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F/+MOLEC1
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron_User_Group » EUG_29.ADF |
| Filename: | F/+MOLEC1 |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 0CFA bytes |
| Load address: | FFFF4D20 |
| Exec address: | 14345 |
File contents
�.........*.......*.......*.......*.......*.......*.......*.......*......<
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What type of computers in the 21st. Century?
Tony Boarer 214 Dunraven Drive Derriforrd Plymouth PL6 6AZ 01752 771276
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Not so long ago I read an interesting article in Weekend FT on progress
with the molecular computer. The gist of it was as follows.
Until a couple of years ago scientists thought that a "molecular
computer" lay many decades into the future = i.e. a "machine" that
could store and manipulate chemical molecules rather than electronic
impulses.
But a Leonard Adleman of the University of Southern California
announced in November,1994, that he had built a primative molecular
computer and actually used it to solve a problem. He used DNA
molecules. His paper to the US journal "Science" could turn out to be
a most important scientific document with far reaching consequences.
DNA computing will have two distinctive advantages:-
1) that individual molecules will be able to hold millions of
times more encoded information in a given space than the most compact
electronic memory, and
2) that a DNA computer offers the ultimate in parallel
processing.
What this amounts to is that whereas an electronic system is considered
to super fast if it has 1000 chips processing data at the same time, a
DNA system will have trillions of reactions simultaneously.
This has enourmous implications for solving certain types of
mathematical problems that even the latest very fast electronic
computers would take impossibly long to solve, because the latter can
only test one by one whereas the DNA computer has the simultaneous
ability.
It is early days yet but Leonard Adleman has used his DNA computer to
solve the "travelling salesman" problem of the shortest path between
seven cities linked by fourteen one-way routes without retracing steps.
This was all done by encoding strands of DNA to represent the cities
and routes and mixing in a test tube, and pulling out the unique
solution according the the techniques of molecular biology - a rather
simplistic sentence! A test tube could hold a billion billion strands
of DNA, and although individual chemical reactions would typically take
minutes rather than micro-seconds so many can be done at once that it
makes the completion of the task many times faster than the electronic
equivalent.
It could, therefore, be that we shall see development of hybrid
electronic/molecular computers beginning to approach the workings of
the human brain. We have already seen, this last year, a chip implanted
and connected to the spinal nervous system of a young lady paralysed
waist down in a car accident. Although this does not produce any
feeling she can make herself stand up and take steps by use of the
little black box connected to the chip. The next 50 years are, I feel
sure, going to see some remarkable developments, both in the speed of
computing output and in the fields of application.
How about a chip in the brain to counter the loss of memory as one gets
older? 21st. Century or later?
00000000 81 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2a 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e |..........*.....| 00000010 2e 2e 2a 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2a 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e |..*.......*.....| * 00000040 2e 2e 2a 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 3c 20 20 20 0d 2a 2a |..*......< .**| 00000050 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a |****************| * 00000090 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |*****. | 000000a0 20 20 20 57 68 61 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f 66 20 | What type of | 000000b0 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |computers in the| 000000c0 20 32 31 73 74 2e 20 43 65 6e 74 75 72 79 3f 0d | 21st. Century?.