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File contents
A BasicV compressor and
cross-referencer for RISC OS
v1.40 17th July 1993
Copyright � Cy Booker, 1992�1994


















Program
and
Documentation



by



Cy Booker

86 Church View

Main Road

Crockenhill

Swanley

Kent

BR8 8JW

U.K.



�Typeset� using Impression v2.14 and Publisher v4.01

Menus grabbed by GrabMenu

Musical entertainment provided by Frank Zappa



1 Overview	1

1.1 Disclaimer	1

1.2 Synopsis	1

1.3 Features	1

1.4 Documentation	2

1.5 Compressing your first file	3

1.6 Example speed	3

1.7 Example compression	4

2 BasCompress	5

2.1 Overview	5

2.2 Jargon	5

2.3 Basic	5

2.4 Numbers	6

2.5 SWI's	6

2.6 Star commands	7

2.7 Assembler	7

2.8 Routines	7

2.8.1 Main program	8

2.8.2 Start and end	8

2.8.3 Conditional routine end	8

2.8.4 END and ERROR	9

2.8.5 LOCAL ERROR	9

2.9 Multi-line structures	10

2.10 Libraries	11

2.10.1 Multiply-defined routines in libraries	11

2.11 Label reduction	12

2.12 Line numbers	13

2.12.1 Output line numbers	14

2.13 Multi-line output	14

2.14 DATA	14

2.15 Re-compressing	15

3 Cross-referencing	17

3.1 Overview	17

3.1.1 What's cross-referenced	17

3.1.2 What's output	17

3.1.3 Messages	17

3.2 Level of detail	18

3.2.1 Routine definition	18

3.2.2 Routine calls	19

3.2.3 Routine called by	19

3.2.4 Variable declaration	19

3.2.5 Variable assignment	19

3.2.6 Variable reference	19

3.3 Order	20

4 The front end	21

4.1 Starting	21

4.2 Overview	21

4.2.1 Icon bar icon	21

4.3 Control window	22

4.4 Main menu	23

4.5 Input	24

4.6 Output	26

4.7 Log	29

4.8 Special files	31

4.9 Cross-reference	32

4.10 Choices Dialogue Box	36

5 The back end	39

5.1 Invoking	39

5.2 Installing	39

5.3 Environment variables	40

5.4 The CLI parameters	41

5.4.1 Input	41

5.4.2 Output	42

5.4.2.1 Output listing	42

5.4.3 Log	43

5.4.4 Special	43

5.4.5 Cross-reference	43

5.4.5.1 What	44

5.4.5.2 How much	44

5.4.5.3 Order	45

5.5 Error handling	46

5.6 Escape handling	46

5.7 Hourglass	46

6 Special files	47

6.1 Why	47

6.2 Files	47

6.3 Format	48

6.3.1 Routines	48

6.3.2 Globals	48

6.3.3 Labels	49

6.3.3.1 Verbatim	50

6.3.3.2 Comma separated	50

6.3.3.3 Full pathname	51

6.3.3.4 Wimp menu	51

6.3.4 Variables as regular expressions	51

6.3.4.1 Example patterns	52

6.3.4.2 Limitations	53

6.3.5 Libraries	53

6.3.6 Include files	54

6.4 Limitations	54

7 Errors	57

7.1 Overview	57

7.2 Warnings	57

7.3 Errors	63

7.4 Run-time errors	69

7.4.1 Unknown or missing variable	69

7.4.2 No such function/procedure	69

7.4.3 Missing ENDIF	69

7.4.4 Logical errors	70

7.5 Internal errors	70

8 Loose ends	73

8.1 Memory usage	73

8.2 Missing THEN	73

8.3 Cross-reference	74

8.4 Statistics	75

8.5 Uncompressed output	75

8.6 Label reduction	76

8.7 Executable	76

Appendix A: Messages	77

A.1 Internationalism united	77

A.2 Format	77

Appendix B: Regular expressions	79

B.1 Definition	79





1 Overview

1.1 Disclaimer

This program is supplied �as is�.  No warranty, express or implied, of the  merchantability of this program or its fitness for any particular purpose is given.  In no circumstances shall the author, or any provider or distributor of this program, be liable for any damage, loss of profits, or any indirect or consequential loss arising out of the use of this program.

1.2 Synopsis

BasCompress takes as input a tokenised basic file, analyses it on a routine-by-routine basis, and outputs a cross-reference and a compressed tokenised basic file.

(It was written because none of the currently available Basic squashers handled the side effects of EVAL, removed unused routines, or discarded the junk inbetween routines, and they were all far too slow).

It consists of two programs, a Wimp-based front end, and a CLI-based back end.  The former is ideal for occasional use, while the later is better for scripts, make files, etc..

1.3 Features

The main features of BasCompress can be summarised as follows:

	�	Checks all multi-line IFs have a matching ENDIF

	�	Checks all CASE's have a matching ENDCASE

	�	Checks all WHILE's have a matching ENDWHILE

	�	Checks the ellipsis/quotes/brackets on each statement

	�	It doesn't balk at the use of line numbers (too much)

	�	Loads in explicit LIBRARY files

	�	Checks every routine exits cleanly

	�	Checks for multiply-defined routines

	�	Produces a full cross-reference on all variables and routines, with four levels of detail, and user-definable ordering

	�	Variable/routine name reduction, targetting the most used to be the shortest

	�	Remove all redundant spaces and REMarks

	�	Remove all between-routine junk

	�	Concatenation of output lines

	�	Remove unused code

	�	Reduces numbers to their shortest form

	�	Converts SYS and SWI strings to numbers

	�	Optional �special� file to handle EVALuated variables/functions, and implicitly loaded library files

	�	"special" file allows variables to be defined as regular expressions

	� 	It is fast



In other words it does all you would expect, a bit more, and all at a very respectable speed.

All those syntax checks may seem superfluous until you realise that most error handling code isn't always as fully debugged as it should be.

1.4 Documentation

This document is split into several sections.  First a full description of exactly what this program does to, and expects of, the input.  This is followed by �3, a chapter on the powerful cross-referencing available.  Not until �4 is the program itself described, the Wimp front end application.  The back end application, accessible from the CLI is �5.  Special files, their format and use are detailed in �6.  �7 is what this author wishes every program documentation had, a complete list of errors and reasons why they occurred, and more importantly - some hints on how to get rid of them.  Finally, �8 contains miscellanea, the junk that doesn't categorise too easily.

1.5 Compressing your first file

Run the application.  This will install the Wimp front end onto the icon bar icon and open the control window to the center of the screen.

First of all drag the Log file icon to a Filer window (not another application, sorry).  This file will contain information about the actions of the compression process.  Now drag a Basic file onto the control window, to compress it.

With the default options this Basic file will be analysed, the log file created and then automatically loaded into your resident text editor.  If this is Edit, then don't close the Log window for now.

Even if the Basic file was analysed without error, no output file was produced because none was defined.  Just drag the output file icon from the control window onto a Filer window and start again.

Now, because Edit still had a view of the Log file, this was automatically updated, using the current window size.  This gives an extremely usable environment :-)

Voila, a compressed basic file has been produced.

If the log file reports any EVAL or DATA statements were found, it is possible that the program may not run.  See the chapter on Special files for a way to handle this.  (The quick way is to disable all variable and routine label reduction).

Now read �2.

1.6 Example speed

It takes BasCompress less than 20s to compress itself.  This needs 4 special files, contains 40-odd source files (including libraries) totalling just over 450K, and compresses it down to 100K.  And all this on an Arm2 off of the standard 440 hard-disc, with all the I/O overhead that that involves.

1.7 Example compression

Here's how well BasCompress handles compressing an early version of the Wimp front end application:

	192742	Total input size

	29659	Maximum compression

	29706	No decimal number analysis

	31129	No SWI name analysis

	35103	No concatenation of output lines

	47421	No removal of unused code

	51950	No reduction of labels

The later ones are not accumulative, the non-reduction of labels (only) really does add on 57% to the output program size!



2 BasCompress

2.1 Overview

This chapter concerns itself with Basic, and what BasCompress expects (and does) to it.

2.2 Jargon

The following terms will be used quite frequently, so I'll explain what is meant by them:

	routine	a procedure or function

	variable	an (integer | real | string)[array]

	label		the name of a routine or variable

	name	a label with its (pre | post)fix



E.g. the following table might help

	name	label

	PROC_Zappa	_Zappa

	Frank%	Frank

	Cy$()	Cy

2.3 Basic

BasCompress will only except fully tokenised basic files, it does not accept text files.  This program only knows about the tokens present in Basic V, v1.04.  The behaviour of this program on Basic files on a version greater than this is undefined.

Only one Basic file is parsed (but see �2.10).

2.4 Numbers

BasCompress will interpret all numbers and try to output them in as compact a form as possible.  This is most effective on long binary numbers, but can shorten many large decimal values as well.

The analysis and output of (decimal) numbers requires the floating point emulator.  For this reason this can be turned off, just in case you are very short on memory.

Analysis of hexadecimal and binary numbers is always done, as this does not require any floating point math.

2.5 SWI's

Acorn's interface to the operating system, the SWI is an elegant self-documenting system.  However, for interpreted languages like Basic, the translation of a SWI name to a SWI number is relatively time-consuming.

BasCompress will try to do this translation, leaving just a number.  This provides both large space and large execution savings, particularly for Wimp programs that use SWI's during screen redraw (that's all of them!)

In order for BasCompress to translate the SWI name, it must be a simple constant string expression.  If it isn't, or it can't translate it, then it is left as it is - thus providing an (almost) fool-proof conversion.  (A possible case of a complex string constant would be SYS "X"+ "OS_ReadC").

Both SYS calls (in Basic) and SWI calls (in assembler) are converted.

Note also that the any modules used by the program should be resident at the time of compression, otherwise the SWI's will be unknown and thus BasCompress will leave them as strings.  This is an easy mistake to make, and results in slower and longer compacted files being produced.  This cases ud detected, and generates a suitable warning.

2.6 Star commands

A backward compatibility feature of Basic V is it's allowance of *Commands anywhere in Basic.  Modern programs should really put this in an OSCLI("..."), or better yet a SYS "OS_CLI", "...".

However, since this is allowed, some programmers use it to introduce comments in programs by using the *| comment construct.  BasCompress will remove these lines completely.  It will also remove all unnecessary *'s and spaces.

If this results in a complete removal of the statement, BasCompress may produce incorrect code if (and only if) this *command was just after an (explicit) THEN.  Since this is extremely bad programming practised, this author felt the benefits gained far outweigh the possible side-effects.

2.7 Assembler

BasCompress fully understands and compacts assembler statements.  As part of this process, BasCompress also checks that the square bracket �[]� count on each statement is valid - which may be useful for detecting bugs in conditionally assembled code.

All R0..R15 registers get translated to 0..15, this saves a lot of space.  Also the integer EQU's can be renamed to DC's.

Note that the single space left after some mnemonics is necessary, without it the Basic assembler will refuse to work.

2.8 Routines

It is important to understand that BasCompress treats a program as a group of routines.  Because of this it can remove any junk inbetween routines, i.e. comments not explicitly starting with a REM, that other squashers leave behind (and even try to analyse - producing many, many errors).

Because a record is kept of what happens inside a routine, it is possible to conclude that a routine isn't actually needed in the output file - and so none of the routines that it calls are needed that bit less as well.  Thus BasCompress can remove ALL unused routines from the output file.  This is a very powerful feature.

2.8.1 Main program

BasicV does not provide a clearly defined method for distinguishing the end of the main program, and the start of the subroutines.  BasCompress treats everything from the start of the first file to the first routine definition (DEF PROC or DEF FN) to be the main program.  This isn't ideal, as many main programs consists of an infinite loop followed by junk - however there is no easy way of recognising the true end of the main program, so you have to live with it as it is.

If you wish to compress library files separately, i.e. files that do not contain a main routine at the start of a file, then this is easily accommodated.

2.8.2 Start and end

The start of a Basic routine is very easily detected, it is a line that starts with DEF�FN or DEF�PROC.

However, the end of a routine isn't so easy to detect.  In the ideal world, every routine will have one, and only one exit that is a simple ENDPROC, or = <expr> on a line of its' own.  However, we all live in the real world, and things are more complicated than that.

2.8.3 Conditional routine end

For example, consider the following function:

	DEF FNmin(a, b)

	  IF a>b THEN =b ELSE =a

Now, the only way for BasCompress to recognise this construct is if it kept track of all branches of a conditional.  This would involve a major upgrade, and would make the program just a code-generation pass away from a true compiler.

So what BasCompress does is to ignore exits from a routine that occur on the same line as an IF.

But, in the above example, the next line will be thought to be inside the function min.  This usually results in a cascade of warning/error messages being generated.  The only cure for it is to amend the offending function.  The simplest way is to just put a dummy terminator in, e.g.

	DEF FNmin(a, b)

	  IF a>b THEN =b ELSE =a

	= 0

Better yet, would be to code it �properly�:

	DEF FNmin(a, b)

	  IF a>b THEN a=b

	= a



There is also the problem of programs that prematurely terminate routines inside, say, a case structure.  This happens quite often, because it makes for much shorter code, and so BasCompress recognises this, see �2.9.

2.8.4 END and ERROR

Currently BasCompress does not recognise the fact that a routine may end with the END command, nor an unconditional ERROR.  Since these are examples of bad-programming anyway, these are easily worked around by just adding a redundant ENDPROC or =0 afterwards.

2.8.5 LOCAL ERROR

BasCompress fully recognises local error handlers, and will force the next input line to start a new output line accordingly.

2.9 Multi-line structures

BasCompress keeps track of the current nesting level of all multi-line structures:

	�	CASE ... ENDCASE

	�	IF THEN ... ENDIF

	�	REPEAT ... UNTIL

	�	WHILE ... ENDWHILE

It does this primarily to detect conditional exiting from a routine.  For example, if an ENDPROC or = <expr> is detected inside such a structure, then BasCompress knows it isn't the true end of the routine, and so will ignore it.  A very useful side-effect of this is that BasCompress detects programming errors in the use of these constructs, errors that the run time Basic interpreter allows through.  These very often are genuine program mistakes, usually inside error-handling code that is not fully debugged.

However, there are two caveats to this.  Firstly, in order for BasCompress to do this it must assume that the start of any multi-line structure is not inside a one-line IF construct.  Unfortunately, some programmers put a quick WHILE ... ENDWHILE loop in a one-line IF.  BasCompress does not handle this correctly and this line needs to be split into a true multi-line IF.

Secondly, and just as less seriously, BasicV is rather lax in it's attitude towards multi-line structures.  For example:

	REPEAT

	  i += 1

	  CASE x(i) OF

	  WHEN 1:

	    IF do_it THEN

	      UNTIL FALSE:ENDPROC

	    ENDIF

	    ...

	  ...

	  ENDCASE

	UNTIL i>max_i

Here, BasicV will rather carelessly execute the UNTIL, even though it isn't at the same nesting level as the matching REPEAT.  BasCompress is not so lenient and it will refuse point blank to handle such code.  It is another example of bad programming being used, and should be re-coded in another way.

2.10 Libraries

The use of the LIBRARY call is recognised.  It causes the appropriate file to be appended to the queue of files to be parsed, and the entire LIBRARY statement to be removed from the output.

For this to work, BasCompress assumes a simple string constant follows the LIBRARY.  If this is not the case and it uses a variable/routine parameter then you will need to set up a Special file.  This will tell BasCompress what to expect the variable to be so it can load the correct file.  Please refer to the �6.

All LIBRARY files are only ever scanned once, even if it is included many times.

2.10.1 Multiply-defined routines in libraries

Note that the loading of libraries, as performed by BasCompress is not exactly the same as the order that BasicV would have loaded them in.  This could only cause a problem if multiply-defined routines exist, and further more these multiple definitions are themselves in library files, not the main file.  If this situation does arise, then the kludge is: include the library containing the preferred definition twice, once before and once after the LIBRARY containing the unwanted definition.  This will work because BasCompress will use the first loaded, and the uncompressed program would use the second!

Of course, the loading of libraries will mean that the current directory and/or some system variables (e.g. App$Dir) may need to be set up - otherwise BasCompress will not be able to locate the library file.

2.11 Label reduction

A lot of the time that BasicV takes to interpret a program is spent looking up variable names.  BasCompress will attempt to reduce the long labels down to size, often producing dramatic space and speed improvements.  The algorithm used ensures that the most used variables are chosen for the shortest variable names, and the names themselves are chosen so as to spread evenly across the name-space.

