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Manual
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+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Inform: A Compiler of Infocom-Format Games |
| |
| by Graham Nelson |
| |
| |
| Fifth Edition |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
"I will build myself a copper tower
With four ways out and no way in
But mine the glory, mine the power..."
(Louis MacNeice, "Flight of the Heart")
Hello, Informer!
This is an abbreviated form of the Inform manual. Firstly, it documents
Inform, a program to manufacture Infocom format "story files" (or Adventure
games), which can then be played on any of the interpreters now widely
available: this is probably the most portable form in which games can ever
be written, as no alteration whatever is required to move a game file from
one model of computer to another, and almost every model can run it. The
Inform language is an Adventurous, object-oriented one, reminiscent of C.
Secondly, it documents a suite of standard "library" of game routines.
These run the "game universe". The library manages rooms, objects,
containers, things on top of other things, light, scoring, switching things
on and off, opening, closing and locking things, entering things, travelling
about in them and so forth: it implements about 80 verbs. The parser it
uses (which can be entirely invisible to the designer, or can be altered if
necessary) is about as good as any 1980s parser.
Next, it contains some short articles on the art and craft of devising
adventure games. This is a book about writing games, not just coding them.
A short final appendix describes examples of Inform code.
The best way to begin reading this manual is to look first at the second
chapter, the designer's manual. The first chapter is a reference guide
rather than an introduction, and is quite technical in places.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Installing Inform on an Archimedes
Reference Manual: The Inform Language and Compiler
1. Command lines, errors and memory allocation
2. Source file format
3. Compiler directives
4. Variables
5. Constants
6. Routines
7. Expressions and assignments
8. Commands
(a) Printing commands
(b) Object manipulation
(c) Control commands
(d) Causing actions
(e) Miscellaneous and rarely-used commands
9. Conditions
10. Built-in functions and random numbers
11. Objects, attributes and properties
12. Routines embedded in objects
13. Classes and inheritance
14. Verbs and grammar
15. Exactly what Inform does with words
16. Indirect function calls
17. Text spacing
18. Drastic alteration of objects
19. Abbreviations
20. Bells, whistles and gimmicks
Designer's Manual: Using the Library
D1. Getting started
D2. Places, scenery and the map
D3. Causing actions and making new ones
D4. Containers, doors, switches and vehicles
D5. Living creatures
D6. Classes of objects
D7. Daemons and the passing of time
D8. Calls to and from the library
D9. Table of properties and attributes
D10. Customising the parser
The Craft of the Adventure
B1. A Bill of Player's Rights
B2. A narrative...
B3. ...at war with a crossword
B4. Varnish and veneer
Example Inform programs
C1. Hello Cruel World
C2. "Toyshop": a small toy game
C3. "Adventure": a port of Colossal Cave
C4. A shell game to build on
Footnote: Availability on the Internet, and Legal Declaration
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Installing Inform on an Archimedes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inform should work on any Archimedes with at least 1M of RAM.
First make a new directory, or take a new disc, to put Inform in.
Inside this directory, arrange files as follows:
zcode (directory of Inform source code)
zcode.toyshop (example games go in this directory)
zcode.hellow
zcode.shell
zcode.advent
zcode.h (directory of Inform header files)
zcode.h.verblib (the three standard header files:
zcode.h.parser later, you may wish to add others)
zcode.h.grammar
zgames (directory of games produced, initially empty)
The Inform program itself should either be put in this directory or
disc (i.e., together with zcode and zgames) or put in the library
directory of the hard disc, if you have one.
(Adventure game code in this format is traditionally called Z-code,
hence the directory name.)
Each time you want to use Inform, set the current working directory
to this directory (or put this disc in).
As a first test, go to the command line (e.g., press f12 to escape the
desktop to a * prompt) and type simply
inform
which should print out reams of the formal syntax for the Inform command.
To do any work, Inform needs somewhere to put temporary files created
during compilation (and deleted afterwards). Its usual practice is to
put these on the RAM disc. So you need to create a RAM disc, using the
Task window, before you can use Inform. 96K is enough for most purposes;
I've never needed more than 256K.
Once this is done, the first test is to try
inform hellow
hellow being the Hello-World program, a very small "game" indeed. This
should create a file called "hellow" in the zgames directory. To play
it (actually, "play" is an exaggeration in this case) you need to have
booted up (i.e., to have opened a directory containing) the !Zip
application supplied with last month's Acorn User disc. If you have done
so, the icon for zgames.hellow will be a box with the word "If" in, and
a little subscript 3. (Never mind why for now.) Double-click and it
should play.
Now try
inform -x toyshop
which should take rather longer, and produce a stream of # characters.
(This is the -x option - it is reassuring in that it shows the computer
is still working and hasn't crashed.) This should make a more interesting
(though still small) toy game.
Now turn to part (D1), the beginning of the Designer's Manual.
If memory is short...
---------------------
There are two ways to reduce memory consumption. The first is to use
a smaller version of Inform, by
inform $small (...whatever options you were going to use...)
(This will have trouble compiling some very large games indeed, but will
work well enough on normal-sized ones.)
The second way is to move the temporary files to the floppy or hard disc,
instead of storing them on the RAM disc. This can be done by, for instance,
inform $temp_files=$. (...whatever options you were going to use...)
which will of course be a little slower, but not need a RAM disc at all.
If you have the DDE
-------------------
Then Inform can be used with !Make, and using the -T (throwback) option
it will throw back errors into !SrcEdit just as (for instance) the Norcroft
C compiler does.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Manual: The Inform Language and Compiler
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Command lines, errors and memory allocation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"I was promised a horse, but what I got instead
was a tail, with a horse hung from it almost dead."
(epigram by Palladas of Alexandria, translated by Tony Harrison)
Inform compiles the source code for an Adventure game to one of two kinds of
"story file": Standard (version 3, the default) or Advanced (version 5).
Unless specialised version-5-only features are asked for, an Inform game can
be compiled to either format. Because the Advanced format extends many of
the restrictions on the Standard one, it may be needed when a game becomes
sufficiently large.
If Inform is run without any parameters given, it prints out something like
the following information:
Archimedes Inform 5 (v1259/at)
Release 5 (June 11th 1994)
(allocating memory for arrays) (temporary files)
This program is a compiler to Infocom format story files.
It is copyright (C) Graham Nelson, 1993/4.
Its syntax is "inform [-list] [$memcom ...] <file1> [<file2>]"
<file1> is the name of the Inform source file; Inform translates this into
"Zcode.<file1>"
(unless <file1> contains a '.' or '/', in which case it is left alone).
<file2> may optionally be given as the name of the story file to make.
If it isn't given, Inform writes to
"Zgames.<file1>"
(for both version-3 and version-5 files)
but if it is, then Inform takes <file2> as the full filename.
-list is an optional list of switch letters following the initial hyphen:
a list assembly-level instructions compiled
b give statistics and/or line/object list in both passes
c more concise error messages
d contract double spaces after full stops in text
e economy mode (slower): make use of declared abbreviations
f frequencies mode: show how useful abbreviations are
g with debugging code: traces all function calls
h print this information
i ignore default switches set within the file
j list objects as constructed
l list all assembly lines
m say how much memory has been allocated
n print numbers of properties and attributes
o print offset addresses
p give percentage breakdown of story file
r record all the text to "Game_Text"
s give statistics
t trace Z-code assembly
u work out most useful abbreviations
v3 force production of version-3 (Standard) story file
v4 force production of version-4 (Plus) story file
v5 force production of version-5 (Advanced) story file
v6 force production of version-6 (graphical) story file
w disable warning messages
x print # for every 100 lines compiled (in both passes)
z print memory map of the Z-machine
$memcom can be one or more memory allocation commands:
$list list current memory allocation settings
$large make the standard "large game" settings
$small make the standard "small game" settings (default)
$?SETTING explain briefly what SETTING is for
$SETTING=number change SETTING to given number
For example: "inform -dex $large curses ram:curses".
(The file naming conventions and version numbers may differ slightly on your
copy.)
Roughly speaking, the switches are self-explanatory to the well-informed
and of little use to others.
Samples of -s and -p output can be found in Appendix C, and of -z in
Appendix A. For -d, see section (17). For -e and -f, see (19). -x is
useful if running Inform on a slow machine, since it offers some signs of
life; as does -j. -a, -n, -p and -l are largely useful to assembly-language
programmers and the unfortunate wretch who maintains Inform.
In -g mode, every function call at run time is traced (this is surprisingly
useful when debugging).
-i overrides any "SWITCHES" directive in the body of the code, so that the
only switches applying are those in the command line.
-m reveals how many bytes were malloc'ed. The program can be compiled in
several different versions, with varying memory needs, and porters might
need to use this.
The filenames Inform uses for input and output will obviously depend on what
machine it runs on. The Archimedes conventions are those above, but, for
example, the Unix version compiles files like "dejavu.inf" with headers like
"parser.h" to "dejavu.z3".
-v3 sets the Standard format (overriding any "Version" directive in the
file), and -v5 sets Advanced. Standard is the default. -v4 and -v6 are
now available but are not useful.
-r and -u both require much greater free memory (perhaps as much as
0.5-1 megabyte) to run than the rest of Inform. -r makes a transcript file
of all of the text (excluding abbreviations and dictionary entries), which
can be useful for proof-reading - for instance, it could be run through a
spell-checker. -u runs the abbreviations-optimiser, a computationally
expensive job not to be undertaken lightly: see (19).
As Inform runs, it may come up with warnings, errors or fatal errors.
Here is a typical sample:
Archimedes Inform 5 (v1259/at)
line 10: Error: Symbol name expected
> global
line 12: Error: The "Main" routine is not allowed to have local variables
> [ Main i
line 12: Warning: Local variable unused: "i"
line 23: Warning: Local variable unused: "j"
Compiled with 2 errors and 2 warnings (no output)
(Infocom interpreters can crash horribly when given incorrect files, so
Inform never writes a file which caused an error, though it will allow
files causing warnings only.)
-c (concise) mode doesn't quote from the source files; -w turns warnings
off.
The exchange rate is 100 errors to the fatal error: i.e., after 100 errors,
Inform gives up altogether. An unlimited number of warnings may occur.
The memory management commands are provided for emergencies. Previously,
to raise one of the compiler limits (say, MAX_OBJECTS) one had to recompile
Inform itself. This was obviously at best a nuisance, at worst impossible.
In order to get round this, Inform always made enormously generous
estimates for what the player might want: but this meant that it allocated
more memory than strictly needed, which was a problem on small computers.
There are two main choices: $small and $large. (Which one is the default
depends on the computer you use.) Even $small is large enough to compile
all the example games, including "Advent". $large is large enough to
compile almost anything (including the largest version of "Curses" which
ever existed, which was at one stage very close to 256K long).
A typical game, compiled with $large, will cause Inform to allocate about
336K of memory: and the same game about 100K less under $small. (These
values will be rather lower if the computer Inform runs on has 16-bit
integers.) In addition, Inform physically occupies about 170K (on my
computer). Thus, the total memory consumption of the compiler at work
will be between 4 to 500K.
Running
inform $list
will list the various settings which can be changed, and their current
values. Thus one can compare small and large with:
inform $small $list
inform $large $list
If Inform runs out of allocation for something, it will generally print an
error message like:
"Game", line 1320: Fatal error: The memory setting MAX_OBJECTS (which
is 200 at present) has been exceeded. Try running Inform again with
$MAX_OBJECTS=<some-larger-number> on the command line.
and indeed
inform $MAX_OBJECTS=250 game
(say) will tell Inform to try again, reserving more memory for objects this
time. Note that settings are made from left to right, so that for instance
inform $small $MAX_ACTIONS=200 ...
will work, but
inform $MAX_ACTIONS=200 $small ...
will not because the $small changes MAX_ACTIONS again.
The setting names are in some cases rather peculiar, and changing some
settings has hardly any effect on memory usage, whereas others are expensive
to increase. To find out about, say, MAX_VERBS, run
inform $?MAX_VERBS
(note the question mark) which will print some very brief comments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Source file format
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The average reader knows hardly anything about textual
criticism... and often shares the writer's prejudices.
Stand on a barrel in the streets of Bagdad, and say in a
loud voice, "Twice two is four, and ginger is hot in the
mouth, therefore Mohammed is the prophet of God," and
your logic will probably escape criticism; or, if anyone
by chance should criticise it, you could easily silence
him by calling him a Christian dog."
(A. E. Housman, "The Application of Thought to
Textual Criticism")
Lines in an Inform file are terminated by semicolons. An exclamation mark
! thus...
denotes that the rest of its physical line is a comment. Backslashes "fold"
strings up, so that for example
initial "A hinged trapdoor in the floor stands open, and light streams in \
from below."
is treated as if the "f" in "from below." follows directly from where the
backslash \ is; i.e., the carriage return and leading spaces are removed.
Tab characters are treated as spaces outside inverted commas, but should not
be used inside them.
Inform command names are not case sensitive, and nor are variable names.
However, reserved words after the initial command (such as the "to" in a
"for" construction) must be in lower case.
There are seven kinds of line:
Examples
routines starting [ NewRoutine i j;
and stopping ];
assignments fred = parent(lamp);
and function calls Verify();
compiled commands for (i=1:i<=100:i++) print i;
directives #Release 4;
assembly language @prop_len_addr lamp lv;
labels .Label;
In practice, you don't need to know the assembly language at all, but it's
there.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Compiler directives
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"...and yet the [European Community] directive on importation
of caramel is over 20,000 words long."
(An anti-European speaker at the 1993 Conservative
Party Conference: sadly, though, the directive in
question is apocryphal)
Directives are instructions to Inform which do not themselves make code,
though they change the way code is subsequently made. They can be prefaced
by a # character, as in C, but need not be.
ABBREVIATE <string> Declare abbreviation (see (19))
ATTRIBUTE <name> Make new attribute flag
CLASS ... Declare an object class (see below)
CONSTANT <name> <value> Declare a constant
END End compilation here (this is optional)
ENDIF End of conditional compilation
GLOBAL <name> [ = <a> ] Make a new global variable;
[give it the initial value a]
[ string <a> ] [make it point to an (a+1)-byte array,
which has <a> as first byte, and is
otherwise zeros]
[ data <a> ] [make it point to an a-byte array,
which is all zeros]
[ initial <i1> ... ] [make it point to an array, the bytes
of which are as given]
[ initstr "text" ] [make it point to an array, the bytes
of which are the ASCII values of the
characters in the string]
IFDEF <name> Compile if constant name defined
IFNDEF <name> Compile if constant name undefined
IFNOT "Else" for conditional compilation
IFV3 Compile if version is set to 3
IFV5 Compile if version is set to 5
INCLUDE <filename> Include a file in the source
NEARBY ... Make an object near the last (see below)
OBJECT ... Make an object (see below)
PROPERTY ... Make a new property (see below)
REPLACE <routine-name> Declare that this system file routine
will be replaced in the game source
RELEASE <a> Set the release number to <a>
SERIAL <string> Set the serial number to <string>
(it must be a six-digit number, and
defaults to the date in the form
YYMMDD if Inform has access to
today's date, or to 940000 if it
hasn't)
STATUSLINE score Make the status line show score/turns
time ...show hours/minutes
SWITCHES <switches> Declare default switch settings
(eg: SWITCHES dexs
causes "inform filename" to be read as
"inform -dexs filename")
VERB ... Enter grammar for a new verb (see below)
EXTEND ... Extend the grammar for a verb
VERSION n Sets Inform to version 3 or 5
The following are mainly for debugging the compiler (should anyone ever
get around to doing this) but might sometimes be amusing or helpful:
LISTSYMBOLS List the symbol table
LISTDICT List the dictionary
LISTOBJECTS List the object tree
LISTVERBS List the verb table
(the names of which have changed since releases 1 and 2),
TRACE Trace assembler
LTRACE List the lines of input
ETRACE [full] Trace expression evaluator
(rather lavishly if "full" is set)
BTRACE Trace assembler on both passes
NOTRACE, NOLTRACE, etc Turn off appropriate tracing
And there are six more rather technical directives:
DEFAULT <cname> <value> If the constant has not yet been
defined, define it with this value
LOW_STRING <name> <string> Puts a string in the "low strings" area,
and creates a constant to hold its word
address (see (18)).
STUB <rname> <n> If the routine has not yet been
defined, define one which has n local
variables and always returns false
DICTIONARY <name> <text> Enter <text> in dictionary, and make
a new constant for its address
(this usage is obselete, since, e.g.
#n$theword is much better)
FAKE_ACTION <name> Create a fake action: one which can be
treated as an action but corresponds to
no actual routine
SYSTEM_FILE Declares the present file to be a
system file (from which routines can be
REPLACEd)
Conditional compilation allows code for routines which need only exist in
some "versions" of your games. For instance,
print "Welcome to the ";
#IFV3;
print "Standard";
#IFNOT;
print "Advanced";
#ENDIF;
print " version of Zork LVI.";
Note the trailing semicolon: Inform is not C! Such clauses may be nested up
to 32 deep, and may contain whole routines. They may not, however,
conditionally give _part_ of a statement. Thus, for instance,
print
#IFV3;
"Standard";
#IFNOT;
"Advanced";
#ENDIF;
is _not_ legal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Variables
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"I found it necessary to introduce the restriction that
quantifiers may only be applied to formulae which actually
involve the quantified variable... I can well imagine that
professional logicians will find this hard to swallow... but
I would ask them to reflect, before they condemn me, on
whether anyone _other_ than a logician would find this
restriction at all odd."
(P. T. Johnstone, "Notes on logic and set theory")
"Variables don't; constants aren't."
(old computing saying)
There are two kinds of variable, global and local (plus one special one).
Variables are all two-byte integers, which are treated as signed when it
makes sense to do so (eg. in asking whether one is positive or not) but
not when it isn't (eg. when it is used as an address).
There can be up to 240 global variables; as indicated in (3), these can be
initialised to point to dynamic workspace, so as to achieve the effect of
strings and arrays. They have to be declared before use. For instance:
Global turns = 1;
Global buffer string 120; ! Buffer holding 120 characters
Global task_scores initial 4 5 9 1 2 3 0;
In an array, the n-th byte is called
array->n
and the n-th word (the n-th double-byte value, i.e.
256*array->(2*n)+ array->(2*n+1)) is called
array-->n
In a string array, the bytes correspond to ASCII characters. They are not
encrypted in the way that standard game text is.
In any routine, there can be up to 15 local variables. These are declared
when the routine begins. (There is one exception: the special Main routine
may not have local variables.)
WARNING: There is also a stack, but it should be tampered with only with
* care. Never call a variable "sp", as this is the stack pointer,
/!\ and be careful not to leave values on the stack: or the game may
*---* crash 1000 turns later, highly mysteriously.
[Inform in fact reserves the top three global variables to itself, for
temporary calculations. The observant reader will have noticed that
240+15+1 = 256. This is of course no coincidence.]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Constants
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"I cannot call this constant "Caratheodory" because it already
has another name, namely 1/16."
(E. Landau: Caratheodory's constant had only recently
been evaluated)
Constants may be prefixed with a # character if desired. This can be useful
if they are alphabetical and might otherwise be confused with something else.
A constant in "double quotes" assembles the given text at a suitable (even)
address, and gives half this address as the integer value. Inside this
text the character ^ is replaced by a newline character, and the character
~ by a double-quote mark. In practice you seldom need to worry where the
text is stored, or how.
Inside a string, @dd (an @ sign followed by two decimal digits) is
compiled to the synonym of that number. When the Z-machine finds this, it
prints the string pointed to by that entry in the synonym table. (This is
useful in altering object short names - see section (18).)
A character in single quotes, such as 'e', means the ASCII value of that
character. (This is true even on machines not using ASCII, of course.)
A word (of longer than one character) in single quotes, such as 'herring',
means the address of that word in the Dictionary (it is created if not
already present).
A dollar $ indicates that a hexadecimal constant follows; $$ indicates that
binary follows. A minus sign indicates a negative number. (Internally
these are stored in the usual two-byte fashion, e.g. -1 = $ffff, -2 =
$fffe and so on.)
A double # indicates an action (action numbers are sometimes explicitly
needed as numbers). So, for instance, ##Take. (Fake actions also have
numbers and can be referred to thus.)
Any constant declared in a directive can be quoted, and so can the various
special constants (set up by Inform) which are of purely technical utility:
adjectives_table (byte address)
preactions_table (byte address)
actions_table (byte address)
code_offset (packed address of code)
strings_offset (packed address of strings)
version_number (3 or 5 as appropriate)
largest_object (the number of the largest created object + 256)
dict_par1 (see the description of the Dictionary)
dict_par2
dict_par3
Old Inform syntax which is still allowed:
A constant beginning a$, followed by the name of a routine which is an
action routine, will have as value the number of the action.
(For instance, #a$TakeSub.)
A constant beginning w$, followed by a word of text, has as value the
address of the given word in the dictionary (Inform will give an error at
compile time if no such word is there).
A constant beginning n$, followed by a word of text, has as value the
address of the given word in the dictionary (Inform adds it to the
dictionary as a new word if it is not already there).
A constant beginning r$, followed by a routine name, gives the (packed)
address of the given routine. (This is needed for changing
property values which are routine addresses.)
Thus, for instance, the following are legal constants:
31415
-1
$ff
$$1001001
#adjectives_table
'lantern'
##Look
'X'
"an emerald the size of a plover's egg"
"~Hello,~ said Peter.^~Hello, Peter,~ said Jane.^"
#r$FireRodRoutine
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Routines
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Habit! That skillful but slow-moving arranger who begins
by letting our minds suffer for weeks on end in temporary
quarters, but... without it, reduced to their own devices,
[our minds] would be powerless to make any room seem
habitable."
(Proust, Overture to "A La Recherche du Temps Perdu")
There are two kinds of routine: global ones, and ones embedded in the
definition of some object. This section is about global routines.
The syntax to begin a routine is
[ RoutineName <l1> ... <ln>;
and to end it, is
];
l1 to ln are the names of local variables, which are also the call
parameters. For example, if you have a routine
[ Look i j k;
...some code...
];
and it is called by
Look(attic);
then i will initially have the value "attic" when this is executed.
Any local variables not specified (in this case, j and k) are initially
zero. It should be emphasized that it is legal to call Look with 0, 1,
2 or 3 arguments. (Three is the maximum number of arguments any routine
can have.)
Every routine returns a value to the caller; if no such value is
explicitly given, this value is the integer 1 ("true"). (Except in the
case of routines embedded in object definitions, when it is 0, or "false".)
In a line like
Banner();
the return value is thrown away.
Inside a routine, labels may be declared with a line of their own:
.labelname;
but note that whereas local variables have names which only mean anything
locally, labels have names which are global. In other words, you can't
have a label called "loop" more than once in the file. (It is legal to
jump from one routine to a label inside another one, but rather dangerous.)
There is one special routine, which you must define, called Main. This is
where execution of the game will begin, and it _must_ be the first one
defined. Also, uniquely and for peculiar reasons, Main is _not_ permitted
to have any local variables of its own. This means it is usually only used
as an outer shell.
(Inform issues a warning if the earliest defined routine is not called
"Main".)
WARNING: Returning from Main will cause the interpreter to crash: you
* should explicitly use the "QUIT" instruction instead.
/!\
*---*
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Expressions and assignments
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"His expression may often be called bald - but it is bald
as the bare mountain tops are bald, with a baldness full of
grandeur."
(Matthew Arnold, of Wordsworth)
The usual arithmetic expressions are allowed, including the operators:
+ - plus, minus
* / % & | times, divide, remainder, bitwise and, bitwise or
-> --> byte, word array entry
(eg: buffer->4 gives contents of the byte with address
buffer+4, while table-->3 gives the word at table+6)
. .& .# property, property address, property length (see (11))
- unary minus
++ -- as in C: frog++ gives the value of frog and then
increments it, whereas ++frog increments it and then
gives the value; -- decrements similarly
(these may only be applied to variables)
The order of precedence is as shown: i.e. those on each line are equally
potent, more potent than those above but less than those beneath.
In addition one may call a function, either a built-in function or a
routine within the source code.
Expressions may not contain conditions, and assignments may not be made
within an expression, so, for instance,
2+(i=3/j)
is not allowed. In other words, = is not quite an operator.
There are four forms of assignment statement allowed:
variable = value;
byte_array->entry = value;
word_array-->entry = value;
object.property = value;
For example:
4*(x+3/y)
Fish(x)+Fowl(y)
lamp.time
buffer->5
i=-15-j;
i=j-->1;
turns++;
albatross.weight = albatross.weight + 1;
(paintpot.&roomlist)-->i = location;
Although
paintpot.#roomlist = 5;
paintpot.&roomlist = array;
look logical, they are not allowed: one cannot change the size and location
of a property once the game is in play (see (11)).
WARNING: Interpreters can crash very mysteriously if a division by zero
* (or an attempt to find remainder-after-division by zero) takes
/!\ place.
*---*
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Commands
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"My name is OZYMANDIAS, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!"
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.
(Shelley)
(a) Printing commands
---------------------
To begin the "high level" commands in Inform, we list the printing
commands. (The wrapping of lines is of course automatic.)
<a string on its own>
A string on its own, such as
"The world explodes in a puff of garlic.";
is printed as if by PRINT_RET: i.e., it is printed, a carriage
return is printed and the current routine is returned from with
return vale "true", i.e., 1.
NEW_LINE Print a carriage return
PRINT ...list of things...
PRINT_RET ...list...
PRINT and PRINT_RET are general printing commands, to be given
a list of items separated by commas. PRINT_RET differs from PRINT
in that when it finishes, it prints a carriage return and returns
from the current routine with return value true (or 1): this is
a convenient shorthand.
Items in the list must be
<quoted text> A string to print out
<expression> A number to print
char <expression> An ASCII code to print
object <expression> An object to print the short name of
Within a text string, an up-arrow character ^ becomes a carriage
return and ~ a double-quote. (For fuller details of printing, see
(5), (17) and (19).)
So, for example,
print_ret "Your score is ", score, " out^of ", max_score, ".";
might produce the output
Your score is 146 out
of 10000.
SPACES <n> Print <n> spaces (if n<=0, print nothing)
PRINT_NUM <a> Print <a> as a (signed) decimal number
PRINT_CHAR <a> Print the character whose ASCII value is <a>
PRINT_OBJ <a> Print the short name of object <a>
There are a few more technical printing commands also:
INVERSION Prints (in the game, not at compile time)
the version number of Inform used to
compile the story file
PRINT_ADDR <a> Print the string whose address is a
PRINT_PADDR <a> Print the string whose address is
2*a (in version-3)
or 4*a (in version-5)
STRING <n> <text> Set the nth indirect string to text (see (18))
FONT on Turn proportional fonts on/off (see (20))
off
STYLE roman (Version 5 games only) Set the text style
reverse (see (20))
bold
underline
BOX <text1> ... <text2> (Version 5 only) Highlight a text window
(see (20))
(b) Object manipulation (see (11))
----------------------------------
REMOVE <a> Remove object a from the tree of objects
(it may certainly be later put back)
MOVE <a> TO <b> Add object a to the things possessed by b
WRITE <object> <p1> <v1> [<p2> <v2>...] Change properties
GIVE <object> <a1> [<a2>...] Change attributes
These set several properties or attributes of the given object
at once. (Attributes may be preceded by a tilde ~, in which case
they are removed rather than added.) For example,
give lamp light ~open container scored;
write lamp timeleft 50 brightness "flickering";
(c) Control commands
--------------------
We begin the control commands, perversely perhaps, with the
remaining ways to return from the present routine (apart from
PRINT_RET and an <<action>>):
RETURN Return (actually, return true, i.e. 1)
RETURN <a> Return the value a
RTRUE Return true, i.e. the value 1
RFALSE Return false, i.e. the value 0
(These used to, and still can, be called
"ret#true" and "ret#false".)
The next few constructions involve conditions and blocks of code.
See (9) for proper definition of conditions. A block of code may be
a single instruction or a series of several, in which case it must be
enclosed in braces '{' and '}'. Thus, for instance, in
if (i==1) print "The water rises!";
if (i==2) { print "The water rises further...";
water++;
}
the if statements contain a block of code each. Blocks can be nested
inside each other up to 32 deep. An if statement (for example) is a
single statement even when it contains a great deal of code in its
block: so, for example,
if (i>1)
if (water<10)
print "The water is beginning to worry you.";
is perfectly legal. (One small exception: an if followed by an else
counts as two expressions, so in
if (i>1)
if (water<10) print "Glug...";
else print "Arrghh...");
the else belongs to the _outer_ if. So it's wise to brace
if...else... expressions as one block.)
[In previous editions of Inform, much less sophisticated
constructions were allowed: conditions were much simpler, and were
not bracketed, as in:
if i==1 { print "The water rises!"; }
This syntax is still permitted. But unless the condition is
bracketed, the braces are compulsory in accordance with old-style
syntax.]
As the reader has probably surmised, we have "if" and other
standard loops:
IF <condition> Execute if the condition holds
{ ... code ... }
[ ELSE
{ ... other ... } ] [or execute this if not]
WHILE <condition> Execute while the condition holds
{ ... code ... }
DO Execute until the condition fails
{ ... code ... }
UNTIL <condition>
and also a "for" loop which is quite powerful. Inform used to
implement only a BASIC-style FOR loop, but is now able to code a
C-style one. The old, simpler style looks like:
FOR <var> <init> TO <final> Execute the code iteratively, starting with
{ ... code ... } <var> set to <init> and incrementing it each
time until it is bigger than <final>: if the
final value is actually less than the initial
one, then don't execute the code at all
(again, braces are compulsory for such a usage) but the new style is
FOR ( <initial assignment> : <condition> : <end assignment> )
{ ... code ... }
which carries out the initial assignment, then executes the code
for as long as the condition holds, executing the end assignment
after each pass through the code. For instance,
for i 1 to 10 { print i, " "; }
for (i=1:i<=10:i++) print i, " ";
are old- and new-style ways to write the same loop. But the new
style is capable of much more. For one thing, several different
assignments are legal at once, if separated by commas. So, for
example,
for (i=0,j=10:i<10:i++,j--) print i, " + ", j, " = ", i+j, "^";
All three clauses are optional: if the assignments are missed out,
nothing is done at the appropriate moment; if the condition is
missed out, it is always true. So, for instance,
for (::) print "Ha!^";
laughs maniacally forever.
A useful loop construction in Adventure games is:
OBJECTLOOP ( <var> from <obj> ) { ... code ... }
near <obj>
in <obj>
which loops the variable through the object tree: either
from the given object through all its siblings, or
through all objects with the same parent as the given object, or
through all children of the given object.
So for instance
objectloop (x in lamp) { print_obj x; new_line; }
is equivalent to
for (x=child(lamp): x~=0: x=sibling(x))
{ print_obj x; new_line; }
but the shorthand is convenient.
WARNING: When looping through the object tree, be careful if you are altering
* it at the same time. For instance,
/!\ objectloop (x in rucksack) remove x;
*---* is likely to go horribly wrong - it's safer not to cut down a tree
while actually climbing it.
It is legal to jump in and out of loops in the obvious way, but this
makes for somewhat unattractive code. (And that would never do.)
A compromise measure is:
BREAK Break out of the current loop (not block)
However, no language would be complete without:
JUMP <label> Jump to the label (warning: it is unsafe to
jump out of one routine into another)
As a demonstration of the loop constructs, here is an inefficient
routine to try: Primes(100) should print out prime factorisations of
the numbers from 2 to 100.
[ Primes i j k l;
for (j=2:j<=i:j++)
{ print j, " : ";
l=j;
while (l > 1)
for (k=2:k<=l:k++)
if (l%k == 0)
{ l=l/k;
print k, " ";
break;
}
new_line;
}
];
(A program of historical value only - slightly more clumsily
expressed, this was the first non-trivial program Inform compiled.)
