Home » Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02a_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio4
bio4
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02a_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav |
| Filename: | bio4 |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 1480 bytes |
| Load address: | 1BF3 |
| Exec address: | 1BF3 |
Duplicates
There are 4 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_5_25_discs_Biology-Acornsoftib_HD-BIOL.dsd » bio4
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_tapes_Biology-Acornsoftib_Biology-IvanBerg_BE.uef » bio4
- Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron » Acornsoft_Educational.ADF » Biology/bio4
- Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » elk08 » acornsofte/Biology/bio4
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02a_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio4
File contents
1481
BIOLOGY 4
1 TYPES OF FOOD
Main types of nutrient:
CARBOHYDRATE
PROTEIN
FAT
VITAMINS
Animals require a balance of these in
their diets plus water, mineral salts
and, in some cases, fibre.
#
2 CARBOHYDRATES
POLYSACCHARIDES are large chain
molecules. They may be structural
(e.g. cellulose) or act as storage
(e.g. starch, glycogen). INSOLUBLE.
DISACCHARIDES (e.g. maltose, sucrose)
and MONOSACCHARIDES (e.g. glucose,
fructose) are the SOLUBLE sugars.
All carbohydrates contain carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen only: atoms in ratio
CH�O. Cereals and vegetables are good
sources.
#
3 PROTEINS
PROTEINS are large chain molecules
made up of a number of amino-acids
joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are
major components of cell structure and
the basis of all enzymes. All contain
C, H, O and N. There are about 20
amino-acids, some essential in diet.
Their sequence is critical for the
function of any protein. Important
proteins include insulin and
haemoglobin. Meat, eggs and fish are
good dietary sources of protein.
#
4 FATS
FATS are large molecules each made of
glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. They
are mostly carbon and hydrogen with
some oxygen.
Fats release more energy than any
other food.
Good sources are
dairy products.
Glycerol
molecules are
water-seeking
while fatty acid
chains repel
water.
p
0
#
5 EXAMPLE OF FAT CONTENT
% OF FAT CONTENT
�����������������
� 50� PEANUT
�����������������
�����������
� 35� CHOCOLATE
�����������
������
� 15� EGG
������
�����������
� 35� CHEESE
�����������
ENERGY IN kj/g
��������������
� 39� FAT
��������������
��������
� 17� PROTEIN
��������
��������
� 17� CARBOHYDRATE
��������
#
6 VITAMINS
Required in small amounts, often for
the efficient working of enzymes. They
are not alike chemically, so there is
no one test for them. Absence from the
diet impairs health & may result in
disease.
SOURCES AND DEFICIENCY DISEASES
VITAMIN A: butter, eggs, vegetables.
Infection, night blindness.
VITAMIN B: bread, yeast, liver.
Beri-beri, pellagra.
VITAMIN C: fruit, fresh vegetables.
Tissue damage ��� scurvy.
VITAMIN D: butter, eggs.
Bone weakness ��� rickets.
#
7 FOOD TESTS
FOOD REAGENT HEAT COLOUR
Starch Iodine No Very dark
solution Blue
Reducing Benedict's Yes Orange/
sugar solution Red
Non- Hydrochloric Yes
reducing Acid then Red/
sugar Benedict's Yes Orange
solution
Protein Biuret No Purple
Reagent
Vitamin D.C.P.I.P. No Colour-
C less
Fat Alcohol No Clear
then ��
Water Cloudy
#
8 FEEDING METHODS
Finding enough of the right kind of
food is vital to all animals.
Different types of food need different
methods:
HERBIVORES - cellulose, large amounts.
CARNIVORES - locate and capture prey.
OMNIVORES - incompletely specialised.
FILTER-FEEDERS - sieves.
SAPROZOITES - digest externally.
PARASITES - (see Biology 2,
section 7,8,9.)
#
9 HERBIVORES
EXAMPLES: Locust, Sheep.
Plant material needs much chewing and
grinding.
Mammals, often without canines, have
ridged molars and circular jaw motion.
Intestinal bacteria
digest cellulose.
p
1
#
10 CARNIVORES
EXAMPLES: Spider, Dog.
Need mechanism to catch or trap prey
and to kill.
Mammals: large, sharp canines, scissor
-like first molars (carnassial). Jaw
motion up and down only, with strong
muscles.
TEETH
DOG U L
INCISORS 3 3
CANINES 1 1
PRE-MOLARS 4 4
MOLARS 2 3
#
11 OMNIVORES
EXAMPLES: Human, Pig, Cockroach.
Some features of both carnivore and
herbivore. Advantage in ability to eat
variety of food compensates for lack
of specialisation.
TEETH
HUMAN U L
INCISORS 2 2
CANINES 1 1
PRE-MOLARS 2 2
MOLARS 3 3
#
12 FILTER-FEEDERS
EXAMPLES:
Baleen Whale.
Traps krill on sieve of whale-bone.
Oysters, etc. and many Fish, use their
gills as a filter.
Another example is the Barnacle.
#
13 SAPROZOITES
Saprozoites are animals which feed on
dead and decaying material (like
saprophytic plants).
They pour digestive enzymes on to the
food, and then reabsorb the products.
