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Biology/bio11
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
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| Filename: | Biology/bio11 |
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| File size: | 1812 bytes |
| Load address: | 1BF3 |
| Exec address: | 1BF3 |
Duplicates
There are 4 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_5_25_discs_Biology-Acornsoftib_HD-BIOL.dsd » bio11
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_tapes_Biology-Acornsoftib_Biology-IvanBerg_BE.uef » bio11
- Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron » Acornsoft_Educational.ADF » Biology/bio11
- Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » elk08 » acornsofte/Biology/bio11
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02b_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio11
File contents
1813
BIOLOGY 11
1 REPRODUCTION
Higher organisms have specialised
organs for reproduction. Male and
female gametes (sex cells) are
produced, genetic material joining
together at fertilisation.
In plants and lower animals, asexual
reproduction also occurs. A single
organism produces offspring by
separation.
#
2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction involves:
1) The formation of haploid gametes
with half the chromosomes of the
diploid adult. (e.g. egg, sperm,
pollen, ovum in ovule.)
2) The fusion of gametes to restore
the diploid chromosome number is
fertilisation. Gametes may be from
different organisms (mammal), the
same organism (some flowers), and
may or may not be physically
similar.
#
3 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Advantages:
It produces variety.
It may improve the species' chance of
survival.
Disadvantages:
It normally needs two organisms.
The organisms are well-adapted, cannot
be copied.
It is slow.
The offspring are different from both
parents.
#
4 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction produces
offspring identical to parents by:
BUDDING (yeast, hydra)
BINARY FISSION (bacteria, amoeba)
SPORES (fungi) - but zygospore sexual
PARTHENOGENESIS (stick insect)
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION (bulb, runners)
Advantages:
It maintains a good strain.
It requires only one individual.
It is rapid.
Disadvantages:
There is no variety.
Organism may not survive disease etc.
#
5 GENETICS
Genetics is the study of inheritance,
and of the reasons for variation
between plants and animals of the same
species.
Early work on pea plants etc. was done
by 19th century Austrian monk, Gregor
Mendel.
#
6 MENDEL'S WORK
Mendel used plants which always bred
'true', e.g. tall.
He then cross-bred a pair of plants,
e.g. tall and short.
All the offspring (F1) were identical
to one parent, called the dominant.
PARENTS TALL X SHORT
F1 HYBRID ALL TALL
TALL IS DOMINANT
SHORT IS RECESSIVE
#
7 MENDEL'S WORK
Mendel then inbred the F1 hybrids. He
found more of the dominant type, about
3 times as many as the other
(recessive) in the next (F2)
generation.
F1 TALL X TALL
F2 3 TALL:
1 SHORT
#
8 EXPLANATION
There are two genes for each
character.
If they are not the same the dominant
character appears. Each parent gives
one gene to the offspring.
P TALL ������������ SHORT
TT � tt
�
F1 TALL TALL ��� TALL TALL
Tt Tt � Tt Tt
�
�
�
F2 TALL TALL TALL SHORT
TT Tt Tt tt
3 TALL: 1 SHORT
#
9 GLOSSARY OF GENETIC TERMS
GENOTYPE: The genes are actually
present.
PHENOTYPE: What appears because of the
genes.
HOMOZYGOUS: Both genes for a character
are the same.
HETEROZYGOUS: Genes for a character
are different.
RECESSIVE: The character appears only
when homozygous.
DOMINANT: The character appears when
heterozygous.
#
10 EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION: the change in the features
of a population of organisms over many
generations.
EVIDENCE:
1) FOSSILS: Hard parts/impressions of
organisms preserved in
sedimentary rock. Pattern
of species has changed.
2) LIVING FOSSILS: Living organisms
which resemble
fossils more than
other living forms.
May provide a link
between groups.
3) ANATOMY: Similarities in structure
may show relationships;
the same basic bone
arrangements in vertebrate
limbs.
#
11 EVIDENCE (continued)
4) PHYSIOLOGY: Similarities in enzyme
function or protein
structure.
5) LARVAE/EMBRYOS: All vertebrate
embryos have gill
pouches. Often
larvae suggest
relationships not
apparent in adults.
6) BIOGEOGRAPHY: Marsupials confined
to Australia as
separation took place
before placental
mammals appeared?
7) DIRECT EVIDENCE: The changes in
bacteria and
insects after
drugs/DDT.
Peppered moth.
#
12 NATURAL SELECTION
DARWIN'S THEORY
1) All organisms produce more
offspring than could survive,
but.....
2) Populations stay more or less
constant, so there must be a
struggle for survival.
3) In any species there is variation,
and ....
4) Some varieties will be better
adapted to the environment. These
are more likely to survive:
survival of the fittest.