Did you note the word attempt in the above paragraph.  This is because basic is an interpreted language and provides the powerful commands EVAL and DATA, allowing expressions to be evaluated in the current context.  For instance EVAL("zappa%") would yield the value of the variable zappa%.  But, if BasCompress had reduced this variable down to, say, A% in the rest of the program (because  it analysed the program in a different context) then what happens at run-time is you get a variable not found error.

There are two solutions to this very common problem.  The first is to disable label reduction on all variables of the type that are used in EVAL or DATA statements.  This is extremely wasteful, but the only option available in other squashers.  With BasCompress there is a much more elegant solution - you can specify all the labels that must not be reduced.  Further more, these variables can be implied from the parameters passed to a routine!

For example, many Wimp-based programs will have a menu-construction suite of routines.  These will be passed a string that describes the menu.  Inside this string will be references to variables that at run-time will point to more information (sub-menus or windows usually).  With BasCompress, you can get it to analyse all these strings, extract the variables, and then reduce all other variables apart from those.  This is a very powerful feature.  See the �6 for more info.

Note that BasCompress goes to the trouble of making sure that it never produces one of the �built-in� register labels used by the assembler (R0-R15, pc).  On other basic squashers this can lead to VERY obscure bugs.

Also worth mentioning is that any labels accessed inside deleted routines are automatically removed from the list of labels to reduce.  This produces better results than just reducing all labels found.

BasCompress can handle any number of labels, well as many as could fit into 16Mb of RAM :-)

2.12 Line numbers

Normally line numbers are an anathema but there does exist a valid reason for using them in BasicV, and so line number handling has been included in BasCompress.  The reason why line numbers may be needed is if a program claims more memory though the use of the END=<expr> construct.  This has the unfortunate side-effect of removing all routine level info, so you have to GOTO the main program loop).

Obviously, line numbers found in any library files are faulted as there is no valid reason for them being there.

Note that in short programs it is just possible that there will be a GOTO to a destination outside both the main program and all other routines.  Currently BasCompress does not handle this (rather rare) case.  As a kludge, surround the offending code in a dummy routine.

2.12.1 Output line numbers

If no line numbers were found then line numbering is easy.  For single-file programs the line numbers keep to their original values, even if multi-line compaction is enabled.  For multi-file programs the output file starts from 1 and increases in steps of 1.

If line numbers were found then the line numbers in the original program are used for the original program part, and thereafter line numbers increment in steps of one for any further libraries.

Unfortunately BasicV only allows line numbers up to around 65000 odd.  This could possibly be a problem if the original program has line numbers up to, say, 64000, and includes quite a few library files.  This is one of the few possible errors that are not checked for, as the possibility of it occurring are just so remote.

2.13 Multi-line output

Normally as many statements are compressed onto one output line as will fit.  This produces the smallest files as the overhead that Basic imposes on each line is reduced by quite a bit.

However, it can produce code that runs slower.  This is because it appears BasicV only notes the statement number of an implicit jump (e.g. after a FOR, WHILE, or REPEAT).  And so if this is on statement 56 of a line, say, then it has to scan all along the line to find where to continue execution.  This situation may be recognised in a future upgrade by forcing the statement after one of these cases to start on a new line.

2.14 DATA

BasCompress recognises the possibility that DATA may not reside inside a routine.  All �unlinked� DATA statements will still be included in the output file, but only if there is some code left that will READ it.

Please note that variables used as DATA will require the use of Special files.

2.15 Re-compressing

Although at first sight the notion of compressing an already compressed file may seem a waste of time, in actual fact it is not.

This is because BasCompress compresses a whole line at a time, and then merges together two or more lines.  This isn't done quite as optimally as possible, and sometimes extra colons are inserted.

If the output is fed back into BasCompress these extra colons will be removed, as it will be obvious that they are truly redundant.

This is best achieved by first compressing with reduction of function and procedure names only (thus ensuring �special� routines only parsed once), and then a second time with full reduction of variable names.



3 Cross-referencing

3.1 Overview

The cross-referencing of a large program can provide many useful insights, providing you can organise the output so as not to swamp you with �useless� information.  To this end you can control what gets include, the level of detail, and the ordering (with many types of ordering available).

Note that the cross-referencing of variables and routines is completely independent.

3.1.1 What's cross-referenced

The cross-reference contains only the routines and variables that will be included in the output file.  Since dead code is usually removed, you have to tell BasCompress to keep in all would-be deleted stuff if you need a complete cross-reference.

You can also control exactly what types of labels are included.  Usually you'd keep the default (everything), but sometimes you don't care about all the real variables, say, and this is easily catered for.

3.1.2 What's output

The result of the cross-referencing is sent to the cross-reference file, or the screen if none is specified.  Since this is a lot of data, you will almost certainly want to use a file.  The front end application has the ability to automatically load this into the resident text editor.

3.1.3 Messages

The formatting of the cross-reference is defined using the external Messages file.  By altering the following messages you can tailor the output of the program dramatically (see appendix A for description of format of messages):-

	Name	Show label and its' qualifying string (�%s%s�)

	Comma	Separates distinct references (�, �)

	SemiColon	Separates similar references (�; �)

They are currently set up to produce �one-line-per entry�.  However, it is possible to change these three so that every distinct reference appears on each separate line, vis-a-vis:

	Name:	\n\t%s%s

	Comma:	\n\t

	SemiColon:	,% 

But note, you will probably need to alter all the titles used so that they start rather than end with a newline.  (The \t expands to a tab character, this is usually better than many spaces, since cross-reference files are large enough as it is)

3.2 Level of detail

There are four levels of detail supported by BasCompress:

	None	suppresses output, obvious really

	Existence	useful to just list the name of all the labels used

	Global	gives the additional information of a count of the label usage

	Routine	reports only each separate routine where a reference was made, this is probably the most useful option

	Line	details the exact statement for every reference

For the last two, each label has separate lists.  For routines there is: defined, calls, called by; and for variables there is: declared, assigned, and referenced.

Note that the main program itself is treated internally as a procedure, and so appears in the routine cross-reference.

3.2.1 Routine definition

This gives the file and line numbers of the start and end of the routine.

3.2.2 Routine calls

Lists the names of the routines called by this routine, and the line number of the call.

3.2.3 Routine called by

Lists the names of the routines that calls this routine, and the line number of the call.

If the list is empty then BasCompress knows that this routine is not needed in the output program, and so will not include it.

3.2.4 Variable declaration

Where a label was �declared�.  By this BasCompress means it is a formal parameter of a routine, or explicitly declared as LOCAL.

3.2.5 Variable assignment

When ever a variable appears at the start of a statement.  This includes assembler statements.

Note that BasCompress sometimes thinks variable assignments are references.  This happens in the following cases:

	�	variable is passed to a routine with RETURN parameters

	�	assignment after a one-line IF that is without a THEN

Here's an example of the later:

	IF x<y x=y

Because Bascompress doesn't try to understand the conditional, it doesn't know that a new statement has started and so can't categorise the second reference to x as an assignment.  See �8.2.

3.2.6 Variable reference

Any other instance of a variable other than the above two is taken to be a reference.

BasCompress will not recognise the fact that x += 1 is actually both an assignment and a reference.

BasCompress will also fail to recognise that var!0 = 1 only references var and does not assign to it.

3.3 Order

There are many uses you can put to a list of labels, provided you can order them in the way you need.  BasCompress allows you to specify as many levels of sorting as you would need, with all the types of ordering that are relevant to the labels!

You can sort in either direction - top to bottom, or the more usual bottom to top.

These are the following sort types currently supported:

	Name	in Ascii order

	Type	for routines: function, procedure

			for variables: integer, real, string, integer array, real array, string array

	Dictionary	by name, but as it would appear in a dictionary

	Location	the location of the reference

	Usage	for routines: number of times it is called

			for variables: sum of the assignments and the references

Note the needed for multi-level sorting.  You would normally sort labels by name, and type; and references by name, type, and location.

Trying to sort labels by location has no meaning, and will result in a seemingly random order.  So it is not possible to list routines in the order they were defined in.



4 The front end

This describes the Wimp front end application.  This allows the user to set up the parameters for the back end program in a friendly way.

4.1 Starting

A standard Archimedes application, just double-click the Filer icon to install the application onto the icon bar.

For foreign users, see the appendix A describing the Message file .

4.2 Overview

Because the back end works on, and produces, a number of whole files the format of this application is slightly unorthodox.

Basically you use the standard Risc-Os method of dragging file icons to Filer windows (to define the output files), and then drag a basic file onto the application to invoke the back end application to compress it.  This generates the new log, cross-reference, and output files.

Not all of the output files need to be defined.  Usually there is no need for a cross-reference.  But, you will almost certainly want the log file defined, as otherwise you would not know what errors occurred, or anything else.

It is almost a pre-requisite to have Edit running alongside this front end in order for you to view the log that the back end application produces.  The loading of this log will normally be automatic.

4.2.1 Icon bar icon

The icon bar icon shows some messages while the back end is active.  This gives a visual reference to what is going on.

Clicking SELECT on the icon bar icon brings the control window to the front of the window stack.

Clicking ADJUST in the icon bar icon re-loads the last input file, using the new options.  This is extremely handy.

4.3 Control window





This is automatically opened to the center of the screen when the application starts.  It allows you to quickly set up all the files to be used, and as a side effect it gives you the chance to open a menu somewhere other than in the bottom right of the screen :-).  The left-most three icon groups act just like the save as dialogue boxes to be found on the menu.

The special file is defined by dragging a Text file onto this window.  More special files can be defined by editing the text field, appending a comma separated list of file names.

4.4 Main menu





There is only one menu.

Because the sub-menus are rather on the large side, it is recommended that you bring the menu up over the control window.  This was the main reason for having a control window, as a convenient anchor for the menu.

4.5 Input





This sub-menu defines various parameters affecting BasCompress's analysis of the input file.

Allow multiply-defined routines

It is better to leave this option un-ticked, so that if a routine is defined more than once an error is generated.  This is the default.

Ticking this option allows a routine to be defined more than once, with only warnings being given.  See �2.10.1.

Report multiple exits from a routine

BasCompress needs to know when each and every routine ends.  If it finds more than one exit it will report it.  For large programs this can produce many warnings, and so these warnings can be disabled.  See �2.8.3.

Parse numbers

This toggles whether BasCompress will try to reduce a string of decimal digits.  Hexadecimal and binary numbers are always compressed.  See �2.4.

Convert SWIs to numbers

There doesn't appear to be any reason to disable this.  See �2.5.

Force malformed SWI's to generate error

Malformed SWI's are those that aren't simple strings, e.g. "X"+ "Wimp_Poll".  With this enabled these generate an error, otherwise just a warning.  See �2.5.

Report unknown SWI's

In order for BasCompress to convert a SWI string to a number the Module must be resident at the time of compression.  If the module is not resident, then this warning will be given.  This toggles the appearance of such warnings, and is usually left enabled.  See �2.5.

Process as a library file

This option allows the input file to be treated as a library file.  This means that no main program is expected, and any undefined variables and routines do not generate an error.  Of course, using this option is usually pointless without also disabling all label reductions.

4.6 Output





This sub-menu allows you to tailor how much compression is applied to the output programs.  Redundant spaces and comments are always removed, since there seems little point in using baScompress without doing this.

By default all compression is on.

Save as

This leads to a standard dialogue box, used to define the basic file that will be produced if the input is analysed without error.

Concatenate lines

Forces as many statements as possible onto each output line.  This is usually very desirable as it produces quite substantially shorter code, but at the possible loss of a bit of execution speed.  See �2.13.

Remove unused routines

Because BasCompress can work out exactly which routines are, and are not needed in the final program, then it can remove unused routines.  This is the default, and there is little point in disabling it, other than creating a full cross-reference.

List

This leads to a simple sub-menu where you can specify the screen mode to use.  When enabled, as BasCompress produces the output file it will switch to that screen mode and scroll the source and output in two separate columns.  Although "pretty", it is also pretty useless, as this takes at least an order of magnitude longer to do, what with all that screen scrolling and printing.

Reduce variable names





By default, all variable types are reduced.  The only conceivable use for disabling the reduction of these would be to circumvent the use of EVAL or DATA variables, although BasCompress provides a much better method, via the use of Special files.  See �2.11.

The final option, �E� suppression is used to stop BasCompress shortening any variables to a name beginning with an �E�.  For the reason why this might be desirable, see �8.12.

Reduce routine names





By default, all procedure and function names are reduced.  The only conceivable use for disabling the reduction of these would be to circumvent the use of function names used inside an EVAL construct, although BasCompress provides a much better method to handle this, via the use of Special files.

4.7 Log





The log sub-menu controls what additional information may be inserted into the log file, along with the name of all files scanned and any warnings and errors.

Save as

This leads to a standard save as dialogue box, used to define the file to which the log will be dumped.  This will be a standard Text file.



Statistics

This shows how many of each type of variable and routine there is altogether in the program.  This includes all deleted labels.



EVAL keyword

DATA keyword

READ keyword

These will list out every line that contains such a keyword, indicating where BasCompress may introduce errors because of its' reduction of labels.  Note that only the use of these keywords outside special routines is reported, as it is assumed the use of the keyword was fully handled by the Special file.  Further note that DATA found outside any routine is just reported as unlinked.

List input

With this option ticked, the input basic is also listed inside the log file.  This produces humongous files, as this is plain text Basic not tokenised Basic.

4.8 Special files





Special files are used to help BasCompress to handle the EVALuation of variables.  A special file consisting of a list of routines that are expected to contain this keyword, and/or a secondary list of any particular labels that must not be reduced.

The writable menu item allows you to type in a full pathname.  It is easier just to drag the file onto the control window, though.

Warn undefined

Normally it wouldn't matter that you have told BasCompress about special routines that aren't used in the input file.  However there is still this option that will report superfluous definitions found in Special files.

Show expansion

With this item ticked, every special label constructed will generate a warning message into the log file.  This can be useful for showing what you think should appear, and what BasCompress thinks should appear.

4.9 Cross-reference





From here you define all aspects of the (rather large) cross-referencing sub-system.

Save as

This leads to a standard save as dialogue box, used to define the file to which the cross-reference will be dumped.  This will be a standard Text file.

Include deleted

When ticked, this will force all the superfluous routines and variables to be included in the cross-reference.  This is usually not such a good idea, as the process of deletion removes all the reference information.  For a full cross-reference, also disable the removal of unused routines (see Output), which leaves this information in tact.

Reference order

This leads to an order dialogue box (see below) used to set the sorting criteria for the references.  This is probably best left as the default: Name, Type, Location.

Variables

Routines





These two items lead into identical sub-menus.  They allow the cross-referencing to be defined for both independently.

Verbosity

This leads to a sub-menu where you can define the level of detail of the cross-referencing information.  See �3.2.

Types

Used to define what types of variables or routines are included in the cross-reference.  Usually this would be all types, but sometimes you might only want to know about the integers, say.  Just de-tick all the others.

Order





This dialogue box is quite complicated.  Basically, you are trying to define several layers of ordering.  First of all everything is sorted according to the left hand column.  Now BasCompress goes through these sorted items looking for a sequence of items that are the same, according to this ordering.  Now, for each sequence found it will sort them again using whatever you have defined in column two.  This recurses on each smaller and smaller sub-sequence to the columns on the right.

Obviously, it isn't much use having two columns sorting by the same criteria, so BasCompress will not allow you to select it.

You can delete a column by ADJUST clicking on the ordering already used.  This will cause all columns to the right to shuffle one column to the left (this is quite a pleasing graphical effect :-)

It isn't possible to have a �blank� column.  If you attempt to create a blank column then your new column will be shifted to the left (yet another pleasing graphical effect :-)

It is possible to delete all columns.  This will cause the output to appear in a seemingly random order.  Not much use, apart from seeing how good the hashing function is!

Ordering by location is only meaningful for references.  Using this option for variables or routines will result in a (seemingly) random order.

The Dict. standards for dictionary, and is similar to Name, except instead of ordering by ASCII, order as it would appear in a... (guess).

4.10 Choices Dialogue Box





This dialogue bog controls aspects of the front end application itself, not the back end.  It grabs the input focus so that some keyboard short cuts can be used, must notably RETURN and ESCAPE.  Also the bottom row of buttons can be pressed using F2, F3, etc..

Set

This accepts the above values for the current session of BasCompress.  For the effects to be permanent use either Save or Save full.  Also see the note below about using outline fonts in dialogue boxes.