(d) Causing Actions
-------------------
A special form of command causes an action to happen as if the
player had typed it at the keyboard, according to the normal game
rules. This takes either the form
< Action [first-object [second-object]] >
or
<< Action [first-object [second-object]] >>
The latter returns "true" from the current routine after carrying
out the action. The former does not return.
(Inform does very little to achieve this: it simply generates a
function call, which the library is expected to provide.)
(e) Miscellaneous and rarely needed commands
--------------------------------------------
INC <var> Increment variable
DEC <var> Decrement
PUT <addr> BYTE <index> <v> Write byte value v into index byte after addr
PUT <addr> WORD <index> <v> ...and similarly for words
(these are now superceded by the new assignment forms
addr->index=v;
addr-->index=v;
but the commands are retained for compatibility)
SHOW_SCORE (Version 3 only) Redisplay the score bar
immediately, without waiting for the next
keyboard input: avoid use of this if possible
The remaining commands need not be used if the library is being
included:
QUIT Quit the game (at once, with no confirmatory
question to the user): all games must end this
way, since it is illegal to return from Main()
RESTART Restart the game from its initial state
SAVE <label> Try to save the game (asking the user for a file
to put it in): if successful, jump to the label,
otherwise carry on
RESTORE <label> Ditto, but restore the game
VERIFY <label> Ditto, but verify that the game is intact
READ <a> <b> [<routine>]
Read keyboard into buffer a and decompose it to the buffer b:
on entry a[0] = size of text buffer, b[0] size of parse buffer
on exit a[0] and b[0] are preserved
a[1] = no characters typed
a[2] to a[a[1]+1] are the characters (unterminated)
b[1] = number of words typed (note that the special
separating characters such as ',' are words in their
own right)
and then from byte 2, b contains 4-byte chunks, one for
each word of input:
0,1 address of dictionary entry if recognised,
0000 otherwise
2 number of letters in word
3 first char of word in a
If compiling in version 3, this command automatically redisplays
the status (score) line. Any routine given is ignored.
In version 5, if no routine name is given, Inform compiles code
emulating what a version 3 game would have done; if a routine name
is given, the routine is called to print a status line instead.
If a command matches none of these, or if it began with an @ character, the
line is sent to the assembler instead. Some of the assembler opcodes are
fairly usable (see Appendix A), but the essential features of the Z-machine
can be got at with just the high-level commands and functions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Conditions
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"So I told him: "Money. As much money as you could give
us. And with as few conditions as you could possibly make."
And that's where we stand."
(C. P. Snow, "The Masters")
A simple condition is
<a> <relation> <b>
where the relation is one of
== a equals b
~= a does not equal b
< > >= <= comparisons
has object a has attribute b at the moment
hasnt ...has not...
in object a is currently held by object b
notin ...is not...
near objects a and b have the same parent
far ...have not...
With == (and ~=) only, one may also write the useful construction
<something> == <v1> [or <v2> [or <v3>]]
which is true if the first something is any of the values given.
Conditions can be combined by the && and || operators:
<condition1> && <condition2>
which is true if both are true, and
<condition1> || <condition2>
true if either is true. These can be bracketed together.
Compound expressions are always tested left to right until the outcome
is known. So, for instance,
i==1 || Explode(2)==2
does not call Explode if i is 2.
For example:
i==1 or 2 or 3
door has open || (door has locked && parent(key)==player)
Conditions do not have to bracketed (as they would have to be in C).
However, they can be, and for control constructs like
if (i==1) { ... }
while (j==2) { ... }
do { ... } until (k==3);
this is advisable though not insisted upon by Inform (for the sake of
compatibility with earlier releases). Even so, individual simple
expressions don't need bracketing, so
if (i==1 && j==2) { ... }
is perfectly legal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Built-in functions and random numbers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"ROS: [throwing a coin] Heads.
ROS: [again] Heads.
ROS: [again] Heads.
ROS: [again] Heads.
ROS: [again] Heads.
GUIL: [flipping a coin] There is an art to the building
up of suspense."
(Opening lines of "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead",
Tom Stoppard)
The built in functions are
PARENT(obj) parent object
SIBLING(obj) sibling object
CHILD(obj) child object
CHILDREN(obj) number of children
ELDEST(obj) eldest (added longest ago) child object
YOUNGEST(obj) youngest (most recently added) child object
ELDER(obj) next oldest child object
YOUNGER(obj) next youngest child object
for reading the object tree (see (11) below), together with
RANDOM(x) give a uniformly random number between 1 and x
INDIRECT(addr) call the routine whose address is in addr
and take its return value (see (19))
and
PROP_LEN(addr) property length
PROP_ADDR(o,p) property address
PROP(o,p) property value
which are now obselescent: see (11) below.
Warning: some interpreters set up their random number generator with poor
choices of seed value, which means that the first few random numbers may be
rather peculiarly distributed. ("ROS: Heads.") After a time, it settles
down. ("ROS: Heads.") To get around this, "Curses" (for example) takes
and throws away 100 random numbers when it begins. ("ROS: Seventy-six love.")
In Version 5 and on benign interpreters only, RANDOM(-x) makes the generator
produce predictable values for a while: see the dictionary of opcodes
under "random".
WARNING: Trying to execute RANDOM(0) at run time can crash the interpreter
* because of trying to find a remainder after division by zero.
/!\
*---*
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Objects, attributes and properties
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"...making philosophical sense of change runs up against what
seem to be impossible philosophical difficulties. Aristotle...
focuses on the central case of an object coming to have a
property that it formerly lacked."
(Julia Annas, "Classical Greek Philosophy")
The object hierarchy is a tree of "objects", which you might use for many
different game elements: rooms, compass points, scenery, things which can be
picked up, and so on.
They are numbered upward from 1, and the number 0 by convention means
"nothing".
WARNING: Attempting to print_obj object 0 will produce a string full of
* peculiar letters or (if you are very unlucky indeed) even random
/!\ ASCII values followed by an interpreter crash.
*---* It is also unwise to apply SIBLING, PARENT or CHILD to 0.
In the tree, each object has a parent, a sibling, and a child. Thus, for
instance, a portion may resemble
Meadow
|
Mailbox -> Player
| |
Note Sceptre -> Cucumber -> Torch -> Magic Rod
|
Battery
in which -> shows siblings, and | parents and children. In this case, the
Meadow has nothing as its parent. Anything with no possessions, such as the
note, has nothing as its child, and so on.
When an object is moved, its possessions move with it.
The PARENT, SIBLING and CHILD functions read this tree in the obvious way.
It is sometimes convenient to know how many direct possessions an object
has and CHILDREN(object) returns the number. Thus, for instance,
PARENT ( Mailbox ) = Meadow
CHILDREN ( Player ) = 4
CHILD ( Sceptre ) = 0
SIBLING ( Torch ) = Magic Rod
CHILDREN(0)=0, but it is undefined what CHILD, SIBLING and PARENT do to the
"nothing" object: so don't apply them to it.
When an object is added to the possessions held by another, it appears at
the end of the list. Thus, the eldest child is first in the list and the
youngest is last. Inform also provides functions
YOUNGEST end of list of possessions
ELDEST same as CHILD
YOUNGER same as SIBLING
ELDER reverse of SIBLING
In practice an object needs rather more data than just a position in a tree.
It also has a collection of variables attached to it.
Firstly, there are flags, called "attributes", which can be either set or
clear. These might be such conditions as "giving light", "currently worn"
or "is one of the featureless white cubes". All these are free for the
programmer to use (though the Library routines, if in use, consume many of
them). They must be declared before use, by directives like
ATTRIBUTE locked;
which will allocate a new attribute and make a constant "locked" to have the
value of its number. You never then need to know about these numbers,
because you can use commands like
IF (obj has locked) "But it's locked!";
GIVE obj locked;
The limit on the number of attributes can quite easily be hit. The author
has found it useful to declare one as "general", to be used for different
things for different objects. (And this is done for you in the library.)
It sometimes happens that an attribute is only meaningful for a particular
kind of object: for instance, "spell has been read" might only be meaningful
for a "scroll". With care, therefore, one may re-use the same attribute to
have different meanings for different kinds of object. The syntax to
declare that an attribute is being reused is
ATTRIBUTE <new> alias <old>;
Thereafter Inform will treat the new and old attribute names as referring
to the same attribute: it's up to the programmer to make sure this does not
lead to inconsistencies.
Secondly, there are "properties". These are far more elaborate. For one
thing, not every object has every property. The following all declare new
properties:
PROPERTY door_to;
PROPERTY article "a";
PROPERTY blorpleroutine $ffff;
The value given, in the case of article and blorpleroutine, is the default
value: that is, the value of the property which an object will have if it
doesn't explicitly have some other value. If you don't define a default
value, it will by default be 0.
So, for instance,
frog.door_to
will be 0 if "frog" has no door_to entry.
The data for a given property can be a single number, or an array of
values. In Standard (version 3) files this consists of up to four numbers
in a row, or up to eight bytes of data; in Advanced (version 5) files it
can amount to 32 numbers or 64 bytes.
But the vast majority of properties are single numbers. The simplest way to
get at the current value is something like
i = location.door_to;
which will get the first number in the property door_to of object location.
Similarly, it can be written to with
location.door_to = hall_of_mists;
or (if preferred)
WRITE location door_to hall_of_mists;
WARNING: The Z-machine crashes if you attempt to write to a property field
* which an object hasn't got. So although you can read an undeclared
/!\ property (you just get the default value), you can't write to one.
*---* (Also, you can't extend a property beyond its length.)
A subtle point is that numbers smaller than 256 are stored differently from
larger ones. In order to decide whether the property is one byte's worth or
two, the Z-machine looks at the number of bytes which the property has in
all, and sees whether it is odd or even; if even, it presumes the number is
a 2-byte word; if odd, it presumes it is just one byte.
This is seldom something you need to know about, but occasionally you will
want a property which will, later in the game, need to hold a value of, say,
1000, but which initially will be zero. This is particularly the case with
timing mechanisms, for instance. The command
PROPERTY LONG timeleft;
declares the property "timeleft" and requires Inform to make sure that all
"timeleft" fields are 2 bytes wide, even if they have small initial values.
(In Version 5 only, all properties are defaulted to LONG because property
values are very often object numbers, which are usually but not always less
than 256; this makes code more portable and wastes few bytes.)
Properties can also be aliased, by
PROPERTY <new> alias <old>;
but "PROPERTY LONG <new> alias <old>" is meaningless: the property has
whatever length it was originally set up as having.
More elaborate manipulation has to be done by hand.
k = o.&weird;
sets k to the address of the "weird" data of object o. To find out how many
bytes there are, try:
l = o.#weird;
Once you have the address you can read and write to it directly. Be careful
not to overrun the length, which may not be changed.
The functions
PROP(object,property)
PROP_ADDR(object,property);
PROP_LEN(PROP_ADDR(object,property));
duplicate the effect of
object.property
object.&property
object.#property
but are now superceded by them.
An object is declared by something like:
Object trapdoor "hinged trapdoor" attic
with name "hinged" "trap" "door" "trapdoor",
when_open "A hinged trapdoor in the floor stands open, and light \
streams in from below.",
when_closed "There is a closed trapdoor in the middle of the floor.",
door_to house,
door_dir d_to
has door static open light openable;
trapdoor is a constant which is set to its object number; "hinged trapdoor"
is its attached short name; attic is the object which initially possesses
it. If it was to be initially unowned, this could be "nothing" instead of
"attic". Or one can simply omit it altogether:
Object trapdoor "hinged trapdoor"
with ...
would initially be outside the game (and could be brought in later).
Objects can also be declared, in an identical way, by the NEARBY command.
The only difference is that no object can be given to initially possess it;
it initially belongs to the last declared OBJECT. E.g., in
Object hillside "Panoramic Hillside"
with ...
Nearby scenery "scenery"
with ...
the hillside is to be a room, and the scenery will belong to it.
The full syntax of the header is:
Object <obj-name-1> <obj-name-2> ... <obj-name-n>
"short name" [<parent-obj>]
or Nearby <obj-name-1> <obj-name-2> ... <obj-name-n> "short name"
or Class <class-name>
and of an object is
<Header> [,]
"class" <class-1> <class-2> ... <class-n>�[,]
"with" <property-name-1> <value-1> ... <value-n>,
<property-name-2> <value-1> ... <value-n>,
...
<property-name-n> <value-1> ... <value-n> [,]
"has" <att-1> <att-2> ... <att-n>�[,]
Although it's conventional to write "class", "with" and "has" in this order,
actually they can be in any order and any or all can be omitted altogether:
and the commas in square brackets [,] are optional in between these fields.
[Notice that you may give an object more than one internal name, thus:
OBJECT frog tree brick "frog" attic
with ...;
after which the same object can be called frog, tree or brick within the
source code: in other words, several constants are created with the same
value. Why on earth should you want this? - See section (18).]
"With"
------
Warning: an excellent source of mysterious errors is missing off the commas
between the properties, since property names are themselves legal constants.
Inform warns you if a property name is used as a constant after the first
entry of a property, which although legal is probably this mistake.
There is one special property, called "name". Its data must be (up to four
at most in version-3, or up to thirty-two in version-5) words, as above, and
these are entered into the dictionary as nouns (if they aren't already):
the property data actually stored is the dictionary addresses.
Note that the dictionary itself does _not_ know that "door" refers to this
object: there might be any number of objects which could be called "door".
If you give a property more than eight bytes of data in a version-3 game,
Inform warns you and takes only the first eight, but does not cause an
error: this is so that, say,
OBJECT ...
with name "radio" "wireless" "transistor" "portable" "stereo" "tranny",
...
will compile on either version-3 or version-5 (but the last two synonyms
for "radio" will not enter the dictionary if it's being compiled as
version-3 since a name takes two bytes).
"Has"
-----
After "has" is a list of attributes which the object initially has.
These attributes may also be taken away. For example:
...
has light ~scored;
declares that the object definitely doesn't have the "scored" attribute.
This is needed for over-riding inheritances.
In Version 3 games (the default) there are up to 255 objects, each with 32
"attribute" flags and up to 30 "properties" (collections of data). In
Version 5 there is no limit as such on the number of objects, and the other
limits are increased to 48 and 62 respectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Routines embedded in objects
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Some properties of objects should be routines. For instance, in the
standard Inform library, an object can have a "describe" property which is a
routine to print out a description of it.
These can either be declared as any other property would be, by giving
the name of the routine as the property value, or can be actually included
in the definition. For instance, in the classic Adventure object
Nearby tasty_food "tasty food"
with description "Sure looks yummy!",
initial "There is tasty food here.",
name "food" "ration" "rations" "tripe"
"yummy" "tasty" "delicious" "scrumptious",
after
[; Eat: "Delicious!"; ],
article "some"
has edible;
the "after" property does not name a routine but instead defines it. No
name is needed for the routine. However, the semicolon after the [ is
needed: a list of local variables follows the [ (but in this example there
are none).
The routine must end with either "]," or "];". If "]," the object definition
can resume where it left off, with further properties. (If it ends with
"];", then the object definition ends where the routine finishes.)
The rules for embedded routines are slightly different. By default,
they return "false", or 0 (instead of "true", which other routines return
by default). They also allow a handy shorthand:
Action [, Action2 ...] : ...some code...
executes the code only if the action being considered is the one named.
(Inform actually does this by seeing if the "switch variable" sw__var,
which it expects to have been suitably set up by the library, has the
given action values.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Classes and inheritance
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
As well as objects one can define classes in almost exactly the same way.
The only differences are that a class has no short name or initial location
(since it does not correspond to a real item). For example,
Class Treasure
with depositpoints 10,
after
[; Take: if (location==Inside_Building)
score=score-self.depositedpoints;
score=score+5;
"Taken!";
Drop: score=score-5;
if (location==Inside_Building)
{ score=score+self.depositedpoints;
"Safely deposited.";
}
],
has valuable;
defines a class. An object of this class inherits the properties
and attributes it defines: in this case, an object of class Treasure
picks up the given score and rules automatically.
To declare an object as being of a given class, one writes, say
Nearby bars_of_silver "bars of silver"
class Treasure
with description "They're probably worth a fortune!",
initial "There are bars of silver here!",
name "silver" "bars";
The "class" field of an object can contain a list of classes,
class C1 ... Cn
in which case the object inherits first from C1, then from C2
and so on. These classes may well disagree with each other,
so the order matters. If C1 says "depositedpoints" is 5,
C3 says it is 10 but the object definition itself says 15 then
the answer is 15.
Some properties, however, do not have a single value but a list
of values. These can be declared as "additive", e.g. by
Property additive before $ffff;
If so, each class adds values to the list in order.
Classes can themselves inherit from other classes. Thus a class for
"like Treasure but with only 8 depositedpoints" is easily written.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. Verbs and grammar
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The book ends with a chapter on grammar... The foolish and the
wicked who lack respect for the language will not take the
slightest notice of it."
(Kingsley Amis reviewing the Oxford Guide to English Usage)
Whereas objects should be declared at the start of the file, the grammar
to be allowed by the game should be declared at the end. This is done with
the VERB command. VERB does something quite complicated, but probably not
what you think. A typical VERB command would be:
VERB "take" "get" "pick" "lift" * "out" -> Exit
* multi -> Take
* multiinside "from" noun -> Remove
* "in" noun -> Enter
* "off" held -> Disrobe;
This declares a verb, for which "take", "get" etc are synonyms, and which
can take five different courses. In the first, it must be followed by the
word "out". In the last, it must be followed by "off" and then an item
which is currently held by the player. In the second, it can be followed by
one object, or a list, perhaps specified as "everything", for instance.
There can be no grammar at all, for example
VERB "invent" "i" * -> Inv;
After the "->" is the name of a routine which is to be called when this is
matched.
If a verb is declared as a meta-verb, e.g. via
VERB meta "score"
* -> Score;
then the parser will treat it as outside the game - taking no time up, and
possible at any moment.
For traditional reasons unclear to the author, previous Infocom hackers have
called words such as "out" and "off" adjectives. They are of course
(mainly) prepositions. We shall wearily follow convention.
Remember that the Z-machine does _not_ contain the bulk of a game parser,
only the computationally expensive and low-level part which works out what
the words are. So this command only sets up a table with some numbers in.
If you want a parser, you have to write code to deal with the table again.
If you're using the library routines, the parser is all done for you and
the possible tokens are:
Token What the library parser uses it for
===== ===================================
noun any visible object
held object held
multi one or more visible objects
multiheld one or more held objects
multiexcept one or more objects, except the other object
multiinside one or more objects, inside the other object
creature an animate creature
special any single word or number
number a number only
<attribute> any visible object with the given attribute
<Routine> the routine is called: if it returns -1,
no match is made: otherwise a match is made,
with the value returned
noun = <Routine> any visible object which passes the following test:
the variable noun is set to the object in
question, and Routine is called. If it returns
true, the object is accepted; otherwise not.
Look through the library's grammar table for examples.
One can also extend a previous verb definition by
EXTEND "verb" [optional-keyword]
...one or more lines of grammar as above...;
This is useful for adding to the standard library's grammar table.
The optional keyword can be:
replace completely replace the old grammar with this one
first insert the new grammar at the top of the old one
last insert the new grammar at the bottom of the old one
The default is "last".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
15. Exactly what Inform does with words
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bulldust, coolamon, dashiki, fizgig, grungy, jirble, pachinko,
poodle-faker, sharny, taghairm
(some of the more readily catachrestic words from the
265000 in Chambers English Dictionary)
This is a very technical section about exactly how Inform deals with the
grammar table and the dictionary. It can safely be ignored by anyone
using the library routines supplied, and in fact since the remaining
sections of the manual proper are quite specialised, the next part to
read is probably Appendix C.
By convention, adjectives are numbered downwards from $ff. Thus, if
the above were the opening lines of grammar, "from" would be $fe, and so on.
As they are created, they are entered into the dictionary, and also into the
adjective table, which has four-byte entries
<dictionary address of word> 00 <adjective number>
----2 bytes----------------- ----2 bytes-----------
In order to make life more interesting, these entries are stored in reverse
order (i.e., lowest adjective number first). The address of this table is
rather difficult to deduce from the file header information, so the constant
#adjectives_table is set up by Inform to refer to it. In any event, the
table isn't very useful and is created only for the sake of conforming to
Infocom internal conventions.
The important tables are the grammar and action tables.
The grammar table address is stored in word 7 (ie bytes 14 and 15) of the
header. The table consists of a list of two-byte addresses to the entries
for each word. This list is immediately followed by these entries, one
after another.
An entry consists of one byte giving the number of lines (eg, 5 for the
"take" definition above) and then that many 8-byte lines. These lines
have the form
<objects> <sequence of words> <action number>
--1 byte- ----6 bytes-------- --1 byte-------
<objects> is the number of objects which need to be supplied: eg, 0 for
"inventory", 1 for "take frog", 2 for "tie rope to dog". The sequence
of words gives up to 6 blocks of syntax to follow the verb, which must
be matched in order. Large numbers such as $ff mean that the appropriate
adjective must appear; small numbers are inserted by special words such as
"held" or "noun" in the VERB command. Tokens are set according to:
Word Byte
==== ====
noun 0
held 1
multi 2
multiheld 3
multiexcept 4
multiinside 5
creature 6
special 7
number 8
(noun=Routine) 16+parsing-routine-number
(Routine) 64+parsing-routine-number
(attribute) 128+attribute number
(adjective) 255-adjective number
Parsing routines have addresses which are too large to store in a single
byte. Instead they are numbered from 0, and their (packed) addresses are
stored in the preactions table of the story file (which is called
"preactions" because of what it was used for by the original Infocom parser).
The sequence is padded out to 6 bytes with zeros.
The action numbers begin at 0. The first routine mentioned as an action (in
the above example, Exit) is assigned action number 0; the next (Take)
is given 1, and so on. The appropriate number is stored in the last byte of
the line.
Thus, a little later on in the grammar, the line
VERB "exit" "leave" * -> Exit;
might well appear, and Exit will mean "action 0" as before.
So this table does not store the address of the action routine, as one might
expect. Instead the addresses corresponding to the action numbers are
stored in the actions table. Once again, Inform puts this table in its
conventional place, but this address being difficult to work out, the
constant #actions_table is set up to hold it. The actions table is simply
a list of 2-byte entries giving the routine addresses (divided by 2).
There is also a preactions table, with another constant #preactions_table,
created only to conform to Infocom conventions; it is set up containing 0000
for each action. ("Curses", for instance, makes no use of this.)
In the mean time, what has happened to the actual words, "take", "get",
"pick" and "lift"? Note that these do not appear in the grammar table at
all. Instead they are entered into the dictionary, along with the verb
number. As a final baroque twist, these numbers also count down from $ff.
Any number of words can be given, all referring to the same verb number;
"Curses" has 11 synonyms for "attack", for instance.
Of course, Inform does not know or care what is done with any of these
tables. For instance, the "take" verb has the entry
005
000 255 000 000 000 000 000 000
001 002 000 000 000 000 000 001
002 005 254 000 000 000 000 002
001 253 000 000 000 000 000 003
001 252 001 000 000 000 000 004
but it is up to the code you write to deal with this. (The LISTVERBS command
will print out the full verb table in a similar format.)
Now for what Inform does with the dictionary. Again, if you use the parser
supplied, you needn't know this.
The fourth word of the file header (bytes 8 and 9) contain the dictionary
table's address.
The table begins with a 7-byte header:
03 '.' ',' '"'
meaning there are three characters used to separate words in typed input,
full stops, commas and quotation marks. (The Z-machine will allow any list
to be given here but Inform decides on this for you.)
n <number_of_entries>
----2 bytes--------
meaning there are that many entries in the dictionary, all n bytes long.
It is usual (not compulsory in the Z-machine format, though Inform always
makes it so) for n to be the number of bytes consumed by the word itself,
plus 3. In version 3 this makes it 7, which means that words are cut down
to their first six letters only. In Version 5 it is 9, making the
dictionary accurate to nine letters, which is much more satisfactory.
Provided dictionary words are always given in full in source code, Inform
will truncate them itself to whichever is appropriate.
The entries are in alphabetical order, and look like:
<the text of the word> <flags> <verb number> <adjective number>
----4 or 6 bytes------ --1 b-- ----1 byte--- ----1 byte--------
The text is stored in the usual text format, thus allowing up to 6 or 9
characters.
When using entries like this, it's convenient to write code which works
equally well under versions 3 or 5. To do so one needs to access the three
data bytes without knowing whether they are 4 or 6 bytes from the start of
the dictionary entry address. Inform provides three constants for this:
In Version 3 In Version 5
#dict_par1 4 6
#dict_par2 5 7
#dict_par3 6 8
Thus, for example, address->#dict_par1 gives the flags byte.
The flags (chosen once again to conform loosely to Infocom conventions, not
for any sensible reason) have the eight bits
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
<noun> .. .. .. <adj> <spec> <meta> <verb>
<verb>, <noun> and <adj> mean the word can be a verb, noun or adjective; the
<spec> bit means the word was inserted by a DICTIONARY command in the
program, except that <verb> words also have the <spec> bit set (ours not to
wonder why).
Verbs declared as "meta" have the <meta> bit set. (These are such
out-of-world experiences as SAVE and SCORE.)
Note that a word can be any combination of these at once. It can even be
simultaneously a verb, adjective and noun.
A standard game typically needs at least 600 dictionary entries - about ten
times the number of portable objects. Even so it only consumes about 4K, or
1/64th of the available memory. It's never worth economising on dictionary
entries; nothing else a designer can do with 4K will be as good�to the user.
(By means of containing a heroic number of synonyms, some of the larger
Infocom games have as many as 2000 words in their dictionaries.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
16. Indirect function calls
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"By indirections find directions out"
(Shakespeare, "Hamlet")
Occasionally one needs to call a function whose address is in a variable:
for example, if the routine address has been looked up from a table, or an
object's property list.
For this, the function "indirect" is provided:
a=indirect(b);
sets a to the return value of calling the function whose address is in b.
WARNING: To pass arguments as well, you must use the assembler-level
* @icall, but do so with care.
/!\ Be careful not to leave values on the stack: or the game may
*---* crash 1000 turns later, highly mysteriously.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
17. Text spacing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The thundering text, the snivelling commentary!"
(Robert Graves)
Typewritten English, like this file, normally puts a double space after a
full stop. This is much easier to read. Unfortunately Infocom-standard
interpreters do not usually understand that. When they fold text across
lines, they can easily turn
...and a pomegranate. After all, you always hated fruit.
into something like
|You decline the offer of a banana, an apple and a pomegranate. |
| After all, you always hated fruit. |
| |
|> |
which looks awful. It would be easy to fix the interpreter not to do this;
but nobody does. In case (like the author's) your typing is habitually
double-spaced, Inform provides a command line option -d to change it back
again. It does this only by replacing the string ". " by ". " in text
conversion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. Drastic object alteration
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Everything changes. We plant
trees for those born later
but what's happened has happened
and poisons poured into the sea
cannot be drained out again."
(Cicely Herbert, after Brecht)
In earlier versions of Inform, there were some aspects of an object
difficult to change, once set. Firstly, the "short name". If you
declared an object as, say,
OBJECT frog "little green frog" attic
WITH ...
then the game would always refer to it as "little green frog": this would
be impossible to alter if, for instance, it should in some magical way
become an enormous green frog.
A sneaky way around this is to use string indirection. Declare it as
OBJECT frog "@00" attic
WITH ...
so that, when the Z-machine does a print_obj on it, it prints out the
string entered 0th in the synonyms table. In your initialisation code,
write your own string here, by:
LOW_STRING L_Frog "little green frog";
LOW_STRING E_Frog "enormous, slavering green frog";
STRING 0 #L_Frog;
(compiling simply to
(0-->12)-->0=#L_Frog;
which looks up the synonyms table address; setting word n changes the
string printed in place of @n).
WARNING: Note that any string you intend to use in this way must be
* declared by LOW_STRING as above. (LOW_STRING is like CONSTANT,
/!\ but makes strings in a slightly different way.)
*---* The more friendly-looking usage
STRING 0 "illegal frog";
will work in a Version 3 game but may unpredictably fail in a
Version 5 one which exceeds 128K in length. (This is a
consequence of the design of the Z-machine; see Appendix A.)
Then at any time you can amend the name by
STRING 0 #E_Frog;
@00 to @31 are available. (Counting in decimal, not hex.)
(This system also provides an elegant way of dealing with bottles and
containers of water in general, say: "full beer bottle" can become
"half-empty beer bottle" and then "empty beer bottle". (But if so,
remember also to change its indefinite article from "a" to "an".))
Secondly, properties which pointed to game routines were tricky to
set for a complicated reason to do with how constants are translated.
Suffice to say that one can now do this by, e.g.
frog.preroutine = #r$EnormousFrogPre;
or
frog.preroutine = #r$LittleFrogPre;
Thirdly, it was difficult to change the dictionary entries recognised
as referring to an object. Well, it still is, but here's how it's done:
Create your object with the name field containing dummy entries, e.g.
OBJECT frog "@00" attic
WITH name "zzzzzz" "zzzzzz" "zzzzzz",
...;
and then initially set these by
x = frog.&name;
x-->0 = #n$little;
x-->1 = #n$green;
x-->2 = #n$frog;
then alter them by
x = frog.&name;
x-->0 = #n$enormous;
(Warning: if there are only three entries in the name property list, as
here, then the Z-machine will crash if you try to write to the fourth: so
make sure there are enough dummy entries when you create the object.)
It is thus possible to change absolutely every aspect of an object. One
virtue of this is that, as Richard Tucker pointed out to the author, the
version-3 limit of 256 objects ceases to be a limitation if you can recycle
them. It takes careful coding, but these methods allow that recycling to
take place.
This is why multiple internal names are now allowed for an object:
OBJECT frog brick herring "@00" attic
WITH name "zzzzzz" "zzzzzz" "zzzzzz",
...;
will allow the same object number to be called frog, brick or herring by
different routines which deal with different incarnations of the same
object.
In a version-5 game it seems best not to use this device.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
19. Abbreviations
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Obviously, to get maximum gain one must make sensible choices.
A reasonable selection is..."
(unintended irony from the third edition of this manual)
When the game becomes full, 8 to 10% of its length can be saved by making
use of text abbreviations: a method under which up to 64 commonly occurring
phrases can be abbreviated whenever they occur.
This makes no difference to the text as seen by the player.
Because checking for these causes a speed overhead (again, of about 10%),
and isn't worthwhile until the game is about 90% full, Inform does not do
so except in economy mode (compiling with the switch -e on).
An abbreviation must be declared explicitly, before any other text appears,
by a directive such as:
ABBREVIATE "the ";
Only 64 may be declared (note for experts: the remaining 32 slots in the
synonyms table are allocated for variable strings, see (18)).
(This causes "the " to be stored internally as only 2 text chunks, rather
than 4, whenever it occurs: which is very often.)
To see how good your current choice of abbreviations is, try compiling with
the -f (frequencies) option set, which will count the number of times each
abbreviation is used, and work out how many bytes it saved. For instance,
" the " occurs some 2445 times in the latest version of "Curses".
Experimenting with words soon reveals that parts of speech and words like
"there" make big savings, but that almost any proper noun makes hardly any
difference.
Infocom's own compiler does not seem to have chosen abbreviations very
rigorously, since Infocom story files contain just such a naive list. (This
may have been wise from the point of view of printing speed in the days of
much slower computers.)
In any case, the -u option of Inform (if your computer is large enough and
fast enough to make this feasible) will try to work out a nearly-optimal set
of abbreviations.
The algorithm for doing so is too complex to give here: see the source code.
Briefly, it runs in two phases: building a table of cross-references, and
then running a number of passes looking for good substrings and choosing
good antichains from the partially ordered set resulting. The result is not
guaranteed to be optimal but seems pretty good. The output it finally
produces is a list of legal Inform "Abbreviate" commands which can be pasted
into source code.
