted length. As an added
precaution you can't "paste" a null string into a field.
Recovering data after a mistake
-------------------------------
You will sometimes edit the wrong field by mistake and want to restore the
previous contents. Click MENU over the field. The second entry on the main
menu contains the "tag" of the field. Follow the right-pointing arrow to the
'Field' sub-menu and choose the last entry: 'Restore field'. Similarly, if
you make a mess of a complete record and want to go back to the way it was
you can choose 'Restore record' from the main menu.
It is important to realise that these 'restore' facilities will not work if
you have looked at another record before using them (or clicked on 'Force
update'). In other words you can recover data which has been altered in or
removed from the currently-displayed record only.
Adding new records
------------------
First we will add a new record for a fictitious element as described below:-
NAME TASMANIUM
SYMBOL Ts
ATOMIC NUMBER 108
We could invent a lot more, but this will be enough to get the idea across.
At the far left of the second row on the keypad is a button with a plus sign
and a "record card" icon. This is the 'Insert' button. A blank record will
be displayed with the caret in the NAME field. Enter TASMANIUM here and
press RETURN. The caret will jump to the SYMBOL field. Enter Ts. You will
now need to press RETURN twice to get to ATOMIC NUMBER (One press takes you
to the un-named field after NAME where the origin of the element's name is
given.) Alternatively you could point the mouse at the ATOMIC NUMBER box and
click SELECT. There is no need to press RETURN after entering a field in
order to "accept" the data; it's simply the most convenient way of getting
to the next field if that's what you want to do. When entering data into
widely- scattered fields it is more convenient to use the mouse.
Having entered your data click any of the first row of buttons so that a
different record is displayed. Now use 'Search' to find TASMANIUM by name.
Change to the other index and find it by atomic number. In both cases try
moving to the record just before and just after the new one, noting that it
has been placed in its correct position in both indices: between TANTALUM
and TECHNETIUM in the NAME index and at the very end of the ATOMIC NUMBER
index.
Data Input Validation
---------------------
When entering the above data you may have noticed that the NAME field will
only accept capital letters and the ATOMIC NUMBER field will only accept
numerals. This is because the fields have an associated TYPE which restricts
the characters which the field will accept. Any others are simply ignored.
We will call this feature TYPE VALIDATION.
Another level of data validation, which we will now illustrate, is called
TABLE VALIDATION Make an entry in the GROUP field. Type X, for example,
then try to move to another field by either pressing RETURN or clicking the
mouse. You'll find that you can't do so - you get an error message instead.
This is because the GROUP field is linked to a VALIDATION TABLE which
means that only entries which appear in the table may be used in that field.
Fields linked to validation tables are distinguished by using dark green,
instead of black, as the foreground colour.
To see what the validation table contains, place the caret in the GROUP
field then click on the List values button on the keypad. The validation
table will then be displayed in its own window. Only those items in the left
column of the table may be entered in the GROUP field. Element 108 would be
a transition metal, so enter T. You will now find that Powerbase accepts
your data.
Both type validation and table validation may be turned off and on by means
of an option on the Validation submenu. The item is normally ticked, showing
that validation is turned on.
Deleting records
----------------
Since "tasmanium" isn't a real element we want to remove it from our
database. There is a "dustbin" button which will do just that: but don't
use it yet. Make sure that the unwanted record is on the screen and click
the button to the RIGHT of the bin. You will now find that "tasmanium" has
vanished; the names run straight from TANTALUM to TECHNETIUM and the atomic
numbers end with 103, just as they did before you added the extra record.
Wasn't that rather TOO easy? Suppose you clicked the button by mistake and
deleted an important record! Powerbase handles this very nicely. The record
hasn't really been deleted at all. To prove this, click the button above the
one you used for "deleting". The button shows a green right-pointing arrow
and a "card index" icon. There's TASMANIUM again! You will soon find that it
appears to be the ONLY record in the file! Don't worry; nothing has been
lost. A Powerbase database is treated as six separate SUBFILES
numbered 0-5. When you first open the database you are looking at Subfile 0
and the heading of the record window shows this. If you look at the heading
now you will see that it has changed to Subfile 1.