Cancel

This disregards any edits you have made to the above options.

Save full

Along with all the expected switches and sort ordering, also saved with the choices are the default names of the log, cross-reference and output files.  This option saves the full pathname of each of these files, and would be used while developing a project, to save dragging the log and output files each session.



Save

As Save full but only the leaf names of the log, cross-reference and output files are saved.  This is handy for more generic environments.  For instance, if you always call your Wimp programs Wimp, then to make a standard application from this, the output file would be !RunImage, and this would be a better default to have than Output.

Default

This sets up everything to a default state, for when you've made a complete mess of the options.  This default state can also be achieved by deleting the Choices file inside !BC.!fe, and restarting the application.

Run BasCompressed file

With this option ticked whenever an output file is specified it is immediately executed after being generated.  This is useful while constructing a Special file, so the program can proceed and report the missing variables found :-)

Load log file

If a log file was specified then this is �opened� immediately after it is generated.  On a properly set up system this would cause Edit to be loaded up automatically if necessary, and replace any version currently held if Edit is already resident.  Multi-tasking at its best.  Note that if you edit the �old� log file, then this smoothness is ruined, because Edit will open up a new window containing the new version.  C'est la vie.

Load cross-reference file

Same as the above option, but loads the cross-reference file generated, if any.

Name output as <Main>

This is a kludge to reduce the size of both cross-reference and log files.  As any Wimp application must use the full pathname of every file, this is what is passed to the back end application.  However this causes the full pathname to be printed in every error message and reference.  As a stop gap, this front end can be told to set the environment variable <Main> to the full pathname, and pass this to the back end application.  It does mean you don't see the actual name of the file being processed, but that usually isn't a problem as you know that anyway.

Output file leaf name same as input

This option is useful when compressing lots of files from one directory to another, for example having compressed versions of all your library files.  Having defined the output directory, the full pathname is constructed from this directory and the leaf name of the input file, saving quite a bit of typing.

Use outline fonts in dialogue boxes

BasCompress comes with two versions of all its� windows � with and without outline fonts.  Users of low-resolution monitors may prefer to use the system font versions.  Also, RiscPC users may have to use the �System font� windows for two reasons: first because the fontified windows use fonts at a different size (slightly larger for low resolution users) which looks ugly but more importantly because of a bug in the Window Manager that causes clicks on (genuine) font icons to cause the Wimp to �forget� the text font :(

Note that for historical reasons changes to this option are not updated immediately but only take effect the next time BasCompress is run.



5 The back end

This chapter describes the underlying CLI program, and how to use it effectively.

By default all text output is to the screen.  This can be redirected to separate log and cross-reference files, as required.

5.1 Invoking

Double-clicking on the application directory from a Filer window will automatically start up the Wimp front end application.  This is because no parameters were passed to the !Run file.

If any parameters are passed to the application, i.e. you activated it from a command shell then the back end application is called direct.

This application requires the floating point emulator module to be resident.  This is automatically loaded from the current system resources.  (Floating point arithmetic is only used to analyse and output decimal numbers, this can be disabled and so there will be no need to load the floating point emulator - this is not a recommended procedure, though).

Also required to be resident is the authors' own library module: CAssembler.

These modules are automatically loaded if not resident.

5.2 Installing

There are two methods of installing BasCompress for easy use from a shell.  One is to just install the application onto your Run$Path, and use it by *!BC file.

This has the disadvantage in that you must remember the !.  The much better alternative is to use the Alias$BasCompress that is set up for you in the !Boot file.  Thus it is only required to run this !Boot file in your boot-up sequence, and then call BasCompress by *BasCompress file.

In both the above it is essential that the !Run file gets executed, as this ensures auxiliary modules are resident and checks that there will be enough memory to start the application.

5.3 Environment variables

Because the CLI limits command lines to (a paltry) 256 bytes, several tricks were used in order to make the front end application work effectively with the back end program (with full pathnames).  These can be put to great advantage for CLI users.  In all cases an unset, or empty variable is ignored.

BasCompress$Options

		This should be a string of the same format as a normal parameter set, except missing the name of the input file (of course).  With this you can override any of the built-in default values with your own preferred set.

BasCompress$Output

		The name of the tokenised basic file produced.

BasCompress$Log

		The name of the log file produced.

BasCompress$XRef

		The name of the cross-reference file produced.

BasCompress$Special

		The name of the special file(s) input (a comma separated list).

BasCompress$Path

		A comma separated list of directories used to find Special files

It should be noted that the front end application resets all of these variables (except the Path), so keep this in mind.

5.4 The CLI parameters

The ordering of the parameters has been carefully set up so there is usually no need to name any parameters.

	BasCompress [-In] <file>

		 [[-Out <file>]

		 [[-Special] <files>]

		 [[-Log] <file>]

		 [[-XRefFile] <file>]

		 [[-XRef] <n>]

		 ...

So for normal work you would have set up BasCompress$Options and you'd just do BasCompress @.MyProg @.Result @.Special @.Log "" 0.

There is a -Help option to display a brief description of the available options.

As with all all native Archimedes applications, switches toggle the previous state (OS_ReadArgs does not allow -f and +f).

5.4.1 Input



-In <file>	this must always be given

-Library	ignore undefined routines & main program (OFF) �2.8.1

-MultiDEF	allow multiple definitions of the same routine (OFF) �2.10.1

-Number	analyse decimal numbers (needs FPEmulator) (ON) � 2.4

-SWI		convert SWI strings to numbers (ON) �2.5

-SWIBad	fault malformed SWI names (OFF) �2.5

-SWIExist	report unknown SWI strings (ON) �2.5

-WEndRtn	report conditional exits (ON) �2.8.3

5.4.2 Output



-ListOut <n>	echo output in screen mode <n> (OFF)

-Out <file>	output file (see BasCompress$Output)

-ReduceVar <type>

-ReduceRtn <type>

-Reduce <type>	reduce these types of labels (irsIRSpf) �2.11

-Single	no concatenation of output lines (OFF) �2.13

-Unused	delete unused routines and variables (ON) �2.8



<type> is a string of these letters:

	p	procedure

	f	function

	r	real variable

	i	integer variable

	s	string variable

	R	real array variable

	I	integer array variable

	S	string array variable

5.4.2.1 Output listing

First the mode is selected (-1 would select the current mode), and an appropriate warning or error generated if that mode is not available.  Next a blue-on-white colour scheme is selected.  Then the display is split into two columns, with the left column about 61% of the screen wide (80 columns in mode 16).  The source listing is scrolled here.  On the right column the output is scrolled.

The source listing does not include any deleted routines, but does include all inter-routine junk.  The output listing is as per the output file, in its' entirety.  The right column is only updated each time a whole line has been amassed, which could take a while if maximum compression is selected.

There isn't really much use for this option, as the time taken to scroll the screen takes far too long.

5.4.3 Log



-DATA		log lines containing DATA (ON)

-EVAL		log lines containing EVAL (ON)

-Goto		log lines containing line numbers (ON)

-List		echo input to log (OFF)

-Log <file>	output file (see BasCompress$Log)

-READ		log lines containing READ (ON)

-Stats		log program statistics (ON)

5.4.4 Special



-Special <files>	use comma list of <file> to resolve implicit usages (see BasCompress$Special and BasCompress$Path)

-UnusedS	report undefined special routines (OFF)

-WSpLabel	report label expansion results (OFF)

5.4.5 Cross-reference



-XRefFile <file>	output file (see BasCompress$XRef)

5.4.5.1 What



-Deleted	xref includes deleted variables and routines (OFF)

-XIncVar <type>

-XIncRtn <type>

-XInc <type>	xref these types of labels (irsIRSpf) �3.1.1



<type> is a string of these letters:

	p	procedure

	f	function

	r	real variable

	i	integer variable

	s	string variable

	R	real array variable

	I	integer array variable

	S	string array variable

5.4.5.2 How much



-XRef <n>	level of xref detail for both routines and variables �3.2

-XRtn <n>	level of xref detail for routines (0)

-XVar <n>	level of xref detail for variables (0)



<n> evaluates to a number from 0 to 4:

	0	None

	1	Existence - name

	2	Global - name / count

	3	Routine - reference to routine level

	4	Line - reference to line level

5.4.5.3 Order



-Sort <sort>	order of all variable, routine, and reference sorting �3.3

-SRef <sort>	order of cross�references (NTP)

-SRtn <sort>	order of routines (TN)

-SVar <sort>	order of variables (TN)



<sort> is a string of these letters:

	N	sort by name

	T	sort by type

	D	sort by name (in dictionary sense)

	P	sort by position in source

	U	sort by usage

e.g. to sort by usage, name, then type = �UNT�.

Lower case letters order top to bottom.

5.5 Error handling

By errors, it is meant system errors (i.e. those generated by calls to the operating system).

Admittedly, error handling is quite primitive in BasCompress.  All calls to the operating system are tested for error condition, and if set this is immediately propagated all the way back to the user, with an appropriate message dumped in the log file.

Errors occurring before the log file is opened are reported to the screen.

In any case, an error safely closes all files opened by this application.

5.6 Escape handling

As with error handling, this is fairly primitive.

BasCompress can be aborted at any time, terminating immediately after closing all open files.

Note that during the middle of program output the Basic file will be Type'd to Data, as a safeguard against loading it into BasicV.  (This does not handle zero-length files very well - it hangs the machine).

5.7 Hourglass

The hourglass is used to indicate BasCompress's progress.

During parsing, the percentage shows how much has already been analysed.  Note that because BasCompress can not know the total length of input beforehand, the percentage may actually go backwards as LIBRARY statements are parsed.

During cross referencing, there is no percentage, but the bottom L.E.D. is on.

Finally, during program output an accurate percentage is displayed, with the top L.E.D. on.



6 Special files

This chapter explains the format of the Special files.  These are auxiliary Text files used to give BasCompress some more information to help it compress better.  See also the examples supplied on disc.

6.1 Why

Special files are used to tell BasCompress how to cope with the following types of situation:

	�	EVAL("Variable")

	�	DATA Variable

	�	LIBRARY "%."+ RoutineParameter$

	�	EVAL("FN_"+ RoutineParameter$)

Because BasCompress reduces labels (see �2.11) using a global context, at run-time when BasicV tries to find these labels in the current context, it fails.  Special files tell BasCompress which labels not to compress, either explicitly as in the first two cases or above, or implicitly (from routine parameters) as in the later two.

6.2 Files

Special files are just plain Text files, in the format specified below.  BasCompress allows more than one Special file to be defined (using a comma separated list), but it is far easier to use the #include directive inside a Special file, as shown below.

Special files are found using the environment variable BasCompress$Path.  By default this is not set up, but you may like to create a sub-directory BAscompress in your library and set this variable to ",%.BAscompress." in your boot-up sequence (note the trailing dot, as with all path variables).  Here you would keep the one or two special files that handle your particular set of library files, and BasCompress will find them for you without you having to type in a full pathname every time.

6.3 Format

The format of a Special file is fairly simple.

Basically, (for variables) all you're trying to tell BasCompress is:

	�	routine X has a string in parameter Y

	�	inside routine X there is an EVAL

	�	this constructs a new label Z from Y

	�	don't reduce this label Z

So all you do is give the name and expected parameters of a routine and tell BasCompress how to construct label Z.

6.3.1 Routines

You give the name of a routine by:

	procedure foo(1)

or,

	function bar(,1)

The brackets are necessary if a routine doesn't have any parameters.

The procedure definition above tells BasCompress to expect a (simple) string expression to be passed to the procedure foo at every call, as the sole parameter.  The function definition says the first parameter is not important, but the second parameter will be a simple string.

These prototypes are checked against what is actually found in the program proper, and an appropriate error generated if they don't match.

There can be up to ten distinct string parameters [0-9], but you'll probably only ever need just one.

6.3.2 Globals

Sometimes the EVAL isn't in any particular routine (or is used inside a nested routine structure not amenable to the above simplification), so you'd like to give the name of the labels not to reduce just once.  This is easy because at the start of each Special file, BasCompress puts an implicit declaration of the main program as a routine, with no parameters.  So you'd just start defining the global labels as normal routine labels.

6.3.3 Labels

First of all an example:

	PROC_List(a, "Zappa", "Good")

	...

	:

	DEF PROC_List(RETURN x, y$, z$)

	  IF EVAL("Frank_"+ y$)<>0 THEN

		  x += EVAL("FN_"+ z$+ "_Name(Cy%)")

	  ENDIF

	ENDPROC

this would be implemented as:

	procedure _List(, 1, 2)

	  real Frank_\1

	  function _\2_Name

	  integer Cy%

Note the spaces to the left of the implicit declarations, and the case of the keywords as both of these are important.  Also note the need to declare Cy% as another variable that must not be shortened.

There is no attempt to verify that the <n> used was declared in the parameter list, but all undeclared <n> are reset to the empty string.  Also there is only rudimentary checking done on the expansion template, so be sensible.

The following table shows the exact words to use - note they must be lower case:

	real	a real variable e.g. pi_by_2

	integer	an integer variable, e.g. count%

	string	a string variable, e.g name$

	real_array	a real array variable, e.g. times()

	integer_array	an integer variable, e.g. books%()

	string_array	a string variable, e.g. titles$()

	procedure	a procedure, e.g. PROC_total

	function	a function, e.g. FNmin

	library	load library file, e.g. %.Wimp

BasCompress can currently interpret the simple string in a number of ways.  These template expansion types are:

6.3.3.1 Verbatim

\<n>	causes the formal parameter <n> to be substituted verbatim.

6.3.3.2 Comma separated

,<n>	treats parameter <n> as a comma separated list of strings to substitute, with optional spaces after each comma.

Each value is extracted from the string in turn.  Note that the string is expected to contain real variables only, i.e. no %, $, or (.

For example:

	PROC_Music("Zappa,Varese,Stravinsky,Belew)

	...

	:

	DEF PROC_Music(p$)

	LOCAL i, dummy

	  i = INSTR(p$, ",")

	  WHILE i>0

	    dummy = EVAL("FN_"+ LEFT$(p$, i-1))

	    p$ = MID$(p$, i+1)

	    i = INSTR(p$, ",")

	  ENDWHILE

	ENDPROC

could get coded as:

	procedure _Music(1)

	  function _,1

6.3.3.3 Full pathname

@<n>	parameter <n> is considered as a full pathname, and just the leaf name is substituted.

For an example see �6.3.4 below.

6.3.3.4 Wimp menu

�<n>	<n> is taken to be a Wimp menu string.  This means that after ">" and ":" a variable name is expected, terminated by a comma or the EOS.

It is assumed that the implicit variables are all of the same type.  If not just define several rules, one for each type.

For example

	PROC_menu("Prog,Info>Info%,dSave as>SaveAs,Quit")

may get coded as follows:

	procedure _menu(1)

	  integer �1

	  real �1

6.3.4 Variables as regular expressions

As well as the above special meta-characters BasCompress will now allow you to specify special variables (not routines or libraries) as a regular expression (a fancy wildcard expression).  This means that instead of specifying one variable, you specify any variables that match a pattern.

Special variables so specified can not contain any parameter substitution commands.  They also behave in a slightly different manner.

To process special variables defined as regular expressions BasCompress must use a separate pass, between parsing and output.  This scans every variable (of the particular type) to see if it matches the specified pattern.  If so, then the variable is flagged as being un-renamable � as expected.

So what is a regular expression, and why would you want to use it?  For a full description of regular expressions please see Appendix B, but all the useful features (two of them!) will be shown in the examples below.

You would want to use regular expressions to specify a range of variables with the same sort of name � instead of specifying every single one individually.  Eg say you have defined many constants such as 'Wimp_Initialise', 'Wimp_CloseDown', 'Wimp_GetRectangle', etc. and then used these constants in some DATA statements.  Instead of having a (long) list of these variable names in the special file you would recognise that all of the variables begin with the pattern 'Wimp_' and tell BasCompress to mark all such variables as unrenamable.

6.3.4.1 Example patterns

Here's how you would write the above example in a special file:

    procedure dummy()

        real Wimp_.*

the important bit being the ".*".  This should be read as "any character", "repeated 0 or more times".  Ie as long as a variable starts with the five characters "Wimp_" the pattern is matched.

Another frequent case is when variables have the same postfix - eg the pattern:

	integer .*CMOS\>

would match all integers that end ("\>" means "match end of variable") in the letters CMOS, ie MosROMFrugalCMOS%, FontMaxCMOS%, etc...  The specification that CMOS be at the end stops, say, MyCMOSvar% being matched by the pattern, as it otherwise would if this were not included.