Since there are something like
300000
2
possible choices for a game the size of "Curses", this is bound to be a
tricky and computationally expensive job. The 128K version of "Curses" takes
about 45 seconds to compile on my machine, and slightly under two hours to
optimise. There are three passes, of which the first is by far the longest.
Reasonable guesswork and experiment (resulting in the words suggested in
earlier editions of this manual) actually doesn't perform too badly, but
"Curses" was 1200 bytes shorter than that when optimised: sample -f output
(again, for the 128K version of "Curses") follows:
How frequently abbreviations were used, and roughly how many
bytes they saved: ('_' denotes spaces)
you 668/ 444 with 144/ 190 which 92/ 182
urs 58/ 38 tion 142/ 188 ter 274/ 182
t_w 134/ 88 t_s 117/ 77 t_o 164/ 108
t_i 167/ 110 ing 960/ 639 ight 187/ 248
her 283/ 188 e_w 146/ 96 e_s 160/ 106
e_o 227/ 150 e_i 245/ 162 e_a 254/ 168
der 87/ 57 d_s 61/ 40 d_o 122/ 80
d_i 82/ 54 d_a 122/ 80 and 560/ 372
all 289/ 192 You 297/ 394 This 47/ 92
The 384/ 510 Meldrew 28/ 108 It_is 40/ 104
Aunt_Jemima 15/ 102 ._ 680/ 452 ,_ 1444/ 962
's_~ 42/ 109 's_no 41/ 106 _un 105/ 69
_to 708/ 471 _the_ 1328/ 2654 _th 578/ 384
_ro 110/ 72 _pr 95/ 62 _po 78/ 51
_no 246/ 163 _ma 165/ 109 _lo 119/ 78
_ho 87/ 57 _hi 99/ 65 _ha 309/ 205
_gr 67/ 44 _ga 60/ 39 _from 94/ 186
_for 185/ 245 _fi 130/ 86 _fa 97/ 64
_ex 89/ 58 _ea 61/ 40 _door 46/ 90
_di 110/ 72 _con 88/ 116 _com 72/ 94
_cl 81/ 53 _can 164/ 217 _ba 120/ 79
_a_ 587/ 390
(On the most recent (256K) version of "Curses", using abbreviations saved
about 23000 bytes and added 9 seconds to a 91-second compilation time.)
Most of these abbreviations, it seems fair to say, would not be guessed at,
and it's interesting how few words in common the naive and optimised lists
have. Only two proper nouns survived, and they provide the only longish
words. "is " as such turned out not to be worthwhile. " the " was perhaps
obvious in retrospect, but I didn't think of it. The best strategy for
abbreviating seems, surprisingly, to be to choose three-character strings
which make a fractional saving each (only one Z-character each time, for the
most part) but which occur very often indeed. (This may be undesirable from
the point of view of printing speed, of course.)
Note also that another 32 abbreviations (which could be accommodated, if the
string-changing mechanism were dropped) would not make all that much
difference. The least worthwhile of these already saves only 38 bytes or
so.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
20. Bells, whistles and gimmicks
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"He has written poems resembling the kind of pictures typists
make with their machines in the coffee break..."
(Philip Larkin on the modern artist, from the
introduction to "All What Jazz")
a. Version 3
-------------
Version 3 story files are pleasingly austere. Almost their only special
effects are the status line, and occasional character graphic maps or
drawings.
The status line is perhaps the most distinctive feature of Infocom games in
play. This is the (usually highlighted) bar across the top of the screen.
The game automatically prints the current game location, and either the time
or the score and number of turns taken.
The status line is redisplayed at least (a) on a SHOW_SCORE command and
(b) each time the game asks the player to type something. It may be
displayed even more often, at the whim of the interpreter.
The place name is the short name of the object whose number is held in
global 0 - the earliest global declared in the file. If ever this global
holds the value 0, the name displayed will become corrupted and the game
may crash.
The next two globals are also used.
By default, these show the score and number of turns taken so far, usually
in the form "4/87". (Interpreters vary in how they print these.)
However, if the file contains the directive
Statusline time;
then they are treated as the time in hours and minutes. For instance,
1 and 32 would come out as "1:32 am".
It is up to the program to adjust these variables as time passes, score
is gathered, location changes, etc. (Though as usual, the library will
take care of some of this work.)
About character graphic drawings: on some machines, text will by default be
displayed in a proportional font (i.e. one in which the width of a letter
depends on what it is, so for example an i will be narrower than an m). If
you want to display a diagram made up of letters, you will have to turn this
off, for which the "font" command is provided:
font off;
print " +---+^ | A |^ +---+^";
font on;
for example. Remember to turn the font back on afterwards.
On a machine not using proportional fonts, these have no effect. But
the commands need to be inserted for the sake of machines which do.
WARNING: Some interpreters only display a line once it has scrolled.
* Consequently it is wisest only to change the font after a
/!\ new-line has been printed.
*---*
b. Version 5
-------------
Various gimmicks and special effects are provided for Version 5 story files.
These should be used as sparingly as possible, in the interests of public
decency as much as of portability.
Assembly language to code such effects is detailed in (A4).
The main difference is that the status line is not automatically displayed
and that SHOW_SCORE is no longer legal. However, the READ command is able
to emulate the old status line by, for instance,
read buffer parse;
if you only want a standard one. If you want something more exotic, you
will need something like:
read buffer parse Pretty;
where the Pretty() routine is, say:
[ Pretty i j;
i = 0->33; if (i==0) i=80; ! Find width of screen
split_window 2; ! Create 2-line top window
buffer_mode 0; ! Switch off line-splitting
set_window 1; ! Move to it
style reverse; ! Reverse-video mode on
set_cursor 1 1; ! Blank out line 1...
spaces i;
set_cursor 2 1; ! and line 2... with spaces
spaces i;
set_cursor 1 2; ! Print the top line
print_obj location;
set_cursor 1 53;
print "Amulets: "; print_num score;
set_cursor 1 66;
print "Days: "; print_num turns;
set_cursor 2 2; ! And the second line
PrintRank();
style roman; ! Back to standard text
buffer_mode 1; ! Switch on line-splitting
set_window 0; ! in the standard window
];
By stretching the status bar to many lines wide, you can make it show a
character-graphics map, a Scott Adams-style list of viable directions, an
election slogan for your favourite politician - the possibilities are, alas,
endless.
You can also BEEP the user and read the keyboard "live", with a clock
running; see appendix (A4) for fuller details.
Something several later Infocom games did was to display messages
- quotations, writings on signs, etc. - in reverse video in a centred text
window at the top of the screen. This is easy but tedious to code
correctly, so Inform provides a command to do it, viz. "BOX". For
instance,
BOX "Beware of the Dog";
or
BOX "I might repeat to myself, slowly and soothingly,"
"a list of quotations beautiful from minds profound;"
"if I can remember any of the damn things."
""
"-- Dorothy Parker";
Note that a string of lines is given (without intervening commas) and
that a blank line is given by a null string. Remember that the text
cannot be too wide or it will look awful on a small screen.
The author takes the view that this device is amusing for irrelevant
quotations but irritating when it conveys vital information (such as,
"Beware of the Dog", for instance).
Version-5 also allows an "undo" feature to be programmed. See (A4)
for details. It does not properly work on all interpreters, but is
worthwhile enough to be coded anyway.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Designer's Manual: Using the Library
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"And what was one to make of the arrangement of covered walk,
library and communal refectory which seemed to form an almost
independent entity within the plan of the mausoleum? The
expectant visitor would have been disappointed on entering this
part of the monument..."
(Luciano Canfora, "The Vanished Library")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D1. Getting started
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The first thing to try is to compile the "Hello Cruel World" game, a very
short test file given in Appendix C. If that compiles and runs properly
(producing a short page of text, then finishing), try the following:
Constant Story "SHELL";
Constant Headline "^An Interactive Skeleton^\
Copyright (c) 1994 by (your name here).^";
#include "Parser";
#include "VerbLib";
Object Blank_Room "Blank Room"
with description "An empty room."
has light;
[ Initialise;
location=room;
"^^^^^Welcome to the shell...^^";
];
#include "Grammar";
end;
If this compiles, Inform is almost certainly set up and working properly.
It takes a short while to compile, because it "includes" three large standard
files, containing a large amount of code. These are:
Parser The core of the game, and a proper game parser
VerbLib A library of routines for game verbs like "take"
Grammar A grammar table to decode the player's input from
Together, they make up the "library". They can certainly be modified by
programmers, but have been designed in such a way as to minimise the need for
this. (The "#include"s are written that way to imitate C, but they could
just be written "Include".)
Apart from that, the code contains:
strings giving the name of the game, and a copyright message, to be
printed out at the appropriate moments;
a routine, called "Initialise", which is run when the game begins, and
simply sets where the player starts (in the obvious place!) and prints a
welcoming message;
an object, to be the only room of the game.
The "shell" game is very boring: there is nothing for the player to do but
wait and quit.
In Inform, everything is an object: rooms, compass directions, things to be
picked up, scenery and even intangible things like mist. Let us add
something, underneath the room's definition:
Nearby cone "green cone"
with name "green" "cone";
("Nearby" just means it's an object inside the last thing declared as an
"Object", in this case the Blank Room.)
A green cone now appears in the Blank Room. The player can call it either
"green cone", "cone" or even "green". It can be taken, dropped, looked at,
looked under and so on.
This is still rather plain. Examining the cone sees "nothing special about
the green cone", for instance. So we might extend the definition by:
Nearby cone "green cone"
with name "green" "cone" "emerald",
initial "Nearby is an emerald green cone, one foot high.";
The "initial" message now appears when we arrive in the Empty Room. Taking
things a little further...
Nearby cone "green cone"
with name "green" "cone" "emerald" "marzipan",
initial "Nearby is an emerald green cone, one foot high.",
description "The cone seems to be made of emerald-coloured \
marzipan."
has edible;
(Note that the description is split across two lines: the \ makes the message
come out as one sentence without a huge space.) Now if we examine the
cone, we get its surprising "description". Also, the cone not only has
"properties" (the values of "name", "description" and "initial") but now
also an "attribute" (which can only be held or not held). And the player
can now eat the cone.
There still isn't any actual code connected with the cone. We could go
further without doing any honest programming, but instead:
Nearby cone "green cone"
with name "green" "cone" "emerald" "marzipan",
initial "Nearby is an emerald green cone, one foot high.",
description "The cone seems to be made of emerald-coloured \
marzipan.",
after
[; Take: "Taken. (Your hands are smeared with marzipan.)";
Drop: "The cone drops to the floor and sags a little.";
],
has edible;
The property "after" doesn't just have a string for a value: it has a
routine of its own. (This is much like the "Initialise" routine, except
that it doesn't have a name: it doesn't need one.) Now what happens is
that when an action happens to the cone, the "after" routine is called
to apply any special rules about the cone. In this case, Take and Drop
are the only actions tampered with: and the only effect is that the
usual messages ("Taken." "Dropped.") are replaced.
Still, the cone doesn't actually do anything! So here it is with a
(completely unfair) puzzle added:
Nearby cone "green cone"
with name "green" "cone" "emerald" "marzipan",
initial "Nearby is an emerald green cone, one foot high.",
description "The cone seems to be made of emerald-coloured \
marzipan.",
before
[; Eat: if (random(100) <= 30)
{ deadflag = 1;
"Unfortunately, you seem to be allergic to almonds.";
}
"You nibble at a corner of the cone.";
],
after
[; Take: "Taken. (Your hands are smeared with marzipan.)";
Drop: "The cone drops to the floor and sags a little.";
],
has edible;
The "before" routine is called before the player's intended action takes
place. So when the player tries typing, say, "eat the cone", what happens
is: in 30% of cases, she dies of almond poisoning; and in the other 70%,
she simply nibbles a corner of the cone (without actually consuming it
completely).
"deadflag" is a global variable, whose value does not belong to any particular
object (or routine). It is defined somewhere in the depths of the library:
it's usually 0; setting it to 1 causes the game to be lost.
In either case, the usual rule for the Eat action is never applied. This is
because, although it isn't obvious from the code, the routine actually
returns a value, true or false. And the command
"Unfortunately, you seem to be allergic to almonds.";
not only prints the message (together with a carriage return), but also
returns true from the "before" routine. Since the routine normally returns
false, the library knows that something has happened to interrupt the usual
rules of the game.
One more extension:
Nearby cone "green cone"
with name "green" "cone" "emerald" "marzipan",
describe
[; if (cone has moved)
"A misshapen cone of green marzipan sits here.";
"Nearby is an emerald green cone, one foot high.";
],
description "The cone seems to be made of emerald-coloured \
marzipan.",
before
[; Eat: if (random(100) <= 30)
{ deadflag = 1;
"Unfortunately, you seem to be allergic to almonds.";
}
"You nibble at a corner of the cone.";
],
after
[; Take: "Taken. (Your hands are smeared with marzipan.)";
Drop: cone.description = "The cone is a vague green mess.";
"The cone drops to the floor and sags a little.";
],
has edible;
Now the old "initial" message has gone. Instead, we have provided a
"describe" routine. Whenever the game has to describe the cone in the
description of a place, it will call this routine. The "moved" attribute
is held only by an object which has at some time in the past been taken. So
the cone is now perfect and untouched until taken and dropped, whereupon
it becomes misshapen. Also, the act of dropping the cone now changes the
description which appears when a player examines it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D2. Places, scenery and the map
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now for a room: throw away the old "blank room" and replace it by...
Object Square_Room "Square Room"
with description
"A broad, square room, ten yards on a side, floored \
with black and white chequered tiles."
has light;
(We also have to change the Initialise routine to make this the place
where the player begins, since the Blank Room no longer exists.)
Like the blank room, this one has "light". (If it didn't, the player
would never see it, since it would be dark, and the player hasn't yet
been given a lamp or torch of some kind.) So where is the light coming
from?
Nearby chandelier "crystal chandelier"
with name "crystal" "chandelier",
initial "A crystal chandelier hangs from far above, casting \
light in little rainbows across the floor.",
description "The crystal is beautiful cut-glass."
has static;
This is a piece of scenery, hence the "static" attribute (which means it
can't be taken or moved). But what about the rainbows?
Nearby rainbows "rainbows"
with name "rainbow" "rainbows",
description "Caused by diffraction, or something like that - \
you were never very good at physics."
has scenery;
Being "scenery" makes the object not only static but also not described
by the game unless actually examined by the player. A true perfectionist
might alter it to:
Nearby rainbows "rainbows"
with name "rainbow" "rainbows",
description "Caused by diffraction, or something like that - \
you were never very good at physics.",
before
[; Take, Push, Pull, Turn: "But the rainbows are made of light.";
],
has scenery;
Let us now add a second room:
Object Corridor "Sloping Corridor"
with description
"This corridor slopes upward and out of the square room.",
d_to Square_Room, s_to Square_Room,
u_to "The slope becomes impossibly steep, and you retreat.",
cant_go "The corridor runs up and down."
has light;
and extend the Square Room to:
Object Square_Room "Square Room"
with description
"A broad, square room, ten yards on a side, floored \
with black and white chequered tiles. A doorway in the \
centre of the north side opens onto a rising corridor.",
u_to Corridor,
n_to Corridor
has light;
The player can now go from one to the other. The properties "u_to", "d_to",
"n_to" (and so on) declare what lies in the directions "up", "down", "north"
(and so on). If they aren't declared, one cannot go that way. Notice that
they can be either a room or a message which is printed if the player tries
to go in the given direction.
In the Square Room, if the player tries to go, say, east, she gets a message
along the lines of "You can't go that way.", which is not very helpful. In
the Corridor, the "cant_go" message is printed instead.
Notice that the map connections are all one-way: they just happen to be
defined in such a way that they appear two-way.
Rooms also have rules of their own. We might write:
Object Corridor "Sloping Corridor"
with description
"This corridor slopes upward and out of the square room: \
the floor underfoot is a little sticky.",
d_to Square_Room, s_to Square_Room,
u_to "The slope becomes impossibly steep, and you retreat.",
cant_go "The corridor runs up and down.",
before
[; Take: if (noun == cone)
"The cone seems to be stuck to the floor here.";
],
has light;
and now the cone (if dropped there) cannot be taken from the floor of
the Sloping Corridor. The variables "noun" and "second" hold the first
and second nouns supplied with an action. Rooms have before and after
routines just as objects do.
Remember, when writing rules for rooms, that the room may be a different
one after the action has taken place. The Go action, for instance, is
offered to the "before" routine of the room which is being left, and the
"after" routine of the room being arrived in. For example:
after
[; Go: if (noun==in_obj)
print "How grateful you are to get out of the rain...^";
]
will print the message when the room is entered via the "in" direction.
(Note that the message is printed with the "print" command. This means
that it does not automatically return true: in fact, it returns false,
so the game knows that the usual rules still apply. Also, no new-line
is printed automatically: the ^ symbol means "print a new-line".)
Directions (such as "north") are objects called n_obj, s_obj and so on:
in this case, in_obj. (They are not to be confused with the property names
"n_to" and so on.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D3. Causing actions and making new ones
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quite often you want to simulate the effect of a player typing something.
For instance, in the Pepper Room the air is full of pepper and every turn
you sneeze and drop something at random. If the code to do this simply
removes an object and puts it on the floor, then it might accidentally
provide a solution to a problem like "the toffee apple sticks to your hands
so you can't drop it".
This can at least be coded like this:
You sneeze convulsively, and lose your grip on the toffee apple...
The toffee apple sticks to your hand!
which (although not ideal) is much better. As an example, here is another
piece of scenery to clutter up the tiny map so far:
Object low_mist "low mist"
with name "low" "swirling" "mist", article "the",
initial "A low mist swirls about your feet.",
description "It carries the unmistakable odour of cinnamon.",
found_in Square_Room Corridor,
before
[; Smell: <<Examine self>>;
],
has static;
This mist is found in both the Square Room and the Corridor: note that the
"found_in" property has a list of places as its value.
(Note also the "article". Usually the indefinite article for an object
is "a". Changing it gives a little variety:
a platinum bar
an orange balloon
your Aunt Jemima
some bundles of reeds
far too many marbles
for example.)
The player will find that smelling the mist produces the same message as
looking at it. The command
<<Examine self>>;
causes the game to behave exactly as if the player had typed "examine the
mist" at the keyboard: that is, the Examine action happens, applied to
the low_mist object. ("self" always means the object whose routine this
is. In this case, it's really a bit pointless since
<<Examine low_mist>>;
does just the same thing.) After going through the business of examining
the mist, the routine then returns "true" (in this case, so that the normal
rules for smelling something are stopped in their tracks).
If instead
<Examine self>;
had been used, the same would have happened, but the routine would not have
returned "true". So the mist would be examined; and then the library would
have carried on and said something like "You smell nothing unusual.".
Other actions can of course also be written this way:
<Look>; <<ThrowAt cone chandelier>>;
will, for instance, look around, then behave as if the player had asked
to throw the cone at the chandelier, then return true.
Requests like "Look", "ThrowAt", "Take" and so on are called actions.
Internally, they are stored as numbers, and the number associated with an
action can be got at by
x = ##Take;
for instance. The variable "action" holds the current action number.
Sometimes it's convenient to use this directly. For instance, imagine
a mirror hung very far above the player. Given:
before
[; if (action==##Examine) rfalse;
"The mirror is too high up, out of reach.";
]
the player will only be able to examine the mirror, and nothing else.
This prevents the library from ever saying something like "You push the
mirror but nothing happens.", which would be misleading.
An action corresponds to a routine somewhere which actually carries out
the looking, throwing at, taking and so forth. (Well, in fact there are
also some special actions called "fake actions" which don't correspond to
such routines, as we shall come to later.) These have the same name as the
action with "Sub" (short for "subroutine") on the end: so, "TakeSub" for
instance.
The actions implemented by the library are in three groups:
1. Quit, Restart, Restore, Verify, Save, ScriptOn, ScriptOff,
Brief, Normal, Verbose;
2. Inv, Take, Drop, Remove, PutOn, Insert, Transfer, Empty,
Enter, Exit, Go, Look, Examine, Give,
Unlock, Lock, SwitchOn, SwitchOff, Open, Close, Disrobe, Wear, Eat;
3. Yes, No, Burn, Pray, Wake, WakeOther [person],
Kiss, Think, Smell, Listen, Taste, Touch, TouchThing, Dig,
Cut, Jump [jump on the spot], JumpOver, Tie, Drink,
Fill, Sorry, Strong [swear word], Mild [swear word], Attack, Swim,
Swing [something], Blow, Rub, Set, WaveHands [ie, just "wave"],
Wave [something], Pull, Push, PushDir [push something in a direction],
Turn, Squeeze, LookUnder [look underneath something], Search,
ThrowAt, Answer, Buy, Ask, Sing, Climb, Wait, Sleep
Note that the player can type all manner of things to get these. For
instance, "take off shirt" and "remove the shirt" both cause the Disrobe
action. Your code can ignore this complication.
Group 1 actions are called "meta" - they are outside the game proper, and
your code is unable to interfere with them. (If you want a room where the
game can't be saved, as for instance "Spellbreaker" cunningly does, you'll
have to tamper with SaveSub directly, say with a Replacement routine: see
later.)
Group 2 actions, by default, actually do something; group 3 actions,
by default, do nothing but reply with a generally negative message.
Although all actions call the "before" routines, not all of them bother to
check "after" routines. For instance, since the built-in SmellSub routine
just says "You smell nothing out of the ordinary", there would be no point
calling "after" routines - nothing, after all, has been done. (These are
the group 3 actions above.)
The ones which actually do something, and call "after", are:
Inv, Take, Drop, Remove, PutOn, Insert, Exit, Go, Look, Examine, Unlock,
Lock, SwitchOn, SwitchOff, Open, Close, Disrobe, Wear, Eat, Search.
(Some other group 2 actions use these "after" routines indirectly - if the
player empties a sack out onto the floor, this is deemed to be dropping the
objects within, for instance, and if a sack is emptied into a packing case
this is considered a multiple insertion.)
The library's actions are easily added to. For instance, add the routine:
[ BlorpleSub;
"You speak the magic word ~Blorple~. Nothing happens.";
];
(somewhere after the Initialise routine, say, to be tidy). There is now
an action "Blorple" (though it doesn't do anything very interesting). One
can use the command <Blorple>; to make it happen, and could change the
"before" routine of, say, the Corridor, to make Blorple do something
exciting in that one place. In other words, Blorple is now an action just
like any other.
But the player can't yet type "blorple" and get this response, because
although the action exists, it hasn't been written into the grammar of
the game. The grammar is a large table (mostly written out in the "Grammar"
library file). It can easily be added to, and in this case we simply add
the lines
Verb "blorple"
* -> Blorple;
immediately after the inclusion of the "Grammar" file. This is about as
simple as grammar lines come, and means that only the word "blorple" can
be used as a verb, and it can't apply to any noun or nouns.
Grammar is more fully described in (14), but looking at the grammar table
in the "Grammar" file will give a fair idea of what it can do.
It is time to be more precise about the exact sequence of events. Suppose
the player is in the Bedquilt Room, and types "drop oyster". Once it has
checked that this is a reasonable command, the parser does the following:
1. Call GamePreRoutine (if there is one).
If this returns true, stop here.
2. Call the "before" of Bedquilt Room.
If this returns true, stop here.
3. Then the "before" of the oyster.
If this returns true, stop here.
4. Actually drop the object.
5. Call the "after" of Bedquilt.
If this returns true, stop here.
6. Then the "after" of the oyster.
If this returns true, stop here.
7. Call GamePostRoutine (if there is one).
If this returns true, stop here.
8. Print "Dropped."
(GamePreRoutine and GamePostRoutine are routines you can optionally
provide to make global rule changes: their use is to be avoided if
possible, as it usually is, for reasons of speed and tidiness.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D4. Containers, doors, switches and vehicles
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Objects can be inside or on top of one another. An object which has
"container" can contain things, like a box: one which has "supporter"
can hold them up, like a table. (An object can't have both at once.)
It can hold up to 100 items, by default: this is set by the "capacity"
property.
However, one can only put things inside something which has "open".
If it has "openable", the player can open and close it at will. (Unless
it also has "locked".)
To complicate matters, some containers are "transparent" (so that the
player can see inside them even when they are closed) and some are not.
Containers (and supporters) are able to react to things being put inside
them, or removed from them: for example,
Object bag "toothed bag" room
with name "toothed" "bag",
description "A capacious bag with a toothed mouth.",
before
[; LetGo: "The bag defiantly bites itself \
shut on your hand until you desist.";
Close: "The bag resists all attempts to close it.";
],
after
[; Receive:
print "The bag wriggles hideously as it swallows ";
DefArt(inp1); ".";
],
has container open;
makes a rather acquisitive bag:
>put fish in bag
The bag wriggles hideously as it swallows the fish.
>get fish
The bag defiantly bites itself shut on your hand until you desist.
(LetGo and Receive are actually two of the "fake" actions: they are
the actions Insert and Remove looked at from the other container's point
of view. It's quite straightforward to define fake actions. See the
way these are defined in "Verblib" to get the idea.)
Objects which have "locked" cannot be opened, be they doors or containers
(or both). But objects which have "lockable" can be locked or unlocked
with the appropriate key, which is declared in the "with_key" property.
(If it is undeclared, then no key will fit.)
As a final example of a container, this is a fairly typical locked
cupboard:
Nearby cupboard "bolted cupboard"
with name "bolted" "cupboard",
describe
[; if (self hasnt open)
"^A shut cupboard is bolted to one wall.";
"^Bolted up on one wall is an open cupboard.";
],
with_key key
has locked container openable lockable static;
A useful kind of object is a "door". This need not literally be a door:
it might be a rope-bridge or a ladder, for instance. To set up a door:
(a) give the object the "door" attribute;
(b) set the "door_to" property to the destination;
(c) set the "door_dir" property to the direction which that would be,
such as "n_to";
(d) make the room's map connection in that direction point to the
door itself.
For example, here is a closed and locked door:
Object In_Immense_N_S_Passage "Immense N/S Passage"
with description "One end of an immense north/south passage.",
s_to In_Giant_Room,
n_to RustyDoor;
Nearby RustyDoor "rusty door"
with description "It's just a big iron door.",
name "door" "hinge" "hinges" "massive" "rusty" "iron",
when_closed
"The way north is barred by a massive, rusty, iron door.",
when_open
"The way north leads through a massive, rusty, iron door.",
door_to In_Cavern_With_Waterfall,
door_dir n_to,
with_key set_of_keys
has static door openable lockable locked;
(Note that the door is "static" - otherwise the player could pick it up and
walk away with it!) The properties "when_closed" and "when_open" give
descriptions appropriate for the door in these two states.
Doors are rather one-way: they are only really present on one side. If
a door needs to be accessible (openable and lockable from either side),
a neat trick is to make it present in both locations and to fix the
door_to and door_dir to the right way round for whichever side the player
is on. Here, then, is a two-way door:
Object Grate "steel grate"
with name "grate" "lock" "gate" "grille" "metal"
"strong" "steel" "grating",
description "It just looks like an ordinary grate \
mounted in concrete.",
with_key set_of_keys,
door_dir
[; if (location==Below_The_Grate) return u_to; return d_to;
],
door_to
[; if (location==Below_The_Grate) return Outside_Grate;
return Below_The_Grate;
],
describe
[; if (self has open) "^The grate stands open.";
if (self hasnt locked) "^The grate is unlocked but shut.";
rtrue;
],
found_in Below_The_Grate Outside_Grate
has static door openable lockable locked;
where Below_The_Grate has u_to set to Grate, and Outside_Grate has d_to
set to Grate. The grate can now be opened, closed, entered and locked
from above or below.
At first sight, it isn't obvious why doors have the "door_dir" property.
Why does a door need to know which way it faces? The idea is that if
there's an open door in the south wall, a player can go through it either
by typing "south" or "enter door". So what the Enter action does (if
the door is actually open) is to cause the Go action with the given
direction.
This has one practical consequence: if you put "before" and "after" routines
on the Enter action for the Grate, they only apply to a player typing
"enter grate" and not to one just typing "down". The way to trap both at
once is to write a routine for the d_to property of Outside_Grate.
Objects can also be "switchable". This means they can be turned off or
on, as if they had some kind of switch on them. The object has the
attribute "on" if it's on. For example:
Object searchlight "Gotham City searchlight" skyscraper
with name "search" "light" "template", article "the",
description "It has some kind of template on it.",
when_on "The old city searchlight shines out a bat against \
the feather-clouds of the darkening sky.",
when_off "The old city searchlight, neglected but still \
functional, sits here."
has switchable static;
Here is a lamp whose batteries will some day run down:
Nearby brass_lantern "brass lantern"
with name "lamp" "lantern" "shiny" "brass",
when_off "There is a shiny brass lamp nearby.",
when_on "Your lamp is here, gleaming brightly.",
time_left 330,
before
[; Examine: print "It is a shiny brass lamp";
if (brass_lantern hasnt on)
". It is not currently lit.";
if (brass_lantern.time_left < 30)
", glowing dimly.";
", glowing brightly.";
Burn: <<SwitchOn brass_lantern>>;
Rub: "Rubbing the electric lamp is not particularly \
rewarding. Anyway, nothing exciting happens.";
SwitchOn: if (brass_lantern.time_left <= 0)
"Unfortunately, the batteries seem to be dead.";
],
after
[; SwitchOn: give brass_lantern light;
SwitchOff: give brass_lantern ~light;
],
has switchable;
An object which has "enterable" can be got inside. (The idea of "inside"
here is that the player is only half-in, as with a car or a psychiatrist's
couch. If it's more like a prison cell, then it should be a separate
place.)
Object car "little red car" cave
with name "little" "red" "car",
longdesc "Large enough to sit inside. Among the controls is a \
prominent on/off switch. The numberplate is KAR 1.",
initpos "The red car sits here, its engine still running.",
closedpos "A little red car is parked here.",
before
[; Go: if (car has on) "Brmm! Brmm!";
print "(The ignition is off at the moment.)^";
],
has switchable enterable static container open;
This demonstrates a special rule. If a player is inside an enterable object
and tries to move, say "north", the before routine for the object is called
with the action Go, and n_obj as the noun. If it returns false, the game
disallows the attempt to move (as usual). If it returns true, then the
vehicle and player move together via the game's usual map.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D5. Living creatures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Animate objects (such as sea monsters, mad aunts or nasty little dwarves)
have a property called "life", containing their rules. This behaves just
like a "before" or "after" routine, but only the following actions apply:
Order The player has asked the creature to do something,
e.g., by "troll, go south". action, noun and second are
set up as usual: e.g. action=##Go and noun=s_obj.
Attack Player tried to attack creature
Kiss Tried to kiss
Answer The player tried either "answer <word> to troll", or else
"troll, <something not understood>". In either case
special_word is set to the dictionary entry of the first
word, or 0 if it isn't in the dictionary, and
special_number is set to an attempt to read it as a
number. (For instance, "computer, 143" will cause
special_number to be set to 143.)
Ask "ask troll about ..." - similarly special_word and
special_number are set up
Give noun holds the object number of what the player has tried
to give (or feed) the creature. (Unless code is written
the creature will "seem uninterested" and nothing will
happen.)
ThrowAt noun holds whatever the player tried to throw.