Examples include many soil animals and
the housefly.
#
T
#1
2
For which type of nutrient is CH�O the
general formula?
1
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATE
#2
2
What type of carbohydrate is
cellulose?
1
STRUCTURAL
#3
2
Mono- and di-saccharides are kinds of
.....
1
SUGAR
SUGARS
#4
3
(a) What are basic units of protein?
(b) Apart from carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen, all proteins contain .....
2
~
AMINO-ACIDS
AMINO ACIDS
~
NITROGEN
#5
6
Vitamin C prevents .....
1
SCURVY
#6
7
(a) A test for vitamin C is .....
(b) What turns iodine very dark blue?
2
~
D.C.P.I.P.
DCPIP
~
STARCH
#7
7
Which food does biuret test for?
1
PROTEIN
#8
9
What type of mammals move their jaws
in a circular motion?
1
HERBIVOROUS
HERBIVORES
#9
12
What method of feeding do barnacles
and baleen whales use?
1
FILTER
FILTERING
FILTER FEEDING
e
00000000 31 34 38 31 0d 42 49 4f 4c 4f 47 59 20 34 0d 31 |1481.BIOLOGY 4.1| 00000010 20 54 59 50 45 53 20 4f 46 20 46 4f 4f 44 0d 4d | TYPES OF FOOD.M| 00000020 61 69 6e 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 6e 75 74 |ain types of nut| 00000030 72 69 65 6e 74 3a 0d 0d 43 41 52 42 4f 48 59 44 |rient:..CARBOHYD| 00000040 52 41 54 45 0d 0d 50 52 4f 54 45 49 4e 0d 0d 46 |RATE..PROTEIN..F| 00000050 41 54 0d 0d 56 49 54 41 4d 49 4e 53 0d 0d 41 6e |AT..VITAMINS..An| 00000060 69 6d 61 6c 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 61 20 |imals require a | 00000070 62 61 6c 61 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 |balance of these| 00000080 20 69 6e 0d 0d 74 68 65 69 72 20 64 69 65 74 73 | in..their diets| 00000090 20 70 6c 75 73 20 77 61 74 65 72 2c 20 6d 69 6e | plus water, min| 000000a0 65 72 61 6c 20 73 61 6c 74 73 0d 0d 61 6e 64 2c |eral salts..and,| 000000b0 20 69 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 61 73 65 73 2c 20 | in some cases, | 000000c0 66 69 62 72 65 2e 0d 23 0d 32 20 43 41 52 42 4f |fibre..#.2 CARBO| 000000d0 48 59 44 52 41 54 45 53 0d 50 4f 4c 59 53 41 43 |HYDRATES.POLYSAC| 000000e0 43 48 41 52 49 44 45 53 20 61 72 65 20 6c 61 72 |CHARIDES are lar| 000000f0 67 65 20 63 68 61 69 6e 0d 0d 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 |ge chain..molecu| 00000100 6c 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 79 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 |les. They may be| 00000110 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 61 6c 0d 0d 28 65 2e | structural..(e.| 00000120 67 2e 20 63 65 6c 6c 75 6c 6f 73 65 29 20 6f 72 |g. cellulose) or| 00000130 20 61 63 74 20 61 73 20 73 74 6f 72 61 67 65 0d | act as storage.| 00000140 0d 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 73 74 61 72 63 68 2c 20 67 |.(e.g. starch, g| 00000150 6c 79 63 6f 67 65 6e 29 2e 20 49 4e 53 4f 4c 55 |lycogen). INSOLU| 00000160 42 4c 45 2e 0d 0d 0d 44 49 53 41 43 43 48 41 52 |BLE....DISACCHAR| 00000170 49 44 45 53 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 6d 61 6c 74 6f |IDES (e.g. malto| 00000180 73 65 2c 20 73 75 63 72 6f 73 65 29 0d 0d 61 6e |se, sucrose)..an| 00000190 64 20 4d 4f 4e 4f 53 41 43 43 48 41 52 49 44 45 |d MONOSACCHARIDE| 000001a0 53 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 67 6c 75 63 6f 73 65 2c |S (e.g. glucose,| 000001b0 0d 0d 66 72 75 63 74 6f 73 65 29 20 61 72 65 20 |..fructose) are | 000001c0 74 68 65 20 53 4f 4c 55 42 4c 45 20 73 75 67 61 |the SOLUBLE suga| 000001d0 72 73 2e 0d 0d 41 6c 6c 20 63 61 72 62 6f 68 79 |rs...All carbohy| 000001e0 64 72 61 74 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 63 |drates contain c| 000001f0 61 72 62 6f 6e 2c 0d 0d 6f 78 79 67 65 6e 2c 20 |arbon,..oxygen, | 00000200 68 79 64 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 6f 6e 6c 79 3a 20 61 |hydrogen only: a| 00000210 74 6f 6d 73 20 69 6e 20 72 61 74 69 6f 0d 0d 43 |toms in ratio..C| 00000220 48 82 4f 2e 20 43 65 72 65 61 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 |H.O. Cereals and| 00000230 20 76 65 67 65 74 61 62 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 | vegetables are | 00000240 67 6f 6f 64 0d 0d 73 6f 75 72 63 65 73 2e 0d 23 |good..sources..