6.3.4.2 Limitations

Although a regular expression may be defined dependent on a special routine being called, this fact is currently ignored � all special variables specified using a regular expression are used during the pass.  For this reason it is probably worthwhile to place all wild-card specifications as global � ie in the main program section of the special file.  This limitation will not last long.

Currently a variable that is recognised as matching a pattern is flagged as being referenced from the main program (in the cross reference) and not inside the special routine that specified the wildcard � but this will change in a later version.

6.3.5 Libraries

As well as labels, libraries may be implicit.  For example, here's a simple library handler:

	PROC_Load_Library("<Basic$Lib>.Wimp", 2)

	...

	:

	DEF PROC_Load_Library(f$, v)

	LOCAL x

	  LIBRARY file$

	  x = EVAL("FN_Init_"+ FNleaf(f$))

	  IF EVAL("Version_"+ FNleaf(f$))<v THEN

	    ERROR 1, "Library too old"

	  ENDIF

	ENDPROC

Well, in real life you'd set up error handlers and note which libraries have already been loaded, but you get the idea.  This could be coded as follows:

	procedure _Load_Library(1,)

	  library \1

	  function _Init_@1

	  real Version_@1

Note the use of @<n> to extract the leaf name.

In the output program the entire statement containing the LIBRARY is removed.

Note that because BasCompress analyses the program in a linear fashion, the order of library routines may well be different from that used in the uncompressed program, (see �2.10).

6.3.6 Include files

It is possible for special files to include other special files.  Thus you will probably set up BasCompress$Path and a special file to handle your own set of standard libraries, and then...

	#include mylibs

somewhere in the special file for each particular program.  (Note that there are no spaces to the left of the #include, and don't put any quotes on the name either).

Nesting level is not limited, and you can recurse.  This will result in an infinite loop, with the only resort being to press escape to quit, and then examine the log file.

6.4 Limitations

There can only be 250 odd total Special routines defined.  If any one actually reaches this limit, then contact the author, it's easy to alter - at the expense of a slight increase in memory usage.

There is of course one major limitation in that you have to specify the name of all the special files before processing the program.  It would be nice to set up a system whereby if the program (maybe implicitly) loads in library X, then load up special file Y.  However this would require re-finding all calls to the (new) Special routines - something that seems quite hard to do :-(

Finally, you'd like to be able to take into account the scope of the variables so only the use of variables in scope are not reduced.  But since BasicV only has one scope, this is not possible to implement safely, without some explicit help from the programmer by marking the scope of variables in some way.



7 Errors

7.1 Overview

Errors and warnings can be generated at various stages of the game.  They all look the same and are all sent to the current log (file / screen).  The format is:

	file 1234 warning 3: message

If there is no filename, then it indicates the error is global  in scope, for example the �undefined routine� error generated when all files have been parsed.

Warnings report non-fatal deficiencies.  Errors report a major problem, and will stop any output file being generated.

As with all text used by BasCompress, these error texts are held in the Messages file.

It is worth pointing out that many warnings and errors may be generated after the seemingly innocent warnings 9 and 10.  This means that BasCompress may have lost touch with what routine is being defined, and starts interpreting the junk inbetween routines as genuine code.  So do check the log file from the start.

7.2 Warnings

Most of the warnings are self explanatory.



	1	Expecting PROC or FN after DEF

In standard Basic, these are the only valid things after a DEF.  This warning has never been encountered in debugged source!



	2	DEF inside a routine

This is generated because an earlier routine did not exit cleanly, and the program believes you are still in this routine.  You need to fix the errant routine by terminating it properly, or simply appending a dummy routine end (ENDPROC or =�<expr>).



	3	Unexpected period �.�

A period on it's own is treated as the start of a number (e.g. �.7�).  This warning is generated if a statement starts with a period and it is not in the assembler.



	4	Mismatched quotes �"�

Every line should have matching quotes.



	5	Malformed hexadecimal number

It is expected that a digit or a letter [0-9a-fA-F] comes after an &.



	6	Malformed binary number

It is expected that a 0 or 1 comes after a %.



	7	Line number reference found

This is given if line numbers are found in any libraries, since there is no valid reason for them being there.



	8	Expecting routine name after PROC or FN

A non-label character was found after one of these tokens.  This very unlikely.



	9	ENDPROC not at end of procedure

This is generated if ENDPROC is found on a line containing an IF, i.e. it is ambiguous as to whether this is the genuine end of the procedure.  Most of the time this causes no problems, but for short routines where this is the only way it exits then BasCompress will get confused as to the exact end of the routine.  In this case you must either re-code the routine (recommended) or insert a dummy routine terminator (ENDPROC or =�<expr>).



	10	= not at end of function

This is generated if an �= <expr>� is found on a line containing an IF, i.e. it is ambiguous as to whether this is the genuine end of the function.  Most of the time this causes no problems, but for short routines where this is the only way it exits then BasCompress will get confused as to the exact end of the routine.  In this case you must either re-code the routine (recommended) or insert a dummy routine terminator (ENDPROC or =�<expr>).



	11	Code found on last line of function

There were more statements on the same line as the terminating �= <expr>� statement.  Since these will never be executed by Basic then they should be removed.  This warning could well turn up quite often if BasCompress is fed the output of other squashers.



	12	Expecting a string after LIBRARY/INSTALL

In order to be able to load in libraries BasCompress expects a simple constant string expression to follow these keywords.  If this is not the case then you will need to set up a Special file to handle this situation.  This warning is suppressed if inside a Special routine.



	13	OVERLAY file(s) not scanned

The OVERLAY keyword is not supported by BasCompress.



	14	Unexpected �[�

A running total of square brackets is kept.  This indicates that something like �LDR�R0,�[[R1...]� was found.



	15	Unexpected �]�

A running total of square brackets is kept.  This indicates that something like �LDR�R0,�[R1...]]� was found.



	16	ENDPROC inside a %s structure

Found a conditional exit from a procedure - this indicates a bad programming style.



	17	= inside a %s structure

Found a conditional exit from a function - this indicates a bad programming style.



	18	Conditional %%s

Found a conditional termination of a multi-line structure - this indicates a bad programming style.

This may occur on lines like the following:

	IF x>0 THEN WHILE x>0:y+=FNy(x):x-=1:ENDWHILE

Unfortunately BasCompress does not like this because it expects all multi-line constructs to start unconditionally.  To cure this split the one-line IF into a multi-line IF.



	19	Too many �(� found

A running total of ellipsis is kept.  This indicates something like �(1+2)(� was found.



	20	Unexpected �)� found

A running total of ellipsis is kept.  This indicates something like �(1+2))� was found.



	21	Routine %s already defined at %s

This warns about multiply-defined routines.  Since there are sometimes very good reasons for doing this this warning can be suppressed.



	22	Malformed decimal number

A bad decimal number was found.  A decimal number is something beginning with a digit or a period and continuing as expected.  The form of the number is always checked, but the compression may be turned off.



	23	The (global) special routine %s is not defined anywhere

This speaks for itself.  It is only generated if the user has asked for it, as it is not usually relevant.



	24	SWI name missing, or not simple

It is normal to just have a string, variable, or number immediately after a SYS (SWI).  This indicates that found something else - which may indicate a syntax error.



	25	SWI �%s� is unknown

The operating system has no record of what this SWI means.  This indicates that either the module is not loaded at the time of compression, or it is misspelt.  BasCompress will leave it as it is, producing longer and slower code.



	26	Can't change to screen mode %d

If the listing Mode could not be found, but a suitable alternative was possible.



	27	Special variable %s has been used

	28	Special routine %s has been used

	29	Special library %s has been used

These warnings are generated if the user has turned them on.  They show the results of label expansion done at the instance of a call to a Special routine.



7.3 Errors

Any errors encountered will stop the final output phase, but the program will soldier on parsing, so you can rectify all the errors in one hit.



	2	ENDPROC found in a function

This invariably follows warning 2, about DEF found inside a routine, which itself follows a warning 10, because the previous function did not terminate cleanly.



	3	= found in a procedure

This invariably follows  warning 2, about DEF found inside a routine, which itself follows a warning 9, because the previous procedure did not terminate cleanly.



	4	Routine %s already defined at %s

It's either an error or a warning (21), and this is the error.



	5	File error: %s

Since there is minimal file accessing done (files are loaded in one hit), this usually just reports not being able to find a particular file/invalid file name - it is dependent on the underlying filing system.



	6	End of file in middle of routine

It is invalid for a routine to span across a file boundary.



	7	Too many files (>254)

I can't foresee anyone getting this error message!  It is unlikely that this limitation would be lifted, either.

	8	Undefined routine: %s (used %s)

Generated after all files have been parsed, it warns of routines used but never defined.  These are usually obscure routines only called in error handlers.  If you know for sure that this routine will never be called, just put an empty version in your main file to suppress this error.



	9	Undefined variable: %s (used %s)

Not generated.



	10	FOR not at start of statement

This may be of some use - not much, but what the hey?  (Maybe be on a one-line IF)?



	11	Escape pressed, parsing aborted

Not generated.  Escapes just terminate program immediately in the current version.



	12	File %s does not have a Basic file type

This program only accepts tokenised Basic files - maybe the file is just not Type'd correctly.  (Could be that it was saved under the CFS or some such, and you only gave the SCSIFS?)



	13	File %s is too small to be a Basic type

A rudimentary check on each Basic file is done - this is generated if it fails.



	14	File is corrupted/not basic

Each line of tokenised Basic has a header.  As the file is parsed each header is checked and if invalid this error is generated and parsing of the file is aborted.



	15	Escape pressed, xref aborted

Not generated.  Escapes just terminate program immediately in the current version.



	16	Escape pressed, compression aborted

Not generated.  Escapes just terminate program immediately in the current version.



	17	Unexpected %s in a %s structure

This detects any foul-ups in multi-lined structures.  The Basic interpreter allows some of these through without reporting an error.  These errors allow you to fix the (very probably) mistakes.  See warning 18.



	18	Unexpected %s

As error 17 above, but obviously outside any surrounding structure.



	19	End of file in middle of assembler

A special case of error 6, i.e. a routine did not end before the end of a file was found.



	20	OTHERWISE not at start of line

A simple error for a simple mistake.



	21	WHEN not at start of line

A simple error for a simple mistake.

	22	Computed GOTO/GOSUB found

Now, I ask you, is this how to program?  BasCompress will refuse to work with such things, and who can blame it?



	23	INSTALL/LIBRARY not at start of line

This indicates a syntax error, probably.  Or maybe an IF without a THEN, who knows?



	24	INSTALL/LIBRARY can not be on a conditional line

If you must, then split into a multi-line IF and try again.



	25	The special routine �%s� was declared as having different parameters from those found here

The number of parameters do not match - probably a wrong number of commas in the Special file.



	26	The special routine �%s� wants a string constant for one of its' parameters

This program only handles very simple constant string expressions, and this error indicates that the expression was not simple enough.



	27	Line too long (max 256)

This seems a reasonable upper limit on the line length of a Special file.



	28	Line �%s� is not of a recognised form

Syntax error for the Special file line.  Note that if you specified a Text file full of control codes and such, then you may only get to read the last few words of this message.

	29	Label �%s� is invalid

In Special files, the label probably starts with a digit, or some such.



	30	Parameter list �%s� is invalid

In Special files: what more needs to be said?



	31	Parameter list �%s� contains a duplicate

In Special files: it is not exactly meaningful to have two or more parameters assigned to the same expansion number is it?



	32	Implicit label substitution overflowed

When a call to a Special routine is found, the label templates get expanded using the actual parameters passed.  This error shows BasCompress checks for overflow in its' internal buffers!



	33	Too many special routines (max 255)

A perfectly reasonable limit it seems.  This could easily be extended, though.



	34	Unable to load special file (not Text?)

Or maybe it wasn't found.  Only Text files are accepted.



	35	SWI name missing, or not simple

It is normal to just have a string, variable, or number immediately after a SYS (SWI).  This indicates that found something else - which may indicate an error.



	36	Illegal screen mode

If the listing mode could not be found, and no suitable alternative was possible, then this error is generated.



	37	Bad main program, unterminated %s structure

This is a special case, if the first routine found (DEF�PROC, or DEF�FN) was inside a multi-line structure.  This indicates an error in the main program.



	38	Can't find closing ellipsis in special routine parameter

During label expansion, BasCompress found a label ending in (, which it took to mean the start of an array index.  No closing ) was found before the end of the string.



	39	Bad char `%c' following > or : in special routine parameter

During label expansion, BasCompress expects the label to be terminated by a comma or the EOS.  This indicates that this condition was not satisfied.



7.4 Run-time errors

Here is some help with possible errors that BasCompress may introduce to the compressed Basic output.

7.4.1 Unknown or missing variable

The quick and easy method to solve this problem is to turn of all label reduction.  This is not recommend, as it makes the use of BasCompress almost worthless.

This error has been generated because you have not told BasCompress about the side effects of an EVAL or DATA statements.  See �2.11 for why this produces the error, and �6 for how to cure it.

In essence you have to go through the program, locate the EVAL's and possibly the DATA statements as well, (look in the log file for exactly where to find these), and then build a Special file to tell BasCompress how to handle these.

Usually this entails defining some �global� labels that will never be reduced, although sometimes it is possible to build a more sophisticated parameter-based rule.

It may just be possible that this error is generated inside assembler.  If so, then this indicates an error on BasCompress' part.  Examples of such should be sent to the author for inclusion in upgrades.  This possibility is extremely remote as BasCompress has been tested with a wide range of sources, but most cases where it has failed in the past has been in this area.

7.4.2 No such function/procedure

This occurs for exactly the same reasons as detailed in �7.4.1 above.

7.4.3 Missing ENDIF

These errors are generated very rarely, but they are just possible.  Consider the following code:

	IF FN_SaveFile THEN :::REM comment

What BasCompress could produce, although it does tries not to, is:

	IFFNxTHEN

Obviously this is wrong, wrong, wrong.  From a simple one-line conditional (that does nothing), BasCompress has produced a multi-line conditional construct where there shouldn't be any, and without the ENDIF.

Since this situation is fairly rare, and BasCompress does handle it most of the time, it is not likely to be remedied - unless enough people request it.

The work around is to not to ignore the return value from the function, which is probably an error status (indicating a very lazy programmer!), but to assign it to a variable, and then act on it accordingly.

7.4.4 Logical errors

By this it is meant that a program doesn't generate any overt errors, it's just that it doesn't do the same as it did before compression.

BasCompress has been tested quite thoroughly with a wide source of Basic programs, and it is hoped that all of these exceptional cases have been noted and duly handled.  However if you do get this type of error, it is still probably because of EVAL and DATA being used with undeclared (and probably short, e.g. A%, x, etc.) variables.  These variables may have been �renamed� by BasCompress, or even re-mapped to different variables, and hence contain an invalid value.

If it is not because of this, then the author would appreciate it if an example of the incorrectly compressed source was sent in, so BasCompress could be updated to handle that case.

7.5 Internal errors

These are �system� errors generated by BasCompress itself.  These messages are hard-coded into the executable, and use the error number chunk &DCBC0 to &DCBFF:

		Error(s) during parsing

This should never appear, as it is an internal error used to indicate an erroneous parsing stage.



		Invalid sort character '%c'

		Sort string too long

		Invalid type character `%c'

These indicate rudimentary errors on the parameters passed on the CLI.



		Invalid option in system variable BasCompress$Options

Indicates an invalid system variable.  Unfortunately it is not possible to show exactly what was wrong with it, just that some part of it was wrong.



		1.1

		...

		10.1

These errors should never be generated.  They indicate where BasCompress has found some inconsistencies in its' own internal data structures.  Any occurrences of such should be sent, along with the source that produced them, to the author for correcting in future upgrades.



8 Loose ends

The fact that this chapter exists shows that I'm no good at documentation :-)  It mainly describes features that may (or may not) get implemented in future upgrades.

8.1 Memory usage

Let's face it boys and girls, this program eats RAM like nobody's business.  It's really just a fact of life for 32-bit/RISC machines.

This is compounded by the need for some oomph (technical term) in the program execution stakes.  To this end most things are kept on two separate lists - e.g. if a routine X calls Y then this is recorded both in X's calls list, and Y's called by list.  This bit of redundancy probably doubles the speed of cross referencing, so it was felt worth it.

Also all the source is kept in RAM, and all the output.