The buttons on either side of the bin carry pictures which suggest their
true functions. They do NOT delete records; they merely MOVE records from
one subfile to another. The right button moves the displayed record to the
next subfile in sequence. Thus, in the above case the TASMANIUM record has
been moved from subfile 0 to subfile 1. A record in subfile 1 would be moved
to subfile 2 and so on. What happens when it gets to 5? The next click
shoves it into subfile 0 where it was originally. As you might have guessed,
the left button moves records in the opposite direction, i.e. from subfile 1
to 0 or from subfile 0 to 5.
What happens when you DO want to lose a record for good? That's when you
consign it to the dustbin! Since this button's action is more drastic than
that of the other two you are asked for confirmation before deletion occurs.
Printing Lists
==============
Before Powerbase can produce a list it must be told:
* which FIELDS should appear on the list
* which RECORDS should appear on the list.
Making the field selection
--------------------------
Specifying the fields you want is extremely easy. To include a field simply
point the mouse at it and click with ADJUST. The selected field will then
appear in inverse video (i.e. normally white on black). If you change your
mind about a field you can de-select it by clicking on it again with ADJUST.
The order in which the fields will appear in the printed list is the order
in which you select them. Take care with this since there is nothing on the
screen to indicate what order the fields will be in. The fields chosen for
inclusion in a printout make up a SELECTION which may be saved and reloaded
for future use. Just for now select NAME, SYMBOL and GROUP.
Choosing which records to print
-------------------------------
Specifying which records to print is somewhat more complex, although efforts
have been made to render it as simple as possible. With the mouse pointer in
the record window click MENU. This displays the main Powerbase menu from
which you should choose Print. A small window appears in which you can
specify the criteria which must be met by records for inclusion in the list.
If you just click OK (or press RETURN) without entering anything here you
will obtain a list of the whole database (or, more accurately, of the the
whole of the current subfile ). Try this first.
Nothing will be printed until the search is complete. If the mouse pointer
is over the main window the hourglass will tell you how far things have
progressed. Pressing Escape causes the process to be aborted. When the
process is complete the list will be displayed in a window. It may be saved
as a text file and printed using the usual RISC OS drivers .
If you point to a record in the displayed list and double-click with SELECT
Powerbase will display the chosen record in the main record window. Note
that the caret is placed in the field you were pointing to on the list. This
is very useful if you spot errors in the data whilst examining a list. A
double click on the offending item offers the record with the caret
correctly positioned for editing.
Most database queries, however, don't involve printing all the records! You
will usually need to enter a SEARCH FORMULA before clicking OK. Search
formulae can be quite complex and a more detailed treatment is given in a
later section. Only a couple of simple examples will be shown here.
Suppose we want a list of all the transitional elements. i.e. all those
which have T in the GROUP field. We can do this by entering the search
formula GP=T. Why GP? Shouldn't it be GROUP=T? The latter seems more
obvious, but what happens if the field has no descriptor? The record screen
of !Elements contains many such fields such as the one on the first line
which gives the origin of the element's name. Every field which can hold
data has to have a "handle" by which we can refer to it and that handle is
called the field TAG. Tags are very short; never more than four characters.
You have seen some tags already. Look at the list you printed earlier. The
three columns are headed NAME, SYM and GP not NAME, SYMBOL and GROUP. The
user therefore meets tags in two contexts:
* They are used to specify fields in search formulae
* They are the default column headings in lists.
The Print options window allows you to change the column headings to the
field descriptors if you so wish.
Type GP=T in the space provided and click OK. This time the list will be a
much shorter one and you will see that the GP column contains T in every
case.
Our second example involves printing all elements whose names end in "IUM".