#
13 OTHER THEORIES
LAMARCK suggested that acquired
characters are inherited, i.e. that
any features developed during an
organism's life were passed to
offspring. In modern terms this would
be inheritance of phenotypes, not
genotypes. (see screen 9).
The CREATIONIST view is that all
living (and fossil) variety was
created at once - dated by USHER at
4004 BC.
#
T
#1
2
(a) The fusion of gametes is called
.....
(b) How many chromosomes does a
gamete have, compared with an
adult cell?
2
~
FERTILISATION
~
HALF
#2
2
Name the 2 gametes produced by
mammals.
2
~
SPERMS
SPERM
EGGS
EGG
OVUM
~
EGGS
SPERMS
EGG
SPERM
OVUM
#3
3
In which type of reproduction is
variety produced?
1
SEXUAL
#4
4
Which type of reproduction produces
offspring identical to the parents?
1
ASEXUAL
#5
5
What is the study of inheritance
called?
1
GENETICS
#6
5
Whose work forms the basis of
genetics?
1
MENDEL
MENDEL'S
GREGOR MENDEL
GREGOR MENDEL'S
#7
9
The genes present in an organism make
up its .....
1
GENOTYPE
#8
9
Different genes for a character mean
that the organism must be .....
1
HETEROZYGOUS
#9
10
What name is given to the gradual
change in a population over many
generations?
1
EVOLUTION
#10
12
Who first put forward the theory of
evolution by natural selection?
1
DARWIN
CHARLES DARWIN
e
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b| 000004a0 75 74 20 7a 79 67 6f 73 70 6f 72 65 20 73 65 78 |ut zygospore sex| 000004b0 75 61 6c 0d 0d 50 41 52 54 48 45 4e 4f 47 45 4e |ual..PARTHENOGEN| 000004c0 45 53 49 53 20 28 73 74 69 63 6b 20 69 6e 73 65 |ESIS (stick inse| 000004d0 63 74 29 0d 0d 56 45 47 45 54 41 54 49 56 45 20 |ct)..VEGETATIVE | 000004e0 50 52 4f 50 41 47 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 28 62 75 6c |PROPAGATION (bul| 000004f0 62 2c 20 72 75 6e 6e 65 72 73 29 0d 0d 41 64 76 |b, runners)..Adv| 00000500 61 6e 74 61 67 65 73 3a 0d 0d 49 74 20 6d 61 69 |antages:..It mai| 00000510 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 73 74 |ntains a good st| 00000520 72 61 69 6e 2e 0d 49 74 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 |rain..It require| 00000530 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 6e 64 69 76 |s only one indiv| 00000540 69 64 75 61 6c 2e 0d 49 74 20 69 73 20 72 61 70 |idual..It is rap| 00000550 69 64 2e 0d 0d 44 69 73 61 64 76 61 6e 74 61 67 |id...Disadvantag| 00000560 65 73 3a 0d 0d 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f |es:..There is no| 00000570 20 76 61 72 69 65 74 79 2e 0d 4f 72 67 61 6e 69 | variety..Organi| 00000580 73 6d 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 75 72 76 69 |sm may not survi| 00000590 76 65 20 64 69 73 65 61 73 65 20 65 74 63 2e 0d |ve disease etc..| 000005a0 23 0d 35 20 47 45 4e 45 54 49 43 53 0d 47 65 6e |#.5 GENETICS.Gen| 000005b0 65 74 69 63 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 75 |etics is the stu| 000005c0 64 79 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 68 65 72 69 74 61 6e 63 |dy of inheritanc| 000005d0 65 2c 0d 0d 61 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 72 |e,..and of the r| 000005e0 65 61 73 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 20 76 61 72 69 61 |easons for varia| 000005f0 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0d 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 70 6c |tion..between pl| 00000600 61 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 |ants and animals| 00000610 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 0d 0d 73 70 | of the same..sp| 00000620 65 63 69 65 73 2e 0d 0d 0d 45 61 72 6c 79 20 77 |ecies....Early w| 00000630 6f 72 6b 20 6f 6e 20 70 65 61 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 |ork on pea plant| 00000640 73 20 65 74 63 2e 20 77 61 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 0d |s etc. was done.| 00000650 0d 62 79 20 31 39 74 68 20 63 65 6e 74 75 72 79 |.by 19th century| 00000660 20 41 75 73 74 72 69 61 6e 20 6d 6f 6e 6b 2c 20 | Austrian monk, | 00000670 47 72 65 67 6f 72 0d 0d 4d 65 6e 64 65 6c 2e 0d |Gregor..Mendel..