| 000000d0 54 6f 6e 79 20 42 6f 61 72 65 72 20 32 31 34 20 |Tony Boarer 214 | 000000e0 44 75 6e 72 61 76 65 6e 20 44 72 69 76 65 20 44 |Dunraven Drive D| 000000f0 65 72 72 69 66 6f 72 72 64 20 50 6c 79 6d 6f 75 |erriforrd Plymou| 00000100 74 68 20 50 4c 36 20 36 41 5a 20 30 31 37 35 32 |th PL6 6AZ 01752| 00000110 20 37 37 31 32 37 36 0d 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a | 771276.********| 00000120 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a |****************| * 00000150 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 0d |***************.| 00000160 4e 6f 74 20 73 6f 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 61 67 6f 20 |Not so long ago | 00000170 49 20 72 65 61 64 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 |I read an intere| 00000180 73 74 69 6e 67 20 61 72 74 69 63 6c 65 20 69 6e |sting article in| 00000190 20 57 65 65 6b 65 6e 64 20 46 54 20 6f 6e 20 70 | Weekend FT on p| 000001a0 72 6f 67 72 65 73 73 0d 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 |rogress.with the| 000001b0 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 61 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 | molecular compu| 000001c0 74 65 72 2e 20 54 68 65 20 67 69 73 74 20 6f 66 |ter. The gist of| 000001d0 20 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 61 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f | it was as follo| 000001e0 77 73 2e 0d 55 6e 74 69 6c 1a 20 61 1a 20 63 6f |ws..Until. a. co| 000001f0 75 70 6c 65 1a 20 6f 66 1a 20 79 65 61 72 73 1a |uple. of. years.| 00000200 20 61 67 6f 1a 20 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 73 74 73 | ago. scientists| 00000210 1a 20 74 68 6f 75 67 68 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 |. thought that a| 00000220 20 22 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 61 72 0d 63 6f 6d 70 | "molecular.comp| 00000230 75 74 65 72 22 1a 20 6c 61 79 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 |uter". lay many | 00000240 64 65 63 61 64 65 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 |decades into the| 00000250 20 66 75 74 75 72 65 20 3d 1a 20 69 2e 65 2e 1a | future =. i.e..| 00000260 20 61 1a 20 22 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 22 1a 20 74 | a. "machine". t| 00000270 68 61 74 0d 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 73 74 6f 72 65 1a |hat.could store.| 00000280 20 61 6e 64 1a 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 65 | and. manipulate| 00000290 1a 20 63 68 65 6d 69 63 61 6c 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 |. chemical molec| 000002a0 75 6c 65 73 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e |ules rather than| 000002b0 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 0d 69 6d 70 75 | electronic.impu| 000002c0 6c 73 65 73 2e 0d 42 75 74 1a 20 61 1a 20 4c 65 |lses..But. a. Le| 000002d0 6f 6e 61 72 64 1a 20 41 64 6c 65 6d 61 6e 1a 20 |onard. Adleman. | 000002e0 6f 66 1a 20 74 68 65 1a 20 55 6e 69 76 65 72 73 |of. the. Univers| 000002f0 69 74 79 1a 20 6f 66 1a 20 53 6f 75 74 68 65 72 |ity. of. Souther| 00000300 6e 1a 20 43 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e 69 61 0d 61 6e |n. California.an| 00000310 6e 6f 75 6e 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 4e 6f 76 65 6d |nounced in Novem| 00000320 62 65 72 2c 31 39 39 34 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 68 |ber,1994, that h| 00000330 65 1a 20 68 61 64 1a 20 62 75 69 6c 74 1a 20 61 |e. had. built. a| 00000340 1a 20 70 72 69 6d 61 74 69 76 65 20 6d 6f 6c 65 |. primative mole| 00000350 63 75 6c 61 72 0d 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 1a 20 |cular.computer. | 00000360 61 6e 64 1a 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 1a 20 75 |and. actually. u| 00000370 73 65 64 1a 20 69 74 1a 20 74 6f 1a 20 73 6f 6c |sed. it. to. sol| 00000380 76 65 1a 20 61 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 2e 1a 20 |ve. a problem.. | 00000390 48 65 1a 20 75 73 65 64 1a 20 44 4e 41 0d 6d 6f |He. used. DNA.mo| 000003a0 6c 65 63 75 6c 65 73 2e 20 48 69 73 20 20 70 61 |lecules. His pa| 000003b0 70 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 55 53 20 6a 6f |per to the US jo| 000003c0 75 72 6e 61 6c 20 22 53 63 69 65 6e 63 65 22 1a |urnal "Science".