If the routine doesn't exist, or returns false, events will take their
usual course. Here is a full example:
Object snake "sullen snake" mists
with name "sullen" "snake",
description "Perhaps a boa constrictor. Perhaps not.",
life
[; Order: if (action==##Go)
"The snake wasn't born yesterday.";
Attack: "Lazily, the snake dodges your attack.";
Kiss: "What a repulsive idea.";
ThrowAt: print "Effortlessly, the snake dodges ";
DefArt(inp1); ".";
Answer: "The snake disdains to comment.";
Ask: if (noun == 'mists')
"~Healthy and good for the skin, mists.~";
"~I'm only the obligatory monster.~";
Give: if (noun has edible)
{ remove noun;
"~Mmm! Thanks! I still hate you, though.~";
}
"~Bleurghh! Are you trying to poison me?~";
],
has animate;
Of course an "animate" still has "before" and "after" routines like any
other. (The library understands that, for example, an animate creature
cannot be taken.)
A footnote about Order: Order is another "fake action". The "before"
and "after" routines of a room can't detect the player having given a
request to another character. Also, if you want the snake to obey when
the player tells it to take something, you have to write the code to do
the actual taking yourself. This isn't any problem in practice. (Try
looking at the code for "Christopher" in the "Toyshop" example game.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D6. Classes of objects
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
An example of a class is:
Class Treasure
with depositpoints 10,
after
[; Take: if (location==Inside_Building)
score=score-self.depositpoints;
score=score+5;
"Taken!";
Drop: score=score-5;
if (location==Inside_Building)
{ score=score+self.depositpoints;
"Safely deposited.";
}
],
has valuable;
Any object declared as being of this class, such as:
Nearby bars_of_silver "bars of silver"
class Treasure
with description "They're probably worth a fortune!",
initial "There are bars of silver here!",
article "some",
name "silver" "bars";
inherits the "depositpoints" value of 10 and the rules about taking
and dropping. If the silver bars had themselves set "depositpoints"
to 15, say, then the value would be 15: i.e., the class would be
over-ridden.
We could also, for instance, have:
Nearby cake "valuable cake"
class Treasure
with description "Exquisite!",
initial "There's a valuable cake here!",
after
[; Eat: "Your most expensive meal in ages, but worth it.";
],
name "valuable" "cake"
has edible;
Now the cake has two "after" rules. Both apply, but the rule in the cake
itself takes precedence, i.e., happens first.
An object can inherit from several classes at once (in sequence, left to
right). A class can itself inherit from other classes. The full rules
are in (13).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D7. Daemons and the passing of time
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
By tradition, a "daemon" is an event which happens each turn while it is
active. The classic example is of a dwarf which appears in the cave: it
has a daemon routine attached to move it about, make it throw knives at
the player and other pleasantries.
Each object can have its own daemon. It is set going by calling the
routine
StartDaemon(the-object);
and can be turned off again with
StopDaemon(the-object);
Once it's active, its "daemon" property is called as a routine each turn.
(Be warned: this continues to happen even if the daemon is associated with
a room or item which has been left behind by the player.)
A "timer" (these are traditionally called "fuses" but the author can stand
only so much tradition) can alternatively be attached to an object.
(An object can't have both a timer and a daemon active at the same time.)
A timer is started with
StartTimer(the-object, time);
in which case it will "go off" (alarm clock-style) in the given number of
turns. This means that its "time_out" routine will be called, once and
once only, at this time.
It can be deactivated (so that it will never go off) by calling
StopTimer(the-object);
Timers and daemons are _required_ to provide a "time_left" property. In
the case of a daemon, this is set to -1 when the daemon is active. In the
case of a timer, it's the number of turns left before the timer goes off.
This can be manipulated and looked at by the program. Warning: if you
forget to provide "time_left", the game may crash!
If you're writing a game with time instead of score/turns on the status
line, you can set the time by
SetTime( hours*60+minutes, rate);
where rate=0 means the time is left alone, and if rate>0 that many
minutes pass every action, whereas if rate<0 that many actions pass
for every minute.
The current time is held in a variable, "the_time". It's a 24-hour
clock.
Calling SetTime also tells the library that the game is a "time" rather than
"score" game. Remember to call it in Initialise().
Exactly what happens at the end of each turn is:
1. The turns counter is incremented.
2. The time moves on.
3. Daemons and timers are run (in no particular order).
4. The "each_turn" routine of the current room is run.
5. The game's global TimePasses() routine is called.
6. Light is re-considered (it may have gone dark as a result
of what has happened).
This sequence is abandoned if at any stage the player dies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D8. Calls to and from the library
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
A game using the library _must_ provide one routine:
Initialise() is called before the banner is printed up, and one thing it
_must_ do is to set "location" to the initial game location.
It must also define two string constants, Story and Headline, e.g.:
Constant Story "ZORK II";
Constant Headline "^An Interactive Plagiarism^\
Copyright (c) 1993 by Ivan O. Ideas.^";
In addition, it may (but need not) provide the following routines:
TimePasses() is called after every turn (but not, for instance, after a
command like "score" or "save"). It's much more elegant to use timers
and daemons, or "each_turn" routines for individual rooms - using this
is a last resort.
PrintRank() completes the printing of the score. (You might want to change
this, so as to make the ranks something like "junior astronaut" or
"master catburglar" or whatever suits your game.)
DarkToDark() is called when a player goes from one dark room into another
one. If you want, you can take the opportunity to kill the player off
for doing this.
DeathMessage() is to print up "You have died" style messages. To kill a
player, set "deadflag" to 1. To make a player win, set "deadflag" to 2.
If you set "deadflag" to any other value (3, 4, ...) this routine is
called to say what happened, e.g. "You have changed".
LookRoutine() is called at the end of every location description.
NewRoom() is called when the room changes, before any description of it
is printed. (This happens no matter how the change of room occurred.)
PrintTaskName() prints the name of a game task (such as "driving the
car").
Amusing() is called to print some amusing afterword when the game is won
(for instance, it might advertise some features which a successful
player might never have noticed). (But only if you have defined the
constant AMUSING_PROVIDED in your own code.)
GamePreRoutine() and GamePostRoutine() - see below.
ParseNumber - allows numbers in unusual formats to be parsed. Sometimes
it's useful for the parser to be able to understand numbers in
strange formats: Roman numerals, letter codes, long telephone numbers,
etc. Accordingly you can provide
[ ParseNumber buffer length;
...returning 0 if no match is made, or the number otherwise...
];
to examine the "number" held in ASCII characters at the given byte
address, of given length. If this is present, then when special_number
is set, it will be set using this routine if possible first (and then
lapse into its usual parsing if it makes no match).
AfterLife - called when death takes place, but before any
*** You have died *** message appears. If it resets deadflag back to 0,
the player effectively gets resurrected.
Apart from these, the only routines of yours which are ever called are those
attached to your objects.
The library contains several useful routines which can be called from time
to time. Among these are:
DefArt(obj): a useful little routine which prints the name of the
object, with its definite article attached. This causes, for example,
the platinum bar
Aunt Jemima
Elbereth
(an object with "proper" - meaning, the name is a proper noun - does
not have "the" printed in front).
CDefArt(obj): the same but with a capital letter at the front.
IndefArt(obj): similar, but with the indefinite article:
a platinum bar
an orange balloon
your Aunt Jemima
some bundles of reeds
far too many marbles
(the indefinite article is "a" unless set by the "article" property).
DescribeObj(obj): produces a more complete description:
an electric torch (providing light)
a rucksack (which is open and contains a scarlet fish)
Achieved(task): declares a certain task as completed (see below)
PlayerTo(place): moves the player to a new place (see below)
SetTime(now, step): sets the 24-hour clock (see above)
YesOrNo(): asks the player a yes-no question, returning true if the
reply was yes. (It doesn't print the question.)
Occasionally you need to rewrite one of the library routines. But
the danger of doing so is that it is then necessary to keep a copy
of the library for every game, which is clearly unsatisfactory. So:
the directive
REPLACE BurnSub;
(if placed before the library files are included) tells Inform to
ignore the definition of "BurnSub" in the library files. (You then
have to define a routine called BurnSub yourself.)
The library won't allow the player to carry an indefinite number of
objects: the limit allowed is the constant MAX_CARRIED, which you
may define if you wish. (If you don't define it, it's 100, which
roughly removes the rule.)
If you define SACK_OBJECT to be some container, then the player will
automatically put old, least-used objects away in it as the game
progresses. (If not, nothing happens.)
Another constant is AMUSING_PROVIDED. If you define this, the library
knows to put an "amusing" option on the menu after the game is won.
It will then call Amusing() from your code when needed.
In debugging, it's sometimes tricky to work out exactly what is
happening and in what order. If a game is compiled with the constant
DEBUG defined, then it will print out details of every object routine
ever called, which makes it much easier to follow what's going on.
The other constants you are allowed to define help the score routines
along. These are:
MAX_SCORE The maximum game score (default 0)
NUMBER_TASKS Number of individual "tasks" to perform (1)
OBJECT_SCORE Bonus for first picking up a "scored" object (4)
ROOM_SCORE Bonus for first entering a "scored" room (5)
and then the individual tasks have scores, as follows:
Global task_scores initial t1 t2 ... tn;
Within your code, when a player achieves something, call Achieved(task)
to mark that the task has been completed. It will only award points if
this task has not been completed before.
There do not have to be any "tasks": there's no need to use the scoring
system provided. Tasks (and the verb "full" for full score) will only
work at all if you define the constant TASKS_PROVIDED.
The library maintains light by itself. It will cope, for instance, with
what happens if a dwarf picks up the light source and walks away, or if
the light source is shut up in an opaque box. The program can give
or take away the light attribute to anything, or move anything anywhere,
without having to think about whether or not this makes the room dark.
To move the player about (for teleportation of some kind), two things
must be done: to move the player object, by
move player to newroom;
and also to change the "location" variable, which says which room to
display on the status line:
location = newroom;
In general location can be different from parent(player) in two ways: it
can be "Darkness", or it can be the actual room while parent(player) is
something the player sits inside, like (say) a jeep.
The cleanest way to move the player is call PlayerTo(place); which also
sorts out things like only printing the new room's description if there's
enough light there to see by. (Calling PlayerTo(place, 1); will move the
player without printing anything, and in particular without printing any
room description.)
Finally, you might want the parser to know about plural nouns. Many
games involve collecting a number of similar items, say a set of nine
crowns in different colours. Then you'd want the parser to recognise
things like
> drop all of the crowns except green
for instance. It can do this, provided it's told that "crowns" is the
plural of crown, and provided it's told how to recognise a crown when
it sees one.
You need not declare any, but are allowed up to three such plurals, declared
in your Initialise() routine by lines like:
plural_word1 = 'crowns'; plural_filter1 = is_crown;
(and so on, for 2 and 3 as needed). You must already have declared is_crown
as an Attribute, and flagged all the crowns with this attribute. ('crowns'
is a construction which puts the word "crowns" into the dictionary.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D9. Table of properties and attributes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following are the attributes defined by the library, as they apply
to objects:
light gives off light
concealed invisible, but touchable
worn currently worn clothing
clothing can be clothing
animate is a living creature of some kind
female gender female (otherwise male) - used for eg "her"
proper short name is proper noun
moved has been picked up at some time
door is a doorway of some kind
container can contain things (eg, a bottle)
supporter can support things (eg, a table)
transparent interior of container can be seen when closed
open container or doorway which is open
openable container or doorway open/closeable to player
workflag (flag used by parser)
enterable can be entered (eg, car or fireplace)
scenery not described by Look, nor moveable (eg, rock face)
static immovably fixed in place (eg, Y2 rock)
direction (is one of the compass directions)
lockable can be locked or unlocked (with suitable key)
locked is presently locked
switchable can be switched on and off
on is presently switched on
edible can be eaten
autosearch examining this object causes it also to be searched
(in particular, looked inside if it's a container)
scored award points for first taking
talkable is not an animate creature, but can nevertheless
be talked to (eg, a microphone)
absent a removed object normally found in several places
general general-purpose flag
"general" is free for the user (as are the remaining spare attributes) and
conventionally means "the puzzle associated with this object has been
solved".
An object cannot be both a container and a supporter.
Most of the above attributes make no sense for locations. The attributes
applying to them are:
light there's ambient light
visited place has been visited at some time
scored award points for first visit
(If you simply never want to have darkness, a sneaky way of doing it is to
put the line
give player light;
in Initialise(). The game works as if the player herself was glowing
enough to provide light to see by. In every situation, then, it's light.)
Here are the properties defined and used by the library:
Default value Use
if not 0
name (*) for an object:
dictionary words referring to it
for a room:
dictionary words which refer to
"irrelevant" things in a room
description for an object:
examine description of an object,
or routine to print one
for a room:
long description of a room,
or routine to print one
article "a" indefinite article (objects only)
initial for an object:
initial description of an object
not yet picked up
for a room:
routine called when the room is
entered, before its description is
printed
describe for an object:
routine to describe it during Look
(this over-rides its "initial")
for a room:
routine to print a long description
(this over-rides its "description"
and is provided for consistency)
(note: "describe" can only be a routine)
before $ffff routine for altering rules before actions
after $ffff and after actions
life $ffff and rules for "animate" creatures
n_to s_to (**) for a room:
e_to w_to map connections to other rooms,
ne_to se_to or strings to print if can't go,
nw_to sw_to or routines to call to determine this
u_to d_to
in_to out_to
cant_go "You can't go that way."
for a room:
printed when player tries to go an
impossible way from a location
door_to place that a "door" connects to
or routine returning this
door_dir direction which goes through it
or routine returning this
when_closed description of a door which is closed
when_open description of a door which is open
when_on description of a switchable which is on
when_off description of a switchable which is off
with_key key to unlock a lockable object
capacity 100 maximum number of things a container
or supporter can contain or support
found_in for an object:
list of rooms in which it is found
time_left (***) turns left until timer goes off
time_out routine to run when it does
daemon daemon routine (called each turn while
active)
each_turn for a room:
called each turn the player is in
the room
number this is provided as a general-purpose
integer variable (to save on globals):
the library never does anything to or
with it
(*) "name" is a property actually defined in the syntax of Inform itself.
But this is the use to which it is put by the library routines.
(**) warning: do not confuse these with the direction objects n_obj,
s_obj... which are what noun, second etc would be set to in a command
mentioning a direction (such as "push the car north").
(***) warning: this _must_ be declared for any object which is going to
be used as a timer or a daemon, or the Z-machine may crash at run-time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
D10. Customising the parser
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inform 5 has a variety of new features to make customising the parser
possible: for instance, numbers can be specified directly in grammar
tables, like so:
Verb "type"
* number -> TypeNum
* special -> TypeWord;
so that the TypeNum action will happen if the player types
> type 504
but TypeWord will happen if the player types any other text. The routine
which parses numbers can itself be rewritten to allow, say, Roman numerals.
We can also sort out objects according to attributes that they have:
Verb "use" "employ" "utilise"
* edible -> Eat
* clothing -> Wear
...and so on...
* enterable -> Enter;
In fact, you can supply a routine to make almost any parsing decision.
For instance:
[ French w n; w=NextWord();
if (w=='un' or 'une') n=1;
if (w=='deux') n=2;
if (w=='trois') n=3;
if (w=='quatre') n=4;
if (w=='cinq') n=5;
if (n==0) return -1;
parsed_number = n; return 1;
];
will detect French numbers, and can be used by something like:
Verb "type"
* French -> TypeFrenchNum
* number -> TypeNum;
The specification for a routine like this is as follows: it is to use
NextWord (possibly several times) to look at the appropriate words which
the user has typed. The variable wn (current word number) may also be
helpful. The routine must return:
-1 if the user's input isn't understood,
1 if there is a numerical value resulting
(and the value should be put in the variable parsed_number)
n if object n is understood.
On an unsuccessful match (returning -1) it doesn't matter what the final
value of wn is. On a successful one it should be left pointing to the next
thing after what the routine understood.
Another possibility is as follows. Suppose we want a verb, "free", but only
to release animals from a cage:
[ CagedCreature;
if (noun in wicker_cage) rtrue;
rfalse;
];
Verb "free" "release"
* noun=CagedCreature -> FreeAnimal;
So that only nouns which pass the CagedCreature test are allowed.
The above examples are slightly contrived because they create wholly
new and unlikely verbs. More often, one would want, say, a big array of
labelled buttons, any of which could be pushed. So the verb for "push"
ought to be extended by:
Extend "push"
* Button -> PushButton;
and a routine called Button could be written to accept things like
"button j16", "d11", "a5 button".
The point of Extend is that it is against the spirit of the library to
alter the standard library files - including the grammar table - unless
absolutely necessary.
Normally, extra lines of grammar are added at the bottom of those already
there. This may not be what you want. For instance, "take" has a grammar
line
* multi -> Take
quite early on. So if you want to add a grammar line which diverts
"take something-edible" to a different action, like so:
* edible -> Eat
then it's no good adding this at the bottom of the Take grammar, because
the earlier line will always be matched first. Thus, you really want
to insert your line at the top, not the bottom, in this case. The right
command is
Extend "take" first
* edible -> Eat;
You might want to actually replace the old grammar completely, not just
add a line or two. For this, use
Extend "push" replace
* Button -> PushButton;
and now "push" can be used only in this way.
As an example (suggested by a frustrated Inform 4 user), suppose we have
a spaceship which has a control panel with five sliding controls, each of
which can be set to a numerical value. Now we could implement these with
five separate objects, essentially duplicates of each other. (And by
using a class definition, this wouldn't look too bad.) But if there were
500 slides this would be less reasonable. So:
[ ASlide w n;
if (location~=Machine_Room) ! Slides only make sense in
return -1; ! the Machine Room
w=NextWord();
if (w=='slide') w=NextWord();
n=0;
if (w=='first' or 'one') n=1;
if (w=='second' or 'two') n=2;
if (w=='third' or 'three') n=3;
if (w=='fourth' or 'four') n=4;
if (w=='fifth' or 'five') n=5;
if (n==0) return -1; ! Failure!
w=NextWord();
if (w~='slide') wn--; ! Move word counter back to
! first misunderstood word
parsed_number=n;
return 1; ! Success!
];
Global slide_settings data 10; ! Ten bytes of data to hold
! five words for the settings
! (all initially zero)
! An interesting point here is that "noun" and "second" contain the
! appropriate numbers, and not objects: this all happens automatically
[ SetSlideSub;
slide_settings-->(noun-1) = second;
print_ret "You set slide number ", noun,
" to the value ", second, ".";
];
[ XSlideSub;
print_ret "Slide number ", noun, " currently stands at ",
slide_settings-->(noun-1), ".";
];
Extend "set" first
* ASlide "to" number -> SetSlide;
Extend "push" first
* ASlide "to" number -> SetSlide;
Extend "examine" first
* ASlide -> XSlide;
This results in something like:
>look
Machine Room
There is a control panel here, with five slides, each of which can be
set to a numerical value.
>push slide one to 5
You set slide number 1 to the value 5.
>examine the first slide
Slide number 1 currently stands at 5.
>set four to 6
You set slide number 4 to the value 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix B: The Craft of the Adventure
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Skill without imagination is craftsmanship and gives us
many useful objects such as wickerwork picnic baskets.
Imagination without skill gives us modern art."
(Tom Stoppard, "Artist Descending A Staircase")
Design is both an art and a craft. Whereas art cannot be taught, only
commented upon, craft at least can be handed down: but the tricks of the
trade do not make an elegant narrative, only a catalogue. This appendix
contains just such a string of grits of wisdom and half-baked critical
opinions, which may well leave the reader feeling unsatisfied. One can only
say to such a reader that any book claiming to reveal the secret of how to
paint, or to write novels, or to have ideas, should be recycled at once into
something more genuinely artistic, say a papier-mache sculpture.
If there is any theme here, it is simply that standards count for something.
The author of a text adventure has to be schizophrenic in a way that the
author of a novel does not. The novel-reader does not suffer as the player
of a game does: she needs only to keep turning the pages, and can be trusted
to do this by herself. The novelist may worry that the reader is getting
bored and discouraged, but not that she will suddenly find pages 63 to the
end have been glued together just as the plot is getting interesting.
Thus, the game author has continually to worry about how the player is
getting along, whether she is lost, confused, fed up, finding it too tedious
to keep an accurate map: or, on the other hand, whether she is yawning
through a sequence of easy puzzles without much exploration. Too difficult,
too easy? Too much choice, too little?
On the other hand, there is also a novel to be written: the player may get
the chapters all out of order, the plot may go awry, but somehow the author
has to rescue the situation and bind up the strings neatly. Our player
should walk away thinking it was a well-thought out story: in fact, a novel,
and not a child's puzzle-book.
Thus, although this article is about design, it begins with the player's
eye view.
Then, too, an adventure game is a crossword at war with a narrative. Design
sharply divides into the global - plot, structure, genre - and the local -
puzzles and rooms, orders in which things must be done. And this article
divides accordingly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B1. A Bill of Player's Rights
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"In an early version of Zork, it was possible to be killed by
the collapse of an unstable room. Due to carelessness with
scheduling such a collapse, 50,000 pounds of rock might fall on
your head during a stroll down a forest path. Meteors, no doubt."
(P. David Lebling, "Zork and the Future of Computerized
Fantasy Simulations")
W. H. Auden once observed that poetry makes nothing happen. Adventure
games are even more futile: it must never be forgotten that they
intentionally annoy the player most of the time. There's a fine line
between a challenge and a nuisance: and so the designer should think, first
and foremost, like a player, not a programmer or even an author.
With that in mind, I hold the following rights to be self-evident:
1. Not to be killed without warning
At its most basic level, this means that a room with three exits, two of
which lead to instant death and the third to treasure, is unreasonable
without some hint. On the subject of which:
2. Not to be given horribly unclear hints
Many years ago, I played a game in which going north from a cave led to a
lethal pit. The hint was: there was a pride of lions carved above the
doorway. Good hints can be skilfully hidden, or very brief (I think, for
example, the hint in the moving-rocks plain problem in "Spellbreaker" is a
masterpiece) but should not need explaining even after the event.
Survival is not enough. Ideally, we would like...
3. To be able to win without experience of past lives
This rule is very hard to abide by. Here are three examples:
(i) There is a nuclear bomb buried under some anonymous
floor somewhere, which must be disarmed. The player knows
where to dig because, last time around, it blew up there.
(ii) There is a rocket-launcher with a panel of buttons, which looks
as if it needs to be correctly programmed. But the player
can misfire the rocket easily by tampering with the controls
before finding the manual.
(iii) (This from "The Lurking Horror".) Something needs to be cooked
for the right length of time. The only way to find the right
time is by trial and error, but each game allows only one trial.
On the other hand, common sense suggests a reasonable answer.
Of these (i) is clearly unfair, most players would agree (ii) is fair
enough and (iii), as tends to happen with real cases, is border-line.
In principle, then, a good player should be able to play the entire game
out without doing anything illogical, and, in similar vein:
4. To be able to win without knowledge of future events
For example, the game opens near a shop. You have one coin and can buy a
lamp, a magic carpet or a periscope. Five minutes later you are transported
away without warning to a submarine, whereupon you need a periscope. If you
bought the carpet, bad luck.
5. Not to have the game closed off without warning
Closed off meaning that it would become impossible to proceed at some
later date. If there is a papier-mache wall which you can walk through at
the very beginning of the game, it is extremely annoying to find that a
puzzle at the very end requires it to still be intact, because every one of
your saved games will be useless. Similarly it is quite common to have a
room which can only be visited once per game. If there are two different
things to be accomplished there, this should be hinted at.
In other words, an irrevocable act is only fair if the player is given
due warning that it would be irrevocable.
6. Not to need to do unlikely things
For example, a game which depends on asking a policeman about something he
could not reasonably know about. (Less extremely, the problem of the
hacker's keys in "The Lurking Horror".) Another unlikely thing is waiting
in dull places. If you have a junction at which after five turns an elf
turns up bearing a magic ring, a player may well never spend five
consecutive turns there and will miss what you intended to be easy. ("Zork
III" is very much a case in point.) If you want the player to stay
somewhere for a while, put something intriguing there.
7. Not to need to do boring things for the sake of it
In the bad old days many games would make life difficult by putting
objects needed to solve a problem miles away from where the problem was,
despite all logic - say, putting a boat in the middle of a desert. Or, for
example, a four-discs tower of Hanoi puzzle might entertain. But not an
eight-discs one. And the two most hackneyed puzzles - only being able to
carry four items, and fumbling with a rucksack, or having to keep finding
new light sources - can wear a player's patience down very quickly.
8. Not to have to type exactly the right verb
For instance, "looking inside" a box finds nothing, but "searching" it
does. Or consider the following dialogue (amazingly, from "Sorcerer"):
>unlock journal
(with the small key)
No spell would help with that!
>open journal
(with the small key)
The journal springs open.
This is so misleading as to constitute a bug. But it's an easy design fault
to fall into. (Similarly, the wording needed to use the brick in "Zork II"
strikes me as quite unfair. Or perhaps I missed something obvious.) Consider
how many ways a player can, for instance, ask to take a coat off:
remove coat / take coat off / take off coat / disrobe coat
doff coat/�shed coat
(Believe it or not, play-testers have asked me to implement "don" and
"doff".) Nouns also need...
9. To be allowed reasonable synonyms
In the same room in "Sorcerer" is a "woven wall hanging" which can instead
be called "tapestry" (though not "curtain"). This is not a luxury, it's an
essential. For instance, in "Trinity" there is a charming statue of a
carefree little boy playing a set of pan pipes. This can be called the
"charming" or "peter" "statue" "sculpture" "pan" "boy" "pipe" or "pipes".
And objects often have more than 10 nouns attached.
10. To have a decent parser
If only this went without saying. At the very least it should provide for
taking and dropping multiple objects. Some suggestions for a decent
specification are given in Appendix B5.
Since only God stops with ten commandments, here are seven more. These
are rather more matters of opinion:
11. To have reasonable freedom of action
Being locked up in a long sequence of prisons, with only brief escapes
between them, is not all that entertaining. After a while the player begins
to feel that the designer has tied him to a chair in order to shout the plot
at him. This is particularly dangerous for adventure game adaptations of
books (and most players would agree that the Melbourne House adventures
based on "The Lord of the Rings" suffered from this).
12. Not to depend much on luck
Small chance variations add to the fun, but only small ones. The thief in
"Zork I" seems to me to be just about right in this respect, and similarly
the spinning room in "Zork II". But a ten-ton weight which fell down and
killed you at a certain point in half of all games is just annoying.
There is much to be said for varying messages which occur very often (such
as, "You consult your spell book.") in a fairly random way, for variety's
own sake.
13. To be able to understand a problem once it is solved
This may sound odd, but many problems are solved by accident or trial and
error. A guard-post which can be passed if and only if you are carrying a
spear, for instance, ought to indicate somehow that this is why you're
allowed past. (The most extreme example must be the notorious Bank of
Zork, of which I've never even understood other people's explanations.)
14. Not to be given too many red herrings
A few red herrings make a game more interesting. A very nice feature of
"Zork I", "II" and "III" is that they each contain red herrings explained in
the others (in one case, explained in "Sorcerer"). But difficult puzzles
tend to be solved last, and the main technique players use is to look at
their maps and see what's left that they don't understand. This is
frustrating when there are many insoluble puzzles and useless objects. So
you can expect players to lose interest if you aren't careful. My personal
view is that red herrings ought to be clued: for instance, if there is a
useless coconut near the beginning, then perhaps much later an absent-minded
botanist could be found who wandered about dropping them. The coconut
should at least have some rationale.
An object is not a red herring merely because it has no game function: a
useless newspaper could quite fairly be found in a library. But not a
kaleidoscope.
The very worst game I've played for red herrings is "Sorcerer", which by
my reckoning has 10.
15. To have a good reason why something is impossible
Unless it's also funny, a very contrived reason why something is
impossible just irritates. (The reason one can't walk on the grass in
"Trinity" is only just funny enough, I think.)
Moral objections, though, are fair. For instance, if you are staying in
your best friend's house, where there is a diamond in a display case,
smashing the case and taking the diamond would be physically easy but quite
out of character. Mr Spock can certainly be disallowed from shooting
Captain Kirk in the back.
16. Not to need to be American (*)
The diamond maze in "Zork II" being a case in point. Similarly, it's
polite to allow the player to type English or American spellings or idiom.
For instance "Trinity" endears itself to English players in that the soccer
ball can be called "football" - soccer is a word almost never used in
England.
17. To know how the game is getting on
In other words, when the end is approaching, or how the plot is
developing. Once upon a time, score was the only measure of this, but
hopefully not any more.
(*) Several people have politely pointed out to me that my own game
"Curses" is, shall we say, slightly English. But then, like any
good dictator, I prefer drafting constitutions to abiding by them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B2. A narrative...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The initial version of the game was designed and
implemented in about two weeks."
(P. David Lebling, Marc S. Blank, Timothy A. Anderson,
"Zork: A Computerized Fantasy Simulation Game")
"It was started in May of '85 and finished in June '86."
(Brian Moriarty on "Trinity": which came from earlier
ideas yet)
1. Genre and Getting Started
-----------------------------
The days of games which consisted of wandering around doing unrelated things
to get treasures, are long passed, if they ever were. Even the two originals,
Crowther and Wood's "Adventure" (sometimes called "Colossal Cave") and the
MIT group's "Zork", went to some effort to avoid this.
Their many imitators, in the early years of small computers, often took no
such trouble. The effect was almost surreal. One would walk across the
drawbridge of a medieval castle and find a pot plant, a vat of acid, a copy
of Playboy magazine and an electric drill. There were puzzles without
rhyme or reason. The player was a characterless magpie always on the
lookout for something cute to do. The crossword had won without a fight.
"Adventure", one of the most copied and borrowed-from games ever devised,
was in fact very clean in this respect: at its best it had an austere,
Tolkienesque feel, in which magic was scarce, and its atmosphere and
geography was well-judged, especially around the edges of the map:
the outside forests and gullies, the early rubble-strewn caves, the Orange
River Rock room and the rim of the volcano. Knife-throwing dwarves
would appear from time to time. But joky town council officers with
clipboards never would. "Zork" was condensed, less spacious and never
quite so consistent in style: machines with buttons lay side by side with
trolls and vampire bats. It was a superb implementation, in almost every
respect nicer than "Adventure": yet "Adventure" remains the better game.
By the 1980s better games had settled the point. Any player dumped in the
middle of one of "The Lurking Horror" (H. P. Lovecraft horror), "Leather
Goddesses of Phobos" (30s racy space opera) or "Ballyhoo" (mournfully
cynical circus mystery) would immediately be able to say which it was.
If there is a moral here, it is that the essential flavour that makes your
game distinctive and yours is genre. And so the first decision to be made,
when beginning a design, is the style of the game. Major or minor key,
basically cheerful or nightmarish, or somewhere in between? Exploration,
romance, mystery, historical reconstruction, adaptation of a book, film
noir, horror? In the style of Terry Pratchett, Edgar Allen Poe, Thomas
Hardy, Philip K. Dick? Icelandic, Greek, Chaucerian, Hopi Indian, Aztec,
Australian myth?
A word of warning about adapting books: remember copyright, which has
broader implications than many non-authors realise. (For instance, fans of
Anne McCaffrey's "dragon" series of novels are allowed to play network games
set on imaginary planets which do not appear in McCaffrey's works, and to
adopt characters of their own invention, but not to use or refer to hers.
This is a relatively tolerant position on the part of her publishers.) And
even if no money changes hands, copyright law is enforceable. The
quotations from games in this article are legal only because brief excerpts
are permitted for critical or review purposes. Also, be aware that a direct
linear plot is very hard to successfully implement in an adventure game. It
will be too long (just as a novel is often too large for a film, which is
nearer to a longish short story in scope) and it will involve the central
character making crucial and perhaps unlikely decisions at the right moment.
If the chosen genre isn't fresh and relatively new, then the game had better
be very good. It's a fateful decision: the only irreversible one.
2. Research
------------
Design usually begins with, and is periodically interrupted by, research.
This can be the most entertaining part of the project and is certainly the
most rewarding, not so much because absolute factual accuracy is important
but because it continually sparks off ideas.