| 00000680 23 0d 36 20 4d 45 4e 44 45 4c 27 53 20 57 4f 52 |#.6 MENDEL'S WOR| 00000690 4b 0d 4d 65 6e 64 65 6c 20 75 73 65 64 20 70 6c |K.Mendel used pl| 000006a0 61 6e 74 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 6c 77 61 79 |ants which alway| 000006b0 73 20 62 72 65 64 0d 0d 27 74 72 75 65 27 2c 20 |s bred..'true', | 000006c0 65 2e 67 2e 20 74 61 6c 6c 2e 0d 0d 48 65 20 74 |e.g. tall...He t| 000006d0 68 65 6e 20 63 72 6f 73 73 2d 62 72 65 64 20 61 |hen cross-bred a| 000006e0 20 70 61 69 72 20 6f 66 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 73 2c | pair of plants,| 000006f0 0d 0d 65 2e 67 2e 20 74 61 6c 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 |..e.g. tall and | 00000700 73 68 6f 72 74 2e 0d 0d 41 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 |short...All the | 00000710 6f 66 66 73 70 72 69 6e 67 20 28 46 31 29 20 77 |offspring (F1) w| 00000720 65 72 65 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 0d 0d 74 |ere identical..t| 00000730 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 70 61 72 65 6e 74 2c 20 63 61 |o one parent, ca| 00000740 6c 6c 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 64 6f 6d 69 6e 61 6e |lled the dominan| 00000750 74 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 41 52 45 4e 54 |t... PARENT| 00000760 53 20 54 41 4c 4c 20 58 20 53 48 4f 52 54 0d 0d |S TALL X SHORT..| 00000770 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 31 20 48 59 42 52 49 44 20 | F1 HYBRID | 00000780 41 4c 4c 20 54 41 4c 4c 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ALL TALL.. | 00000790 54 41 4c 4c 20 49 53 20 44 4f 4d 49 4e 41 4e 54 |TALL IS DOMINANT| 000007a0 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 48 4f 52 54 20 49 53 |.. SHORT IS| 000007b0 20 52 45 43 45 53 53 49 56 45 0d 23 0d 37 20 4d | RECESSIVE.#.7 M| 000007c0 45 4e 44 45 4c 27 53 20 57 4f 52 4b 0d 4d 65 6e |ENDEL'S WORK.Men| 000007d0 64 65 6c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 69 6e 62 72 65 64 20 |del then inbred | 000007e0 74 68 65 20 46 31 20 68 79 62 72 69 64 73 2e 20 |the F1 hybrids. | 000007f0 48 65 0d 0d 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 6f |He..found more o| 00000800 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 6f 6d 69 6e 61 6e 74 20 74 |f the dominant t| 00000810 79 70 65 2c 20 61 62 6f 75 74 0d 0d 33 20 74 69 |ype, about..3 ti| 00000820 6d 65 73 20 61 73 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 61 73 20 74 |mes as many as t| 00000830 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 0d 0d 28 72 65 63 65 73 |he other..(reces| 00000840 73 69 76 65 29 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 |sive) in the nex| 00000850 74 20 28 46 32 29 0d 0d 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 69 |t (F2)..generati| 00000860 6f 6e 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 31 20 54 41 |on... F1 TA| 00000870 4c 4c 20 58 20 54 41 4c 4c 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |LL X TALL.. | 00000880 20 46 32 20 20 33 20 54 41 4c 4c 3a 0d 0d 20 20 | F2 3 TALL:.. | 00000890 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 20 53 48 4f 52 54 0d | 1 SHORT.| 000008a0 23 0d 38 20 45 58 50 4c 41 4e 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d |#.8 EXPLANATION.| 000008b0 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 77 6f 20 67 65 |There are two ge| 000008c0 6e 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 65 61 63 68 0d 0d 63 68 |nes for each..ch| 000008d0 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2e 0d 0d 49 66 20 74 68 65 |aracter...If the| 000008e0 79 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 |y are not the sa| 000008f0 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 64 6f 6d 69 6e 61 6e 74 0d |me the dominant.| 00000900 0d 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 61 70 70 65 61 |.character appea| 00000910 72 73 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 70 61 72 65 6e 74 20 |rs. Each parent | 00000920 67 69 76 65 73 0d 0d 6f 6e 65 20 67 65 6e 65 20 |gives..one gene | 00000930 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6f 66 66 73 70 72 69 6e 67 |to the offspring| 00000940 2e 0d 0d 50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 41 4c 4c |...P TALL| 00000950 20 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 20 53 48 | ............ SH| 00000960 4f 52 54 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 54 |ORT. TT| 00000970 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 00000980 20 74 74 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | tt. | 00000990 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 000009a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 46 | .F| 000009b0 31 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 41 4c 4c 20 20 54 41 4c |1 TALL TAL| 000009c0 4c 20 91 91 91 20 20 54 41 4c 4c 20 54 41 4c 4c |L ... TALL TALL| 000009d0 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 74 20 20 20 20 |. Tt | 000009e0 54 74 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 54 74 20 20 20 54 |Tt . 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