There is some consideration to low-memory users in that the hash table sizes grow on request, but then again they start pretty big anyway :-)

If enough people request it then BasCompress may be upgraded to include the option of smaller initial hash-tables and demand-loading the source - a simple hack & slap.

8.2 Missing THEN

Basic allows the programmer to omit a THEN statement when used on a single-line IF compound.  However, this can cause problems.  Because BasCompress removes all spaces, if the condition ended with a digit, and the statement after the (missing) THEN starts with an �E� then Basic gets confused � thinking a real number (in exponent format) has been given.  Eg the BasCompress produced line:

	IF x<>0E%=1

is wrong.  There should be a space after the 0.  This is very rare.  A temporary cure is to stop BasCompress shortening any variables to names starting with an �E�.  Although this will solve most problems, there is still the unresolved problem of the un-shortened variables.  The only cure is to make sure the THEN is always used.

A similar problem is the following BasCompress produced line:

	WHILE x<>0E%=2

The cure for this is to always separate the expression from the first statement of a WHILE compound by a colon.



While testing this program, it became evident that the missing THEN was part of a general problem - skipping a Basic expression.  This is harder than at first seems, because there is no point at where you can say �yes, here is the end�, as you can in a procedural call, say (e.g. you've found a comma, close ellipse and the bracket and quote count is zero).  E.g. how would you handle this:

	IF a=b=c THEN P."hello"

Intuition get's it wrong.  Basic treats this as:

	IF (a=b) THEN =c ...

Which means you have to build a tree/stack.  But, once you can do this then this program could become quite interesting.  It could evaluate constant sub-expressions.  This could produce some very compact stuff, as you'd also be able to substitute constant variables with their values, and even eliminate dead code.  I.e. debugging stuff that would never be executed because it is known that, say, Debug is always FALSE.

But, tie that in with a bit more knowledge of the structure of the Basic, and it is almost easy to generate not tokenised Basic, but code.  Well, I'm sure if enough people register, it will give this author the incentive to develop BasCompress into the fastest (and cheapest) Basic compiler.

8.3 Cross-reference

It would be nice to have a toggle between multi-line and single-line (the current) output.  This is fairly easy to do, but it'll require some experimentation :-)

Also handy could be some ordering based on label length, or even the (approximate) size of a routine.

Some rationalisation of the messages used is in order, too.  Currently the program outputs some line feeds of its' own accord, which is decidedly against the grain.

How about not listing the file that a routine is in?  Or just the leaf of the filename.  This would reduce the size of the output by quite a lot.  The former would require the user to cross-reference (the cross-reference!) to find the file of the reference, though.

8.4 Statistics

There are loads more statistics that could be done;

	�	libraries that aren't needed

	�	variables only ever declared (e.g. LOCALised but never used)

	�	variables only ever assigned to once (constants)

	�	lines where the memory indirection operators ?, | and ! are used

	�	don't log all the deleted routines and variables, just count them

	�	give a percentage of the code that is unused

	�	percentage compression achieved on the used code

	�	lines containing any user-defined basic token (e.g. PRINT)

	�	time taken to load, parse, cross-reference, compress, write

8.5 Uncompressed output

It would have been nice if there was an option to just remove the unused routines and merge all the libraries into one big file.  This would give a nice listable program containing only the routines used.  However this is currently unpossible, as BasCompress was never intended to produce anything but compressed code.  (There are many places where �skip until hit non-space� is hard-coded, and it would take a rather long time to rationalise these so you could toggle it on/off.)  Oh well.

8.6 Label reduction

The reduction of labels isn't always as good as it could be.  Currently BasCompress only judges the fitness of a label to be reduced on its' global usage.  A better algorithm would take into consideration the nesting level of each usage, and use this to bias the reduction of labels towards those used inside loops.

8.7 Executable

The current situation, with two separate applications is far from ideal.  A better situation would be to have the back end program inside a module.  This would have the added bonus of not needing to load in the Messages file every time it is run.

Better yet would be to have the whole thing as one big Wimp application.  Here many extras are possible because there would be direct access to the cross-reference database.  For example it could create graphs of variable name distribution, provide the cross-reference in it's own window, where you could filter it given user criteria (such as name matching a regexp AND usage>3).  But I don't think so, do you?



Appendix A: Messages

A.1 Internationalism united

For users of a foreign extractment, the Messages directory contains the country-specific text files.  Copy Default, to (say) Iceland and edit the messages, and if that is the configured country of the machine, then those messages will be loaded.  Note it is sensible to keep a Default file as this will be loaded if no file of the configured country could be found.

If you do make a translated messages file, the author would appreciate it greatly if you could send it in so every one can benefit.

A.2 Format

The message format is fairly obvious - just look at them to see what can and can't be done, but here's a quick summary.

	�	Comments start with a #

	�	Messages names start on a new line, and end in a colon

	�	Messages start at the first non-space after the colon, and finish at the end of the line

	�	Spaces can be done as �% �

	�	Percents can be included using �%%�

	�	The �parameter�s %s and %d are supplied by BasCompress, these are standard C printf() strings

	�	The standard C escape sequences \b, \t, \n, \r, \xXX, \000, etc. can be used to insert those characters inside the messages

	�	A message may be a selection: starts with a �%?� and consists of a comma separated list of alternatives







Appendix B: Regular expressions

B.1 Definition

A regular expression (RE) is a fancy wild-carding system � i.e.  you don�t need exact matches.  A regular expression is really a mini�programming language with the following �commands�:

        .     any character

        ^     start of line

        $     end of line

        [...] set of characters*

Any other character matches itself

There are also modifiers:

        |    or, �re1|re2� match either RE1 or RE2

        ~    not, �~c� matches anything but the next character

        +    many, �re+� matches RE repeated one or more times

        *    repeat, �re+� matches RE repeated zero or more times

        ?    optional, �re?� matches RE repeated zero or one times

Parenthesis () can be used to group REs

Finally, there are memories:

        \{   start recording

        \}   end recording, and place in next memory (starts with 1)

        \<n> \1, ... \9 will then match the corresponding memory

* character sets:

Character sets are used to match one of a group of characters.  All characters are taken literally except ���, �]�, and �\�.  The ��� indicates a range, unless it is the first or last character, or the first character after a previous range.  The �\� can be used to include a �]� or a ��� in the set.