What we need to specify is that "NAME contains IUM" and we do this by
entering the search formula NAME{IUM. Finally we will combine the previous
two examples into a two-pronged search for all the TRANSITIONAL elements
whose names end in "IUM". The search formula this time is NAME{IUM AND GP=T.
Note the spaces before and after AND. These are essential. You might like
to try an alternative way of entering this search formula. Proceed as
follows:
* Click the "toggle size" icon of the matching records window. This
makes it expand to show more controls.
* NAME should already be visible as the required field, but you need
to select the radio button for Contains.
* Click in the space next to Value: and enter IUM.
* Click the AND button to select it.
* Click Add to formula.
The search formula should now read NAME{IUM AND.
* Click on the field tag (currently NAME) until it reads GP
* Select Is equal to.
* Enter T in the Value field.
* Click Add to formula.
The complete search formula should now be visible so click OK and the list
will be produced. The above takes far longer to describe than it does to do
and can be a great help to the infrequent Powerbase user who has trouble
remembering the syntax of search formulae. If you use certain complex
queries often you may find it convenient to save them for future use .
The biggest problem you are likely to encounter is not knowing the tags for
the various fields. The method just described gets round the problem by
letting you cycle through the tags by clicking on an icon rather than typing
them directly. You will also find that clicking with SELECT on a field while
holding down ALT causes the tag of that field to appear in the search
formula icon.
Closing down
============
A database may be closed down by choosing the Close database entry from the
icon bar menu. When you do so, all the indices stored in memory are saved
to disc (the Save indices button on the keypad gives a clear indication of
this) and the database is closed. You do not have to do anything to save the
database itself to disc since it has been there all along. Only the current
record is in memory at any one time and this is automatically written back
to disc when it has been changed in any way.
Also saved automatically is the link file which holds the relational links
between the main database and the validation tables. The tables themselves
are NOT saved automatically. If you have edited a table, or created a new
one, you will need to click MENU over the displayed table and choose the
Save option from it.
If you are going to use another database straight away just double click on
it or drag it to the Powerbase icon on the icon bar. In fact you don't even
need to close the previous database before doing this; Powerbase will do it
for you.
When working with a database on the RAM disc Powerbase will issue a warning
that the data is not secure and that you need to drag it from the RAM disc
to a floppy or hard disc before switching off.
To terminate Powerbase itself use the Quit option on the icon bar menu.
Merging data into an Impression document
========================================
The distribution disc contains a simple Impression document called
'MergeTest'. It will be used in conjunction with the 'Elements' database to
illustrate direct data-merging with Impression.
(1) Make sure that Impression has been "seen" by the filer. (You need not
actually load it.)
(2) Open the 'Elements' database and drop 'MergeTest' onto the record
window.
(3) Click on 'Merge' in the 'Merge data' dialogue box. You will see that
data relating to the record for ACTINIUM has been inserted into the
Impression document.
(4) The arrow and double-arrow buttons (identical to those on the keypad)
may be used to move through the database causing different records to be
merged into the document.
(5) A search formula may be used to restrict the operation to records
matching certain criteria.
(6) 'Print' may be used to print the document with the currently-merged
data. To print a set of documents, one for each matching element,
select the 'Print all' switch then click on 'Merge'.
During data-merging Impression editing is disabled - you can't place the
caret in the document and the mouse pointer appears as a red and blue cross.
Clicking on 'Cancel' or closing the 'Merge data' dialogue box restores
normal editing.
For more information on data-merging, including instructions on how to
prepare the Impression document, see 'MailMerge'.
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*
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00000040 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | =======|
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00000150 20 20 20 28 61 29 20 53 74 61 72 74 20 75 70 20 | (a) Start up |
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00000190 20 28 62 29 20 42 72 6f 77 73 65 20 74 68 72 6f | (b) Browse thro|
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00000250 20 20 20 20 28 65 29 20 43 6c 6f 73 65 20 74 68 | (e) Close th|
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