#| 00000250 0d 33 20 50 52 4f 54 45 49 4e 53 0d 50 52 4f 54 |.3 PROTEINS.PROT| 00000260 45 49 4e 53 20 61 72 65 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 63 |EINS are large c| 00000270 68 61 69 6e 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 65 73 0d 0d |hain molecules..| 00000280 6d 61 64 65 20 75 70 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6e 75 6d |made up of a num| 00000290 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 61 6d 69 6e 6f 2d 61 63 69 |ber of amino-aci| 000002a0 64 73 0d 0d 6a 6f 69 6e 65 64 20 62 79 20 70 65 |ds..joined by pe| 000002b0 70 74 69 64 65 20 62 6f 6e 64 73 2e 20 50 72 6f |ptide bonds. Pro| 000002c0 74 65 69 6e 73 20 61 72 65 0d 0d 6d 61 6a 6f 72 |teins are..major| 000002d0 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 63 | components of c| 000002e0 65 6c 6c 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 20 61 6e |ell structure an| 000002f0 64 0d 0d 74 68 65 20 62 61 73 69 73 20 6f 66 20 |d..the basis of | 00000300 61 6c 6c 20 65 6e 7a 79 6d 65 73 2e 20 41 6c 6c |all enzymes. All| 00000310 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 0d 0d 43 2c 20 48 2c 20 | contain..C, H, | 00000320 4f 20 61 6e 64 20 4e 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 |O and N. There a| 00000330 72 65 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 32 30 0d 0d 61 6d 69 |re about 20..ami| 00000340 6e 6f 2d 61 63 69 64 73 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 65 |no-acids, some e| 00000350 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 69 6e 20 64 69 65 74 |ssential in diet| 00000360 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 69 72 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 |...Their sequenc| 00000370 65 20 69 73 20 63 72 69 74 69 63 61 6c 20 66 6f |e is critical fo| 00000380 72 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 |r the..function | 00000390 6f 66 20 61 6e 79 20 70 72 6f 74 65 69 6e 2e 20 |of any protein. | 000003a0 49 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 0d 0d 70 72 6f 74 65 |Important..prote| 000003b0 69 6e 73 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 20 69 6e 73 75 |ins include insu| 000003c0 6c 69 6e 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 68 61 65 6d 6f 67 6c |lin and..haemogl| 000003d0 6f 62 69 6e 2e 20 4d 65 61 74 2c 20 65 67 67 73 |obin. Meat, eggs| 000003e0 20 61 6e 64 20 66 69 73 68 20 61 72 65 0d 0d 67 | and fish are..g| 000003f0 6f 6f 64 20 64 69 65 74 61 72 79 20 73 6f 75 72 |ood dietary sour| 00000400 63 65 73 20 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 74 65 69 6e 2e 0d |ces of protein..| 00000410 23 0d 34 20 46 41 54 53 0d 46 41 54 53 20 61 72 |#.4 FATS.FATS ar| 00000420 65 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 65 |e large molecule| 00000430 73 20 65 61 63 68 20 6d 61 64 65 20 6f 66 0d 0d |s each made of..| 00000440 67 6c 79 63 65 72 6f 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 33 20 66 |glycerol and 3 f| 00000450 61 74 74 79 20 61 63 69 64 20 63 68 61 69 6e 73 |atty acid chains| 00000460 2e 20 54 68 65 79 0d 0d 61 72 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 |. They..are most| 00000470 6c 79 20 63 61 72 62 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 68 79 |ly carbon and hy| 00000480 64 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 77 69 74 68 0d 0d 73 6f 6d |drogen with..som| 00000490 65 20 6f 78 79 67 65 6e 2e 0d 0d 46 61 74 73 20 |e oxygen...Fats | 000004a0 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 6e 65 |release more ene| 000004b0 72 67 79 20 74 68 61 6e 20 61 6e 79 0d 0d 6f 74 |rgy than any..ot| 000004c0 68 65 72 20 66 6f 6f 64 2e 0d 0d 47 6f 6f 64 20 |her food...Good | 000004d0 73 6f 75 72 63 65 73 20 61 72 65 0d 64 61 69 72 |sources are.dair| 000004e0 79 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 74 73 2e 0d 0d 47 6c 79 |y products...Gly| 000004f0 63 65 72 6f 6c 0d 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 65 73 20 |cerol.molecules | 00000500 61 72 65 0d 77 61 74 65 72 2d 73 65 65 6b 69 6e |are.water-seekin| 00000510 67 0d 77 68 69 6c 65 20 66 61 74 74 79 20 61 63 |g.while fatty ac| 00000520 69 64 0d 63 68 61 69 6e 73 20 72 65 70 65 6c 0d |id.chains repel.| 00000530 77 61 74 65 72 2e 0d 70 0d 30 0d 23 0d 35 20 45 |water..p.0.#.5 E| 00000540 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 20 4f 46 20 46 41 54 20 43 4f |XAMPLE OF FAT CO| 00000550 4e 54 45 4e 54 0d 25 20 4f 46 20 46 41 54 20 43 |NTENT.