| 000003d0 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 75 72 6e 20 6f 75 74 20 | could turn out | 000003e0 74 6f 20 62 65 0d 61 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 69 6d 70 |to be.a most imp| 000003f0 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 66 69 |ortant scientifi| 00000400 63 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 |c document with | 00000410 66 61 72 20 72 65 61 63 68 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6e |far reaching con| 00000420 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 73 2e 0d 44 4e 41 20 63 |sequences..DNA c| 00000430 6f 6d 70 75 74 69 6e 67 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 |omputing will ha| 00000440 76 65 20 74 77 6f 20 64 69 73 74 69 6e 63 74 69 |ve two distincti| 00000450 76 65 20 61 64 76 61 6e 74 61 67 65 73 3a 2d 0d |ve advantages:-.| 00000460 09 31 29 1a 20 74 68 61 74 1a 20 69 6e 64 69 76 |.1). that. indiv| 00000470 69 64 75 61 6c 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 65 73 20 |idual molecules | 00000480 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 |will be able to | 00000490 68 6f 6c 64 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 73 20 20 6f |hold millions o| 000004a0 66 0d 74 69 6d 65 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 6e 63 |f.times more enc| 000004b0 6f 64 65 64 1a 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f |oded. informatio| 000004c0 6e 1a 20 69 6e 20 61 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 73 70 |n. in a given sp| 000004d0 61 63 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 |ace than the mos| 000004e0 74 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 63 74 0d 65 6c 65 63 74 72 |t compact.electr| 000004f0 6f 6e 69 63 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 |onic memory, and| 00000500 0d 09 32 29 1a 20 74 68 61 74 1a 20 61 1a 20 44 |..2). that. a. D| 00000510 4e 41 1a 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 1a 20 6f |NA. computer . o| 00000520 66 66 65 72 73 1a 20 74 68 65 1a 20 75 6c 74 69 |ffers. the. ulti| 00000530 6d 61 74 65 1a 20 69 6e 1a 20 70 61 72 61 6c 6c |mate. in. parall| 00000540 65 6c 0d 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 2e 0d 57 |el.processing..W| 00000550 68 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74 73 |hat this amounts| 00000560 20 74 6f 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 68 65 72 | to is that wher| 00000570 65 61 73 20 61 6e 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 |eas an electroni| 00000580 63 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 73 |c system is cons| 00000590 69 64 65 72 65 64 0d 74 6f 20 73 75 70 65 72 20 |idered.to super | 000005a0 66 61 73 74 20 69 66 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 20 31 |fast if it has 1| 000005b0 30 30 30 1a 20 63 68 69 70 73 20 70 72 6f 63 65 |000. chips proce| 000005c0 73 73 69 6e 67 20 64 61 74 61 20 61 74 20 74 68 |ssing data at th| 000005d0 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 61 0d 44 |e same time, a.D| 000005e0 4e 41 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 |NA system will h| 000005f0 61 76 65 20 74 72 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 |ave trillions of| 00000600 20 72 65 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 73 69 6d 75 6c | reactions simul| 00000610 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 2e 0d 54 68 69 73 1a |taneously..This.| 00000620 1a 20 68 61 73 1a 1a 20 65 6e 6f 75 72 6d 6f 75 |. has.. enourmou| 00000630 73 1a 1a 20 69 6d 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 |s.. implications| 00000640 1a 20 66 6f 72 1a 20 73 6f 6c 76 69 6e 67 1a 20 |. for. solving. | 00000650 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 1a 20 74 79 70 65 73 1a 20 |certain. types. | 00000660 6f 66 0d 6d 61 74 68 65 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 1a |of.mathematical.| 00000670 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 1a 20 74 68 61 74 1a | problems. that.