Even the original Adventure began as a simulation of a real cave system
(the Mammoth and Flint Ridge caves): one reason for the plausibility of its
underground geography.
A decent town library, for instance, contains thousands of maps of one kind
or another if one knows where to look: deck plans of Napoleonic warships,
small-scale contour maps of mountain passes, city plans of New York and
ancient Thebes, the layout of the U.S. Congress. There will be photographs
of every conceivable kind of terrain, of most species of animals and plants;
there will be cutaway drawings of a 747 airliner and a domestic fridge;
shelves full of the collected paintings of every great artist from the
Renaissance onwards. Data is available on the melting point of tungsten,
the distances and spectral types of the nearest two dozen stars, journey
times by rail and road across France.
History crowds with fugitive tales. A book on the history of trade with
China may, for instance, say:
A British mission had been briefly imprisoned in the walled city
during March 1903: when supplies ran low, a Marine officer led a
diversionary break-out while the others escaped to the Royal Navy
frigate at anchor, after hiding for two days in an abandoned temple.
The subsequent diplomatic incident...
Stories have been spun out of less.
Then, too, useful raw materials come to hand. A book about Tibet may
mention, in passing, the way to make tea with a charcoal-burning samovar.
So, why not a tea-making puzzle somewhere? It doesn't matter that there
is as yet no plot to fit it into: if it's in keeping with the genre, it
will fit somewhere.
Research also usefully fills in gaps. Suppose a fire station is to be
created: what are the rooms? A garage, a lounge, a room full of uniforms,
yes: but what else? Here is Stu Galley, on writing the Chandleresque murder
mystery "Witness":
"Soon my office bookshelf had an old Sears catalogue and a pictorial
history of advertising (to help me furnish the house and clothe the
characters), the "Dictionary of American Slang" (to add colour to the
text) and a 1937 desk encyclopaedia (to weed out anachronisms)."
The peril of research, on the other hand, is that it piles up fact without
end. It is essential to condense. Here Brian Moriarty, on research for
"Trinity", which included geological surveys:
"The first thing I did was sit down and make a map of the Trinity site. It
was changed about 50 times trying to simplify it and get it down from over
100 rooms to the 40 or so rooms that now comprise it. It was a lot more
accurate and very detailed, but a lot of that detail was totally useless."
There is no need to implement ten side-chapels when coding, say, Chartres
cathedral, merely because the real one has ten.
3. How Plots Start
-------------------
At this point the designer has a few photocopied sheets, some scribbled
ideas and perhaps even a little code - the implementation of a samovar, for
instance - but nothing else. (There's no harm in sketching details before
having the whole design worked out: painters often do. Besides, it can be
very disspiriting looking at a huge paper plan of which nothing whatever is
yet programmed.)
It is time for a plot.
Plot begins with the opening message, rather the way an episode of Star Trek
begins before the credits come up. Write it now. It ought to be striking
and concise (not an effort to sit through, like the title page of "Beyond
Zork"). By and large Infocom were good at this, and a fine example is Brian
Moriarty's overture to "Trinity":
Sharp words between the superpowers. Tanks in East Berlin. And now,
reports the BBC, rumors of a satellite blackout. It's enough to spoil your
continental breakfast.
But the world will have to wait. This is the last day of your $599 London
Getaway Package, and you're determined to soak up as much of that
authentic English ambience as you can. So you've left the tour bus behind,
ditched the camera and escaped to Hyde Park for a contemplative stroll
through the Kensington Gardens.
Already you know: who you are (an unadventurous American tourist, of no
significance in the world); exactly where you are (Kensington Gardens, Hyde
Park, London, England); and what is going on (World War III is about to
break out). Notice the careful details: mention of the BBC, of continental
breakfasts, of the camera and the tour bus. More subtly, "Trinity" is a
game which starts as a kind of escapism from a disastrous world out of
control: notice the way the first paragraph is in tense, blunt,
headline-like sentences, whereas the second is much more relaxed. So a lot
has been achieved by these two opening paragraphs.
The point about telling the player who to be is more subtle than first
appears. Gender is especially an awkward point. In some games the player's
character is exactly prescribed: in "Plundered Hearts" you are a particular
girl whisked away by pirates, and have to act in character. Other games
take the attitude that anyone who turns up can play. The game assumes
nothing about the player's gender or attitudes.
Anyway, the player knows who he is. What is he to do? Even if you don't
want him to know everything yet, he has to have some initial task.
Games vary in how much they reveal at once. "Trinity", above, is foreboding
but really only tells the player to go for a walk. "Curses" gives the
player an initial task which is quite easy - look through some attics for a
tourist map of Paris - but the significance of which is only gradually
revealed, in stages, as the game proceeds. On the other hand, even the best
of "magic realm" type games (such as "Enchanter") tends to begin...
You, a novice Enchanter with but a few simple spells in your Book,
must seek out Krill, explore the Castle he has overthrown, and learn
his secrets. Only then may his vast evil...
The most common plots boil down to saving the world, by exploring until
eventually you vanquish something ("Lurking Horror" again, for instance) or
collecting some number of objects hidden in awkward places ("Leather
Goddesses" again, say). The latter can get very hackneyed (find the nine
magic spoons of Zenda to reunite the Kingdom...), so much so that it becomes
a bit of a joke ("Hollywood Hijinx") but still it isn't a bad idea, because
it enables many different problems to be open at once.
A game which involves really fleshed-out characters other than the player
will obviously offer a much larger range of possible plots.
The ultimate aim in working out a plot is to be able to write a one-page
synopsis of what will happen in the full game: and this ought to have a
clear structure.
4. Size and Density
--------------------
Once upon a time, the sole measure of quality in advertisements for
adventure games was the number of rooms. Even quite small programs would
have 200 rooms, which meant only minimal room descriptions and simple
puzzles which were scattered thinly over the map. (The Level 9 game
"Snowball" - perhaps their best, and now perhaps almost lost - cheekily
advertised itself as having 2,000,000 rooms... though of course 1,999,800 of
them were quite similar to each other.)
Nowadays a healthier principle has been adopted: that (barring a few
junctions and corridors) there should be something out of the ordinary about
every room.
One reason for the quality of the Infocom games is that their version 3
format (the smaller one, but used for the majority of their products) has an
absolute ceiling of 255 objects, which needs to cover rooms, objects and
many other things (e.g., compass directions, or the spells in "Enchanter" et
al). Many "objects" are not portable anyway: walls, tapestries, thrones,
control panels, coal-grinding machines and so on.
As a rule of thumb, four objects to one room is about right: this means
there will be, say, 60 rooms. Of the remaining 200 objects, one can expect
15-20 to be used up by the game's administration (eg, a "darkness" room, 10
compass directions, a player and so on). Another 50-75 or so objects may be
portable but the largest number, at least 100, will be furniture.
So an object limit can be a blessing as well as a curse: it forces the
designer to make the game dense. Rooms are too precious to be wasted.
Similarly, in the version-3 format, there was room for 150K of text at the
most. This is the equivalent of about a quarter of a modern novel, or
perhaps the analogy is that there are enough bytes to store a very
substantial book of poetry. Roughly, then, one can afford to spend 2K of
text (say, 350 words) in each room - about ten times the level of detail of
the original mainframe Adventure.
So it is wise to begin working out resources early. If there are only 60
rooms to allocate, how will they be divided up among the stages of the
game? Is the plan too ambitious, or too meek?
5. Structure: The Prologue
---------------------------
Just as most Hollywood films are three-act plays (following a convention
abandoned decades ago by the theatre), there is a conventional game
structure.
Most games have a prologue, a middle game and an end game, usually quite
closed off from each other. Once one of these phases has been left, it
generally cannot be returned to (though there is sometimes a reprise at the
end, or a premonition at the beginning).
The prologue has two vital duties. Firstly, it has to establish an
atmosphere, and give out a little background information.
The original mainframe Adventure had the above-ground landscape; the fact
that it was there gave a much greater sense of claustrophobia and depth to
the underground bulk of the game. Similarly, most games begin with
something relatively mundane (the guild-house in "Sorcerer", Kensington
Gardens in "Trinity") or else they include the exotic with dream-sequences
(for instance, "The Lurking Horror"). Seldom is a player dropped in at
the deep end (as "Plundered Hearts", which begins in the middle of a sea
battle).
And the other duty is to attract a player enough to make her carry on
playing. It's worth imagining that the player is only toying with the game
at this stage, and isn't drawing a map or being at all careful. If the
prologue is big, the player will quickly get lost and give up. If it is too
hard, then many players simply won't reach the middle game.
Perhaps eight to ten rooms is the largest a prologue ought to be, and even
then it should have a simple (easily remembered) map layout. The player can
pick up a few useful items - the traditional bottle, lamp and key, whatever
they may be in this game - and set out on the journey by one means or
another.
6. The Middle Game
-------------------
The middle game is both the largest and the one which least needs detailed
planning in advance, oddly enough, because it is the one which comes nearest
to being a collection of puzzles.
There may be 50 or so locations in the middle game. How are they to be
divided up? Will there be one huge landscape, or will it divide into zones?
Here, designers often try to impose some coherency by making symmetrical
patterns: areas corresponding to the four winds, or the twelve signs of the
Zodiac, for instance. Gaining access to these areas, one by one, provides
a sequence of problems and rewards for the player.
Perhaps the fundamental question is: wide or narrow? How much will be
visible at once?
Some games, such as the original Adventure, are very wide: there are thirty or
so puzzles, all easily available, none leading to each other. Others, such as
"Spellbreaker", are very narrow: a long sequence of puzzles, each of which
leads only to a chance to solve the next.
A compromise is probably best. Wide games are not very interesting (and
annoyingly unrewarding since one knows that a problem solved cannot lead to
a whole new landscape), while narrow ones can in a way be easy: if only one
puzzle is available at a time, the player will just concentrate on it, and
will not be held up by trying to use objects which are provided for
different puzzles.
Just as the number of locations can be divided into rough classes at this
stage, so can the number of (portable) objects. In most games, there are
a few families of objects: the cubes and scrolls in "Spellbreaker", the
rods and Tarot cards in "Curses" and so on. These are to be scattered
about the map, of course, and found one by one by a player who will come to
value them highly. The really important rules of the game to work out at
this stage are those to do with these families of objects. What are they
for? Is there a special way to use them? And these are the first puzzles
to implement.
Most games in the "fantasy" style have some kind of "magic" system, some
way of allowing the player to transform her surroundings in a wholly
unexpected and dramatic way which would not be possible in real life. There
are two dangers here: firstly, many systems have already been tried - and
naturally a designer wants to find a new one, somehow linked to the objects
of the game and gradually revealed during it.
Secondly, magic is surreal almost by definition and surrealism is dangerous
(unless it is deliberate, something only really attempted once, in "Nord 'n'
Burt Couldn't Make Head Nor Tail Of It"). The marvellous T-Removing Machine
of "Leather Goddesses of Phobos" (which can, for instance, transform a
rabbit to a rabbi) is a stroke of genius but a risky one. The adventure
game is centred on words and descriptions, but the world it incarnates is
supposed to be solid and real, surely, and not dependent on how it is
described? To prevent magic from derailing the illusion, it must have a
coherent rationale. This is perhaps the definition of mystic religion, and
there are plenty around to steal from.
So a first-draft design of the middle game may just consist of a rough
sketch of a map divided into zones, with an idea for some event or meeting
to take place in each, together with some general ideas for objects.
Slotting actual puzzles in can come later.
7. The End Game
----------------
Some end games are small ("The Lurking Horror" or "Sorcerer" for instance),
others large (the master game in some implementations of the mainframe
Adventure). Nonetheless, almost all games have one.
End games serve two purposes. Firstly they give the player a sense of being
near to success, and can be used to culminate the plot, to reveal the game's
secrets. This is obvious enough. But secondly they also serve to stop the
final stage of the game from being too hard.
As a designer, you don't usually want the last step to be too difficult; you
want to give the player the satisfaction of finishing, as a reward for
having got through the game. (But of course you want to make him work for
it.) An end game helps, because it narrows the game, so that only a few
rooms and objects are accessible.
In a novelist's last chapter, ends are always tied up (suspiciously neatly
compared with real life). The characters are all sent off with their fates
worked out and issues which cropped up from time to time are settled. So
should the end game be. Looking back, as if you were a winning player,
do you understand why everything that happened did? Of course, some
questions will forever remain dark. Who did kill the chauffeur in "The Big
Sleep"?
Most stories have a decisive end. The old Gothic manor house burns down,
the alien invaders are poisoned, the evil warlord is deposed. If the end
game lacks such an event, perhaps it is insufficiently final.
Above all, what happens to the player's character, when the adventure ends?
The final message is also an important one to write carefully, and, like the
overture, the coda should be brief. To quote examples here would only spoil
their games. But a good rule of thumb, as any film screenplay writer will
testify, seems to be to make the two scenes which open and close the story
"book-ends" for each other: symmetrical and matching.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B3. ...at war with a crossword
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Forest sways,
rocks press heavily,
roots grip,
tree-trunk close to tree-trunk.
Wave upon wave breaks, foaming,
deepest cavern provides shelter.
(Goethe, "Faust")
And so from the large to the small. The layout is sketched out; a rough
synopsis is written down; but none of the action of the game is clear quite
yet. In short, there are no puzzles. What are they to be? How will they
link together?
1. Puzzles
-----------
Puzzles ought not to be simply a matter of typing one well-chosen line. The
hallmark of a good game is not to get any points for picking up an easily
available key and unlocking a door with it. This sort of low-level
achievement - like wearing an overcoat found lying around, for instance -
should not be enough. A memorable puzzle will need several different ideas
to solve (the Babel fish dispenser in "The Hitch-hiker's Guide to the
Galaxy", for instance).
My personal rule with puzzles is never to allow one which I can code up in
less than five minutes.
Still, a good game mixes the easy with the hard, especially near the
beginning. The player should be able to score a few points (not many) on
the very first half-hearted attempt.
There are three big pitfalls in making puzzles:
-- The "Get-X-Use-X" syndrome. Here, the whole game involves wandering
about picking up bicycle pumps and then looking for a bicycle: picking up
pins and looking for balloons to burst, and so on. So every puzzle needs
one object. As soon as it has been used it can be dropped, for it surely
will not be required again.
-- The "What's-The-Verb" syndrome. So you have your bicycle pump and
bicycle: "use pump" doesn't work, "pump bike" doesn't work... only "inflate
tyre" does. There are games where this linguistic challenge is most of the
work for the player. An especially tricky form of this problem is that in
most games "examine", "search" and "look inside" are different actions: it
is easy to code a hidden treasure, say, so that only one of these produces
the treasure.
-- The "In-Joke" syndrome. In which the player has to play a parody of your
company office, high school class, etc., or finds an entirely inexplicable
object (say, a coat with a mysterious slogan on) which is only there because
your sister has a very funny one like it, or meets endless bizarre
characters modelled on your best friends and enemies.
Then again, a few puzzles will always be in the get-x-use-x style, and that
does no harm: while pursuing tolerance of verbs to extremes leads to
everything being "moved", not "pushed", "pulled", "rotated" and so on: and
what artist has not immortalised his madder friends at one time or another?
Variety in style is very important, but logic is paramount. Often the
designer begins knowing only as much as that in a given place, the player is
to put out a fire. How is this to be done? Will the means be found nearby?
Will the fire have other consequences? Will there be partial solutions to
the problem, which put the fire out but leave vital equipment damaged? If
the player takes a long time not solving the problem, will the place burn
down so that the game becomes unwinnable?
2. Machinery
-------------
In some ways the easiest puzzles to write sensibly are machines, which need
to be manipulated: levers to pull, switches to press, cogs to turn, ropes to
pull. They do not have to respond to conversation. They often need tools,
which brings in objects. They can transform things in a semi-magical way
(coal to diamonds being the cliche) and can plausibly do almost anything if
sufficiently mysterious and strange: time travel, for instance.
They can also connect together different locations with machinery: chains,
swinging arms, chutes may run across the map, and help to glue it together.
A special kind of machine is the kind to be travelled in. Many Infocom
games have such a vehicle (since the code was already written for it in Zork
I) and cars, tractors, fork-lift trucks, boats, hot-air balloons have all
made appearances. They need a little care (for instance, not being able to
drive upstairs, or through a narrow crevice) but suggest a whole range of
new puzzles: petrol, ignition keys, a car radio perhaps. And travelling
in new ways adds to the realism of the landscape, which is no longer a set
of rules about walking.
3. Keys and Doors
------------------
Almost invariably games close off sections of the map (temporarily) by
putting them behind locked doors, which the player can see and gnash her
teeth over, but cannot yet open. And almost every variation on this theme
has been tried: coded messages on the door, illusory defences, gate-keepers,
the key being in the lock on the wrong side, and so on. Still, the usual
thing is simply to find a key in some fairly remote place, bring it to the
door and open it.
If there are people just inside, do they react when the player knocks on the
door, or tries to break it down or ram it? If not, why not?
In some situations doors should be lockable (and open- and closeable) on
both sides. This is irritating to implement but adds considerably to the
effect.
In a large game there may be several, perhaps five or six, keys of one kind
or another: it's essential not to make these too similar in appearance.
Some games have "master keys" which open several different locks in a
building, for instance, or "skeleton keys", or a magic spell to get around
this.
4. Air, Earth, Fire and Water
------------------------------
The elements all tangle up code but add to the illusion. Fire has many
useful properties - it makes light, it destroys things, it can cause
explosions and chemical reactions, it cooks food, it softens materials, it
can be passed from one object to another - but in the end it spreads,
whereas code doesn't. If the player is allowed to carry a naked flame
around (a burning torch, for instance), then suddenly the game needs to know
whether or not each item in the game (a curtain, a pot plant, a book) is
flammable. Even the classic matchbook of matches can make for grisly
implementation.
As in Robert Redford's film, so in the best game landscaping: a river runs
through it. But in any room where water is available, players will try
drinking, swimming, washing, diving. They will try to walk away with the
water. (This also applies to acid pools, natural oil pits and the like.)
Liquids make poor objects, because they need to be carried in some container
yet can be poured from one to another, and because they are endlessly
divisible. "Some water" can easily be made into "some water" and "some
water". If there's more than one liquid in the game, can they be mixed?
Pouring liquid over something is likely to make a mess of it: yet why should
it be impossible? And so on.
The compromise solution is usually to have a bottle with a "capacity" of,
say, 5 units of water, which can be refilled in any room where there is
water (there is a flag for this, say), and then 1 unit at a time is drunk,
poured out, etc. The player who tries to pour water over things is simply
admonished and told not to.
Implementing swimming, or being underwater, is a different order of
difficulty again. What happens to the objects being held? Can a player
swim while wearing heavy clothes, or carrying many things?
Moreover, does the player run out of air? In many games there is some such
puzzle: a room where the air is poor, or open space, or underwater: and a
scuba mask or a space helmet is called for. One should not kill the player
at once when he enters such a hostile environment unprotected, since he will
probably not have had fair warning. Some games even implement gases:
helium, explosive hydrogen, laughing gas.
And so to earth. One of the oldest puzzles around is digging for buried
treasure. The shovel can be found in just about every traditional-style
game. Of course in real life one can dig very nearly anywhere outdoors:
there's just little cause to. Games really can't afford to allow this. It's
quite difficult to think of a persuasive way of breaking the news to the
player, though.
Still, digging in some form makes a good puzzle: it artificially creates a
new location, or a new map connection, or a new container (the hole left
behind).
5. Animals and Plants
----------------------
Vegetation fits into almost any landscape, and in most games plays some part
in it. This is good for variety, since by and large one deals with plants
differently from machines and people. Pulling the undergrowth away from
ruins, for instance, or picking flowers.
A plant which can be watered to make it grow into a beanstalk is now,
perhaps, rather a cliche. So, of course, naturally no self-respecting
author would write one.
Trees and creeping plants (wistaria or ivy, for instance) ought to be
climbable, even if this does no good.
Animals are even more useful, for several reasons: they move, they behave in
curious and obsessive ways: they have amusingly human characteristics, but
do not generally react to conversation and need not be particularly
surprised by the player doing something very shocking nearby, so they are
relatively easy to code: and they add a splash of colour. What would the
Garden of Eden have been without turtles, elephants, rabbits, leopards and
guinea pigs?
The classic, rather predictable puzzle with animals is solved by feeding
them some apposite food to make them obedient, then getting them to do
something. Good games find something better. (Curiously, the animal
puzzles in "Adventure" - the bear, the bird and the snake - are more
original than most of those in later games.)
6. People
----------
And so dawns the sixth day of creation: we have the mountains, rivers,
plants and animals, but as yet no people.
The trap with "people" puzzles should perhaps be called the Get-X-Give-X
syndrome. People are a little more complicated than that. The nightmare
of coding real characters is illustrated well by one of Dave Lebling's
example bugs from "Suspect":
> SHOW CORPSE TO MICHAEL
Michael doesn't appear interested.
Of course, Michael is only Veronica's husband; why would he be
interested?
People are the hardest elements of any game to code up. They can take five
times the amount of code attached to even a complicated room. They have to:
-- react to events (as above!);
-- make conversation of some kind or another;
-- understand and sometimes obey instructions ("robot, go south");
-- wander around the map in a way consistent with the way the player does;
-- have some attitude to the player, and some personality.
They often have possessions of their own and can expect to be attacked,
have things given to or thrown at them, or even kissed by a desperate
player. All this requires code. Good player characters also do surprising
things from time to time, in a random way. In some games they have a vast
stock of knowledge and replies. The woman selling bread-crumbs at the very
beginning of "Trinity" (who does not play a huge role in the game) can say
over 50 different things.
Most conversation is added to the code in play-testing. If the play-testers
complain that "ask waiter about apples" does nothing, then add some reply,
even if not a terribly useful one.
Good player-characters may come and go, turning up at different times during
the game: they are part of the larger plot. But there is also room for the
humble door-keeper who has nothing to do but check passes.
7. Mazes...
------------
Almost every game contains a maze. Nothing nowadays will ever equal the
immortal
You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike.
But now we are all jaded. A maze should offer some twist which hasn't been
done before (the ones in "Enchanter" and "Sorcerer" being fine examples).
The point is not to make it hard and boring. The standard maze solution is
to litter the rooms with objects in order to make the rooms distinguishable.
It's easy enough to obstruct this, the thief in "Zork I" being about the
wittiest way of doing so. But that only makes a maze tediously difficult.
Instead there should be an elegant quick solution: for instance a guide who
needs to be bribed, or fluorescent arrows painted on the floor which can
only be seen in darkness (plus a hint about darkness, of course).
Above all, don't design a maze which appears to be a standard impossibly
hard one: even if it isn't, a player may lose heart and give up rather than
go to the trouble of mapping it.
8. ...and Other Cliches
------------------------
There are a few games which do not have "light source" puzzles, but it's
hard to think of many. The two standards reduce to:
-- the player's lamp slowly runs down and will need new oil at least once;
-- a dark room, full of treasure, can apparently only be reached through a
very narrow passage, one which cannot be passed by a player carrying
anything (including the lamp).
Most games contain both, and perhaps most always will, but variations are
welcome. (There is a superbly clever one in "Zork III", for instance.)
Similarly, unless there are very few portable objects, it becomes ridiculous
that a player can carry hundreds of bulky and fiddly things around all the
time: so most games impose a limit on how much can be carried, by convention
four (because that's what Adventure did). It is bad form to set puzzles
making life difficult because the limit is four and not five (after all, in
case of emergency, a player could always carry something else). Of course
the norm is to provide a bag for carrying things.
Sophisticated games also quietly work out the total weight being carried.
(One of the Infocom games contains a marvellously heavy red herring which
can be carried anywhere, but is terribly exhausting to move.)
Mention of exhaustion raises the question of the player's state of health.
Some games take a quite role-playing-style view of this, with (perhaps
hidden) attributes of "strength" and "constitution". The player grows weary
and needs food, tired and needs sleep, wounded and needs recuperation.
A puzzle which really exploits this would be difficult to make fair.
9. Rewards and Penalties
-------------------------
There are two kinds of reward which need to be given to a player in return
for solving a puzzle. One is obvious: the game advances a little. But the
player at the keyboard needs a reward as well, that the game should offer
something new to look at. In the old days, when a puzzle was solved, the
player simply got a bar of gold and had one less puzzle to solve.
Much better is to offer the player some new rooms and objects to play
with, as this is a real incentive. If no new rooms are on offer, at least
the "treasure" objects can be made interesting, like the spells in the
"Enchanter" trilogy or the cubes in "Spellbreaker".
In olden days, games killed the player in some way for almost every wrong
guess (or altered the state of the game so that it had become unwinnable).
This was annoying and meant that virtually all players were so paranoid
as to save the game before, say, picking up any new object. Nowadays
it is thought polite not to kill the player without due warning, and to
make smaller mistakes recoverable-from. A good alternative to the death
sentence is exile (i.e., in some way moving the player somewhere
inconvenient but returnable-from).
10. Writing Room Descriptions
------------------------------
First, a warning: it is tempting, when beginning to code, to give rooms
"temporary" descriptions ("Slab room." "Cloister."), and leave the writing
for later. There is no more depressing point than when facing a pile of 50
room descriptions to write, all at once, and feeling that one's enthusiasm
has altogether gone. (The same warning applies to making an over-detailed
design before doing any coding.) Besides, when testing the rooms concerned,
one has no feeling of what the game will look like except tatty, and this
is also depressing. Also, writing room descriptions forces the author to
think about what the room is ultimately for, which is no bad thing. So
write a few at a time, as coding goes on, but write them properly: and edit
later if necessary (it will be).
Size doesn't matter. It is all too easy to write a huge room description,
rambling with irrelevant details: there are usually one to three essentials
to get across, and the rest should be cut.
But even the most tedious junctions deserve description, and description is
more than a list of exits. Here is "Adventure" at its most graceful:
You're in a large room carved out of sedimentary rock. The floor and
walls are littered with bits of shells embedded in the stone. A shallow
passage proceeds downward, and a somewhat steeper one leads up. A low
hands and knees passage enters from the south.
You are walking along a gently sloping north/south passage lined with
oddly shaped limestone formations.
Note the geology, the slight unevenness of the ground and the variation in
the size of the tunnels. Even if nothing happens here, these are real
places.
Flippant, joky room descriptions are best avoided if they will be often
revisited. About once in a game an author can get away with:
Observation Room
Calvin Coolidge once described windows as "rectangles of glass." If so,
he may have been thinking about the window which fills the western wall
of this room. A tiny closet lies to the north. A sign is posted next to
the stairs which lead both upwards and downwards.
a characteristic piece of Steve Meretzky from "Leather Goddesses of Phobos",
which demonstrates the lengths one has to go to when faced with a
relentlessly ordinary junction-with-window. The sentence which the whole
description has been written to avoid is "You can go up, down or north."
Room descriptions are obliged to mention the obvious exits - and it is
certainly poor form to fail to mention one in particular unless there is
good reason - but there are ways to avoid what can be a tiresomely
repetitive business. For instance,
Dark Cave
Little light seeps into this muddy, bone-scattered cave and already
you long for fresh air. Strange bubbles, pulsing and shifting as if
alive, hang upon the rock at crazy, irregular angles.
Black crabs scuttle about your feet.
> SOUTH
The only exit is back out north to the sea-shore.
In other words, the "You can't go that way" message is tailored to each
individual room.
Avoiding repetition is well-nigh impossible, and experienced players will
know all the various formulae by heart: "You're in", "You are in", "This
is", "You have come to" and so forth. I usually prefer impersonal room
descriptions (not mentioning "you" unless to say something other than the
obvious fact of being present).
As in all writing, vocabulary counts. If there is a tree, what kind is it,
oak, juniper, hawthorn, ash? Then, too, don't make all room descriptions
static, and try to invoke more than just sight at times: smell, touch and
sound are powerfully evocative. Purity and corruption, movement and
stillness, light and dark have obsessed writers through the ages.
Above all, avoid the plainness of:
You are in the Great Hall. You can go north to the Minstrel's Gallery,
east to the fireplace and down to the kitchens.
There is a sword here.
So much for bad room descriptions. The following example (which I have not
invented) is something much more dangerous, the mediocre room description:
Whirlpool Room
You are in a magnificent cavern with a rushing stream, which cascades
over a sparkling waterfall into a roaring whirlpool which disappears
through a hole in the floor. Passages exit to the south and west.
...seems a decent enough try. But no novelist would write such sentences.
Each important noun - "cavern", "stream", "waterfall", "whirlpool" - has its
own adjective - "magnificent", "rushing", "sparkling", "roaring". The two
"which" clauses in a row are a little unhappy. "Cascades" is good, but does
a stream cascade "over" a waterfall? Does a whirlpool itself disappear?
The "hole in the floor" seems incongruous. Surely it must be underwater,
indeed deep underwater?
Come to that, the geography could be better used, which would also help to
place the whirlpool within the cave (in the middle? on one edge?). And why
"Whirlpool Room", which sounds like part of a health club? As a second
draft, then, following the original:
Whirlpool Ledge
The path runs a quarter-circle from south to west around a broken ledge
of this funnel cavern. A waterfall drops out of the darkness, catching
the lamplight as it cascades into the basin. Sinister, rapid currents
whip into a roaring whirlpool below.
Even so: there is nothing man-made, nothing alive, no colour and besides
it seems to miss the essential feature of all the mountain water-caves I've
ever been to, so let us add a second paragraph (with a line break, which
is much easier on the eye):
Blue-green algae hangs in clusters from the old guard-railing, which has
almost rusted clean through in the frigid, soaking air.
The algae and the guard-rail offer distinct possibilities of a puzzle or
two... Perhaps there are frogs who could eat the algae; perhaps the player
might find a use for iron oxide, and could scrape rust from the railing.
(Herbalists probably used to use rust for something, and an encyclopaedia or
a chemistry text book might know.) Certainly the railing should break if a
rope is tied to it. Is it safe to dive in? Does the water have a hypnotic
effect on someone who stares into it? Is there anything dry which would
become damp if the player brought it through here? Might there be a second
ledge higher up where the stream falls into the cave? - And so a location
is made.
11. The Map
------------
Puzzles and objects are inextricably linked to the map, which means that the
final state of the map only gradually emerges and the author should expect
to have to keep changing it to get it right - rather than to devise an
enormous empty landscape at first and then fill it with material.
Back to atmosphere, then, because throughout it's vital that the map should
be continuous. The mark of a poor game is a map like:
Glacier
|
Dungeon -- Oriental Room -- Fire Station
(fish) (megaphone) (tulips)
|
Cheese Room
in which nothing relates to anything else, so that the game has no overall
geography at all. Much more believable is something like:
Snowy Mountainside
\
Carved Tunnel
|
Oriental Room -- Jade Passage -- Fire Dragon
(buddha) (bonsai tree) Room
|
Blossom Room
The map should reflect some large-scale geography too: the mountainside
should extend across the map in both directions. If there is a stream
passing through a given location, what happens to it? And so on. Maps
of real mountain ranges and real cave systems can be quite helpful when
trying to work out an interesting geography.
A vexed question is just how much land occupies a single location. Usually
a location represents a "room", perhaps ten yards across at the most.
Really large underground chambers - the legendary "Hall of Mists" in
Adventure, the barge chamber in "Infidel" - are usually implemented with
several locations, something like:
Ballroom NW --- Ballroom NE
| \ / |
| Dance Floor |
| / \ |
Ballroom SW --- Ballroom SE
This does give some impression of space but it can also waste locations in a
quite dull way, unless there are genuinely different things to do at some
of the corners.
On the other hand, sometimes an entire meadow, or valley, might be one
single location, but then its description will have to be written carefully
to make this clear.
In designing a map, it adds to the interest to make a few connections in the
rarer compass directions (NE, NW, SE, SW) to prevent the player from a
feeling that the game has a square grid. There should also be a few
(possibly long) loops which can be walked around, to prevent endless
retracing of steps and to avoid the appearance of a bus service map,
half a dozen lines with only one exchange.