% OF FAT C| 00000560 4f 4e 54 45 4e 54 0d 8a 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 |ONTENT..........| 00000570 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 8c 0d 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.......... | 00000580 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 35 30 90 20 50 45 41 4e 55 | 50. PEANU| 00000590 54 0d 9c 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 |T...............| 000005a0 91 91 8e 0d 8a 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 8c 0d |................| 000005b0 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 35 90 20 20 20 20 20 |. 35. | 000005c0 20 20 43 48 4f 43 4f 4c 41 54 45 0d 9c 91 91 91 | CHOCOLATE.....| 000005d0 91 91 91 91 91 91 8e 0d 8a 91 91 91 91 8c 0d 90 |................| 000005e0 20 20 31 35 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 15. | 000005f0 20 45 47 47 0d 9c 91 91 91 91 8e 0d 8a 91 91 91 | EGG............| 00000600 91 91 91 91 91 91 8c 0d 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |......... | 00000610 33 35 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 48 45 45 53 45 |35. CHEESE| 00000620 0d 9c 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 8e 0d 0d 45 4e |..............EN| 00000630 45 52 47 59 20 49 4e 20 6b 6a 2f 67 0d 8a 91 91 |ERGY IN kj/g....| 00000640 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 8c 0d 90 20 20 20 |............. | 00000650 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 39 90 20 20 20 20 46 41 | 39. FA| 00000660 54 0d 9c 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 8e |T...............| 00000670 0d 8a 91 91 91 91 91 91 8c 0d 90 20 20 20 20 31 |........... 1| 00000680 37 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 52 4f 54 |7. PROT| 00000690 45 49 4e 0d 9c 91 91 91 91 91 91 8e 0d 8a 91 91 |EIN.............| 000006a0 91 91 91 91 8c 0d 90 20 20 20 20 31 37 90 20 20 |....... 17. | 000006b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 41 52 42 4f 48 59 44 | CARBOHYD| 000006c0 52 41 54 45 0d 9c 91 91 91 91 91 91 8e 0d 23 0d |RATE..........#.| 000006d0 36 20 56 49 54 41 4d 49 4e 53 0d 52 65 71 75 69 |6 VITAMINS.Requi| 000006e0 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 61 6d 6f |red in small amo| 000006f0 75 6e 74 73 2c 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 66 6f 72 0d |unts, often for.| 00000700 0d 74 68 65 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 77 |.the efficient w| 00000710 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 65 6e 7a 79 6d 65 |orking of enzyme| 00000720 73 2e 20 54 68 65 79 0d 0d 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 |s. They..are not| 00000730 20 61 6c 69 6b 65 20 63 68 65 6d 69 63 61 6c 6c | alike chemicall| 00000740 79 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 0d 0d |y, so there is..| 00000750 6e 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 65 73 74 20 66 6f 72 20 |no one test for | 00000760 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 41 62 73 65 6e 63 65 20 66 72 |them. Absence fr| 00000770 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 64 69 65 74 20 69 6d 70 |om the..diet imp| 00000780 61 69 72 73 20 68 65 61 6c 74 68 20 26 20 6d 61 |airs health & ma| 00000790 79 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 69 6e 0d 0d 64 69 73 |y result in..dis| 000007a0 65 61 73 65 2e 20 0d 0d 53 4f 55 52 43 45 53 20 |ease. ..SOURCES | 000007b0 41 4e 44 20 44 45 46 49 43 49 45 4e 43 59 20 44 |AND DEFICIENCY D| 000007c0 49 53 45 41 53 45 53 0d 0d 56 49 54 41 4d 49 4e |ISEASES..VITAMIN| 000007d0 20 41 3a 20 62 75 74 74 65 72 2c 20 65 67 67 73 | A: butter, eggs| 000007e0 2c 20 76 65 67 65 74 61 62 6c 65 73 2e 0d 20 20 |, vegetables.. | 000007f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 6e 66 65 63 74 69 | Infecti| 00000800 6f 6e 2c 20 6e 69 67 68 74 20 62 6c 69 6e 64 6e |on, night blindn| 00000810 65 73 73 2e 0d 0d 56 49 54 41 4d 49 4e 20 42 3a |ess...VITAMIN B:| 00000820 20 62 72 65 61 64 2c 20 79 65 61 73 74 2c 20 6c | bread, yeast, l| 00000830 69 76 65 72 2e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |iver.. | 00000840 20 42 65 72 69 2d 62 65 72 69 2c 20 70 65 6c 6c | Beri-beri, pell| 00000850 61 67 72 61 2e 0d 0d 56 49 54 41 4d 49 4e 20 43 |agra...VITAMIN C| 00000860 3a 20 66 72 75 69 74 2c 20 66 72 65 73 68 20 76 |: fruit, fresh v| 00000870 65 67 65 74 61 62 6c 65 73 2e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |egetables.. | 00000880 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 69 73 73 75 65 20 64 61 6d | Tissue dam| 00000890 61 67 65 20 91 91 96 20 73 63 75 72 76 79 2e 0d |age ... scurvy..