| 00000680 20 65 76 65 6e 1a 20 74 68 65 1a 20 6c 61 74 65 | even. the. late| 00000690 73 74 1a 20 76 65 72 79 1a 20 66 61 73 74 1a 20 |st. very. fast. | 000006a0 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 0d 63 6f 6d 70 75 |electronic.compu| 000006b0 74 65 72 73 1a 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 1a 20 74 61 6b |ters. would. tak| 000006c0 65 20 69 6d 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 79 20 6c 6f 6e |e impossibly lon| 000006d0 67 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 6c 76 65 2c 20 62 65 63 61 |g to solve, beca| 000006e0 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 74 74 65 72 20 63 |use the latter c| 000006f0 61 6e 0d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 65 73 74 20 6f 6e 65 |an.only test one| 00000700 1a 20 62 79 1a 20 6f 6e 65 1a 20 77 68 65 72 65 |. by. one. where| 00000710 61 73 1a 20 74 68 65 1a 20 44 4e 41 20 63 6f 6d |as. the. DNA com| 00000720 70 75 74 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 |puter has the si| 00000730 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 0d 61 62 69 6c 69 |multaneous.abili| 00000740 74 79 2e 0d 49 74 20 69 73 20 65 61 72 6c 79 20 |ty..It is early | 00000750 64 61 79 73 20 79 65 74 1a 20 62 75 74 1a 20 4c |days yet. but. L| 00000760 65 6f 6e 61 72 64 20 41 64 6c 65 6d 61 6e 20 68 |eonard Adleman h| 00000770 61 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 68 69 73 20 44 4e 41 20 |as used his DNA | 00000780 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 74 6f 0d 73 6f 6c 76 |computer to.solv| 00000790 65 20 74 68 65 20 22 74 72 61 76 65 6c 6c 69 6e |e the "travellin| 000007a0 67 20 73 61 6c 65 73 6d 61 6e 22 20 70 72 6f 62 |g salesman" prob| 000007b0 6c 65 6d 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 1a 20 73 68 6f 72 |lem of the. shor| 000007c0 74 65 73 74 1a 20 70 61 74 68 1a 20 62 65 74 77 |test. path. betw| 000007d0 65 65 6e 0d 73 65 76 65 6e 20 63 69 74 69 65 73 |een.seven cities| 000007e0 20 6c 69 6e 6b 65 64 20 62 79 20 66 6f 75 72 74 | linked by fourt| 000007f0 65 65 6e 20 6f 6e 65 2d 77 61 79 20 72 6f 75 74 |een one-way rout| 00000800 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 72 65 74 72 61 |es without retra| 00000810 63 69 6e 67 20 73 74 65 70 73 2e 0d 54 68 69 73 |cing steps..This| 00000820 1a 20 77 61 73 1a 20 61 6c 6c 1a 20 64 6f 6e 65 |. was. all. done| 00000830 20 62 79 20 65 6e 63 6f 64 69 6e 67 20 73 74 72 | by encoding str| 00000840 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 20 44 4e 41 20 74 6f 20 72 |ands of DNA to r| 00000850 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 69 74 |epresent the cit| 00000860 69 65 73 0d 61 6e 64 20 72 6f 75 74 65 73 20 61 |ies.and routes a| 00000870 6e 64 20 6d 69 78 69 6e 67 1a 20 69 6e 1a 20 61 |nd mixing. in. a| 00000880 1a 20 74 65 73 74 1a 20 74 75 62 65 2c 1a 20 61 |. test. tube,. a| 00000890 6e 64 1a 20 70 75 6c 6c 69 6e 67 1a 20 6f 75 74 |nd. pulling. out| 000008a0 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 69 71 75 65 0d 73 6f 6c 75 | the unique.solu| 000008b0 74 69 6f 6e 1a 20 61 63 63 6f 72 64 69 6e 67 1a |tion. according.| 000008c0 20 74 68 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 63 68 6e 69 71 | the the techniq| 000008d0 75 65 73 20 6f 66 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 61 72 |ues of molecular| 000008e0 20 62 69 6f 6c 6f 67 79 20 2d 20 61 20 72 61 74 | biology - a rat| 000008f0 68 65 72 0d 73 69 6d 70 6c 69 73 74 69 63 20 73 |her.simplistic s| 00000900 65 6e 74 65 6e 63 65 21 20 41 1a 20 74 65 73 74 |entence! A. test| 00000910 1a 20 74 75 62 65 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 6f 6c |. tube could hol| 00000920 64 20 61 20 62 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 20 62 69 6c 6c |d a billion bill| 00000930 69 6f 6e 20 73 74 72 61 6e 64 73 0d 6f 66 20 44 |ion strands.of D| 00000940 4e 41 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 |NA, and although| 00000950 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 63 68 65 6d | individual chem| 00000960 69 63 61 6c 20 72 65 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 77 |ical reactions w| 00000970 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 |ould typically t| 00000980 61 6b 65 0d 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 20 72 61 74 68 |ake.minutes rath| 00000990 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 2d 73 65 |er than micro-se| 000009a0 63 6f 6e 64 73 20 73 6f 1a 20 6d 61 6e 79 1a 20 |conds so. many. | 000009b0 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 61 74 20 6f |can be done at o| 000009c0 6e 63 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 0d 6d 61 6b 65 |nce that it.make| 000009d0 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 69 6f 6e |s the completion| 000009e0 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 61 73 6b 20 6d 61 6e | of the task man| 000009f0 79 1a 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 66 61 73 74 65 72 20 |y. times faster | 00000a00 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f |than the electro| 00000a10 6e 69 63 0d 65 71 75 69 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 2e 0d |nic.equivalent..