00000000  41 20 42 61 73 69 63 56  20 63 6f 6d 70 72 65 73  |A BasicV compres|
00000010  73 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 0a  63 72 6f 73 73 2d 72 65  |sor and.cross-re|
00000020  66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 72  20 66 6f 72 20 52 49 53  |ferencer for RIS|
00000030  43 20 4f 53 0a 76 31 2e  34 30 20 31 37 74 68 20  |C OS.v1.40 17th |
00000040  4a 75 6c 79 20 31 39 39  33 0a 43 6f 70 79 72 69  |July 1993.Copyri|
00000050  67 68 74 20 a9 20 43 79  20 42 6f 6f 6b 65 72 2c  |ght . Cy Booker,|
00000060  20 31 39 39 32 99 31 39  39 34 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a  | 1992.1994......|
00000070  0a 0a 0c 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a  0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 50 72  |..............Pr|
00000080  6f 67 72 61 6d 0a 61 6e  64 0a 44 6f 63 75 6d 65  |ogram.and.Docume|
00000090  6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a  0a 0a 0a 62 79 0a 0a 0a  |ntation....by...|
000000a0  0a 43 79 20 42 6f 6f 6b  65 72 0a 0a 38 36 20 43  |.Cy Booker..86 C|
000000b0  68 75 72 63 68 20 56 69  65 77 0a 0a 4d 61 69 6e  |hurch View..Main|
000000c0  20 52 6f 61 64 0a 0a 43  72 6f 63 6b 65 6e 68 69  | Road..Crockenhi|
000000d0  6c 6c 0a 0a 53 77 61 6e  6c 65 79 0a 0a 4b 65 6e  |ll..Swanley..Ken|
000000e0  74 0a 0a 42 52 38 20 38  4a 57 0a 0a 55 2e 4b 2e  |t..BR8 8JW..U.K.|
000000f0  0a 0a 0a 0a 94 54 79 70  65 73 65 74 95 20 75 73  |.....Typeset. us|
00000100  69 6e 67 20 49 6d 70 72  65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 76  |ing Impression v|
00000110  32 2e 31 34 20 61 6e 64  20 50 75 62 6c 69 73 68  |2.14 and Publish|
00000120  65 72 20 76 34 2e 30 31  0a 0a 4d 65 6e 75 73 20  |er v4.01..Menus |
00000130  67 72 61 62 62 65 64 20  62 79 20 47 72 61 62 4d  |grabbed by GrabM|
00000140  65 6e 75 0a 0a 4d 75 73  69 63 61 6c 20 65 6e 74  |enu..Musical ent|
00000150  65 72 74 61 69 6e 6d 65  6e 74 20 70 72 6f 76 69  |ertainment provi|
00000160  64 65 64 20 62 79 20 46  72 61 6e 6b 20 5a 61 70  |ded by Frank Zap|
00000170  70 61 0a 0a 0c 0a 0a 31  20 4f 76 65 72 76 69 65  |pa.....1 Overvie|
00000180  77 09 31 0a 0a 31 2e 31  20 44 69 73 63 6c 61 69  |w.1..1.1 Disclai|
00000190  6d 65 72 09 31 0a 0a 31  2e 32 20 53 79 6e 6f 70  |mer.1..1.2 Synop|
000001a0  73 69 73 09 31 0a 0a 31  2e 33 20 46 65 61 74 75  |sis.1..1.3 Featu|
000001b0  72 65 73 09 31 0a 0a 31  2e 34 20 44 6f 63 75 6d  |res.1..1.4 Docum|
000001c0  65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e  09 32 0a 0a 31 2e 35 20  |entation.2..1.5 |
000001d0  43 6f 6d 70 72 65 73 73  69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72  |Compressing your|
000001e0  20 66 69 72 73 74 20 66  69 6c 65 09 33 0a 0a 31  | first file.3..1|
000001f0  2e 36 20 45 78 61 6d 70  6c 65 20 73 70 65 65 64  |.6 Example speed|
00000200  09 33 0a 0a 31 2e 37 20  45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20  |.3..1.7 Example |
00000210  63 6f 6d 70 72 65 73 73  69 6f 6e 09 34 0a 0a 32  |compression.4..2|
00000220  20 42 61 73 43 6f 6d 70  72 65 73 73 09 35 0a 0a  | BasCompress.5..|
00000230  32 2e 31 20 4f 76 65 72  76 69 65 77 09 35 0a 0a  |2.1 Overview.5..|
00000240  32 2e 32 20 4a 61 72 67  6f 6e 09 35 0a 0a 32 2e  |2.2 Jargon.5..2.|
00000250  33 20 42 61 73 69 63 09  35 0a 0a 32 2e 34 20 4e  |3 Basic.5..2.4 N|
00000260  75 6d 62 65 72 73 09 36  0a 0a 32 2e 35 20 53 57  |umbers.6..2.5 SW|
00000270  49 27 73 09 36 0a 0a 32  2e 36 20 53 74 61 72 20  |I's.6..2.6 Star |
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00000290  41 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65  72 09 37 0a 0a 32 2e 38  |Assembler.7..2.8|
000002a0  20 52 6f 75 74 69 6e 65  73 09 37 0a 0a 32 2e 38  | Routines.7..2.8|
000002b0  2e 31 20 4d 61 69 6e 20  70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 09  |.1 Main program.|
000002c0  38 0a 0a 32 2e 38 2e 32  20 53 74 61 72 74 20 61  |8..2.8.2 Start a|
000002d0  6e 64 20 65 6e 64 09 38  0a 0a 32 2e 38 2e 33 20  |nd end.8..2.8.3 |
000002e0  43 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f  6e 61 6c 20 72 6f 75 74  |Conditional rout|
000002f0  69 6e 65 20 65 6e 64 09  38 0a 0a 32 2e 38 2e 34  |ine end.8..2.8.4|
00000300  20 45 4e 44 20 61 6e 64  20 45 52 52 4f 52 09 39  | END and ERROR.9|
00000310  0a 0a 32 2e 38 2e 35 20  4c 4f 43 41 4c 20 45 52  |..2.8.5 LOCAL ER|
00000320  52 4f 52 09 39 0a 0a 32  2e 39 20 4d 75 6c 74 69  |ROR.9..2.9 Multi|
00000330  2d 6c 69 6e 65 20 73 74  72 75 63 74 75 72 65 73  |-line structures|
00000340  09 31 30 0a 0a 32 2e 31  30 20 4c 69 62 72 61 72  |.10..2.10 Librar|
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00000390  61 62 65 6c 20 72 65 64  75 63 74 69 6f 6e 09 31  |abel reduction.1|
000003a0  32 0a 0a 32 2e 31 32 20  4c 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d  |2..2.12 Line num|
000003b0  62 65 72 73 09 31 33 0a  0a 32 2e 31 32 2e 31 20  |bers.13..2.12.1 |
000003c0  4f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6c  69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62  |Output line numb|
000003d0  65 72 73 09 31 34 0a 0a  32 2e 31 33 20 4d 75 6c  |ers.14..2.13 Mul|
000003e0  74 69 2d 6c 69 6e 65 20  6f 75 74 70 75 74 09 31  |ti-line output.1|
000003f0  34 0a 0a 32 2e 31 34 20  44 41 54 41 09 31 34 0a  |4..2.14 DATA.14.|
00000400  0a 32 2e 31 35 20 52 65  2d 63 6f 6d 70 72 65 73  |.2.15 Re-compres|
00000410  73 69 6e 67 09 31 35 0a  0a 33 20 43 72 6f 73 73  |sing.15..3 Cross|
00000420  2d 72 65 66 65 72 65 6e  63 69 6e 67 09 31 37 0a  |-referencing.17.|
00000430  0a 33 2e 31 20 4f 76 65  72 76 69 65 77 09 31 37  |.3.1 Overview.17|
00000440  0a 0a 33 2e 31 2e 31 20  57 68 61 74 27 73 20 63  |..3.1.1 What's c|
00000450  72 6f 73 73 2d 72 65 66  65 72 65 6e 63 65 64 09  |ross-referenced.|
00000460  31 37 0a 0a 33 2e 31 2e  32 20 57 68 61 74 27 73  |17..3.1.2 What's|
00000470  20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 09  31 37 0a 0a 33 2e 31 2e  | output.17..3.1.|
00000480  33 20 4d 65 73 73 61 67  65 73 09 31 37 0a 0a 33  |3 Messages.17..3|
00000490  2e 32 20 4c 65 76 65 6c  20 6f 66 20 64 65 74 61  |.2 Level of deta|
000004a0  69 6c 09 31 38 0a 0a 33  2e 32 2e 31 20 52 6f 75  |il.18..3.2.1 Rou|
000004b0  74 69 6e 65 20 64 65 66  69 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e 09  |tine definition.|
000004c0  31 38 0a 0a 33 2e 32 2e  32 20 52 6f 75 74 69 6e  |18..3.2.2 Routin|
000004d0  65 20 63 61 6c 6c 73 09  31 39 0a 0a 33 2e 32 2e  |e calls.19..3.2.|
000004e0  33 20 52 6f 75 74 69 6e  65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64  |3 Routine called|
000004f0  20 62 79 09 31 39 0a 0a  33 2e 32 2e 34 20 56 61  | by.19..3.2.4 Va|
00000500  72 69 61 62 6c 65 20 64  65 63 6c 61 72 61 74 69  |riable declarati|
00000510  6f 6e 09 31 39 0a 0a 33  2e 32 2e 35 20 56 61 72  |on.19..3.2.5 Var|
00000520  69 61 62 6c 65 20 61 73  73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74  |iable assignment|
00000530  09 31 39 0a 0a 33 2e 32  2e 36 20 56 61 72 69 61  |.19..3.2.6 Varia|
00000540  62 6c 65 20 72 65 66 65  72 65 6e 63 65 09 31 39  |ble reference.19|
00000550  0a 0a 33 2e 33 20 4f 72  64 65 72 09 32 30 0a 0a  |..3.3 Order.20..|
00000560  34 20 54 68 65 20 66 72  6f 6e 74 20 65 6e 64 09  |4 The front end.|
00000570  32 31 0a 0a 34 2e 31 20  53 74 61 72 74 69 6e 67  |21..4.1 Starting|
00000580  09 32 31 0a 0a 34 2e 32  20 4f 76 65 72 76 69 65  |.21..4.2 Overvie|
00000590  77 09 32 31 0a 0a 34 2e  32 2e 31 20 49 63 6f 6e  |w.21..4.2.1 Icon|
000005a0  20 62 61 72 20 69 63 6f  6e 09 32 31 0a 0a 34 2e  | bar icon.21..4.|
000005b0  33 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 6f  6c 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77  |3 Control window|
000005c0  09 32 32 0a 0a 34 2e 34  20 4d 61 69 6e 20 6d 65  |.22..4.4 Main me|
000005d0  6e 75 09 32 33 0a 0a 34  2e 35 20 49 6e 70 75 74  |nu.23..4.5 Input|
000005e0  09 32 34 0a 0a 34 2e 36  20 4f 75 74 70 75 74 09  |.24..4.6 Output.|
000005f0  32 36 0a 0a 34 2e 37 20  4c 6f 67 09 32 39 0a 0a  |26..4.7 Log.29..|
00000600  34 2e 38 20 53 70 65 63  69 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65  |4.8 Special file|
00000610  73 09 33 31 0a 0a 34 2e  39 20 43 72 6f 73 73 2d  |s.31..4.9 Cross-|
00000620  72 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63  65 09 33 32 0a 0a 34 2e  |reference.32..4.|
00000630  31 30 20 43 68 6f 69 63  65 73 20 44 69 61 6c 6f  |10 Choices Dialo|
00000640  67 75 65 20 42 6f 78 09  33 36 0a 0a 35 20 54 68  |gue Box.36..5 Th|
00000650  65 20 62 61 63 6b 20 65  6e 64 09 33 39 0a 0a 35  |e back end.39..5|
00000660  2e 31 20 49 6e 76 6f 6b  69 6e 67 09 33 39 0a 0a  |.1 Invoking.39..|
00000670  35 2e 32 20 49 6e 73 74  61 6c 6c 69 6e 67 09 33  |5.2 Installing.3|
00000680  39 0a 0a 35 2e 33 20 45  6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65  |9..5.3 Environme|
00000690  6e 74 20 76 61 72 69 61  62 6c 65 73 09 34 30 0a  |nt variables.40.|
000006a0  0a 35 2e 34 20 54 68 65  20 43 4c 49 20 70 61 72  |.5.4 The CLI par|
000006b0  61 6d 65 74 65 72 73 09  34 31 0a 0a 35 2e 34 2e  |ameters.41..5.4.|
000006c0  31 20 49 6e 70 75 74 09  34 31 0a 0a 35 2e 34 2e  |1 Input.41..5.4.|
000006d0  32 20 4f 75 74 70 75 74  09 34 32 0a 0a 35 2e 34  |2 Output.42..5.4|
000006e0  2e 32 2e 31 20 4f 75 74  70 75 74 20 6c 69 73 74  |.2.1 Output list|
000006f0  69 6e 67 09 34 32 0a 0a  35 2e 34 2e 33 20 4c 6f  |ing.42..5.4.3 Lo|
00000700  67 09 34 33 0a 0a 35 2e  34 2e 34 20 53 70 65 63  |g.43..5.4.4 Spec|
00000710  69 61 6c 09 34 33 0a 0a  35 2e 34 2e 35 20 43 72  |ial.43..5.4.5 Cr|
00000720  6f 73 73 2d 72 65 66 65  72 65 6e 63 65 09 34 33  |oss-reference.43|
00000730  0a 0a 35 2e 34 2e 35 2e  31 20 57 68 61 74 09 34  |..5.4.5.1 What.4|
00000740  34 0a 0a 35 2e 34 2e 35  2e 32 20 48 6f 77 20 6d  |4..5.4.5.2 How m|
00000750  75 63 68 09 34 34 0a 0a  35 2e 34 2e 35 2e 33 20  |uch.44..5.4.5.3 |
00000760  4f 72 64 65 72 09 34 35  0a 0a 35 2e 35 20 45 72  |Order.45..5.5 Er|
00000770  72 6f 72 20 68 61 6e 64  6c 69 6e 67 09 34 36 0a  |ror handling.46.|
00000780  0a 35 2e 36 20 45 73 63  61 70 65 20 68 61 6e 64  |.5.6 Escape hand|
00000790  6c 69 6e 67 09 34 36 0a  0a 35 2e 37 20 48 6f 75  |ling.46..5.7 Hou|
000007a0  72 67 6c 61 73 73 09 34  36 0a 0a 36 20 53 70 65  |rglass.46..6 Spe|
000007b0  63 69 61 6c 20 66 69 6c  65 73 09 34 37 0a 0a 36  |cial files.47..6|
000007c0  2e 31 20 57 68 79 09 34  37 0a 0a 36 2e 32 20 46  |.1 Why.47..6.2 F|
000007d0  69 6c 65 73 09 34 37 0a  0a 36 2e 33 20 46 6f 72  |iles.47..6.3 For|
000007e0  6d 61 74 09 34 38 0a 0a  36 2e 33 2e 31 20 52 6f  |mat.48..6.3.1 Ro|
000007f0  75 74 69 6e 65 73 09 34  38 0a 0a 36 2e 33 2e 32  |utines.48..6.3.2|
00000800  20 47 6c 6f 62 61 6c 73  09 34 38 0a 0a 36 2e 33  | Globals.48..6.3|
00000810  2e 33 20 4c 61 62 65 6c  73 09 34 39 0a 0a 36 2e  |.3 Labels.49..6.|
00000820  33 2e 33 2e 31 20 56 65  72 62 61 74 69 6d 09 35  |3.3.1 Verbatim.5|
00000830  30 0a 0a 36 2e 33 2e 33  2e 32 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61  |0..6.3.3.2 Comma|
00000840  20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74  65 64 09 35 30 0a 0a 36  | separated.50..6|
00000850  2e 33 2e 33 2e 33 20 46  75 6c 6c 20 70 61 74 68  |.3.3.3 Full path|
00000860  6e 61 6d 65 09 35 31 0a  0a 36 2e 33 2e 33 2e 34  |name.51..6.3.3.4|
00000870  20 57 69 6d 70 20 6d 65  6e 75 09 35 31 0a 0a 36  | Wimp menu.51..6|
00000880  2e 33 2e 34 20 56 61 72  69 61 62 6c 65 73 20 61  |.3.4 Variables a|
00000890  73 20 72 65 67 75 6c 61  72 20 65 78 70 72 65 73  |s regular expres|
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000008b0  31 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c  65 20 70 61 74 74 65 72  |1 Example patter|
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000008d0  69 6d 69 74 61 74 69 6f  6e 73 09 35 33 0a 0a 36  |imitations.53..6|
000008e0  2e 33 2e 35 20 4c 69 62  72 61 72 69 65 73 09 35  |.3.5 Libraries.5|
000008f0  33 0a 0a 36 2e 33 2e 36  20 49 6e 63 6c 75 64 65  |3..6.3.6 Include|
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00000910  69 6d 69 74 61 74 69 6f  6e 73 09 35 34 0a 0a 37  |imitations.54..7|
00000920  20 45 72 72 6f 72 73 09  35 37 0a 0a 37 2e 31 20  | Errors.57..7.1 |
00000930  4f 76 65 72 76 69 65 77  09 35 37 0a 0a 37 2e 32  |Overview.57..7.2|
00000940  20 57 61 72 6e 69 6e 67  73 09 35 37 0a 0a 37 2e  | Warnings.57..7.|
00000950  33 20 45 72 72 6f 72 73  09 36 33 0a 0a 37 2e 34  |3 Errors.63..7.4|
00000960  20 52 75 6e 2d 74 69 6d  65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73  | Run-time errors|
00000970  09 36 39 0a 0a 37 2e 34  2e 31 20 55 6e 6b 6e 6f  |.69..7.4.1 Unkno|
00000980  77 6e 20 6f 72 20 6d 69  73 73 69 6e 67 20 76 61  |wn or missing va|
00000990  72 69 61 62 6c 65 09 36  39 0a 0a 37 2e 34 2e 32  |riable.69..7.4.2|
000009a0  20 4e 6f 20 73 75 63 68  20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f  | No such functio|
000009b0  6e 2f 70 72 6f 63 65 64  75 72 65 09 36 39 0a 0a  |n/procedure.69..|
000009c0  37 2e 34 2e 33 20 4d 69  73 73 69 6e 67 20 45 4e  |7.4.3 Missing EN|
000009d0  44 49 46 09 36 39 0a 0a  37 2e 34 2e 34 20 4c 6f  |DIF.69..7.4.4 Lo|
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000009f0  0a 37 2e 35 20 49 6e 74  65 72 6e 61 6c 20 65 72  |.7.5 Internal er|
00000a00  72 6f 72 73 09 37 30 0a  0a 38 20 4c 6f 6f 73 65  |rors.70..8 Loose|
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00000a30  2e 32 20 4d 69 73 73 69  6e 67 20 54 48 45 4e 09  |.2 Missing THEN.|
00000a40  37 33 0a 0a 38 2e 33 20  43 72 6f 73 73 2d 72 65  |73..8.3 Cross-re|
00000a50  66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 09  37 34 0a 0a 38 2e 34 20  |ference.74..8.4 |
00000a60  53 74 61 74 69 73 74 69  63 73 09 37 35 0a 0a 38  |Statistics.75..8|
00000a70  2e 35 20 55 6e 63 6f 6d  70 72 65 73 73 65 64 20  |.5 Uncompressed |
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00000ab0  65 09 37 36 0a 0a 41 70  70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 41  |e.76..Appendix A|
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00000ad0  2e 31 20 49 6e 74 65 72  6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c  |.1 International|
00000ae0  69 73 6d 20 75 6e 69 74  65 64 09 37 37 0a 0a 41  |ism united.77..A|
00000af0  2e 32 20 46 6f 72 6d 61  74 09 37 37 0a 0a 41 70  |.2 Format.77..Ap|
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00000b20  0a 0a 42 2e 31 20 44 65  66 69 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e  |..B.1 Definition|
00000b30  09 37 39 0a 0a 0a 0a 0c  0a 0a 31 20 4f 76 65 72  |.79.......1 Over|
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00000c00  63 75 6d 73 74 61 6e 63  65 73 20 73 68 61 6c 6c  |cumstances shall|
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00000c20  61 6e 79 20 70 72 6f 76  69 64 65 72 20 6f 72 20  |any provider or |
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00000c40  68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 67  72 61 6d 2c 20 62 65 20  |his program, be |
00000c50  6c 69 61 62 6c 65 20 66  6f 72 20 61 6e 79 20 64  |liable for any d|
00000c60  61 6d 61 67 65 2c 20 6c  6f 73 73 20 6f 66 20 70  |amage, loss of p|
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00000c80  6e 64 69 72 65 63 74 20  6f 72 20 63 6f 6e 73 65  |ndirect or conse|
00000c90  71 75 65 6e 74 69 61 6c  20 6c 6f 73 73 20 61 72  |quential loss ar|
00000ca0  69 73 69 6e 67 20 6f 75  74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  |ising out of the|
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00000cc0  67 72 61 6d 2e 0a 0a 31  2e 32 20 53 79 6e 6f 70  |gram...1.2 Synop|
00000cd0  73 69 73 0a 0a 42 61 73  43 6f 6d 70 72 65 73 73  |sis..BasCompress|
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00000cf0  61 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 69  73 65 64 20 62 61 73 69  |a tokenised basi|
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00000d20  2d 62 79 2d 72 6f 75 74  69 6e 65 20 62 61 73 69  |-by-routine basi|
00000d30  73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f  75 74 70 75 74 73 20 61  |s, and outputs a|
00000d40  20 63 72 6f 73 73 2d 72  65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65  | cross-reference|
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00000d60  64 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 69  73 65 64 20 62 61 73 69  |d tokenised basi|
00000d70  63 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 0a  0a 28 49 74 20 77 61 73  |c file...(It was|
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00000da0  72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 61  76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65  |rently available|
00000db0  20 42 61 73 69 63 20 73  71 75 61 73 68 65 72 73  | Basic squashers|
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00000de0  4c 2c 20 72 65 6d 6f 76  65 64 20 75 6e 75 73 65  |L, removed unuse|
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00000e90  6b 20 65 6e 64 2e 20 20  54 68 65 20 66 6f 72 6d  |k end.  The form|
00000ea0  65 72 20 69 73 20 69 64  65 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20  |er is ideal for |
00000eb0  6f 63 63 61 73 69 6f 6e  61 6c 20 75 73 65 2c 20  |occasional use, |
00000ec0  77 68 69 6c 65 20 74 68  65 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20  |while the later |
00000ed0  69 73 20 62 65 74 74 65  72 20 66 6f 72 20 73 63  |is better for sc|
00000ee0  72 69 70 74 73 2c 20 6d  61 6b 65 20 66 69 6c 65  |ripts, make file|
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00000f00  61 74 75 72 65 73 0a 0a  54 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e  |atures..The main|