| 000008a0 0d 56 49 54 41 4d 49 4e 20 44 3a 20 62 75 74 74 |.VITAMIN D: butt| 000008b0 65 72 2c 20 65 67 67 73 2e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |er, eggs.. | 000008c0 20 20 20 20 20 42 6f 6e 65 20 77 65 61 6b 6e 65 | Bone weakne| 000008d0 73 73 20 91 91 96 20 72 69 63 6b 65 74 73 2e 0d |ss ... rickets..| 000008e0 23 0d 37 20 46 4f 4f 44 20 54 45 53 54 53 0d 20 |#.7 FOOD TESTS. | 000008f0 46 4f 4f 44 20 20 20 20 20 52 45 41 47 45 4e 54 |FOOD REAGENT| 00000900 20 20 20 20 20 48 45 41 54 20 20 20 43 4f 4c 4f | HEAT COLO| 00000910 55 52 0d 0d 53 74 61 72 63 68 20 20 20 20 49 6f |UR..Starch Io| 00000920 64 69 6e 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 20 20 20 |dine No | 00000930 20 56 65 72 79 20 64 61 72 6b 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | Very dark. | 00000940 20 20 20 20 20 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 20 20 | solution | 00000950 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 6c 75 65 0d 0d 52 65 | Blue..Re| 00000960 64 75 63 69 6e 67 20 20 42 65 6e 65 64 69 63 74 |ducing Benedict| 00000970 27 73 20 20 20 59 65 73 20 20 20 4f 72 61 6e 67 |'s Yes Orang| 00000980 65 2f 0d 73 75 67 61 72 20 20 20 20 20 73 6f 6c |e/.sugar sol| 00000990 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ution | 000009a0 20 20 20 52 65 64 0d 0d 4e 6f 6e 2d 20 20 20 20 | Red..Non- | 000009b0 20 20 48 79 64 72 6f 63 68 6c 6f 72 69 63 20 59 | Hydrochloric Y| 000009c0 65 73 0d 72 65 64 75 63 69 6e 67 20 20 41 63 69 |es.reducing Aci| 000009d0 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |d then | 000009e0 52 65 64 2f 0d 73 75 67 61 72 20 20 20 20 20 42 |Red/.sugar B| 000009f0 65 6e 65 64 69 63 74 27 73 20 20 20 59 65 73 20 |enedict's Yes | 00000a00 20 20 20 4f 72 61 6e 67 65 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | Orange. | 00000a10 20 20 20 20 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0d 50 72 | solution..Pr| 00000a20 6f 74 65 69 6e 20 20 20 42 69 75 72 65 74 20 20 |otein Biuret | 00000a30 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 20 20 20 20 50 75 72 70 6c | No Purpl| 00000a40 65 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 65 61 67 |e. Reag| 00000a50 65 6e 74 0d 0d 56 69 74 61 6d 69 6e 20 20 20 44 |ent..Vitamin D| 00000a60 2e 43 2e 50 2e 49 2e 50 2e 20 20 20 4e 6f 20 20 |.C.P.I.P. No | 00000a70 20 20 43 6f 6c 6f 75 72 2d 0d 43 20 20 20 20 20 | Colour-.C | 00000a80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000a90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 65 73 73 0d 0d 46 61 74 | less..Fat| 00000aa0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 6c 63 6f 68 6f 6c 20 20 | Alcohol | 00000ab0 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 20 20 20 20 43 6c 65 61 72 0d | No Clear.| 00000ac0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 65 6e 20 20 | then | 00000ad0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 91 | .| 00000ae0 96 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 57 61 74 65 |.. Wate| 00000af0 72 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 |r C| 00000b00 6c 6f 75 64 79 0d 23 0d 38 20 46 45 45 44 49 4e |loudy.#.8 FEEDIN| 00000b10 47 20 4d 45 54 48 4f 44 53 0d 46 69 6e 64 69 6e |G METHODS.Findin| 00000b20 67 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |g enough of the | 00000b30 72 69 67 68 74 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 0d 0d 66 |right kind of..f| 00000b40 6f 6f 64 20 69 73 20 76 69 74 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 |ood is vital to | 00000b50 61 6c 6c 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 2e 0d 0d 44 69 |all animals...Di| 00000b60 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f 66 |fferent types of| 00000b70 20 66 6f 6f 64 20 6e 65 65 64 20 64 69 66 66 65 | food need diffe| 00000b80 72 65 6e 74 0d 0d 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 73 3a 0d 0d |rent..methods:..