If the map is very large, or if a good deal of to-and-froing is called for,
there should be some rapid means of moving across it, such as the magic
words in Adventure, or the cubes in "Spellbreaker". This can be a puzzle
in itself - one that players do not have to solve, but will reward them
if they do.
12. Looking Back at the Shape
------------------------------
A useful exercise, towards the end of the design stage, is to draw out a
tree (or more accurately a lattice) of all the puzzles in a game. At the
top is a node representing the start of the game, and then lower nodes
represent solved puzzles. An arrow is drawn between two puzzles if one has
to be solved before the other can be. For instance, a simple portion might
look like:
Start
/ \
/ \
Find key Find car
\ |
\ |
Start car
|
|
Reach motorway
This is useful because it checks that the game is soluble (for example, if
the ignition key had been kept in a phone box on the motorway, it wouldn't
have been) but also because it shows the overall structure of the game.
Ask:
Do large parts of the game depend on one difficult puzzle?
How many steps does a typical problem need?
How wide is the game at any given time?
Bottlenecks should be avoided unless they are reasonably guessable:
otherwise many players will simply get no further. Unless, of course,
they are intended for exactly that, to divide an area of the game into
earlier and later.
Just as some puzzles should have more than one solution, some objects should
have more than one purpose. In bad old games, players automatically threw
away everything as soon as they'd used them. In better designed games,
obviously useful things (like the crowbar and the gloves in "Lurking
Horror") should be hung on to by the player throughout.
A final word on shape: one of the most annoying things for players is to
find, at the extreme end of the game (in the master game, perhaps) that
a few otherwise useless objects ought to have been brought along, but that
it is now too late. The player should not be thinking that the reason for
being stuck on the master game is that something very obscure should have
been done 500 turns before.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B4. Varnish and veneer
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
So you have a game: the wood is rough and splintered, but it's recognisably
a game. There's still a good month's work to do, though it is easier work
than before and feels more rewarding.
1. Scoring
-----------
The traditional way to score an adventure game is to give a points score out
of some large and pleasing number (say, 400) and a rank. There are usually
ten to fifteen ranks. A genuine example (which shall remain nameless):
Beginner (0), Amateur Adventurer (40), Novice Adventurer (80), Junior
Adventurer (160), Adventurer (240), Master (320), Wizard (360),
Master Adventurer (400)
in which, although ranks correspond to round numbers, still they have
perhaps been rigged to fit the game. Another amusing touch is that ranks
tend to be named for the player's profession in the game - so, a musician
might begin as "Novice" and rise through "Second Violinist" to "Conductor".
One of the wittiest is in the detective game "Sherlock", where the lowest
rank - the zero-achievement rank - is "Chief Superintendent of Scotland
Yard".
Among the questions to ask are: will every winner of the game necessarily
score exactly 400 out of 400? (This is very difficult to arrange if even
small acts are scored.) Will everyone entering the end game already have a
score of 360, and so have earned the title "Wizard"? Will the rank
"Amateur" correspond exactly to having got out of the prologue and into the
middle game?
So what deserves points? Clearly solving the major puzzles does. But do
the minor, only halfway-there-yet puzzles? Here, as ever, games vary
greatly. In "Zork III", the scoring is out of 7 and corresponds to seven
vital puzzles (though a score of 7 does not mean the game is over). In "The
Lurking Horror", 20 major puzzles are awarded 5 points each, making a
maximum of 100.
Alternatively, there is the complicated approach, typified by the original
Adventure. Points are awarded in twos and threes for small acts, and then
in larger doses for treasures - silver bars 5, gold amulets 10, platinum
pendants 20. Treasures are scored twice, once when found, once when removed
to safety - to the trophy case in "Zork I", or inside the packing case of
Level 9's game "Dungeon". Furthermore, 1 point is awarded for each room
visited for the first time, and 1 for never having saved the game - a
particularly evil trick.
In some games (such as the earliest British game of real quality, "Acheton",
written at Cambridge University in 1979-80 and later implemented on Acorn
microcomputers) score actually falls back when the player is wasting time
and nothing is being achieved: the player's mana gradually fades. This
annoys some players intensely (no bad thing).
Games used to have a "Last Lousy Point" by custom - a single point which
could only be won by doing something hugely unlikely, such as going to a
particular area of the Pirate's Maze and dropping a key. This custom,
happily, has fallen into disuse.
2. Wrong Guesses
-----------------
For some puzzles, a perfectly good alternative solution will occur to
players. It's good style to code two or more solutions to the same puzzle,
if that doesn't upset the rest of the game. But even if it does, at least
a game should say something when a good guess is made. (Trying to cross the
volcano on the magic carpet in "Spellbreaker" is a case in point.)
For example, in "Curses" there are (at time of writing) four different ways
to open the child-proof medicine bottle. They are all quite hard to guess,
they are all logically reasonable and most players get one of them.
One reason why "Zork" held the player's attention so firmly (and why it took
about ten times the code size, despite being rather smaller than the
original mainframe Adventure) was that it had a huge stock of usually funny
responses to reasonable things which might be tried.
My favourite funny response, which I can't resist reprinting here, is:
You are falling towards the ground, wind whipping around you.
>east
Down seems more likely. ["Spellbreaker"]
(Though I also recommend trying to take the sea serpent in "Zork II".) This
is a good example because it's exactly the sort of boring rule (can't move
from the midair position) which most designers usually want to code as fast
as possible, and don't write with any imagination.
Another form of wrong guess is in vocabulary. Unless exceptionally large, a
good game ought to have about a 1000-word vocabulary: too much less than
that and it is probably missing reasonable synonyms; too much more and it is
wasting space and time. Remember too that players do not know at first what
the relevant and irrelevant objects in a room are. For instance:
Old Winery
This small cavity at the north end of the attic once housed all manner of
home-made wine paraphernalia, now lost and unlamented. Steps, provided
with a good strong banister-rail, lead down and to the west, and the
banister rail continues along a passage east.
(and some more follows)
This clearly mentions a banister, which (as it happens) plays no part in the
game, but merely reinforces the idea of an east-west passage including a
staircase which (as it happens) is partly for the use of a frail relative.
But the player may well try tieing thing to the rail, pulling at it and so
on. So the game knows "banister", "rail" and (not entirely logically, but
players are not entirely logical) "paraphernalia" as names of irrelevant
things. An attempt to toy with them results in the reply
That's not something you need to refer to in the course of this game.
which most players appreciate as fair, and is better than the parser either
being ignorant or, worse, pretending not to be.
A feature which some games go to a great deal of trouble to provide, but is
of arguable merit (so think I), is to name every room, so that "search
winery" would be understood (though of course it would do nothing almost
everywhere... and a player would have to try something similar everywhere on
the off chance). Some games would even provide "go to winery" from nearby
places. These are impressive features but need to be coded carefully not to
give the player information she may not yet have earned.
3. Hints and Prizes
--------------------
A good game (unless written for a competition) will often contain a hints
service, as the Infocom games did in latter days. Most players will only
really badly be stuck about once in the course of a game (and they vary
widely in which puzzle to be really badly stuck on) and it is only fair
to rescue them. (If nothing else, this cuts down on the volume of email
cries for help which may arrive.) There are two ways to provide hints:
-- in the game itself, by having some sage old worthy to ask;
-- properly separated from the game, with a "hint" command which offers
one or more menus full of possible questions.
Of course, a hint should not be an explicit answer.
At the end of the game, when it has been won, is there anything else to be
said? In some games, there is. In its final incarnations (alas, not the
one included in the "Lost Treasures of Infocom" package), "Zork I" offered
winners access to the hints system at the RESTART, RESTORE or QUIT prompt.
"Curses" goes so far as to have a trivia quiz, really to tell the player
about some of the stranger things which can be done in the game. (If
nothing else, this is a good chance for the game's author to boast.)
4. User Interface, and all that jazz
-------------------------------------
No, not windows and pull-down menus, but the few meta-commands which go to
the game program and do not represent actions of the player's character in
the game. Of course,
SAVE, RESTORE, RESTART, QUIT
are essential. Games should also provide commands to allow the player to
choose whether room descriptions are abbreviated on second visits or not.
Other such options might be commands to control whether the game prints out
messages like
[Your score has just gone up by 10 points.]
and commands to transcribe to the printer or to a file - these are extremely
useful when receiving comments from play-testers.
UNDO is difficult to code but worth it. In "Curses", UNDO can even restore
the player posthumously (though this is not advertised in the game: death,
where is thy sting?).
Abbreviations (especially "g" for again, "z" for wait, "x" for examine) must
now be considered essential.
Some games produce quotations or jokes from time to time in little windows
away from the main text of the game. Care is needed to avoid these
overlying vital text. It ought to possible to turn this feature off.
The author's only innovations in this line are to provide a "full score"
feature, which accounts exactly for where the player's score has come from
and lists achievements so far, and to provide "objects" and "places"
commands:
>places
You have visited: Attic and Old Furniture.
>objects
Objects you have handled:
the crumpled piece of paper (held)
the electric torch (held)
the chocolate biscuit (held)
the bird whistle (in Old Furniture)
the gift-wrapped parcel (lost)
These features may or may not catch on.
5. Debugging and Testing
-------------------------
Every author will need a few "secret" debugging commands (still present in
several of the Infocom games, for instance) to transport the player across
the map, or get any object by remote control. Since debugging never ends,
it's never wise to remove these commands: instead, protect them with a
password in released editions.
An unobvious but useful feature is a command to make the game non-random.
That is, if there is a doorway which randomly leads to one of three places,
then this command will make it predictable. This is essential when testing
the game against a transcript.
During design, it's helpful to keep such a script of commands which wins the
game from the start position. Ideally, your game ought to be able to accept
input from a file of commands as well as from the keyboard, so that this
script can be run automatically through.
This means that when it comes to adding a new feature towards the end, it is
easy to check whether or not it upsets features earlier on.
Bugs are usually easy to fix: they are mostly small oversights. Very few
take more than five minutes to fix. Especially common are:
-- slips of punctuation, spelling or grammar (for instance, "a orange");
-- rooms being dark when they ought to be light (this tends not to show if
the player habitually carries a lamp anyway), or not changing their state
of light/darkness when they should, as for instance when a skylight opens or
closes;
-- other object flags having been forgotten, such as a fish not being
flagged as edible;
-- map connections being very slightly out, e.g. west in one direction and
northeast in the other, by accident;
-- something which logically can only happen once, such as a window being
broken, actually being possible more than once, with strange consequences;
-- general messages being unfortunate in particular cases, such as "The ball
bounces on the ground and returns to your hand." in mid-air or while
wading through a ford;
-- small illogicalities: being able to swim with a suit of armour on, or
wave the coat you're wearing, or eat while wearing a gas mask;
-- parser accidents and misnamings.
Do not go into play-testing until the scoring system is worked out and
the game passes the entire transcript of the "winning" solution without
crashing or giving absurd replies.
6. Playtesting
---------------
The days of play-testing are fun but harrowing. The first thing to do is to
get a few "friends" and make them play for a while. Look over their
shoulders, scribble furiously on a piece of paper, moan with despair and
frustration, but do not speak. Force yourself not to explain or defend,
whatever the provocation. Expect to have abuse heaped on you, and bear up
nobly under the strain. To quote Dave Lebling (on testing "Suspect", from
the "New Zork Times"):
> BARTENDER, GIVE ME A DRINK
"Sorry, I've been hired to mix drinks and that's all."
> DANCE WITH ALICIA
Which Alicia do you mean, Alicia or the overcoat?
Veronica's body is slumped behind the desk, strangled with a lariat.
> TALK TO VERONICA
Veronica's body is listening.
Little bugs, you know? Things no one would notice. At this point the
tester's job is fairly easy. The story is like a house of cards -- it
looks pretty solid but the slightest touch collapses it...
After a cleaning-up exercise (and there's still time to rethink and
redraft), give the game to a few brave beta-testers. Insist on reports in
writing or email, or some concrete form, and if you can persuade the testers
then try to get a series of reports, one at a time, rather than waiting a
month for an epic list of bugs. Keep in touch to make sure the testers are
not utterly stuck because a puzzle is impossible due to a bug, or due to it
just being far too hard. Don't give hints unless they are asked for.
Play-testing will produce a good 100 or so bugs, mostly awesomely trivial
and easily fixed. Still, expect a few catastrophes.
Good play-testers are worth their weight in gold. They try things in a
systematically perverse way. To quote Michael Kinyon, whose effect may be
felt almost everywhere in "Curses",
A tester with a new verb is like a kid with a hammer; every problem
seems like a nail.
And how else would you know whether "scrape parrot" produced a sensible
reply or not?
Unless there is reason not to (because you know more than they do about how
the plot will work out), listen to what the play-testers say about style and
consistency too. Be sure also to credit them somewhere in the game.
7. It's Never Finished
-----------------------
Games are never finished. There's always one more bug, or one more message
which could be improved, or one more little cute reply to put in. Debugging
is a creative process and adds to the life of the game. The first
incarnation of my game "Curses" was finished after about 80K of coding, but
after play-testing rose to 128K long. In other words, over a third of
a game is devoted to "irrelevant" features, blind alleys, flippant replies
and the like.
Roughly 200 bugs in "Curses" have been spotted since it was released
publically one year ago (I have received well over a thousand email messages
on the subject), and that was after play-testing had been "finished". About
once a week I make this week's corrections, and about once every three
months I re-issue the mended version. Thus, many people who suggested
little extensions and repairs have greatly contributed to the game, and
that's why there are so many names in the credits.
8. Afterword
-------------
An adventure game, curiously, is one of the most satisfying works to have
written: perhaps because one can always polish it a little further, perhaps
because it has so many hidden and secret possibilities, perhaps because
something is made as well as written. For myself, though, perhaps also
because each day somebody new may wander into its world, as I did when
occasionally taken to a Digital mainframe in the 1970s, through a dark
warren of passages untidier even than my bedroom: so that the glow of the
words has not quite faded from my eyes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C1. A Hello Cruel World program
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
> !
> ! A great step backward in interactive fiction...
> !
>
> Object hillside "Bare hillside" nothing;
>
> global place = hillside;
> global score = 0;
> global turns = 1;
>
> [ Main;
>
> print "^^^^^^^^^^^You wake up, shivering to see that Morgoth \
> the Flatulent Devil is towering over you...^^";
> Message();
> print "^^...and he squashes you effortlessly.\
> ^^ *** You have died ***^^^^^";
>
> quit;
> ];
>
> [ Message i;
>
> print "HELLO CRUEL WORLD^\
> A Non-Interactive Demonstration^\
> Copyright (c) 1994 by Graham Nelson. All rights reserved.^\
> Release ", (0-->1) & $03ff, " / Serial number ";
>
> for (i=18 : i<24 : i++) print char 0->i; new_line;
> ];
>
Note that the familiar banner has to be produced by your code. By
convention, the first word (at bytes 2 and 3) of the file is the release
number, and this is what is set by the RELEASE command. In this file there
isn't a RELEASE command, so it comes out as 1. Bytes 18 to 23 contain the
serial number, or in fact the serial string of ASCII characters. By custom
and tradition, these are the date of compilation arranged YYMMDD, and Inform
sets these automatically.
Note also that Message had to be a separate routine since we needed a local
variable, and Main is not permitted to have local variables of its own.
(The above source has changed a little since the first release: if the
object is not included, then some interpreters (not the InfoTaskForce one)
which voluntarily display the status line (when not asked to do so), get in
a quandary printing a location, time and score. So for their benefit, here
are all three.)
On my machine (an Acorn Archimedes A5000), compiling with statistics
produces something like:
*inform -s hellow
Archimedes Inform 5 (v1259/at)
Input 31 lines (40 statements, 690 chars)
Version 3 (Standard) story file
1 objects (maximum 255) 0 dictionary entries (maximum 750)
0 attributes (maximum 32) 0 properties (maximum 30)
0 adjectives (maximum 240) 0 verbs (maximum 110)
0 actions (maximum 125) 0 abbreviations (maximum 64)
3 globals (maximum 240) 480 variable space (maximum 1500)
189 symbols (maximum 4000) 2 routines (maximum 400)
314 characters of text (compressed to 276 bytes, rate 0.878)
Output story file is 1.5K long (maximum 128K)
Essential size 1150 bytes: 129922 remaining
Completed in 1 seconds.
or, in version-5 mode:
*inform -sv5 hellow
Archimedes Inform 5 (v1259/at)
Input 31 lines (40 statements, 690 chars)
Version 5 (Advanced) story file
1 objects (maximum 511) 0 dictionary entries (maximum 750)
0 attributes (maximum 48) 0 properties (maximum 62)
0 adjectives (maximum 240) 0 verbs (maximum 110)
0 actions (maximum 125) 0 abbreviations (maximum 64)
3 globals (maximum 240) 480 variable space (maximum 1500)
189 symbols (maximum 4000) 2 routines (maximum 400)
314 characters of text (compressed to 276 bytes, rate 0.878)
Output story file is 1.5K long (maximum 256K)
Essential size 1216 bytes: 260928 remaining
Completed in 1 seconds.
(The second being mostly consumed in printing out the statistics. In
practice the compilation time is roughly proportional to the output length,
and typically takes 0.5 seconds per K of story file on my machine.)
The "essential size" is the number of bytes actually used: the story file
is rounded up in size to an exact number of 512-byte blocks. The number
remaining is the actual number of bytes free in the Z-machine.
Note: if you try compiling the example games, and get different
statistics outputs, do not worry; it probably means you're using a later
version of Inform than the one that printed the above. Similarly,
do not worry if your compiled story file shows differences with the
object code in the archive. It will certainly have a different serial
number (i.e., date of compilation) and possibly also a different Inform
version number embedded in it.
If the "Toyshop" example (see below) compiles without Inform errors and
plays properly, then Inform is probably working OK.
As an extreme example, statistics for "Curses" look something like:
Archimedes Inform 5 (v1259/at)
Input 15708 lines (32501 statements, 644502 chars) from 2 files
Version 5 (Advanced) story file
465 objects (maximum 511) 1225 dictionary entries (maximum 1300)
37 attributes (maximum 48) 30 properties (maximum 62)
31 adjectives (maximum 240) 121 verbs (maximum 140)
145 actions (maximum 150) 64 abbreviations (maximum 64)
132 globals (maximum 240) 1558 variable space (maximum 1600)
5483 symbols (maximum 6400) 458 routines (maximum 500)
0 classes (maximum 32) 0 fake actions (maximum 150)
247654 characters of text (compressed to 156272 bytes, rate 0.631)
Output story file is 223.5K long (maximum 256K)
Essential size 228392 bytes: 33752 remaining
Completed in 98 seconds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C2. "Toyshop": a small toy game
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The "Hello Cruel World" program is enticingly short and easy, but only
because it doesn't contain a parser. A fully functioning parser is hard
work to write, and occupies a good deal of "Inform" code. Besides this,
the everyday mechanics of an adventure game involve more coding than most
designers want to go into, at least at the outset.
"Toyshop" is a five finger exercise with the Library. It contains a
heap of example objects demonstrating various unusual features, but is
not really a game. Note, for instance, that:
In the dark room, shutting the fluorescent ball up in the steel box
makes the room go dark, but in the glass box does not;
The building blocks (implemented by a class) can be piled three high,
but collapse if four high: higher blocks fall down when lower ones are
taken. Note the way piles are specially described, and that Chris
can pile them four high, if given the blocks and the right instructions;
The red car (demonstrating two somewhat exceptional rules about how
"trying to drive a vehicle" and "trying to push something to a different
location" are sorted out) can be driven around, or pushed;
The padded floor can be looked at in all three main locations;
The helium balloon drifts about with the wind which blows in from the
high window.
The toys in the shop are rather exotic objects: more ordinary ones are
demonstrated by the "Adventure" example. (And some of the objects may
give old Inform users a certain feeling of deja-vu.)
Compiling "Toyshop" with statistics should produce something like
Archimedes Inform 5 (v1259/at)
Input 4277 lines (8880 statements, 138000 chars) from 4 files
Version 3 (Standard) story file
41 objects (maximum 255) 305 dictionary entries (maximum 1300)
30 attributes (maximum 32) 25 properties (maximum 30)
19 adjectives (maximum 240) 77 verbs (maximum 140)
87 actions (maximum 150) 0 abbreviations (maximum 64)
91 globals (maximum 240) 1249 variable space (maximum 1600)
1807 symbols (maximum 6400) 184 routines (maximum 500)
1 classes (maximum 32) 3 fake actions (maximum 150)
12019 characters of text (compressed to 9168 bytes, rate 0.762)
Output story file is 26.5K long (maximum 128K)
Essential size 26886 bytes: 104186 remaining
Completed in 22 seconds.
("Toyshop" is only a little over 500 lines long: the rest is the
library.)
Again, don't worry if the details are slightly different.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C3. "Adventure": a port of Colossal Cave
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike."
As a more substantial example, try compiling "Adventure", a port of
the original Crowther and Woods adventure, taken from David M. Baggett's
excellent TADS version (the most faithful reconstruction of the original
available on the Internet, as far as the author can find).
The source code demonstrates a noticeably different feature of Inform 5
over Inform 4 - there are hardly any routines: almost all the source code
is definitions of objects.
The magic words are nice examples of user-defined actions; the dwarves
and the cave-closing mechanism are quite elegantly defined as daemons.
Otherwise most of the code is fairly plain and straight-forward.
Statistics should look something like:
Archimedes Inform 5 (v1259/at)
Input 7438 lines (13004 statements, 254985 chars) from 4 files
Version 5 (Advanced) story file
259 objects (maximum 511) 663 dictionary entries (maximum 1300)
32 attributes (maximum 48) 26 properties (maximum 62)
18 adjectives (maximum 240) 97 verbs (maximum 140)
107 actions (maximum 150) 0 abbreviations (maximum 64)
100 globals (maximum 240) 1249 variable space (maximum 1600)
2556 symbols (maximum 6400) 299 routines (maximum 500)
5 classes (maximum 32) 3 fake actions (maximum 150)
56529 characters of text (compressed to 41216 bytes, rate 0.729)
Output story file is 74K long (maximum 256K)
Essential size 75324 bytes: 186820 remaining
Completed in 44 seconds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C4. A shell game to build on
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Give the public not what they want but what they ought
to want and dont."
(George Bernard Shaw on government)
The shell below is the minimum you need to write to use the library
routines. Note that the order in which things occur is quite important.
Nothing should appear above the #include "Parser" line except possibly
more defined constants and any abbreviations. The grammar table should
be last.
> !
> ! Shell of a game
> !
>
> Constant Story "SHELL";
> Constant Headline "^An Interactive Skeleton^\
> Copyright (c) 1993 by (your name here).^";
>
> #include "Parser";
> #include "VerbLib";
>
> Object room "Blank Room" nothing
> with longdesc "An empty room."
> has light;
>
> [ Initialise;
> location=room;
> print "^^^^^Welcome to the shell...^^";
> ];
>
> #include "Grammar";
> end;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Footnote: Availability on the Internet, and Legal Declaration
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Material on Inform may be found on the Internet. It originates from the
if-archive at the German anonymous ftp site ftp.gmd.de, which is maintained
currently by Volker Blasius, in the directory
if-archive/infocom/compilers/inform.
Versions found at other sites (except those which mirror ftp.gmd.de) may
well be out of date. (In particular, there are some rather old and decrepit
versions of Inform on some Archimedes archives.) So far, updated versions
have been posted about once a quarter.
A !SparkFS archive of a RISCOS testing program for running test scripts
through adventure games produced by Inform can also be found at this ftp
site, in programming/utilities.
The Inform code is in portable ANSI C, and has been ported to many
different machines. Its source code is publically available at the above
site. The full version of this manual (including a technical specification
of the Infocom Z-machine format) is also there.
Inform is not public domain in the proper legal sense of the term. The
copyright is retained by the author, Graham Nelson. I am perfectly happy
for Inform to be used by anybody for any recreational purpose. It may be
freely distributed provided no profit is involved, and provided the
copyright message is retained.