00000f10  20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65  73 20 6f 66 20 42 61 73  | features of Bas|
00000f20  43 6f 6d 70 72 65 73 73  20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20  |Compress can be |
00000f30  73 75 6d 6d 61 72 69 73  65 64 20 61 73 20 66 6f  |summarised as fo|
00000f40  6c 6c 6f 77 73 3a 0a 0a  09 8f 09 43 68 65 63 6b  |llows:.....Check|
00000f50  73 20 61 6c 6c 20 6d 75  6c 74 69 2d 6c 69 6e 65  |s all multi-line|
00000f60  20 49 46 73 20 68 61 76  65 20 61 20 6d 61 74 63  | IFs have a matc|
00000f70  68 69 6e 67 20 45 4e 44  49 46 0a 0a 09 8f 09 43  |hing ENDIF.....C|
00000f80  68 65 63 6b 73 20 61 6c  6c 20 43 41 53 45 27 73  |hecks all CASE's|
00000f90  20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20  6d 61 74 63 68 69 6e 67  | have a matching|
00000fa0  20 45 4e 44 43 41 53 45  0a 0a 09 8f 09 43 68 65  | ENDCASE.....Che|
00000fb0  63 6b 73 20 61 6c 6c 20  57 48 49 4c 45 27 73 20  |cks all WHILE's |
00000fc0  68 61 76 65 20 61 20 6d  61 74 63 68 69 6e 67 20  |have a matching |
00000fd0  45 4e 44 57 48 49 4c 45  0a 0a 09 8f 09 43 68 65  |ENDWHILE.....Che|
00000fe0  63 6b 73 20 74 68 65 20  65 6c 6c 69 70 73 69 73  |cks the ellipsis|
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00007de0  73 2e 20 20 53 65 65 20  a7 32 2e 35 2e 0a 0a 46  |s.  See .2.5...F|
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00007e00  57 49 27 73 20 74 6f 20  67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65  |WI's to generate|
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00007eb0  a7 32 2e 35 2e 0a 0a 52  65 70 6f 72 74 20 75 6e  |.2.5...Report un|
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00007fd0  53 65 65 20 a7 32 2e 35  2e 0a 0a 50 72 6f 63 65  |See .2.5...Proce|
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00014320  20 63 68 65 61 70 65 73  74 29 20 42 61 73 69 63  | cheapest) Basic|
00014330  20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65  72 2e 0a 0a 38 2e 33 20  | compiler...8.3 |
00014340  43 72 6f 73 73 2d 72 65  66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 0a  |Cross-reference.|
00014350  0a 49 74 20 77 6f 75 6c  64 20 62 65 20 6e 69 63  |.It would be nic|
00014360  65 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76  65 20 61 20 74 6f 67 67  |e to have a togg|
00014370  6c 65 20 62 65 74 77 65  65 6e 20 6d 75 6c 74 69  |le between multi|
00014380  2d 6c 69 6e 65 20 61 6e  64 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65  |-line and single|
00014390  2d 6c 69 6e 65 20 28 74  68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65  |-line (the curre|
000143a0  6e 74 29 20 6f 75 74 70  75 74 2e 20 20 54 68 69  |nt) output.  Thi|
000143b0  73 20 69 73 20 66 61 69  72 6c 79 20 65 61 73 79  |s is fairly easy|
000143c0  20 74 6f 20 64 6f 2c 20  62 75 74 20 69 74 27 6c  | to do, but it'l|
000143d0  6c 20 72 65 71 75 69 72  65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 65  |l require some e|
000143e0  78 70 65 72 69 6d 65 6e  74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 3a  |xperimentation :|
000143f0  2d 29 0a 0a 41 6c 73 6f  20 68 61 6e 64 79 20 63  |-)..Also handy c|
00014400  6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20  73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 72 64  |ould be some ord|
00014410  65 72 69 6e 67 20 62 61  73 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 6c  |ering based on l|
00014420  61 62 65 6c 20 6c 65 6e  67 74 68 2c 20 6f 72 20  |abel length, or |
00014430  65 76 65 6e 20 74 68 65  20 28 61 70 70 72 6f 78  |even the (approx|
00014440  69 6d 61 74 65 29 20 73  69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 61  |imate) size of a|
00014450  20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65  2e 0a 0a 53 6f 6d 65 20  | routine...Some |
00014460  72 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c  69 73 61 74 69 6f 6e 20  |rationalisation |
00014470  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d  65 73 73 61 67 65 73 20  |of the messages |
00014480  75 73 65 64 20 69 73 20  69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72  |used is in order|
00014490  2c 20 74 6f 6f 2e 20 20  43 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c  |, too.  Currentl|
000144a0  79 20 74 68 65 20 70 72  6f 67 72 61 6d 20 6f 75  |y the program ou|
000144b0  74 70 75 74 73 20 73 6f  6d 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20  |tputs some line |
000144c0  66 65 65 64 73 20 6f 66  20 69 74 73 27 20 6f 77  |feeds of its' ow|
000144d0  6e 20 61 63 63 6f 72 64  2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20  |n accord, which |
000144e0  69 73 20 64 65 63 69 64  65 64 6c 79 20 61 67 61  |is decidedly aga|
000144f0  69 6e 73 74 20 74 68 65  20 67 72 61 69 6e 2e 0a  |inst the grain..|
00014500  0a 48 6f 77 20 61 62 6f  75 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 6c  |.How about not l|
00014510  69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 74  68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20  |isting the file |
00014520  74 68 61 74 20 61 20 72  6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 69  |that a routine i|
00014530  73 20 69 6e 3f 20 20 4f  72 20 6a 75 73 74 20 74  |s in?  Or just t|
00014540  68 65 20 6c 65 61 66 20  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66  |he leaf of the f|
00014550  69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 2e  20 20 54 68 69 73 20 77  |ilename.  This w|
00014560  6f 75 6c 64 20 72 65 64  75 63 65 20 74 68 65 20  |ould reduce the |
00014570  73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70  |size of the outp|
00014580  75 74 20 62 79 20 71 75  69 74 65 20 61 20 6c 6f  |ut by quite a lo|
00014590  74 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20  66 6f 72 6d 65 72 20 77  |t.  The former w|
000145a0  6f 75 6c 64 20 72 65 71  75 69 72 65 20 74 68 65  |ould require the|
000145b0  20 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f  20 63 72 6f 73 73 2d 72  | user to cross-r|
000145c0  65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65  20 28 74 68 65 20 63 72  |eference (the cr|
000145d0  6f 73 73 2d 72 65 66 65  72 65 6e 63 65 21 29 20  |oss-reference!) |
000145e0  74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 20  74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65  |to find the file|
000145f0  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  72 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63  | of the referenc|
00014600  65 2c 20 74 68 6f 75 67  68 2e 0a 0a 38 2e 34 20  |e, though...8.4 |
00014610  53 74 61 74 69 73 74 69  63 73 0a 0a 54 68 65 72  |Statistics..Ther|
00014620  65 20 61 72 65 20 6c 6f  61 64 73 20 6d 6f 72 65  |e are loads more|
00014630  20 73 74 61 74 69 73 74  69 63 73 20 74 68 61 74  | statistics that|
00014640  20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 62  65 20 64 6f 6e 65 3b 0a  | could be done;.|
00014650  0a 09 8f 09 6c 69 62 72  61 72 69 65 73 20 74 68  |....libraries th|
00014660  61 74 20 61 72 65 6e 27  74 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64  |at aren't needed|
00014670  0a 0a 09 8f 09 76 61 72  69 61 62 6c 65 73 20 6f  |.....variables o|
00014680  6e 6c 79 20 65 76 65 72  20 64 65 63 6c 61 72 65  |nly ever declare|
00014690  64 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20  4c 4f 43 41 4c 69 73 65  |d (e.g. LOCALise|
000146a0  64 20 62 75 74 20 6e 65  76 65 72 20 75 73 65 64  |d but never used|
000146b0  29 0a 0a 09 8f 09 76 61  72 69 61 62 6c 65 73 20  |).....variables |
000146c0  6f 6e 6c 79 20 65 76 65  72 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e  |only ever assign|
000146d0  65 64 20 74 6f 20 6f 6e  63 65 20 28 63 6f 6e 73  |ed to once (cons|
000146e0  74 61 6e 74 73 29 0a 0a  09 8f 09 6c 69 6e 65 73  |tants).....lines|
000146f0  20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74  68 65 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72  | where the memor|
00014700  79 20 69 6e 64 69 72 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 70  |y indirection op|
00014710  65 72 61 74 6f 72 73 20  3f 2c 20 7c 20 61 6e 64  |erators ?, | and|
00014720  20 21 20 61 72 65 20 75  73 65 64 0a 0a 09 8f 09  | ! are used.....|
00014730  64 6f 6e 27 74 20 6c 6f  67 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68  |don't log all th|
00014740  65 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65  64 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e  |e deleted routin|
00014750  65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 76  61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 73  |es and variables|
00014760  2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 63  6f 75 6e 74 20 74 68 65  |, just count the|
00014770  6d 0a 0a 09 8f 09 67 69  76 65 20 61 20 70 65 72  |m.....give a per|
00014780  63 65 6e 74 61 67 65 20  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63  |centage of the c|
00014790  6f 64 65 20 74 68 61 74  20 69 73 20 75 6e 75 73  |ode that is unus|
000147a0  65 64 0a 0a 09 8f 09 70  65 72 63 65 6e 74 61 67  |ed.....percentag|
000147b0  65 20 63 6f 6d 70 72 65  73 73 69 6f 6e 20 61 63  |e compression ac|
000147c0  68 69 65 76 65 64 20 6f  6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 73  |hieved on the us|
000147d0  65 64 20 63 6f 64 65 0a  0a 09 8f 09 6c 69 6e 65  |ed code.....line|
000147e0  73 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69  6e 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 79  |s containing any|
000147f0  20 75 73 65 72 2d 64 65  66 69 6e 65 64 20 62 61  | user-defined ba|
00014800  73 69 63 20 74 6f 6b 65  6e 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20  |sic token (e.g. |
00014810  50 52 49 4e 54 29 0a 0a  09 8f 09 74 69 6d 65 20  |PRINT).....time |
00014820  74 61 6b 65 6e 20 74 6f  20 6c 6f 61 64 2c 20 70  |taken to load, p|
00014830  61 72 73 65 2c 20 63 72  6f 73 73 2d 72 65 66 65  |arse, cross-refe|
00014840  72 65 6e 63 65 2c 20 63  6f 6d 70 72 65 73 73 2c  |rence, compress,|
00014850  20 77 72 69 74 65 0a 0a  38 2e 35 20 55 6e 63 6f  | write..8.5 Unco|
00014860  6d 70 72 65 73 73 65 64  20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 0a  |mpressed output.|
00014870  0a 49 74 20 77 6f 75 6c  64 20 68 61 76 65 20 62  |.It would have b|
00014880  65 65 6e 20 6e 69 63 65  20 69 66 20 74 68 65 72  |een nice if ther|
00014890  65 20 77 61 73 20 61 6e  20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20  |e was an option |
000148a0  74 6f 20 6a 75 73 74 20  72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74  |to just remove t|
000148b0  68 65 20 75 6e 75 73 65  64 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e  |he unused routin|
000148c0  65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d  65 72 67 65 20 61 6c 6c  |es and merge all|
000148d0  20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 62  72 61 72 69 65 73 20 69  | the libraries i|
000148e0  6e 74 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20  62 69 67 20 66 69 6c 65  |nto one big file|
000148f0  2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20  77 6f 75 6c 64 20 67 69  |.  This would gi|
00014900  76 65 20 61 20 6e 69 63  65 20 6c 69 73 74 61 62  |ve a nice listab|
00014910  6c 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72  61 6d 20 63 6f 6e 74 61  |le program conta|
00014920  69 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e  6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 72  |ining only the r|
00014930  6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 20  75 73 65 64 2e 20 20 48  |outines used.  H|
00014940  6f 77 65 76 65 72 20 74  68 69 73 20 69 73 20 63  |owever this is c|
00014950  75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c 79  20 75 6e 70 6f 73 73 69  |urrently unpossi|
00014960  62 6c 65 2c 20 61 73 20  42 61 73 43 6f 6d 70 72  |ble, as BasCompr|
00014970  65 73 73 20 77 61 73 20  6e 65 76 65 72 20 69 6e  |ess was never in|
00014980  74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 74  6f 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63  |tended to produc|
00014990  65 20 61 6e 79 74 68 69  6e 67 20 62 75 74 20 63  |e anything but c|
000149a0  6f 6d 70 72 65 73 73 65  64 20 63 6f 64 65 2e 20  |ompressed code. |
000149b0  20 28 54 68 65 72 65 20  61 72 65 20 6d 61 6e 79  | (There are many|
000149c0  20 70 6c 61 63 65 73 20  77 68 65 72 65 20 94 73  | places where .s|
000149d0  6b 69 70 20 75 6e 74 69  6c 20 68 69 74 20 6e 6f  |kip until hit no|
000149e0  6e 2d 73 70 61 63 65 95  20 69 73 20 68 61 72 64  |n-space. is hard|
000149f0  2d 63 6f 64 65 64 2c 20  61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 77  |-coded, and it w|
00014a00  6f 75 6c 64 20 74 61 6b  65 20 61 20 72 61 74 68  |ould take a rath|
00014a10  65 72 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20  74 69 6d 65 20 74 6f 20  |er long time to |
00014a20  72 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c  69 73 65 20 74 68 65 73  |rationalise thes|
00014a30  65 20 73 6f 20 79 6f 75  20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 74  |e so you could t|
00014a40  6f 67 67 6c 65 20 69 74  20 6f 6e 2f 6f 66 66 2e  |oggle it on/off.|
00014a50  29 20 20 4f 68 20 77 65  6c 6c 2e 0a 0a 38 2e 36  |)  Oh well...8.6|
00014a60  20 4c 61 62 65 6c 20 72  65 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e  | Label reduction|
00014a70  0a 0a 54 68 65 20 72 65  64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  |..The reduction |
00014a80  6f 66 20 6c 61 62 65 6c  73 20 69 73 6e 27 74 20  |of labels isn't |
00014a90  61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 61  73 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 61  |always as good a|
00014aa0  73 20 69 74 20 63 6f 75  6c 64 20 62 65 2e 20 20  |s it could be.  |
00014ab0  43 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c  79 20 42 61 73 43 6f 6d  |Currently BasCom|
00014ac0  70 72 65 73 73 20 6f 6e  6c 79 20 6a 75 64 67 65  |press only judge|
00014ad0  73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69  74 6e 65 73 73 20 6f 66  |s the fitness of|
00014ae0  20 61 20 6c 61 62 65 6c  20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 72  | a label to be r|
00014af0  65 64 75 63 65 64 20 6f  6e 20 69 74 73 27 20 67  |educed on its' g|
00014b00  6c 6f 62 61 6c 20 75 73  61 67 65 2e 20 20 41 20  |lobal usage.  A |
00014b10  62 65 74 74 65 72 20 61  6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d  |better algorithm|
00014b20  20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 74  61 6b 65 20 69 6e 74 6f  | would take into|
00014b30  20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65  72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74  | consideration t|
00014b40  68 65 20 6e 65 73 74 69  6e 67 20 6c 65 76 65 6c  |he nesting level|
00014b50  20 6f 66 20 65 61 63 68  20 75 73 61 67 65 2c 20  | of each usage, |
00014b60  61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 20  74 68 69 73 20 74 6f 20  |and use this to |
00014b70  62 69 61 73 20 74 68 65  20 72 65 64 75 63 74 69  |bias the reducti|
00014b80  6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6c 61  62 65 6c 73 20 74 6f 77  |on of labels tow|
00014b90  61 72 64 73 20 74 68 6f  73 65 20 75 73 65 64 20  |ards those used |
00014ba0  69 6e 73 69 64 65 20 6c  6f 6f 70 73 2e 0a 0a 38  |inside loops...8|
00014bb0  2e 37 20 45 78 65 63 75  74 61 62 6c 65 0a 0a 54  |.7 Executable..T|
00014bc0  68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65  6e 74 20 73 69 74 75 61  |he current situa|
00014bd0  74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 77 69  74 68 20 74 77 6f 20 73  |tion, with two s|
00014be0  65 70 61 72 61 74 65 20  61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74  |eparate applicat|
00014bf0  69 6f 6e 73 20 69 73 20  66 61 72 20 66 72 6f 6d  |ions is far from|
00014c00  20 69 64 65 61 6c 2e 20  20 41 20 62 65 74 74 65  | ideal.  A bette|
00014c10  72 20 73 69 74 75 61 74  69 6f 6e 20 77 6f 75 6c  |r situation woul|
00014c20  64 20 62 65 20 74 6f 20  68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65  |d be to have the|
00014c30  20 62 61 63 6b 20 65 6e  64 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61  | back end progra|
00014c40  6d 20 69 6e 73 69 64 65  20 61 20 6d 6f 64 75 6c  |m inside a modul|
00014c50  65 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73  20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 68  |e.  This would h|
00014c60  61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20  61 64 64 65 64 20 62 6f  |ave the added bo|
00014c70  6e 75 73 20 6f 66 20 6e  6f 74 20 6e 65 65 64 69  |nus of not needi|
00014c80  6e 67 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f  61 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68  |ng to load in th|
00014c90  65 20 4d 65 73 73 61 67  65 73 20 66 69 6c 65 20  |e Messages file |
00014ca0  65 76 65 72 79 20 74 69  6d 65 20 69 74 20 69 73  |every time it is|
00014cb0  20 72 75 6e 2e 0a 0a 42  65 74 74 65 72 20 79 65  | run...Better ye|
00014cc0  74 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20  62 65 20 74 6f 20 68 61  |t would be to ha|
00014cd0  76 65 20 74 68 65 20 77  68 6f 6c 65 20 74 68 69  |ve the whole thi|
00014ce0  6e 67 20 61 73 20 6f 6e  65 20 62 69 67 20 57 69  |ng as one big Wi|
00014cf0  6d 70 20 61 70 70 6c 69  63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20  |mp application. |
00014d00  20 48 65 72 65 20 6d 61  6e 79 20 65 78 74 72 61  | Here many extra|