| 00000b90 48 45 52 42 49 56 4f 52 45 53 20 2d 20 63 65 6c |HERBIVORES - cel| 00000ba0 6c 75 6c 6f 73 65 2c 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 61 6d |lulose, large am| 00000bb0 6f 75 6e 74 73 2e 0d 0d 43 41 52 4e 49 56 4f 52 |ounts...CARNIVOR| 00000bc0 45 53 20 2d 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 |ES - locate and | 00000bd0 63 61 70 74 75 72 65 20 70 72 65 79 2e 0d 0d 4f |capture prey...O| 00000be0 4d 4e 49 56 4f 52 45 53 20 2d 20 69 6e 63 6f 6d |MNIVORES - incom| 00000bf0 70 6c 65 74 65 6c 79 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 69 |pletely speciali| 00000c00 73 65 64 2e 0d 0d 46 49 4c 54 45 52 2d 46 45 45 |sed...FILTER-FEE| 00000c10 44 45 52 53 20 2d 20 73 69 65 76 65 73 2e 0d 0d |DERS - sieves...| 00000c20 53 41 50 52 4f 5a 4f 49 54 45 53 20 2d 20 64 69 |SAPROZOITES - di| 00000c30 67 65 73 74 20 65 78 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 6c 79 2e |gest externally.| 00000c40 0d 0d 50 41 52 41 53 49 54 45 53 20 2d 20 28 73 |..PARASITES - (s| 00000c50 65 65 20 42 69 6f 6c 6f 67 79 20 32 2c 0d 0d 20 |ee Biology 2,.. | 00000c60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 65 63 74 | sect| 00000c70 69 6f 6e 20 37 2c 38 2c 39 2e 29 20 0d 23 0d 39 |ion 7,8,9.) .#.9| 00000c80 20 48 45 52 42 49 56 4f 52 45 53 0d 45 58 41 4d | HERBIVORES.EXAM| 00000c90 50 4c 45 53 3a 20 4c 6f 63 75 73 74 2c 20 53 68 |PLES: Locust, Sh| 00000ca0 65 65 70 2e 0d 0d 50 6c 61 6e 74 20 6d 61 74 65 |eep...Plant mate| 00000cb0 72 69 61 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20 |rial needs much | 00000cc0 63 68 65 77 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 67 72 69 |chewing and..gri| 00000cd0 6e 64 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0d 4d 61 6d 6d 61 6c 73 2c |nding...Mammals,| 00000ce0 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 63 | often without c| 00000cf0 61 6e 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 68 61 76 65 0d 0d 72 69 |anines, have..ri| 00000d00 64 67 65 64 20 6d 6f 6c 61 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |dged molars and | 00000d10 63 69 72 63 75 6c 61 72 20 6a 61 77 20 6d 6f 74 |circular jaw mot| 00000d20 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0d 0d 0d 49 6e 74 65 73 74 69 6e |ion.....Intestin| 00000d30 61 6c 20 62 61 63 74 65 72 69 61 0d 0d 64 69 67 |al bacteria..dig| 00000d40 65 73 74 20 63 65 6c 6c 75 6c 6f 73 65 2e 0d 70 |est cellulose..p| 00000d50 0d 31 0d 23 0d 31 30 20 43 41 52 4e 49 56 4f 52 |.1.#.10 CARNIVOR| 00000d60 45 53 0d 45 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 53 3a 20 53 70 69 |ES.EXAMPLES: Spi| 00000d70 64 65 72 2c 20 44 6f 67 2e 0d 0d 4e 65 65 64 20 |der, Dog...Need | 00000d80 6d 65 63 68 61 6e 69 73 6d 20 74 6f 20 63 61 74 |mechanism to cat| 00000d90 63 68 20 6f 72 20 74 72 61 70 20 70 72 65 79 0d |ch or trap prey.| 00000da0 0d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 6b 69 6c 6c 2e 0d 0d 4d |.and to kill...M| 00000db0 61 6d 6d 61 6c 73 3a 20 6c 61 72 67 65 2c 20 73 |ammals: large, s| 00000dc0 68 61 72 70 20 63 61 6e 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 73 63 |harp canines, sc| 00000dd0 69 73 73 6f 72 0d 0d 2d 6c 69 6b 65 20 66 69 72 |issor..-like fir| 00000de0 73 74 20 6d 6f 6c 61 72 73 20 28 63 61 72 6e 61 |st molars (carna| 00000df0 73 73 69 61 6c 29 2e 20 4a 61 77 0d 0d 6d 6f 74 |ssial). Jaw..mot| 00000e00 69 6f 6e 20 75 70 20 61 6e 64 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 |ion up and down | 00000e10 6f 6e 6c 79 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 74 72 6f 6e |only, with stron| 00000e20 67 0d 0d 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 73 2e 0d 20 20 20 20 |g..muscles.. | 00000e30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 45 45 54 48 0d | TEETH.| 00000e40 0d 44 4f 47 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 55 |.DOG U| 00000e50 20 20 20 4c 0d 0d 49 4e 43 49 53 4f 52 53 20 20 | L..INCISORS | 00000e60 20 20 20 20 33 20 20 20 33 0d 0d 43 41 4e 49 4e | 3 3..CANIN| 00000e70 45 53 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 31 0d 0d |ES 1 1..