Story files produced by Inform belong to whoever wrote the source for
them; I think, however, it is fair to ask that game-writers put some message
into their credits saying that Inform was used, and giving the version
number used to compile it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
This manual (C) Copyright Graham Nelson 1993, 1994
Acorn User edition
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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*
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*
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*
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*
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000001d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 69 66 74 68 | Fifth|
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*
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00000250 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 |... "|
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00000720 73 20 70 61 72 73 65 72 2e 0a 0a 20 20 4e 65 78 |s parser... Nex|
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00000770 69 6e 67 0a 61 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 20 67 61 |ing.adventure ga|
00000780 6d 65 73 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 |mes. This is a |
00000790 62 6f 6f 6b 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 77 72 69 74 69 |book about writi|
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000007b0 73 74 20 63 6f 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 0a |st coding them..|
000007c0 0a 20 20 41 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 66 69 6e 61 6c |. A short final|
000007d0 20 61 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 | appendix descri|
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000008a0 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 | introduction, a|
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000008c0 6e 69 63 61 6c 20 69 6e 20 70 6c 61 63 65 73 2e |nical in places.|
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000008e0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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00000920 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
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00000990 2d 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 6e 73 74 61 6c |-... Instal|
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000009b0 6e 20 41 72 63 68 69 6d 65 64 65 73 0a 0a 20 20 |n Archimedes.. |
000009c0 20 20 20 20 52 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 4d 61 | Reference Ma|
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00000b10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 61 29 | (a)|
00000b20 20 20 50 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 | Printing comma|
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00000b40 20 20 20 20 28 62 29 20 20 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 | (b) Object |
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00001000 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 32 2e 20 20 | B2. |
00001010 41 20 6e 61 72 72 61 74 69 76 65 2e 2e 2e 0a 20 |A narrative.... |
00001020 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 33 2e 20 20 2e | B3. .|
00001030 2e 2e 61 74 20 77 61 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 |..at war with a |
00001040 63 72 6f 73 73 77 6f 72 64 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |crossword. |
00001050 20 20 20 20 20 42 34 2e 20 20 56 61 72 6e 69 73 | B4. Varnis|
00001060 68 20 61 6e 64 20 76 65 6e 65 65 72 0a 0a 20 20 |h and veneer.. |
00001070 20 20 20 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 49 6e 66 6f | Example Info|
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00001090 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 31 2e 20 20 48 65 6c | C1. Hel|
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000010b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 32 2e 20 20 22 | C2. "|
000010c0 54 6f 79 73 68 6f 70 22 3a 20 61 20 73 6d 61 6c |Toyshop": a smal|
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000010e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 33 2e 20 20 22 41 64 76 65 | C3. "Adve|
000010f0 6e 74 75 72 65 22 3a 20 61 20 70 6f 72 74 20 6f |nture": a port o|
00001100 66 20 43 6f 6c 6f 73 73 61 6c 20 43 61 76 65 0a |f Colossal Cave.|
00001110 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 34 2e 20 20 | C4. |
00001120 41 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 67 61 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 |A shell game to |
00001130 62 75 69 6c 64 20 6f 6e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |build on.. |
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00001200 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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00009f80 69 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 67 72 |it contains a gr|
00009f90 65 61 74 20 64 65 61 6c 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 64 65 |eat deal of code|
00009fa0 20 69 6e 20 69 74 73 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | in its. |
00009fb0 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 3a 20 73 6f 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 | block: so, for |
00009fc0 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |example,.. |
00009fd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 28 69 3e 31 29 0a | if (i>1).|
00009fe0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00009ff0 20 69 66 20 28 77 61 74 65 72 3c 31 30 29 0a 20 | if (water<10). |
0000a000 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0000a010 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 54 68 65 20 | print "The |
0000a020 77 61 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 |water is beginni|
0000a030 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 77 6f 72 72 79 20 79 6f 75 2e |ng to worry you.|
0000a040 22 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 73 20 |";.. is |
0000a050 70 65 72 66 65 63 74 6c 79 20 6c 65 67 61 6c 2e |perfectly legal.|
0000a060 20 20 28 4f 6e 65 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 65 78 63 | (One small exc|
0000a070 65 70 74 69 6f 6e 3a 20 61 6e 20 69 66 20 66 6f |eption: an if fo|
0000a080 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 6e 20 65 6c 73 |llowed by an els|
0000a090 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 |e. count|
0000a0a0 73 20 61 73 20 74 77 6f 20 65 78 70 72 65 73 73 |s as two express|
0000a0b0 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 73 6f 20 69 6e 0a 0a 20 20 20 |ions, so in.. |
0000a0c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 28 69 3e | if (i>|
0000a0d0 31 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |1). |
0000a0e0 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 28 77 61 74 65 72 3c 31 30 | if (water<10|
0000a0f0 29 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 47 6c 75 67 2e 2e 2e |) print "Glug...|
0000a100 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |";. |
0000a110 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0000a120 20 20 65 6c 73 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 41 72 | else print "Ar|
0000a130 72 67 68 68 2e 2e 2e 22 29 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 |rghh...");.. |
0000a140 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 73 65 20 62 65 | the else be|
0000a150 6c 6f 6e 67 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 5f 6f 75 |longs to the _ou|
0000a160 74 65 72 5f 20 69 66 2e 20 20 53 6f 20 69 74 27 |ter_ if. So it'|
0000a170 73 20 77 69 73 65 20 74 6f 20 62 72 61 63 65 0a |s wise to brace.|
0000a180 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 2e 2e 2e 65 6c | if...el|
0000a190 73 65 2e 2e 2e 20 65 78 70 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e |se... expression|
0000a1a0 73 20 61 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 2e 29 |s as one block.)|
0000a1b0 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b 49 6e 20 70 |.. [In p|
0000a1c0 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20 65 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 73 |revious editions|
0000a1d0 20 6f 66 20 49 6e 66 6f 72 6d 2c 20 6d 75 63 68 | of Inform, much|
0000a1e0 20 6c 65 73 73 20 73 6f 70 68 69 73 74 69 63 61 | less sophistica|
0000a1f0 74 65 64 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6f 6e |ted. con|
0000a200 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 |structions were |
0000a210 61 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 3a 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 |allowed: conditi|
0000a220 6f 6e 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 6d 75 63 68 20 73 69 |ons were much si|
0000a230 6d 70 6c 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 77 65 72 65 0a |mpler, and were.|
0000a240 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 72 61 | not bra|
0000a250 63 6b 65 74 65 64 2c 20 61 73 20 69 6e 3a 0a 0a |cketed, as in:..|
0000a260 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 | if |
0000a270 69 3d 3d 31 20 7b 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 54 68 |i==1 { print "Th|
0000a280 65 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 72 69 73 65 73 21 22 3b |e water rises!";|
0000a290 20 7d 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 69 | }.. Thi|
0000a2a0 73 20 73 79 6e 74 61 78 20 69 73 20 73 74 69 6c |s syntax is stil|
0000a2b0 6c 20 70 65 72 6d 69 74 74 65 64 2e 20 20 42 75 |l permitted. Bu|
0000a2c0 74 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e |t unless the con|
0000a2d0 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |dition is. |
0000a2e0 20 20 20 62 72 61 63 6b 65 74 65 64 2c 20 74 68 | bracketed, th|
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0000a310 64 61 6e 63 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 6f 6c 64 2d 73 |dance with old-s|
0000a320 74 79 6c 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 79 |tyle. sy|
0000a330 6e 74 61 78 2e 5d 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ntax.].. |
0000a340 20 41 73 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 61 64 65 72 20 68 | As the reader h|
0000a350 61 73 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 73 75 72 6d |as probably surm|
0000a360 69 73 65 64 2c 20 77 65 20 68 61 76 65 20 22 69 |ised, we have "i|
0000a370 66 22 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 0a 20 20 20 |f" and other. |
0000a380 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 6c | standard l|
0000a390 6f 6f 70 73 3a 0a 0a 49 46 20 3c 63 6f 6e 64 69 |oops:..IF <condi|
0000a3a0 74 69 6f 6e 3e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |tion> |
0000a3b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 69 66 | Execute if|
0000a3c0 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 68 | the condition h|
0000a3d0 6f 6c 64 73 0a 20 20 7b 20 2e 2e 2e 20 63 6f 64 |olds. { ... cod|
0000a3e0 65 20 2e 2e 2e 20 7d 0a 5b 20 45 4c 53 45 0a 20 |e ... }.[ ELSE. |
0000a3f0 20 7b 20 2e 2e 2e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 2e 2e 2e | { ... other ...|
0000a400 20 7d 20 5d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b 6f | } ] [o|
0000a410 72 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 |r execute this i|
0000a420 66 20 6e 6f 74 5d 0a 0a 57 48 49 4c 45 20 3c 63 |f not]..WHILE <c|
0000a430 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 3e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ondition> |
0000a440 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 77 | Execute w|
0000a450 68 69 6c 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 |hile the conditi|
0000a460 6f 6e 20 68 6f 6c 64 73 0a 20 20 7b 20 2e 2e 2e |on holds. { ...|
0000a470 20 63 6f 64 65 20 2e 2e 2e 20 7d 0a 0a 44 4f 20 | code ... }..DO |
0000a480 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0000a490 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 65 63 | Exec|
0000a4a0 75 74 65 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f |ute until the co|
0000a4b0 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 61 69 6c 73 0a 20 20 |ndition fails. |
0000a4c0 7b 20 2e 2e 2e 20 63 6f 64 65 20 2e 2e 2e 20 7d |{ ... code ... }|
0000a4d0 0a 55 4e 54 49 4c 20 3c 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f |.UNTIL <conditio|
0000a4e0 6e 3e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 6e 64 |n>.. and|
0000a4f0 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 20 22 66 6f 72 22 20 6c 6f | also a "for" lo|
0000a500 6f 70 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 71 75 69 74 |op which is quit|
0000a510 65 20 70 6f 77 65 72 66 75 6c 2e 20 20 49 6e 66 |e powerful. Inf|
0000a520 6f 72 6d 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 0a 20 20 20 20 |orm used to. |
0000a530 20 20 20 20 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f | implement o|
0000a540 6e 6c 79 20 61 20 42 41 53 49 43 2d 73 74 79 6c |nly a BASIC-styl|
0000a550 65 20 46 4f 52 20 6c 6f 6f 70 2c 20 62 75 74 20 |e FOR loop, but |
0000a560 69 73 20 6e 6f 77 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 63 |is now able to c|
0000a570 6f 64 65 20 61 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 |ode a. C|
0000a580 2d 73 74 79 6c 65 20 6f 6e 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 |-style one. The|
0000a590 20 6f 6c 64 2c 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 72 20 73 74 | old, simpler st|
0000a5a0 79 6c 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 3a 0a |yle looks like:.|
0000a5b0 0a 46 4f 52 20 3c 76 61 72 3e 20 3c 69 6e 69 74 |.FOR <var> <init|
0000a5c0 3e 20 54 4f 20 3c 66 69 6e 61 6c 3e 20 20 20 20 |> TO <final> |
0000a5d0 45 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 64 65 |Execute the code|
0000a5e0 20 69 74 65 72 61 74 69 76 65 6c 79 2c 20 73 74 | iteratively, st|
0000a5f0 61 72 74 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 0a 20 20 7b 20 |arting with. { |
0000a600 2e 2e 2e 20 63 6f 64 65 20 2e 2e 2e 20 7d 20 20 |... code ... } |
0000a610 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3c 76 61 72 3e | <var>|
0000a620 20 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 3c 69 6e 69 74 3e 20 61 | set to <init> a|
0000a630 6e 64 20 69 6e 63 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 |nd incrementing |
0000a640 69 74 20 65 61 63 68 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |it each. |
0000a650 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0000a660 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 69 6d 65 20 75 6e 74 69 | time unti|
0000a670 6c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 62 69 67 67 65 72 20 74 |l it is bigger t|
0000a680 68 61 6e 20 3c 66 69 6e 61 6c 3e 3a 20 69 66 20 |han <final>: if |
0000a690 74 68 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |the. |
0000a6a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0000a6b0 20 20 20 66 69 6e 61 6c 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 69 | final value i|
0000a6c0 73 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 6c 65 73 73 20 |s actually less |
0000a6d0 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c |than the initial|
0000a6e0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. |
0000a6f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0000a700 6f 6e 65 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 |one, then don't |
0000a710 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 64 65 |execute the code|
0000a720 20 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | at all.. |
0000a730 20 20 28 61 67 61 69 6e 2c 20 62 72 61 63 65 73 | (again, braces|
0000a740 20 61 72 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 6c 73 6f 72 79 20 | are compulsory |
0000a750 66 6f 72 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 20 75 73 61 67 65 |for such a usage|
0000a760 29 20 62 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 73 74 |) but the new st|
0000a770 79 6c 65 20 69 73 0a 0a 46 4f 52 20 28 20 3c 69 |yle is..FOR ( <i|
0000a780 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e |nitial assignmen|
0000a790 74 3e 20 3a 20 3c 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 3e |t> : <condition>|
0000a7a0 20 3a 20 3c 65 6e 64 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 | : <end assignme|
0000a7b0 6e 74 3e 20 29 0a 20 20 7b 20 2e 2e 2e 20 63 6f |nt> ). { ... co|
0000a7c0 64 65 20 2e 2e 2e 20 7d 20 20 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 |de ... } .. |
0000a7d0 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 72 72 69 | which carri|
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0000a7f0 61 6c 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 74 |al assignment, t|
0000a800 68 65 6e 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 73 20 74 68 65 |hen executes the|
0000a810 20 63 6f 64 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 | code. f|
0000a820 6f 72 20 61 73 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 61 73 20 74 68 |or as long as th|
0000a830 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 68 6f 6c 64 |e condition hold|
0000a840 73 2c 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 |s, executing the|
0000a850 20 65 6e 64 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 0a | end assignment.|
0000a860 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 65 | after e|
0000a870 61 63 68 20 70 61 73 73 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 |ach pass through|
0000a880 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 64 65 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 20 | the code. For |
0000a890 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |instance,.. |
0000a8a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 69 20 31 20 | for i 1 |
0000a8b0 74 6f 20 31 30 20 7b 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 69 2c |to 10 { print i,|
0000a8c0 20 22 20 22 3b 20 7d 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | " "; }.. |
0000a8d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 28 69 3d 31 3a 69 | for (i=1:i|
0000a8e0 3c 3d 31 30 3a 69 2b 2b 29 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 |<=10:i++) print |
0000a8f0 69 2c 20 22 20 22 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |i, " ";.. |
0000a900 20 20 61 72 65 20 6f 6c 64 2d 20 61 6e 64 20 6e | are old- and n|
0000a910 65 77 2d 73 74 79 6c 65 20 77 61 79 73 20 74 6f |ew-style ways to|
0000a920 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 | write the same |
0000a930 6c 6f 6f 70 2e 20 20 42 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 6e |loop. But the n|
0000a940 65 77 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 74 79 6c |ew. styl|
0000a950 65 20 69 73 20 63 61 70 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 |e is capable of |
0000a960 6d 75 63 68 20 6d 6f 72 65 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 20 |much more. For |
0000a970 6f 6e 65 20 74 68 69 6e 67 2c 20 73 65 76 65 72 |one thing, sever|
0000a980 61 6c 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 0a 20 20 20 |al different. |
0000a990 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 | assignment|
0000a9a0 73 20 61 72 65 20 6c 65 67 61 6c 20 61 74 20 6f |s are legal at o|
0000a9b0 6e 63 65 2c 20 69 66 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 |nce, if separate|
0000a9c0 64 20 62 79 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 73 2e 20 20 53 6f |d by commas. So|
0000a9d0 2c 20 66 6f 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 |, for. e|
0000a9e0 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |xample,.. |
0000a9f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 28 69 3d 30 2c 6a | for (i=0,j|
0000aa00 3d 31 30 3a 69 3c 31 30 3a 69 2b 2b 2c 6a 2d 2d |=10:i<10:i++,j--|
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0000aa20 2c 20 6a 2c 20 22 20 3d 20 22 2c 20 69 2b 6a 2c |, j, " = ", i+j,|
0000aa30 20 22 5e 22 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | "^";.. |
0000aa40 41 6c 6c 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 63 6c 61 75 73 65 |All three clause|
0000aa50 73 20 61 72 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 3a 20 |s are optional: |
0000aa60 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e |if the assignmen|
0000aa70 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 6d 69 73 73 65 64 20 6f 75 |ts are missed ou|
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0000aad0 20 20 20 20 6d 69 73 73 65 64 20 6f 75 74 2c 20 | missed out, |
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0000ab10 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 28 3a 3a 29 20 70 72 69 | for (::) pri|
0000ab20 6e 74 20 22 48 61 21 5e 22 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 |nt "Ha!^";.. |
0000ab30 20 20 20 20 20 6c 61 75 67 68 73 20 6d 61 6e 69 | laughs mani|
0000ab40 61 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 66 6f 72 65 76 65 72 2e 0a |acally forever..|
0000ab50 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 20 75 73 65 |.. A use|
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0000ab70 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 |ction in Adventu|
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0000abb0 20 2e 2e 2e 20 63 6f 64 65 20 2e 2e 2e 20 7d 0a | ... code ... }.|
0000abc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0000abd0 20 20 20 6e 65 61 72 20 3c 6f 62 6a 3e 0a 20 20 | near <obj>. |
0000abe0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0000abf0 20 69 6e 20 20 20 3c 6f 62 6a 3e 0a 0a 20 20 20 | in <obj>.. |
0000ac00 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 6f 6f 70 | which loop|
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0000ac30 74 20 74 72 65 65 3a 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 0a 0a |t tree: either..|
0000ac40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | from |
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0000aca0 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 70 61 72 65 6e |h the same paren|
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0000acc0 62 6a 65 63 74 2c 20 6f 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |bject, or. |
0000acd0 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 61 6c 6c | through all|
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0000acf0 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 2e 0a 0a | given object...|
0000ad00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 6f 20 66 6f 72 20 | So for |
0000ad10 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |instance.. |
0000ad20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 6c 6f 6f | objectloo|
0000ad30 70 20 28 78 20 69 6e 20 6c 61 6d 70 29 20 7b 20 |p (x in lamp) { |
0000ad40 70 72 69 6e 74 5f 6f 62 6a 20 78 3b 20 6e 65 77 |print_obj x; new|
0000ad50 5f 6c 69 6e 65 3b 20 7d 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |_line; }.. |
0000ad60 20 20 20 69 73 20 65 71 75 69 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 | is equivalent|
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0000ad80 20 20 66 6f 72 20 28 78 3d 63 68 69 6c 64 28 6c | for (x=child(l|
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0000ada0 62 6c 69 6e 67 28 78 29 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |bling(x)). |
0000adb0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7b 20 70 72 69 6e 74 5f 6f | { print_o|
0000adc0 62 6a 20 78 3b 20 6e 65 77 5f 6c 69 6e 65 3b 20 |bj x; new_line; |
0000add0 7d 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 75 74 20 |}.. but |
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0000adf0 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 2e 0a 0a 57 41 | convenient...WA|
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0000ae20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 74 72 65 65 2c 20 62 65 20 |object tree, be |
0000ae30 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 |careful if you a|
0000ae40 72 65 20 61 6c 74 65 72 69 6e 67 0a 20 20 20 2a |re altering. *|
0000ae50 20 20 20 20 20 69 74 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 | it at the s|
0000ae60 61 6d 65 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 20 69 |ame time. For i|
0000ae70 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 0a 20 20 2f 21 5c 20 20 |nstance,. /!\ |
0000ae80 20 20 20 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 6c 6f 6f 70 20 28 | objectloop (|
0000ae90 78 20 69 6e 20 72 75 63 6b 73 61 63 6b 29 20 72 |x in rucksack) r|
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0000aef0 74 72 65 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 |tree. wh|
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0000af10 6d 62 69 6e 67 20 69 74 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |mbing it... |
0000af20 20 20 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 6c 65 67 61 6c 20 | It is legal |
0000af30 74 6f 20 6a 75 6d 70 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 6f |to jump in and o|
0000af40 75 74 20 6f 66 20 6c 6f 6f 70 73 20 69 6e 20 74 |ut of loops in t|
0000af50 68 65 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 73 20 77 61 79 2c 20 |he obvious way, |
0000af60 62 75 74 20 74 68 69 73 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |but this. |
0000af70 20 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 | makes for some|
0000af80 77 68 61 74 20 75 6e 61 74 74 72 61 63 74 69 76 |what unattractiv|
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*
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*
00010500 0a 31 33 2e 20 43 6c 61 73 73 65 73 20 61 6e 64 |.13. Classes and|
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00010520 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
00010560 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a 41 73 20 77 65 |--------...As we|
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00010600 20 0a 28 73 69 6e 63 65 20 69 74 20 64 6f 65 73 | .(since it does|
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00010650 72 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 65 70 |re. with dep|
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00010710 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
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000107c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 53 | "S|
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000108a0 20 63 6c 61 73 73 20 54 72 65 61 73 75 72 65 0a | class Treasure.|
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000108d0 65 73 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 |es automatically|
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000108f0 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 61 73 20 62 65 69 6e 67 | object as being|
00010900 20 6f 66 20 61 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 | of a given clas|
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00010930 61 72 73 5f 6f 66 5f 73 69 6c 76 65 72 20 22 62 |ars_of_silver "b|
00010940 61 72 73 20 6f 66 20 73 69 6c 76 65 72 22 0a 20 |ars of silver". |
00010950 20 20 20 20 63 6c 61 73 73 20 54 72 65 61 73 75 | class Treasu|
00010960 72 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 65 |re. with de|
00010970 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 54 68 65 79 27 |scription "They'|
00010980 72 65 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 77 6f 72 74 |re probably wort|
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000109a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 | initia|
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00010a40 43 31 20 2e 2e 2e 20 43 6e 0a 0a 69 6e 20 77 68 |C1 ... Cn..in wh|
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00010af0 65 64 70 6f 69 6e 74 73 22 20 69 73 20 35 2c 0a |edpoints" is 5,.|
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00010b40 68 65 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 69 73 20 31 35 2e |he answer is 15.|
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00010bc0 22 2c 20 65 2e 67 2e 20 62 79 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 |", e.g. by.. |
00010bd0 20 50 72 6f 70 65 72 74 79 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 | Property additi|
00010be0 76 65 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 24 66 66 66 66 3b |ve before $ffff;|
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00010c40 68 65 72 69 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6f 74 68 65 72 |herit from other|
00010c50 20 63 6c 61 73 73 65 73 2e 20 20 54 68 75 73 20 | classes. Thus |
00010c60 61 20 63 6c 61 73 73 20 66 6f 72 0a 22 6c 69 6b |a class for."lik|
00010c70 65 20 54 72 65 61 73 75 72 65 20 62 75 74 20 77 |e Treasure but w|
00010c80 69 74 68 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 38 20 64 65 70 6f 73 |ith only 8 depos|
00010c90 69 74 65 64 70 6f 69 6e 74 73 22 20 69 73 20 65 |itedpoints" is e|
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00010cc0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
00010cf0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 31 34 2e |------------.14.|
00010d00 20 56 65 72 62 73 20 61 6e 64 20 67 72 61 6d 6d | Verbs and gramm|
00010d10 61 72 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |ar.-------------|
00010d20 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
00010d50 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a |--------------..|
00010d60 0a 20 20 20 20 20 22 54 68 65 20 62 6f 6f 6b 20 |. "The book |
00010d70 65 6e 64 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 63 68 61 70 |ends with a chap|
00010d80 74 65 72 20 6f 6e 20 67 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 2e 2e |ter on grammar..|
00010d90 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 6f 6f 6c 69 73 68 20 61 |. The foolish a|
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00010db0 65 64 20 77 68 6f 20 6c 61 63 6b 20 72 65 73 70 |ed who lack resp|
00010dc0 65 63 74 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 6e 67 |ect for the lang|
00010dd0 75 61 67 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 61 |uage will not ta|
00010de0 6b 65 20 74 68 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 73 6c 69 67 |ke the. slig|
00010df0 68 74 65 73 74 20 6e 6f 74 69 63 65 20 6f 66 20 |htest notice of |
00010e00 69 74 2e 22 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |it.".. |
00010e10 28 4b 69 6e 67 73 6c 65 79 20 41 6d 69 73 20 72 |(Kingsley Amis r|
00010e20 65 76 69 65 77 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 4f 78 66 |eviewing the Oxf|
00010e30 6f 72 64 20 47 75 69 64 65 20 74 6f 20 45 6e 67 |ord Guide to Eng|
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00010e50 65 72 65 61 73 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 73 68 |ereas objects sh|
00010e60 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 64 65 63 6c 61 72 65 64 |ould be declared|
00010e70 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 6f 66 | at the start of|
00010e80 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 67 | the file, the g|
00010e90 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 0a 74 6f 20 62 65 20 61 6c 6c |rammar.to be all|
00010ea0 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 |owed by the game|
00010eb0 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 64 65 63 6c 61 | should be decla|
00010ec0 72 65 64 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 2e 20 |red at the end. |
00010ed0 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 77 69 | This is done wi|
00010ee0 74 68 0a 74 68 65 20 56 45 52 42 20 63 6f 6d 6d |th.the VERB comm|
00010ef0 61 6e 64 2e 20 20 56 45 52 42 20 64 6f 65 73 20 |and. VERB does |
00010f00 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 71 75 69 74 65 20 |something quite |
00010f10 63 6f 6d 70 6c 69 63 61 74 65 64 2c 20 62 75 74 |complicated, but|
00010f20 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 6e 6f 74 0a 77 68 | probably not.wh|
00010f30 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 2e 20 20 41 |at you think. A|
00010f40 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c 20 56 45 52 42 20 63 6f | typical VERB co|
00010f50 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 3a 0a |mmand would be:.|
00010f60 0a 56 45 52 42 20 22 74 61 6b 65 22 20 22 67 65 |.VERB "take" "ge|
00010f70 74 22 20 22 70 69 63 6b 22 20 22 6c 69 66 74 22 |t" "pick" "lift"|
00010f80 20 20 2a 20 22 6f 75 74 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | * "out" |
00010f90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 3e 20 | -> |
00010fa0 45 78 69 74 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |Exit. |
00010fb0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00010fc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 20 20 20 | * multi |
00010fd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00010fe0 20 2d 3e 20 54 61 6b 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | -> Take. |
00010ff0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00011000 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 20 6d 75 6c 74 | * mult|
00011010 69 69 6e 73 69 64 65 20 22 66 72 6f 6d 22 20 6e |iinside "from" n|
00011020 6f 75 6e 20 20 2d 3e 20 52 65 6d 6f 76 65 0a 20 |oun -> Remove. |
00011030 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
*
00011050 2a 20 22 69 6e 22 20 6e 6f 75 6e 20 20 20 20 20 |* "in" noun |
00011060 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 3e 20 45 6e | -> En|
00011070 74 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ter. |
00011080 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00011090 20 20 20 20 20 2a 20 22 6f 66 66 22 20 68 65 6c | * "off" hel|
000110a0 64 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |d |
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000110c0 73 20 64 65 63 6c 61 72 65 73 20 61 20 76 65 72 |s declares a ver|
000110d0 62 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 22 74 61 |b, for which "ta|
000110e0 6b 65 22 2c 20 22 67 65 74 22 20 65 74 63 20 61 |ke", "get" etc a|
000110f0 72 65 20 73 79 6e 6f 6e 79 6d 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 |re synonyms, and|
00011100 20 77 68 69 63 68 0a 63 61 6e 20 74 61 6b 65 20 | which.can take |
00011110 66 69 76 65 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 63 |five different c|
00011120 6f 75 72 73 65 73 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |ourses. In the |
00011130 66 69 72 73 74 2c 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 |first, it must b|
00011140 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 |e followed by th|
00011150 65 0a 77 6f 72 64 20 22 6f 75 74 22 2e 20 20 49 |e.word "out". I|
00011160 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 2c 20 69 74 20 6d |n the last, it m|
00011170 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 |ust be followed |
00011180 62 79 20 22 6f 66 66 22 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 |by "off" and the|
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000111a0 69 73 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 68 65 6c |is currently hel|
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*
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*
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00012090 20 30 30 20 20 3c 61 64 6a 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 | 00 <adjective |
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000153d0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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00015430 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
00015470 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 |----------... |
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000174f0 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6e 74 20 61 |hange the font a|
00017500 66 74 65 72 20 61 0a 20 20 2f 21 5c 20 20 20 20 |fter a. /!\ |
00017510 6e 65 77 2d 6c 69 6e 65 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 |new-line has bee|
00017520 6e 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 2e 0a 20 2a 2d 2d 2d |n printed.. *---|
00017530 2a 20 20 20 0a 0a 0a 62 2e 20 20 56 65 72 73 69 |* ...b. Versi|
00017540 6f 6e 20 35 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |on 5.-----------|
00017550 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a 56 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 67 69 6d |--...Various gim|
00017560 6d 69 63 6b 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 |micks and specia|
00017570 6c 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 70 72 |l effects are pr|
00017580 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 56 65 72 73 69 |ovided for Versi|
00017590 6f 6e 20 35 20 73 74 6f 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 |on 5 story files|
000175a0 2e 20 0a 54 68 65 73 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 |. .These should |
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000175d0 2c 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 |, in the interes|
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000175f0 65 6e 63 79 20 61 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 |ency as much as |
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00017610 0a 41 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 79 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 |.Assembly langua|
00017620 67 65 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 64 65 20 73 75 63 68 20 |ge to code such |
00017630 65 66 66 65 63 74 73 20 69 73 20 64 65 74 61 69 |effects is detai|
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00017670 61 74 75 73 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 |atus line is not|
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000176a0 74 20 53 48 4f 57 5f 53 43 4f 52 45 20 69 73 20 |t SHOW_SCORE is |
000176b0 6e 6f 20 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 6c 65 67 61 6c 2e |no longer legal.|
000176c0 20 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 52 | However, the R|
000176d0 45 41 44 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 61 |EAD command is a|
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00017710 6e 63 65 2c 0a 0a 20 20 72 65 61 64 20 62 75 66 |nce,.. read buf|
00017720 66 65 72 20 70 61 72 73 65 3b 0a 0a 69 66 20 79 |fer parse;..if y|
00017730 6f 75 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 77 61 6e 74 20 61 20 73 |ou only want a s|
00017740 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 6f 6e 65 2e 20 20 49 66 |tandard one. If|
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00017760 69 6e 67 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 78 6f 74 69 63 2c |ing more exotic,|
00017770 20 79 6f 75 0a 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 73 | you.will need s|
00017780 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6b 65 3a 0a 0a |omething like:..|
00017790 20 20 72 65 61 64 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 20 70 61 | read buffer pa|
000177a0 72 73 65 20 50 72 65 74 74 79 3b 0a 0a 77 68 65 |rse Pretty;..whe|
000177b0 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 50 72 65 74 74 79 28 29 20 |re the Pretty() |
000177c0 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 69 73 2c 20 73 61 79 3a |routine is, say:|
000177d0 0a 0a 20 20 5b 20 50 72 65 74 74 79 20 69 20 6a |.. [ Pretty i j|
000177e0 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 69 20 3d 20 30 2d 3e 33 33 3b |;. i = 0->33;|
000177f0 20 69 66 20 28 69 3d 3d 30 29 20 69 3d 38 30 3b | if (i==0) i=80;|
00017800 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 46 69 6e | ! Fin|
00017810 64 20 77 69 64 74 68 20 6f 66 20 73 63 72 65 65 |d width of scree|
00017820 6e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 73 70 6c 69 74 5f 77 69 6e |n.. split_win|
00017830 64 6f 77 20 32 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |dow 2; |
00017840 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 43 72 | ! Cr|
00017850 65 61 74 65 20 32 2d 6c 69 6e 65 20 74 6f 70 20 |eate 2-line top |
00017860 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 0a 20 20 20 20 62 75 66 66 65 |window. buffe|
00017870 72 5f 6d 6f 64 65 20 30 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |r_mode 0; |
00017880 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 | !|
00017890 20 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 20 6f 66 66 20 6c 69 6e | Switch off lin|
000178a0 65 2d 73 70 6c 69 74 74 69 6e 67 0a 20 20 20 20 |e-splitting. |
000178b0 73 65 74 5f 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 31 3b 20 20 20 |set_window 1; |
000178c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000178d0 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 4d 6f 76 65 20 74 6f 20 69 | ! Move to i|
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000178f0 72 73 65 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |rse; |
00017900 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 52 65 76 | ! Rev|
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00017930 6f 72 20 31 20 31 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |or 1 1; |
00017940 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 42 | ! B|
00017950 6c 61 6e 6b 20 6f 75 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 31 2e |lank out line 1.|
00017960 2e 2e 0a 20 20 20 20 73 70 61 63 65 73 20 69 3b |... spaces i;|
00017970 0a 20 20 20 20 73 65 74 5f 63 75 72 73 6f 72 20 |. set_cursor |
00017980 32 20 31 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |2 1; |
00017990 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 61 6e 64 20 | ! and |
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000179b0 70 61 63 65 73 0a 20 20 20 20 73 70 61 63 65 73 |paces. spaces|
000179c0 20 69 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 73 65 74 5f 63 75 72 | i;.. set_cur|
000179d0 73 6f 72 20 31 20 32 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |sor 1 2; |
000179e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 | ! |
000179f0 50 72 69 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 20 6c 69 |Print the top li|
00017a00 6e 65 0a 20 20 20 20 70 72 69 6e 74 5f 6f 62 6a |ne. print_obj|
00017a10 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 73 | location;. s|
00017a20 65 74 5f 63 75 72 73 6f 72 20 31 20 35 33 3b 0a |et_cursor 1 53;.|
00017a30 20 20 20 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 41 6d 75 6c 65 | print "Amule|
00017a40 74 73 3a 20 22 3b 20 70 72 69 6e 74 5f 6e 75 6d |ts: "; print_num|
00017a50 20 73 63 6f 72 65 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 73 65 74 5f | score;. set_|
00017a60 63 75 72 73 6f 72 20 31 20 36 36 3b 0a 20 20 20 |cursor 1 66;. |
00017a70 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 44 61 79 73 3a 20 22 3b | print "Days: ";|
00017a80 20 70 72 69 6e 74 5f 6e 75 6d 20 74 75 72 6e 73 | print_num turns|
00017a90 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 73 65 74 5f 63 75 72 73 6f |;.. set_curso|
00017aa0 72 20 32 20 32 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |r 2 2; |
00017ab0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 41 6e | ! An|
00017ac0 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e |d the second lin|
00017ad0 65 0a 20 20 20 20 50 72 69 6e 74 52 61 6e 6b 28 |e. PrintRank(|
00017ae0 29 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 73 74 79 6c 65 20 72 6f |);.. style ro|
00017af0 6d 61 6e 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |man; |
00017b00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 42 | ! B|
00017b10 61 63 6b 20 74 6f 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 |ack to standard |
00017b20 74 65 78 74 0a 20 20 20 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 5f |text. buffer_|
00017b30 6d 6f 64 65 20 31 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |mode 1; |
00017b40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 | ! |
00017b50 53 77 69 74 63 68 20 6f 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 2d 73 |Switch on line-s|
00017b60 70 6c 69 74 74 69 6e 67 0a 20 20 20 20 73 65 74 |plitting. set|
00017b70 5f 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 30 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 |_window 0; |
00017b80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00017b90 20 21 20 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 | ! in the stand|
00017ba0 61 72 64 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 0a 20 20 5d 3b 0a |ard window. ];.|
00017bb0 0a 42 79 20 73 74 72 65 74 63 68 69 6e 67 20 74 |.By stretching t|
00017bc0 68 65 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 62 61 72 20 74 6f |he status bar to|
00017bd0 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 77 69 64 65 | many lines wide|
00017be0 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 69 |, you can make i|
00017bf0 74 20 73 68 6f 77 20 61 0a 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 |t show a.charact|