| 00000a20 49 74 1a 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 2c 1a 20 74 68 65 72 |It. could,. ther| 00000a30 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 62 65 20 74 68 61 74 1a 20 |efore, be that. | 00000a40 77 65 1a 20 73 68 61 6c 6c 1a 20 73 65 65 1a 20 |we. shall. see. | 00000a50 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 6d 65 6e 74 1a 20 6f 66 1a |development. of.| 00000a60 20 68 79 62 72 69 64 0d 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e | hybrid.electron| 00000a70 69 63 2f 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 61 72 20 63 6f 6d |ic/molecular com| 00000a80 70 75 74 65 72 73 20 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 |puters beginning| 00000a90 1a 20 74 6f 1a 20 61 70 70 72 6f 61 63 68 1a 20 |. to. approach. | 00000aa0 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 73 20 6f 66 0d |the workings of.| 00000ab0 74 68 65 20 68 75 6d 61 6e 20 62 72 61 69 6e 2e |the human brain.| 00000ac0 20 57 65 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 | We have already| 00000ad0 20 73 65 65 6e 2c 20 74 68 69 73 20 6c 61 73 74 | seen, this last| 00000ae0 20 79 65 61 72 2c 20 61 20 63 68 69 70 20 69 6d | year, a chip im| 00000af0 70 6c 61 6e 74 65 64 0d 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 6e 6e |planted.and conn| 00000b00 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 69 |ected to the spi| 00000b10 6e 61 6c 20 6e 65 72 76 6f 75 73 1a 20 73 79 73 |nal nervous. sys| 00000b20 74 65 6d 1a 20 6f 66 1a 20 61 20 79 6f 75 6e 67 |tem. of. a young| 00000b30 20 6c 61 64 79 20 70 61 72 61 6c 79 73 65 64 0d | lady paralysed.| 00000b40 77 61 69 73 74 1a 20 64 6f 77 6e 1a 20 69 6e 1a |waist. down. in.| 00000b50 20 61 1a 20 63 61 72 20 61 63 63 69 64 65 6e 74 | a. car accident| 00000b60 2e 20 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 69 73 20 |. Although this | 00000b70 64 6f 65 73 1a 20 6e 6f 74 1a 20 70 72 6f 64 75 |does. not. produ| 00000b80 63 65 1a 20 61 6e 79 0d 66 65 65 6c 69 6e 67 20 |ce. any.feeling | 00000b90 73 68 65 20 63 61 6e 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 68 65 72 |she can make her| 00000ba0 73 65 6c 66 1a 20 73 74 61 6e 64 1a 20 75 70 1a |self. stand. up.| 00000bb0 20 61 6e 64 1a 20 74 61 6b 65 1a 20 73 74 65 70 | and. take. step| 00000bc0 73 20 62 79 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 0d |s by use of the.| 00000bd0 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 62 6c 61 63 6b 20 62 6f 78 |little black box| 00000be0 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | connected to th| 00000bf0 65 20 63 68 69 70 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 |e chip. The next| 00000c00 20 35 30 1a 20 79 65 61 72 73 1a 20 61 72 65 2c | 50. years. are,| 00000c10 20 49 20 66 65 65 6c 0d 73 75 72 65 2c 1a 20 67 | I feel.sure,. g| 00000c20 6f 69 6e 67 1a 20 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 73 6f 6d |oing. to see som| 00000c30 65 20 72 65 6d 61 72 6b 61 62 6c 65 20 64 65 76 |e remarkable dev| 00000c40 65 6c 6f 70 6d 65 6e 74 73 2c 20 62 6f 74 68 20 |elopments, both | 00000c50 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 65 65 64 20 6f 66 0d |in the speed of.| 00000c60 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 |computing output| 00000c70 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 65 6c | and in the fiel| 00000c80 64 73 20 6f 66 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f |ds of applicatio| 00000c90 6e 2e 0d 48 6f 77 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 61 20 63 |n..How about a c| 00000ca0 68 69 70 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 72 61 69 6e |hip in the brain| 00000cb0 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 | to counter the | 00000cc0 6c 6f 73 73 20 6f 66 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 61 |loss of memory a| 00000cd0 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 67 65 74 73 0d 6f 6c 64 65 72 |s one gets.older| 00000ce0 3f 20 32 31 73 74 2e 20 43 65 6e 74 75 72 79 20 |? 21st. Century | 00000cf0 6f 72 20 6c 61 74 65 72 3f 0d |or later?.| 00000cfa
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