| 00000e80 50 52 45 2d 4d 4f 4c 41 52 53 20 20 20 20 34 20 |PRE-MOLARS 4 | 00000e90 20 20 34 0d 0d 4d 4f 4c 41 52 53 20 20 20 20 20 | 4..MOLARS | 00000ea0 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 33 0d 23 0d 31 31 20 4f 4d | 2 3.#.11 OM| 00000eb0 4e 49 56 4f 52 45 53 0d 45 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 53 |NIVORES.EXAMPLES| 00000ec0 3a 20 48 75 6d 61 6e 2c 20 50 69 67 2c 20 43 6f |: Human, Pig, Co| 00000ed0 63 6b 72 6f 61 63 68 2e 0d 0d 53 6f 6d 65 20 66 |ckroach...Some f| 00000ee0 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 6f 66 20 62 6f 74 68 20 |eatures of both | 00000ef0 63 61 72 6e 69 76 6f 72 65 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 68 |carnivore and..h| 00000f00 65 72 62 69 76 6f 72 65 2e 20 41 64 76 61 6e 74 |erbivore. Advant| 00000f10 61 67 65 20 69 6e 20 61 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 74 |age in ability t| 00000f20 6f 20 65 61 74 0d 0d 76 61 72 69 65 74 79 20 6f |o eat..variety o| 00000f30 66 20 66 6f 6f 64 20 63 6f 6d 70 65 6e 73 61 74 |f food compensat| 00000f40 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 6c 61 63 6b 0d 0d 6f 66 20 |es for lack..of | 00000f50 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 69 73 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d |specialisation..| 00000f60 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 |. T| 00000f70 45 45 54 48 0d 0d 48 55 4d 41 4e 20 20 20 20 20 |EETH..HUMAN | 00000f80 20 20 20 20 55 20 20 20 4c 0d 0d 49 4e 43 49 53 | U L..INCIS| 00000f90 4f 52 53 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 32 0d 0d |ORS 2 2..| 00000fa0 43 41 4e 49 4e 45 53 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 20 |CANINES 1 | 00000fb0 20 20 31 0d 0d 50 52 45 2d 4d 4f 4c 41 52 53 20 | 1..PRE-MOLARS | 00000fc0 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 32 0d 0d 4d 4f 4c 41 52 53 | 2 2..MOLARS| 00000fd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 20 20 20 33 0d 23 0d | 3 3.#.| 00000fe0 31 32 20 46 49 4c 54 45 52 2d 46 45 45 44 45 52 |12 FILTER-FEEDER| 00000ff0 53 0d 45 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 53 3a 0d 0d 42 61 6c |S.EXAMPLES:..Bal| 00001000 65 65 6e 20 57 68 61 6c 65 2e 0d 0d 54 72 61 70 |een Whale...Trap| 00001010 73 20 6b 72 69 6c 6c 20 6f 6e 20 73 69 65 76 65 |s krill on sieve| 00001020 20 6f 66 20 77 68 61 6c 65 2d 62 6f 6e 65 2e 0d | of whale-bone..| 00001030 0d 0d 4f 79 73 74 65 72 73 2c 20 65 74 63 2e 20 |..Oysters, etc. | 00001040 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 46 69 73 68 2c 20 75 |and many Fish, u| 00001050 73 65 20 74 68 65 69 72 0d 0d 67 69 6c 6c 73 20 |se their..gills | 00001060 61 73 20 61 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 2e 0d 0d 0d 41 |as a filter....A| 00001070 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 69 |nother example i| 00001080 73 20 74 68 65 20 42 61 72 6e 61 63 6c 65 2e 0d |s the Barnacle..| 00001090 23 0d 31 33 20 53 41 50 52 4f 5a 4f 49 54 45 53 |#.13 SAPROZOITES| 000010a0 0d 53 61 70 72 6f 7a 6f 69 74 65 73 20 61 72 65 |.Saprozoites are| 000010b0 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 | animals which f| 000010c0 65 65 64 20 6f 6e 0d 0d 64 65 61 64 20 61 6e 64 |eed on..dead and| 000010d0 20 64 65 63 61 79 69 6e 67 20 6d 61 74 65 72 69 | decaying materi| 000010e0 61 6c 20 28 6c 69 6b 65 0d 0d 73 61 70 72 6f 70 |al (like..saprop| 000010f0 68 79 74 69 63 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 73 29 2e 0d 0d |hytic plants)...| 00001100 54 68 65 79 20 70 6f 75 72 20 64 69 67 65 73 74 |They pour digest| 00001110 69 76 65 20 65 6e 7a 79 6d 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 |ive enzymes on t| 00001120 6f 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 66 6f 6f 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 |o the..food, and| 00001130 20 74 68 65 6e 20 72 65 61 62 73 6f 72 62 20 74 | then reabsorb t| 00001140 68 65 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 74 73 2e 0d 0d 45 78 |he products...Ex| 00001150 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 20 6d |amples include m| 00001160 61 6e 79 20 73 6f 69 6c 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 |any soil animals| 00001170 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 74 68 65 20 68 6f 75 73 65 66 | and..the housef| 00001180 6c 79 2e 0d 23 0d 54 0d 23 31 0d 32 0d 46 6f 72 |ly..