00014d10  73 20 61 72 65 20 70 6f  73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 62  |s are possible b|
00014d20  65 63 61 75 73 65 20 74  68 65 72 65 20 77 6f 75  |ecause there wou|
00014d30  6c 64 20 62 65 20 64 69  72 65 63 74 20 61 63 63  |ld be direct acc|
00014d40  65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74  68 65 20 63 72 6f 73 73  |ess to the cross|
00014d50  2d 72 65 66 65 72 65 6e  63 65 20 64 61 74 61 62  |-reference datab|
00014d60  61 73 65 2e 20 20 46 6f  72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c  |ase.  For exampl|
00014d70  65 20 69 74 20 63 6f 75  6c 64 20 63 72 65 61 74  |e it could creat|
00014d80  65 20 67 72 61 70 68 73  20 6f 66 20 76 61 72 69  |e graphs of vari|
00014d90  61 62 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d  65 20 64 69 73 74 72 69  |able name distri|
00014da0  62 75 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20  70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 20  |bution, provide |
00014db0  74 68 65 20 63 72 6f 73  73 2d 72 65 66 65 72 65  |the cross-refere|
00014dc0  6e 63 65 20 69 6e 20 69  74 27 73 20 6f 77 6e 20  |nce in it's own |
00014dd0  77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2c 20  77 68 65 72 65 20 79 6f  |window, where yo|
00014de0  75 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20  66 69 6c 74 65 72 20 69  |u could filter i|
00014df0  74 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20  75 73 65 72 20 63 72 69  |t given user cri|
00014e00  74 65 72 69 61 20 28 73  75 63 68 20 61 73 20 6e  |teria (such as n|
00014e10  61 6d 65 20 6d 61 74 63  68 69 6e 67 20 61 20 72  |ame matching a r|
00014e20  65 67 65 78 70 20 41 4e  44 20 75 73 61 67 65 3e  |egexp AND usage>|
00014e30  33 29 2e 20 20 42 75 74  20 49 20 64 6f 6e 27 74  |3).  But I don't|
00014e40  20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 73  6f 2c 20 64 6f 20 79 6f  | think so, do yo|
00014e50  75 3f 0a 0a 0c 0a 0a 41  70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20  |u?.....Appendix |
00014e60  41 3a 20 4d 65 73 73 61  67 65 73 0a 0a 41 2e 31  |A: Messages..A.1|
00014e70  20 49 6e 74 65 72 6e 61  74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 69 73  | Internationalis|
00014e80  6d 20 75 6e 69 74 65 64  0a 0a 46 6f 72 20 75 73  |m united..For us|
00014e90  65 72 73 20 6f 66 20 61  20 66 6f 72 65 69 67 6e  |ers of a foreign|
00014ea0  20 65 78 74 72 61 63 74  6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 74 68  | extractment, th|
00014eb0  65 20 4d 65 73 73 61 67  65 73 20 64 69 72 65 63  |e Messages direc|
00014ec0  74 6f 72 79 20 63 6f 6e  74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68  |tory contains th|
00014ed0  65 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 72  79 2d 73 70 65 63 69 66  |e country-specif|
00014ee0  69 63 20 74 65 78 74 20  66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 20  |ic text files.  |
00014ef0  43 6f 70 79 20 44 65 66  61 75 6c 74 2c 20 74 6f  |Copy Default, to|
00014f00  20 28 73 61 79 29 20 49  63 65 6c 61 6e 64 20 61  | (say) Iceland a|
00014f10  6e 64 20 65 64 69 74 20  74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73  |nd edit the mess|
00014f20  61 67 65 73 2c 20 61 6e  64 20 69 66 20 74 68 61  |ages, and if tha|
00014f30  74 20 69 73 20 74 68 65  20 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75  |t is the configu|
00014f40  72 65 64 20 63 6f 75 6e  74 72 79 20 6f 66 20 74  |red country of t|
00014f50  68 65 20 6d 61 63 68 69  6e 65 2c 20 74 68 65 6e  |he machine, then|
00014f60  20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 6d  65 73 73 61 67 65 73 20  | those messages |
00014f70  77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20  6c 6f 61 64 65 64 2e 20  |will be loaded. |
00014f80  20 4e 6f 74 65 20 69 74  20 69 73 20 73 65 6e 73  | Note it is sens|
00014f90  69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20  6b 65 65 70 20 61 20 44  |ible to keep a D|
00014fa0  65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 66  69 6c 65 20 61 73 20 74  |efault file as t|
00014fb0  68 69 73 20 77 69 6c 6c  20 62 65 20 6c 6f 61 64  |his will be load|
00014fc0  65 64 20 69 66 20 6e 6f  20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 66  |ed if no file of|
00014fd0  20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e  66 69 67 75 72 65 64 20  | the configured |
00014fe0  63 6f 75 6e 74 72 79 20  63 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65  |country could be|
00014ff0  20 66 6f 75 6e 64 2e 0a  0a 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20  | found...If you |
00015000  64 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20  61 20 74 72 61 6e 73 6c  |do make a transl|
00015010  61 74 65 64 20 6d 65 73  73 61 67 65 73 20 66 69  |ated messages fi|
00015020  6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20  61 75 74 68 6f 72 20 77  |le, the author w|
00015030  6f 75 6c 64 20 61 70 70  72 65 63 69 61 74 65 20  |ould appreciate |
00015040  69 74 20 67 72 65 61 74  6c 79 20 69 66 20 79 6f  |it greatly if yo|
00015050  75 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20  73 65 6e 64 20 69 74 20  |u could send it |
00015060  69 6e 20 73 6f 20 65 76  65 72 79 20 6f 6e 65 20  |in so every one |
00015070  63 61 6e 20 62 65 6e 65  66 69 74 2e 0a 0a 41 2e  |can benefit...A.|
00015080  32 20 46 6f 72 6d 61 74  0a 0a 54 68 65 20 6d 65  |2 Format..The me|
00015090  73 73 61 67 65 20 66 6f  72 6d 61 74 20 69 73 20  |ssage format is |
000150a0  66 61 69 72 6c 79 20 6f  62 76 69 6f 75 73 20 2d  |fairly obvious -|
000150b0  20 6a 75 73 74 20 6c 6f  6f 6b 20 61 74 20 74 68  | just look at th|
000150c0  65 6d 20 74 6f 20 73 65  65 20 77 68 61 74 20 63  |em to see what c|
000150d0  61 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 63  61 6e 27 74 20 62 65 20  |an and can't be |
000150e0  64 6f 6e 65 2c 20 62 75  74 20 68 65 72 65 27 73  |done, but here's|
000150f0  20 61 20 71 75 69 63 6b  20 73 75 6d 6d 61 72 79  | a quick summary|
00015100  2e 0a 0a 09 8f 09 43 6f  6d 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 73  |......Comments s|
00015110  74 61 72 74 20 77 69 74  68 20 61 20 23 0a 0a 09  |tart with a #...|
00015120  8f 09 4d 65 73 73 61 67  65 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 73  |..Messages names|
00015130  20 73 74 61 72 74 20 6f  6e 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20  | start on a new |
00015140  6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 61 6e  64 20 65 6e 64 20 69 6e  |line, and end in|
00015150  20 61 20 63 6f 6c 6f 6e  0a 0a 09 8f 09 4d 65 73  | a colon.....Mes|
00015160  73 61 67 65 73 20 73 74  61 72 74 20 61 74 20 74  |sages start at t|
00015170  68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74  20 6e 6f 6e 2d 73 70 61  |he first non-spa|
00015180  63 65 20 61 66 74 65 72  20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6c  |ce after the col|
00015190  6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20  66 69 6e 69 73 68 20 61  |on, and finish a|
000151a0  74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e  64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  |t the end of the|
000151b0  20 6c 69 6e 65 0a 0a 09  8f 09 53 70 61 63 65 73  | line.....Spaces|
000151c0  20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20  64 6f 6e 65 20 61 73 20  | can be done as |
000151d0  94 25 20 95 0a 0a 09 8f  09 50 65 72 63 65 6e 74  |.% ......Percent|
000151e0  73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65  20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65  |s can be include|
000151f0  64 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20  94 25 25 95 0a 0a 09 8f  |d using .%%.....|
00015200  09 54 68 65 20 94 70 61  72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 95  |.The .parameter.|
00015210  73 20 25 73 20 61 6e 64  20 25 64 20 61 72 65 20  |s %s and %d are |
00015220  73 75 70 70 6c 69 65 64  20 62 79 20 42 61 73 43  |supplied by BasC|
00015230  6f 6d 70 72 65 73 73 2c  20 74 68 65 73 65 20 61  |ompress, these a|
00015240  72 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64  61 72 64 20 43 20 70 72  |re standard C pr|
00015250  69 6e 74 66 28 29 20 73  74 72 69 6e 67 73 0a 0a  |intf() strings..|
00015260  09 8f 09 54 68 65 20 73  74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20  |...The standard |
00015270  43 20 65 73 63 61 70 65  20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63  |C escape sequenc|
00015280  65 73 20 5c 62 2c 20 5c  74 2c 20 5c 6e 2c 20 5c  |es \b, \t, \n, \|
00015290  72 2c 20 5c 78 58 58 2c  20 5c 30 30 30 2c 20 65  |r, \xXX, \000, e|
000152a0  74 63 2e 20 63 61 6e 20  62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20  |tc. can be used |
000152b0  74 6f 20 69 6e 73 65 72  74 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20  |to insert those |
000152c0  63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65  72 73 20 69 6e 73 69 64  |characters insid|
000152d0  65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65  73 73 61 67 65 73 0a 0a  |e the messages..|
000152e0  09 8f 09 41 20 6d 65 73  73 61 67 65 20 6d 61 79  |...A message may|
000152f0  20 62 65 20 61 20 73 65  6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 3a  | be a selection:|
00015300  20 73 74 61 72 74 73 20  77 69 74 68 20 61 20 94  | starts with a .|
00015310  25 3f 95 20 61 6e 64 20  63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 73  |%?. and consists|
00015320  20 6f 66 20 61 20 63 6f  6d 6d 61 20 73 65 70 61  | of a comma sepa|
00015330  72 61 74 65 64 20 6c 69  73 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6c  |rated list of al|
00015340  74 65 72 6e 61 74 69 76  65 73 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a  |ternatives......|
00015350  0c 0a 0a 41 70 70 65 6e  64 69 78 20 42 3a 20 52  |...Appendix B: R|
00015360  65 67 75 6c 61 72 20 65  78 70 72 65 73 73 69 6f  |egular expressio|
00015370  6e 73 0a 0a 42 2e 31 20  44 65 66 69 6e 69 74 69  |ns..B.1 Definiti|
00015380  6f 6e 0a 0a 41 20 72 65  67 75 6c 61 72 20 65 78  |on..A regular ex|
00015390  70 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e  20 28 52 45 29 20 69 73  |pression (RE) is|
000153a0  20 61 20 66 61 6e 63 79  20 77 69 6c 64 2d 63 61  | a fancy wild-ca|
000153b0  72 64 69 6e 67 20 73 79  73 74 65 6d 20 97 20 69  |rding system . i|
000153c0  2e 65 2e 20 20 79 6f 75  20 64 6f 6e 91 74 20 6e  |.e.  you don.t n|
000153d0  65 65 64 20 65 78 61 63  74 20 6d 61 74 63 68 65  |eed exact matche|
000153e0  73 2e 20 20 41 20 72 65  67 75 6c 61 72 20 65 78  |s.  A regular ex|
000153f0  70 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e  20 69 73 20 72 65 61 6c  |pression is real|
00015400  6c 79 20 61 20 6d 69 6e  69 97 70 72 6f 67 72 61  |ly a mini.progra|
00015410  6d 6d 69 6e 67 20 6c 61  6e 67 75 61 67 65 20 77  |mming language w|
00015420  69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20  66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e  |ith the followin|
00015430  67 20 94 63 6f 6d 6d 61  6e 64 73 95 3a 0a 0a 20  |g .commands.:.. |
00015440  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e  20 20 20 20 20 61 6e 79  |       .     any|
00015450  20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74  65 72 0a 0a 20 20 20 20  | character..    |
00015460  20 20 20 20 5e 20 20 20  20 20 73 74 61 72 74 20  |    ^     start |
00015470  6f 66 20 6c 69 6e 65 0a  0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |of line..       |
00015480  20 24 20 20 20 20 20 65  6e 64 20 6f 66 20 6c 69  | $     end of li|
00015490  6e 65 0a 0a 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 5b 2e 2e 2e  |ne..        [...|
000154a0  5d 20 73 65 74 20 6f 66  20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74  |] set of charact|
000154b0  65 72 73 2a 0a 0a 41 6e  79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20  |ers*..Any other |
000154c0  63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65  72 20 6d 61 74 63 68 65  |character matche|
000154d0  73 20 69 74 73 65 6c 66  0a 0a 54 68 65 72 65 20  |s itself..There |
000154e0  61 72 65 20 61 6c 73 6f  20 6d 6f 64 69 66 69 65  |are also modifie|
000154f0  72 73 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 7c 20 20  |rs:..        |  |
00015500  20 20 6f 72 2c 20 94 72  65 31 7c 72 65 32 95 20  |  or, .re1|re2. |
00015510  6d 61 74 63 68 20 65 69  74 68 65 72 20 52 45 31  |match either RE1|
00015520  20 6f 72 20 52 45 32 0a  0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  | or RE2..       |
00015530  20 7e 20 20 20 20 6e 6f  74 2c 20 94 7e 63 95 20  | ~    not, .~c. |
00015540  6d 61 74 63 68 65 73 20  61 6e 79 74 68 69 6e 67  |matches anything|
00015550  20 62 75 74 20 74 68 65  20 6e 65 78 74 20 63 68  | but the next ch|
00015560  61 72 61 63 74 65 72 0a  0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |aracter..       |
00015570  20 2b 20 20 20 20 6d 61  6e 79 2c 20 94 72 65 2b  | +    many, .re+|
00015580  95 20 6d 61 74 63 68 65  73 20 52 45 20 72 65 70  |. matches RE rep|
00015590  65 61 74 65 64 20 6f 6e  65 20 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72  |eated one or mor|
000155a0  65 20 74 69 6d 65 73 0a  0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |e times..       |
000155b0  20 2a 20 20 20 20 72 65  70 65 61 74 2c 20 94 72  | *    repeat, .r|
000155c0  65 2b 95 20 6d 61 74 63  68 65 73 20 52 45 20 72  |e+. matches RE r|
000155d0  65 70 65 61 74 65 64 20  7a 65 72 6f 20 6f 72 20  |epeated zero or |
000155e0  6d 6f 72 65 20 74 69 6d  65 73 0a 0a 20 20 20 20  |more times..    |
000155f0  20 20 20 20 3f 20 20 20  20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61  |    ?    optiona|
00015600  6c 2c 20 94 72 65 3f 95  20 6d 61 74 63 68 65 73  |l, .re?. matches|
00015610  20 52 45 20 72 65 70 65  61 74 65 64 20 7a 65 72  | RE repeated zer|
00015620  6f 20 6f 72 20 6f 6e 65  20 74 69 6d 65 73 0a 0a  |o or one times..|
00015630  50 61 72 65 6e 74 68 65  73 69 73 20 28 29 20 63  |Parenthesis () c|
00015640  61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73  65 64 20 74 6f 20 67 72  |an be used to gr|
00015650  6f 75 70 20 52 45 73 0a  0a 46 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79  |oup REs..Finally|
00015660  2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20  61 72 65 20 6d 65 6d 6f  |, there are memo|
00015670  72 69 65 73 3a 0a 0a 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c  |ries:..        \|
00015680  7b 20 20 20 73 74 61 72  74 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64  |{   start record|
00015690  69 6e 67 0a 0a 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 5c 7d 20  |ing..        \} |
000156a0  20 20 65 6e 64 20 72 65  63 6f 72 64 69 6e 67 2c  |  end recording,|
000156b0  20 61 6e 64 20 70 6c 61  63 65 20 69 6e 20 6e 65  | and place in ne|
000156c0  78 74 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72  79 20 28 73 74 61 72 74  |xt memory (start|
000156d0  73 20 77 69 74 68 20 31  29 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20  |s with 1)..     |
000156e0  20 20 20 5c 3c 6e 3e 20  5c 31 2c 20 2e 2e 2e 20  |   \<n> \1, ... |
000156f0  5c 39 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  74 68 65 6e 20 6d 61 74  |\9 will then mat|
00015700  63 68 20 74 68 65 20 63  6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e  |ch the correspon|
00015710  64 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6d  6f 72 79 0a 0a 2a 20 63  |ding memory..* c|
00015720  68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72  20 73 65 74 73 3a 0a 0a  |haracter sets:..|
00015730  43 68 61 72 61 63 74 65  72 20 73 65 74 73 20 61  |Character sets a|
00015740  72 65 20 75 73 65 64 20  74 6f 20 6d 61 74 63 68  |re used to match|
00015750  20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20  61 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20  | one of a group |
00015760  6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61  63 74 65 72 73 2e 20 20  |of characters.  |
00015770  41 6c 6c 20 63 68 61 72  61 63 74 65 72 73 20 61  |All characters a|
00015780  72 65 20 74 61 6b 65 6e  20 6c 69 74 65 72 61 6c  |re taken literal|
00015790  6c 79 20 65 78 63 65 70  74 20 94 97 95 2c 20 94  |ly except ..., .|
000157a0  5d 95 2c 20 61 6e 64 20  94 5c 95 2e 20 20 54 68  |]., and .\..  Th|
000157b0  65 20 94 97 95 20 69 6e  64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20  |e ... indicates |
000157c0  61 20 72 61 6e 67 65 2c  20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20  |a range, unless |
000157d0  69 74 20 69 73 20 74 68  65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20  |it is the first |
000157e0  6f 72 20 6c 61 73 74 20  63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65  |or last characte|
000157f0  72 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68  65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20  |r, or the first |
00015800  63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65  72 20 61 66 74 65 72 20  |character after |
00015810  61 20 70 72 65 76 69 6f  75 73 20 72 61 6e 67 65  |a previous range|
00015820  2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 94  5c 95 20 63 61 6e 20 62  |.  The .\. can b|
00015830  65 20 75 73 65 64 20 74  6f 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64  |e used to includ|
00015840  65 20 61 20 94 5d 95 20  6f 72 20 61 20 94 97 95  |e a .]. or a ...|
00015850  20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20  73 65 74 2e 0a 0a        | in the set...|
0001585e

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