#.T.#1.2.For| 00001190 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f 66 20 6e | which type of n| 000011a0 75 74 72 69 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 43 48 82 4f 20 |utrient is CH.O | 000011b0 74 68 65 0d 0d 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 |the..general for| 000011c0 6d 75 6c 61 3f 0d 31 0d 43 41 52 42 4f 48 59 44 |mula?.1.CARBOHYD| 000011d0 52 41 54 45 53 0d 43 41 52 42 4f 48 59 44 52 41 |RATES.CARBOHYDRA| 000011e0 54 45 0d 23 32 0d 32 0d 57 68 61 74 20 74 79 70 |TE.#2.2.What typ| 000011f0 65 20 6f 66 20 63 61 72 62 6f 68 79 64 72 61 74 |e of carbohydrat| 00001200 65 20 69 73 0d 0d 63 65 6c 6c 75 6c 6f 73 65 3f |e is..cellulose?| 00001210 0d 31 0d 53 54 52 55 43 54 55 52 41 4c 0d 23 33 |.1.STRUCTURAL.#3| 00001220 0d 32 0d 4d 6f 6e 6f 2d 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 2d |.2.Mono- and di-| 00001230 73 61 63 63 68 61 72 69 64 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 |saccharides are | 00001240 6b 69 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 0d 0d 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d |kinds of........| 00001250 31 0d 53 55 47 41 52 0d 53 55 47 41 52 53 0d 23 |1.SUGAR.SUGARS.#| 00001260 34 0d 33 0d 28 61 29 20 57 68 61 74 20 61 72 65 |4.3.(a) What are| 00001270 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 75 6e 69 74 73 20 6f 66 20 | basic units of | 00001280 70 72 6f 74 65 69 6e 3f 0d 0d 28 62 29 20 41 70 |protein?..(b) Ap| 00001290 61 72 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 61 72 62 6f 6e 2c |art from carbon,| 000012a0 20 68 79 64 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 20 | hydrogen and.. | 000012b0 20 20 20 6f 78 79 67 65 6e 2c 20 61 6c 6c 20 70 | oxygen, all p| 000012c0 72 6f 74 65 69 6e 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 |roteins contain | 000012d0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 32 0d 7e 0d 41 4d 49 4e 4f 2d |......2.~.AMINO-| 000012e0 41 43 49 44 53 0d 41 4d 49 4e 4f 20 41 43 49 44 |ACIDS.AMINO ACID| 000012f0 53 0d 7e 0d 4e 49 54 52 4f 47 45 4e 0d 23 35 0d |S.~.NITROGEN.#5.| 00001300 36 0d 56 69 74 61 6d 69 6e 20 43 20 70 72 65 76 |6.Vitamin C prev| 00001310 65 6e 74 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 0d 53 43 55 |ents ......1.SCU| 00001320 52 56 59 0d 23 36 0d 37 0d 28 61 29 20 41 20 74 |RVY.#6.7.(a) A t| 00001330 65 73 74 20 66 6f 72 20 76 69 74 61 6d 69 6e 20 |est for vitamin | 00001340 43 20 69 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 0d 28 62 29 20 |C is .......(b) | 00001350 57 68 61 74 20 74 75 72 6e 73 20 69 6f 64 69 6e |What turns iodin| 00001360 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 64 61 72 6b 20 62 6c 75 65 |e very dark blue| 00001370 3f 0d 32 0d 7e 0d 44 2e 43 2e 50 2e 49 2e 50 2e |?.2.~.D.C.P.I.P.| 00001380 0d 44 43 50 49 50 0d 7e 0d 53 54 41 52 43 48 0d |.DCPIP.~.STARCH.| 00001390 23 37 0d 37 0d 57 68 69 63 68 20 66 6f 6f 64 20 |#7.7.Which food | 000013a0 64 6f 65 73 20 62 69 75 72 65 74 20 74 65 73 74 |does biuret test| 000013b0 20 66 6f 72 3f 0d 31 0d 50 52 4f 54 45 49 4e 0d | for?.1.PROTEIN.| 000013c0 23 38 0d 39 0d 57 68 61 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f |#8.9.What type o| 000013d0 66 20 6d 61 6d 6d 61 6c 73 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 |f mammals move t| 000013e0 68 65 69 72 20 6a 61 77 73 0d 0d 69 6e 20 61 20 |heir jaws..in a | 000013f0 63 69 72 63 75 6c 61 72 20 6d 6f 74 69 6f 6e 3f |circular motion?| 00001400 0d 31 0d 48 45 52 42 49 56 4f 52 4f 55 53 0d 48 |.1.HERBIVOROUS.H| 00001410 45 52 42 49 56 4f 52 45 53 0d 23 39 0d 31 32 0d |ERBIVORES.#9.12.| 00001420 57 68 61 74 20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 20 6f 66 20 66 |What method of f| 00001430 65 65 64 69 6e 67 20 64 6f 20 62 61 72 6e 61 63 |eeding do barnac| 00001440 6c 65 73 0d 0d 61 6e 64 20 62 61 6c 65 65 6e 20 |les..and baleen | 00001450 77 68 61 6c 65 73 20 75 73 65 3f 0d 31 0d 46 49 |whales use?.1.FI| 00001460 4c 54 45 52 0d 46 49 4c 54 45 52 49 4e 47 0d 46 |LTER.FILTERING.F| 00001470 49 4c 54 45 52 20 46 45 45 44 49 4e 47 0d 65 0d |ILTER FEEDING.e.| 00001480
bio4.m0
bio4.m1
bio4.m2
bio4.m4
bio4.m5
.