00017c00 65 72 2d 67 72 61 70 68 69 63 73 20 6d 61 70 2c |er-graphics map,|
00017c10 20 61 20 53 63 6f 74 74 20 41 64 61 6d 73 2d 73 | a Scott Adams-s|
00017c20 74 79 6c 65 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 76 69 61 |tyle list of via|
00017c30 62 6c 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 |ble directions, |
00017c40 61 6e 0a 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 6c 6f 67 |an.election slog|
00017c50 61 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 61 76 6f |an for your favo|
00017c60 75 72 69 74 65 20 70 6f 6c 69 74 69 63 69 61 6e |urite politician|
00017c70 20 2d 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 69 6c 69 | - the possibili|
00017c80 74 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 2c 20 61 6c 61 73 2c 0a |ties are, alas,.|
00017c90 65 6e 64 6c 65 73 73 2e 0a 0a 59 6f 75 20 63 61 |endless...You ca|
00017ca0 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 42 45 45 50 20 74 68 65 20 |n also BEEP the |
00017cb0 75 73 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 |user and read th|
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00017cd0 22 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 63 6c 6f 63 6b 0a |", with a clock.|
00017ce0 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 3b 20 73 65 65 20 61 70 70 |running; see app|
00017cf0 65 6e 64 69 78 20 28 41 34 29 20 66 6f 72 20 66 |endix (A4) for f|
00017d00 75 6c 6c 65 72 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 2e 0a 0a |uller details...|
00017d10 0a 53 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 73 65 76 65 72 |.Something sever|
00017d20 61 6c 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 49 6e 66 6f 63 6f 6d |al later Infocom|
00017d30 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 64 69 64 20 77 61 73 20 74 | games did was t|
00017d40 6f 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 |o display messag|
00017d50 65 73 0a 2d 20 71 75 6f 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c |es.- quotations,|
00017d60 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e 67 73 20 6f 6e 20 73 69 67 | writings on sig|
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00017d80 76 65 72 73 65 20 76 69 64 65 6f 20 69 6e 20 61 |verse video in a|
00017d90 20 63 65 6e 74 72 65 64 20 74 65 78 74 0a 77 69 | centred text.wi|
00017da0 6e 64 6f 77 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 20 |ndow at the top |
00017db0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 20 |of the screen. |
00017dc0 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 65 61 73 79 20 62 75 74 |This is easy but|
00017dd0 20 74 65 64 69 6f 75 73 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 64 65 | tedious to code|
00017de0 0a 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 6c 79 2c 20 73 6f 20 49 |.correctly, so I|
00017df0 6e 66 6f 72 6d 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 61 |nform provides a|
00017e00 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 69 | command to do i|
00017e10 74 2c 20 76 69 7a 2e 20 22 42 4f 58 22 2e 20 20 |t, viz. "BOX". |
00017e20 46 6f 72 0a 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 0a 0a 20 |For.instance,.. |
00017e30 20 20 20 20 42 4f 58 20 22 42 65 77 61 72 65 20 | BOX "Beware |
00017e40 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 44 6f 67 22 3b 0a 0a 6f 72 |of the Dog";..or|
00017e50 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 42 4f 58 20 22 49 20 6d 69 |.. BOX "I mi|
00017e60 67 68 74 20 72 65 70 65 61 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 79 |ght repeat to my|
00017e70 73 65 6c 66 2c 20 73 6c 6f 77 6c 79 20 61 6e 64 |self, slowly and|
00017e80 20 73 6f 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 6c 79 2c 22 0a 20 20 | soothingly,". |
00017e90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 61 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f | "a list o|
00017ea0 66 20 71 75 6f 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 62 65 61 |f quotations bea|
00017eb0 75 74 69 66 75 6c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6d 69 6e 64 |utiful from mind|
00017ec0 73 20 70 72 6f 66 6f 75 6e 64 3b 22 0a 20 20 20 |s profound;". |
00017ed0 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 69 66 20 49 20 63 61 6e 20 | "if I can |
00017ee0 72 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 |remember any of |
00017ef0 74 68 65 20 64 61 6d 6e 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 2e |the damn things.|
00017f00 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 22 0a 20 20 |". "". |
00017f10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 2d 2d 20 44 6f 72 6f 74 | "-- Dorot|
00017f20 68 79 20 50 61 72 6b 65 72 22 3b 0a 0a 4e 6f 74 |hy Parker";..Not|
00017f30 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 |e that a string |
00017f40 6f 66 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 69 73 20 67 69 76 65 |of lines is give|
00017f50 6e 20 28 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 69 6e 74 65 72 |n (without inter|
00017f60 76 65 6e 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 73 29 20 61 |vening commas) a|
00017f70 6e 64 0a 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 62 6c 61 6e 6b 20 |nd.that a blank |
00017f80 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 62 79 |line is given by|
00017f90 20 61 20 6e 75 6c 6c 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 2e 20 | a null string. |
00017fa0 20 52 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 | Remember that t|
00017fb0 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 0a 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 20 62 |he text.cannot b|
00017fc0 65 20 74 6f 6f 20 77 69 64 65 20 6f 72 20 69 74 |e too wide or it|
00017fd0 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 77 66 75 6c | will look awful|
00017fe0 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 73 63 72 65 | on a small scre|
00017ff0 65 6e 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 20 |en...The author |
00018000 74 61 6b 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 76 69 65 77 20 74 |takes the view t|
00018010 68 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 |hat this device |
00018020 69 73 20 61 6d 75 73 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 69 |is amusing for i|
00018030 72 72 65 6c 65 76 61 6e 74 0a 71 75 6f 74 61 74 |rrelevant.quotat|
00018040 69 6f 6e 73 20 62 75 74 20 69 72 72 69 74 61 74 |ions but irritat|
00018050 69 6e 67 20 77 68 65 6e 20 69 74 20 63 6f 6e 76 |ing when it conv|
00018060 65 79 73 20 76 69 74 61 6c 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d |eys vital inform|
00018070 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 28 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 2c 0a |ation (such as,.|
00018080 22 42 65 77 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 44 |"Beware of the D|
00018090 6f 67 22 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 |og", for instanc|
000180a0 65 29 2e 0a 0a 0a 56 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 2d 35 20 |e)....Version-5 |
000180b0 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 61 6e 20 22 |also allows an "|
000180c0 75 6e 64 6f 22 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 20 74 6f |undo" feature to|
000180d0 20 62 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 64 2e 20 | be programmed. |
000180e0 20 53 65 65 20 28 41 34 29 0a 66 6f 72 20 64 65 | See (A4).for de|
000180f0 74 61 69 6c 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 |tails. It does |
00018100 6e 6f 74 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 6c 79 20 77 6f 72 |not properly wor|
00018110 6b 20 6f 6e 20 61 6c 6c 20 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 |k on all interpr|
00018120 65 74 65 72 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 69 73 0a 77 6f |eters, but is.wo|
00018130 72 74 68 77 68 69 6c 65 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 20 |rthwhile enough |
00018140 74 6f 20 62 65 20 63 6f 64 65 64 20 61 6e 79 77 |to be coded anyw|
00018150 61 79 2e 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |ay....----------|
00018160 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
000181a0 2d 0a 44 65 73 69 67 6e 65 72 27 73 20 4d 61 6e |-.Designer's Man|
000181b0 75 61 6c 3a 20 55 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 4c |ual: Using the L|
000181c0 69 62 72 61 72 79 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |ibrary.---------|
000181d0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
00018210 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 22 41 6e 64 20 77 |--... "And w|
00018220 68 61 74 20 77 61 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 6d |hat was one to m|
00018230 61 6b 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 72 61 6e |ake of the arran|
00018240 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 76 65 72 65 |gement of covere|
00018250 64 20 77 61 6c 6b 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 6c 69 62 |d walk,. lib|
00018260 72 61 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 61 |rary and communa|
00018270 6c 20 72 65 66 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 77 68 69 63 |l refectory whic|
00018280 68 20 73 65 65 6d 65 64 20 74 6f 20 66 6f 72 6d |h seemed to form|
00018290 20 61 6e 20 61 6c 6d 6f 73 74 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | an almost. |
000182a0 69 6e 64 65 70 65 6e 64 65 6e 74 20 65 6e 74 69 |independent enti|
000182b0 74 79 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c |ty within the pl|
000182c0 61 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 75 73 6f 6c |an of the mausol|
000182d0 65 75 6d 3f 20 20 54 68 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 65 |eum? The. e|
000182e0 78 70 65 63 74 61 6e 74 20 76 69 73 69 74 6f 72 |xpectant visitor|
000182f0 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e | would have been|
00018300 20 64 69 73 61 70 70 6f 69 6e 74 65 64 20 6f 6e | disappointed on|
00018310 20 65 6e 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 69 73 0a 20 | entering this. |
00018320 20 20 20 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | part of the |
00018330 6d 6f 6e 75 6d 65 6e 74 2e 2e 2e 22 0a 0a 20 20 |monument...".. |
00018340 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 4c 75 63 69 61 6e 6f | (Luciano|
00018350 20 43 61 6e 66 6f 72 61 2c 20 22 54 68 65 20 56 | Canfora, "The V|
00018360 61 6e 69 73 68 65 64 20 4c 69 62 72 61 72 79 22 |anished Library"|
00018370 29 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |)...------------|
00018380 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
000183b0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a |---------------.|
000183c0 44 31 2e 20 20 47 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 73 74 61 |D1. Getting sta|
000183d0 72 74 65 64 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |rted.-----------|
000183e0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
00018420 0a 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 68 69 |...The first thi|
00018430 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 74 72 79 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 |ng to try is to |
00018440 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 20 74 68 65 20 22 48 65 6c |compile the "Hel|
00018450 6c 6f 20 43 72 75 65 6c 20 57 6f 72 6c 64 22 20 |lo Cruel World" |
00018460 67 61 6d 65 2c 20 61 20 76 65 72 79 0a 73 68 6f |game, a very.sho|
00018470 72 74 20 74 65 73 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 67 69 76 |rt test file giv|
00018480 65 6e 20 69 6e 20 41 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 43 |en in Appendix C|
00018490 2e 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 |. If that compi|
000184a0 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 72 75 6e 73 20 70 72 6f |les and runs pro|
000184b0 70 65 72 6c 79 0a 28 70 72 6f 64 75 63 69 6e 67 |perly.(producing|
000184c0 20 61 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 70 61 67 65 20 6f 66 | a short page of|
000184d0 20 74 65 78 74 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 66 69 6e 69 | text, then fini|
000184e0 73 68 69 6e 67 29 2c 20 74 72 79 20 74 68 65 20 |shing), try the |
000184f0 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 3a 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 |following:... |
00018500 20 43 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 20 53 74 6f 72 79 20 | Constant Story |
00018510 22 53 48 45 4c 4c 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 43 6f 6e |"SHELL";. Con|
00018520 73 74 61 6e 74 20 48 65 61 64 6c 69 6e 65 20 22 |stant Headline "|
00018530 5e 41 6e 20 49 6e 74 65 72 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 |^An Interactive |
00018540 53 6b 65 6c 65 74 6f 6e 5e 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |Skeleton^\. |
00018550 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6f 70 79 | Copy|
00018560 72 69 67 68 74 20 28 63 29 20 31 39 39 34 20 62 |right (c) 1994 b|
00018570 79 20 28 79 6f 75 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 68 65 72 |y (your name her|
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00018590 6c 75 64 65 20 22 50 61 72 73 65 72 22 3b 0a 20 |lude "Parser";. |
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000185b0 62 4c 69 62 22 3b 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 4f 62 6a 65 |bLib";.. Obje|
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000185d0 6c 61 6e 6b 20 52 6f 6f 6d 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |lank Room". |
000185e0 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f | with descriptio|
000185f0 6e 20 22 41 6e 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 72 6f 6f 6d |n "An empty room|
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00018630 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 3d 72 6f 6f 6d 3b 0a 20 20 20 |cation=room;. |
00018640 20 20 20 22 5e 5e 5e 5e 5e 57 65 6c 63 6f 6d 65 | "^^^^^Welcome|
00018650 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 2e 2e 2e | to the shell...|
00018660 5e 5e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 5d 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 |^^";. ];. |
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000186a0 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 49 6e 66 6f 72 6d 20 69 73 20 |iles, Inform is |
000186b0 61 6c 6d 6f 73 74 20 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 6c 79 |almost certainly|
000186c0 20 73 65 74 20 75 70 20 61 6e 64 20 77 6f 72 6b | set up and work|
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000186e0 20 74 61 6b 65 73 20 61 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 77 | takes a short w|
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00018700 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 22 69 6e 63 | because it "inc|
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00018720 67 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 0a 66 69 6c 65 |ge standard.file|
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00018750 63 6f 64 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 65 |code. These are|
00018760 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 50 61 72 73 65 72 20 20 20 |:.. Parser |
00018770 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 72 65 20 6f 66 | The core of|
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00018790 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 20 67 61 6d 65 20 70 61 72 | proper game par|
000187a0 73 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 56 65 72 62 4c 69 62 20 |ser. VerbLib |
000187b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 20 6c 69 62 72 61 72 79 20 | A library |
000187c0 6f 66 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 |of routines for |
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00018840 65 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 20 22 6c 69 62 72 61 72 |e up the "librar|
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00018910 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 22 |ust be written "|
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00018ae0 77 61 69 74 20 61 6e 64 20 71 75 69 74 2e 0a 0a |wait and quit...|
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00018b70 6d 69 73 74 2e 20 20 4c 65 74 20 75 73 20 61 64 |mist. Let us ad|
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00018bb0 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 61 72 62 79 20 63 6f 6e 65 | Nearby cone|
00018bc0 20 22 67 72 65 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e 65 22 0a 20 20 | "green cone". |
00018bd0 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 | with name "|
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00018c40 22 2c 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 20 |", in this case |
00018c50 74 68 65 20 42 6c 61 6e 6b 20 52 6f 6f 6d 2e 29 |the Blank Room.)|
00018c60 0a 0a 41 20 67 72 65 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e 65 20 6e |..A green cone n|
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00018c80 65 20 42 6c 61 6e 6b 20 52 6f 6f 6d 2e 20 20 54 |e Blank Room. T|
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00018de0 65 22 20 22 65 6d 65 72 61 6c 64 22 2c 0a 20 20 |e" "emerald",. |
00018df0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 | initia|
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00018e30 68 2e 22 3b 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 22 69 6e 69 74 69 |h.";..The "initi|
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00018ea0 20 20 20 4e 65 61 72 62 79 20 63 6f 6e 65 20 22 | Nearby cone "|
00018eb0 67 72 65 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e 65 22 0a 20 20 20 20 |green cone". |
00018ec0 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 67 72 | with name "gr|
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00018ef0 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e |,. in|
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00018f40 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e | description|
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00018f80 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |\. |
00018f90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 61 72 7a 69 | marzi|
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00019130 6f 77 20 65 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 65 2e |ow eat the cone.|
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000191e0 6e 65 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 |ne". with |
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00019200 6e 65 22 20 22 65 6d 65 72 61 6c 64 22 20 22 6d |ne" "emerald" "m|
00019210 61 72 7a 69 70 61 6e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |arzipan",. |
00019220 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20 22 4e | initial "N|
00019230 65 61 72 62 79 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 65 6d 65 72 |earby is an emer|
00019240 61 6c 64 20 67 72 65 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e 65 2c 20 |ald green cone, |
00019250 6f 6e 65 20 66 6f 6f 74 20 68 69 67 68 2e 22 2c |one foot high.",|
00019260 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 73 |. des|
00019270 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 54 68 65 20 63 6f |cription "The co|
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000192b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
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000192d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 66 74 65 72 | after|
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000192f0 54 61 6b 65 3a 20 22 54 61 6b 65 6e 2e 20 20 28 |Take: "Taken. (|
00019300 59 6f 75 72 20 68 61 6e 64 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 |Your hands are s|
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00019320 69 70 61 6e 2e 29 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ipan.)";. |
00019330 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 44 72 6f 70 3a 20 22 54 | Drop: "T|
00019340 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 65 20 64 72 6f 70 73 20 74 6f |he cone drops to|
00019350 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 20 73 | the floor and s|
00019360 61 67 73 20 61 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 2e 22 3b 0a |ags a little.";.|
00019370 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5d 2c 0a 20 | ],. |
00019380 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 65 64 69 62 6c | has edibl|
00019390 65 3b 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 74 79 |e;..The property|
000193a0 20 22 61 66 74 65 72 22 20 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 74 | "after" doesn't|
000193b0 20 6a 75 73 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 73 74 72 | just have a str|
000193c0 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 76 61 6c 75 65 3a |ing for a value:|
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000193e0 65 20 6f 66 20 69 74 73 20 6f 77 6e 2e 20 20 28 |e of its own. (|
000193f0 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20 6c 69 6b |This is much lik|
00019400 65 20 74 68 65 20 22 49 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 69 73 |e the "Initialis|
00019410 65 22 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 2c 20 65 78 63 65 |e" routine, exce|
00019420 70 74 0a 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 64 6f 65 73 6e |pt.that it doesn|
00019430 27 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 6e 61 6d 65 3a 20 |'t have a name: |
00019440 69 74 20 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 74 20 6e 65 65 64 20 |it doesn't need |
00019450 6f 6e 65 2e 29 20 20 4e 6f 77 20 77 68 61 74 20 |one.) Now what |
00019460 68 61 70 70 65 6e 73 20 69 73 0a 74 68 61 74 20 |happens is.that |
00019470 77 68 65 6e 20 61 6e 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 68 |when an action h|
00019480 61 70 70 65 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f |appens to the co|
00019490 6e 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 22 61 66 74 65 72 22 20 |ne, the "after" |
000194a0 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 |routine is calle|
000194b0 64 0a 74 6f 20 61 70 70 6c 79 20 61 6e 79 20 73 |d.to apply any s|
000194c0 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 72 75 6c 65 73 20 61 62 6f |pecial rules abo|
000194d0 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 65 2e 20 20 49 6e |ut the cone. In|
000194e0 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 54 61 6b 65 | this case, Take|
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00019560 22 29 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 64 2e |") are replaced.|
00019570 0a 0a 53 74 69 6c 6c 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e |..Still, the con|
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00019590 6c 79 20 64 6f 20 61 6e 79 74 68 69 6e 67 21 20 |ly do anything! |
000195a0 20 53 6f 20 68 65 72 65 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 77 | So here it is w|
000195b0 69 74 68 20 61 0a 28 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 6c |ith a.(completel|
000195c0 79 20 75 6e 66 61 69 72 29 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 |y unfair) puzzle|
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000195f0 20 63 6f 6e 65 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 | cone". wi|
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00019610 22 63 6f 6e 65 22 20 22 65 6d 65 72 61 6c 64 22 |"cone" "emerald"|
00019620 20 22 6d 61 72 7a 69 70 61 6e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 | "marzipan",. |
00019630 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c | initial|
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00019670 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.",. |
00019680 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 54 68 65 |description "The|
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000196c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000196d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 61 72 7a 69 70 61 6e 2e 22 | marzipan."|
000196e0 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 65 |,. be|
000196f0 66 6f 72 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |fore. |
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00019800 61 66 74 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |after. |
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00019850 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 44 72 6f | Dro|
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00019a50 49 74 20 69 73 20 64 65 66 69 6e 65 64 20 73 6f |It is defined so|
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00019aa0 20 74 6f 20 31 20 63 61 75 73 65 73 20 74 68 65 | to 1 causes the|
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00019b70 66 61 6c 73 65 2e 20 20 41 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 |false. And the |
00019b80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 22 55 6e |command.. "Un|
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00019ba0 20 73 65 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 61 6c 6c 65 | seem to be alle|
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00019bc0 22 3b 0a 0a 6e 6f 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 70 72 69 |";..not only pri|
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00019cd0 20 20 20 4e 65 61 72 62 79 20 63 6f 6e 65 20 22 | Nearby cone "|
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00019cf0 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 67 72 | with name "gr|
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00019d20 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 |,. de|
00019d30 73 63 72 69 62 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |scribe. |
00019d40 20 20 20 5b 3b 20 69 66 20 28 63 6f 6e 65 20 68 | [; if (cone h|
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00019d60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 41 20 | "A |
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00019da0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 4e 65 | "Ne|
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00019df0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 73 63 72 | descr|
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00019e40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
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00019e60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 0a | before.|
00019e70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b 3b 20 45 | [; E|
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00019ea0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7b | {|
00019eb0 20 20 20 64 65 61 64 66 6c 61 67 20 3d 20 31 3b | deadflag = 1;|
00019ec0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. |
00019ed0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 55 6e 66 6f 72 74 | "Unfort|
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00019f10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
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00019f30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 59 6f 75 20 6e 69 | "You ni|
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00019f70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 66 74 65 72 | after|
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00019f90 54 61 6b 65 3a 20 22 54 61 6b 65 6e 2e 20 20 28 |Take: "Taken. (|
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00019fd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 44 72 6f 70 3a 20 63 6f | Drop: co|
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00019ff0 20 22 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 | "The cone is a |
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0001a010 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.";. |
0001a020 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 54 68 65 20 63 6f | "The co|
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0001a040 66 6c 6f 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 20 73 61 67 73 20 61 |floor and sags a|
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0001a060 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5d 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 | ],. |
0001a070 20 68 61 73 20 20 65 64 69 62 6c 65 3b 0a 0a 4e | has edible;..N|
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0001a090 69 61 6c 22 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 68 61 73 |ial" message has|
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0001a0b0 20 77 65 20 68 61 76 65 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 | we have provide|
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0001a110 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 70 6c 61 63 |iption of a plac|
0001a120 65 2c 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 |e, it will call |
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0001a140 68 65 20 22 6d 6f 76 65 64 22 20 61 74 74 72 69 |he "moved" attri|
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0001a1e0 20 77 68 65 72 65 75 70 6f 6e 0a 69 74 20 62 65 | whereupon.it be|
0001a1f0 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 6d 69 73 73 68 61 70 65 6e 2e |comes misshapen.|
0001a200 20 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 74 20 | Also, the act |
0001a210 6f 66 20 64 72 6f 70 70 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 |of dropping the |
0001a220 63 6f 6e 65 20 6e 6f 77 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 |cone now changes|
0001a230 20 74 68 65 0a 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e | the.description|
0001a240 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 73 20 77 | which appears w|
0001a250 68 65 6e 20 61 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 65 78 61 |hen a player exa|
0001a260 6d 69 6e 65 73 20 69 74 2e 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d |mines it....----|
0001a270 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0001a2b0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 44 32 2e 20 20 50 6c 61 |-------.D2. Pla|
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0001a2d0 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 70 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | the map.-------|
0001a2e0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0001a320 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a 4e 6f 77 20 66 6f 72 20 61 |----...Now for a|
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0001a360 63 65 20 69 74 20 62 79 2e 2e 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 |ce it by..... |
0001a370 20 20 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 53 71 75 61 72 65 5f | Object Square_|
0001a380 52 6f 6f 6d 20 22 53 71 75 61 72 65 20 52 6f 6f |Room "Square Roo|
0001a390 6d 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 |m". with d|
0001a3a0 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |escription. |
0001a3b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 41 20 62 72 | "A br|
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0001a3d0 2c 20 74 65 6e 20 79 61 72 64 73 20 6f 6e 20 61 |, ten yards on a|
0001a3e0 20 73 69 64 65 2c 20 66 6c 6f 6f 72 65 64 20 5c | side, floored \|
0001a3f0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. |
0001a400 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 62 6c 61 63 6b 20 61 6e 64 | with black and|
0001a410 20 77 68 69 74 65 20 63 68 65 71 75 65 72 65 64 | white chequered|
0001a420 20 74 69 6c 65 73 2e 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | tiles.". |
0001a430 68 61 73 20 20 6c 69 67 68 74 3b 0a 0a 28 57 65 |has light;..(We|
0001a440 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 63 68 | also have to ch|
0001a450 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 49 6e 69 74 69 61 6c |ange the Initial|
0001a460 69 73 65 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 6d |ise routine to m|
0001a470 61 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 |ake this the pla|
0001a480 63 65 0a 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 |ce.where the pla|
0001a490 79 65 72 20 62 65 67 69 6e 73 2c 20 73 69 6e 63 |yer begins, sinc|
0001a4a0 65 20 74 68 65 20 42 6c 61 6e 6b 20 52 6f 6f 6d |e the Blank Room|
0001a4b0 20 6e 6f 20 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 65 78 69 73 74 | no longer exist|
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0001a4e0 6e 65 20 68 61 73 20 22 6c 69 67 68 74 22 2e 20 |ne has "light". |
0001a4f0 20 28 49 66 20 69 74 20 64 69 64 6e 27 74 2c 20 | (If it didn't, |
0001a500 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 0a 77 6f 75 6c 64 |the player.would|
0001a510 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 73 65 65 20 69 74 2c 20 73 | never see it, s|
0001a520 69 6e 63 65 20 69 74 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 |ince it would be|
0001a530 20 64 61 72 6b 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 70 | dark, and the p|
0001a540 6c 61 79 65 72 20 68 61 73 6e 27 74 20 79 65 74 |layer hasn't yet|
0001a550 0a 62 65 65 6e 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 61 20 6c 61 |.been given a la|
0001a560 6d 70 20 6f 72 20 74 6f 72 63 68 20 6f 66 20 73 |mp or torch of s|
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0001a640 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0001a650 20 20 20 20 6c 69 67 68 74 20 69 6e 20 6c 69 74 | light in lit|
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0001a700 63 22 20 61 74 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 20 28 77 68 |c" attribute (wh|
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0001a740 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 61 69 6e 62 | about the rainb|
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0001a760 79 20 72 61 69 6e 62 6f 77 73 20 22 72 61 69 6e |y rainbows "rain|
0001a770 62 6f 77 73 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 |bows". wit|
0001a780 68 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 72 61 69 6e 62 6f 77 22 |h name "rainbow"|
0001a790 20 22 72 61 69 6e 62 6f 77 73 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 | "rainbows",. |
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0001a7e0 68 61 74 20 2d 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |hat - \. |
0001a7f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 79 6f 75 20 77 65 72 65 | you were|
0001a800 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 76 65 72 79 20 67 6f 6f 64 | never very good|
0001a810 20 61 74 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 73 2e 22 0a 20 20 | at physics.". |
0001a820 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 73 63 65 6e 65 72 | has scener|
0001a830 79 3b 0a 0a 42 65 69 6e 67 20 22 73 63 65 6e 65 |y;..Being "scene|
0001a840 72 79 22 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 62 |ry" makes the ob|
0001a850 6a 65 63 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 73 74 |ject not only st|
0001a860 61 74 69 63 20 62 75 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6e 6f |atic but also no|
0001a870 74 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 0a 62 79 20 74 |t described.by t|
0001a880 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 61 |he game unless a|
0001a890 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 65 78 61 6d 69 6e 65 64 |ctually examined|
0001a8a0 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 2e 20 | by the player. |
0001a8b0 20 41 20 74 72 75 65 20 70 65 72 66 65 63 74 69 | A true perfecti|
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0001a8d0 72 20 69 74 20 74 6f 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4e |r it to:.. N|
0001a8e0 65 61 72 62 79 20 72 61 69 6e 62 6f 77 73 20 22 |earby rainbows "|
0001a8f0 72 61 69 6e 62 6f 77 73 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |rainbows". |
0001a900 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 72 61 69 6e | with name "rain|
0001a910 62 6f 77 22 20 22 72 61 69 6e 62 6f 77 73 22 2c |bow" "rainbows",|
0001a920 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 73 |. des|
0001a930 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 43 61 75 73 65 64 |cription "Caused|
0001a940 20 62 79 20 64 69 66 66 72 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c | by diffraction,|
0001a950 20 6f 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 | or something li|
0001a960 6b 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 2d 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 |ke that - \. |
0001a970 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 79 6f 75 20 | you |
0001a980 77 65 72 65 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 76 65 72 79 20 |were never very |
0001a990 67 6f 6f 64 20 61 74 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 73 2e |good at physics.|
0001a9a0 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 |",. b|
0001a9b0 65 66 6f 72 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |efore. |
0001a9c0 20 20 5b 3b 20 54 61 6b 65 2c 20 50 75 73 68 2c | [; Take, Push,|
0001a9d0 20 50 75 6c 6c 2c 20 54 75 72 6e 3a 20 22 42 75 | Pull, Turn: "Bu|
0001a9e0 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 61 69 6e 62 6f 77 73 20 61 |t the rainbows a|
0001a9f0 72 65 20 6d 61 64 65 20 6f 66 20 6c 69 67 68 74 |re made of light|
0001aa00 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.";. |
0001aa10 5d 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 73 |],. has s|
0001aa20 63 65 6e 65 72 79 3b 0a 0a 0a 4c 65 74 20 75 73 |cenery;...Let us|
0001aa30 20 6e 6f 77 20 61 64 64 20 61 20 73 65 63 6f 6e | now add a secon|
0001aa40 64 20 72 6f 6f 6d 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4f 62 |d room:.. Ob|
0001aa50 6a 65 63 74 20 43 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 20 22 53 |ject Corridor "S|
0001aa60 6c 6f 70 69 6e 67 20 43 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 22 |loping Corridor"|
0001aa70 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 65 73 |. with des|
0001aa80 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |cription. |
0001aa90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 54 68 69 73 20 63 | "This c|
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0001aac0 20 74 68 65 20 73 71 75 61 72 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d | the square room|
0001aad0 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.",. |
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0001aaf0 2c 20 73 5f 74 6f 20 53 71 75 61 72 65 5f 52 6f |, s_to Square_Ro|
0001ab00 6f 6d 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |om,. |
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0001ab20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 69 6d 70 6f 73 73 69 62 |becomes impossib|
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0001ab40 75 20 72 65 74 72 65 61 74 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 |u retreat.",. |
0001ab50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 6e 74 5f 67 6f | cant_go|
0001ab60 20 22 54 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 20 72 | "The corridor r|
0001ab70 75 6e 73 20 75 70 20 61 6e 64 20 64 6f 77 6e 2e |uns up and down.|
0001ab80 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 6c 69 |". has li|
0001ab90 67 68 74 3b 0a 0a 61 6e 64 20 65 78 74 65 6e 64 |ght;..and extend|
0001aba0 20 74 68 65 20 53 71 75 61 72 65 20 52 6f 6f 6d | the Square Room|
0001abb0 20 74 6f 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4f 62 6a 65 63 | to:.. Objec|
0001abc0 74 20 53 71 75 61 72 65 5f 52 6f 6f 6d 20 22 53 |t Square_Room "S|
0001abd0 71 75 61 72 65 20 52 6f 6f 6d 22 0a 20 20 20 20 |quare Room". |
0001abe0 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 | with descript|
0001abf0 69 6f 6e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ion. |
0001ac00 20 20 20 20 22 41 20 62 72 6f 61 64 2c 20 73 71 | "A broad, sq|
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0001ac30 66 6c 6f 6f 72 65 64 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |floored \. |
0001ac40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 | with |
0001ac50 62 6c 61 63 6b 20 61 6e 64 20 77 68 69 74 65 20 |black and white |
0001ac60 63 68 65 71 75 65 72 65 64 20 74 69 6c 65 73 2e |chequered tiles.|
0001ac70 20 20 41 20 64 6f 6f 72 77 61 79 20 69 6e 20 74 | A doorway in t|
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0001ac90 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 65 6e 74 72 65 20 6f 66 20 | centre of |
0001aca0 74 68 65 20 6e 6f 72 74 68 20 73 69 64 65 20 6f |the north side o|
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0001acd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 75 5f 74 6f 20 | u_to |
0001ace0 43 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |Corridor,. |
0001acf0 20 20 20 20 20 20 6e 5f 74 6f 20 43 6f 72 72 69 | n_to Corri|
0001ad00 64 6f 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 |dor. has |
0001ad10 6c 69 67 68 74 3b 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 |light;..The play|
0001ad20 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 6e 6f 77 20 67 6f 20 66 72 |er can now go fr|
0001ad30 6f 6d 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 |om one to the ot|
0001ad40 68 65 72 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 |her. The proper|
0001ad50 74 69 65 73 20 22 75 5f 74 6f 22 2c 20 22 64 5f |ties "u_to", "d_|
0001ad60 74 6f 22 2c 0a 22 6e 5f 74 6f 22 20 28 61 6e 64 |to",."n_to" (and|
0001ad70 20 73 6f 20 6f 6e 29 20 64 65 63 6c 61 72 65 20 | so on) declare |
0001ad80 77 68 61 74 20 6c 69 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |what lies in the|
0001ad90 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 22 75 70 22 | directions "up"|
0001ada0 2c 20 22 64 6f 77 6e 22 2c 20 22 6e 6f 72 74 68 |, "down", "north|
0001adb0 22 0a 28 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 6f 6e 29 2e 20 20 |".(and so on). |
0001adc0 49 66 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 6e 27 74 20 64 |If they aren't d|
0001add0 65 63 6c 61 72 65 64 2c 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 61 6e |eclared, one can|
0001ade0 6e 6f 74 20 67 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 61 79 2e |not go that way.|
0001adf0 20 20 4e 6f 74 69 63 65 20 74 68 61 74 0a 74 68 | Notice that.th|
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0001ae20 73 61 67 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 70 72 |sage which is pr|
0001ae30 69 6e 74 65 64 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 |inted if the pla|
0001ae40 79 65 72 20 74 72 69 65 73 0a 74 6f 20 67 6f 20 |yer tries.to go |
0001ae50 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 64 69 72 |in the given dir|
0001ae60 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |ection...In the |
0001ae70 53 71 75 61 72 65 20 52 6f 6f 6d 2c 20 69 66 20 |Square Room, if |
0001ae80 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 74 72 69 65 73 |the player tries|
0001ae90 20 74 6f 20 67 6f 2c 20 73 61 79 2c 20 65 61 73 | to go, say, eas|
0001aea0 74 2c 20 73 68 65 20 67 65 74 73 20 61 20 6d 65 |t, she gets a me|
0001aeb0 73 73 61 67 65 0a 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 |ssage.along the |
0001aec0 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 6f 66 20 22 59 6f 75 20 63 61 |lines of "You ca|
0001aed0 6e 27 74 20 67 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 61 79 2e |n't go that way.|
0001aee0 22 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 |", which is not |
0001aef0 76 65 72 79 20 68 65 6c 70 66 75 6c 2e 20 20 49 |very helpful. I|
0001af00 6e 0a 74 68 65 20 43 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 2c 20 |n.the Corridor, |
0001af10 74 68 65 20 22 63 61 6e 74 5f 67 6f 22 20 6d 65 |the "cant_go" me|
0001af20 73 73 61 67 65 20 69 73 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 |ssage is printed|
0001af30 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 2e 0a 0a 4e 6f 74 69 63 | instead...Notic|
0001af40 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 70 20 63 |e that the map c|
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0001af60 6c 6c 20 6f 6e 65 2d 77 61 79 3a 20 74 68 65 79 |ll one-way: they|
0001af70 20 6a 75 73 74 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 | just happen to |
0001af80 62 65 0a 64 65 66 69 6e 65 64 20 69 6e 20 73 75 |be.defined in su|
0001af90 63 68 20 61 20 77 61 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 |ch a way that th|
0001afa0 65 79 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 74 77 6f 2d 77 61 |ey appear two-wa|
0001afb0 79 2e 0a 0a 0a 52 6f 6f 6d 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 |y....Rooms also |
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0001afe0 68 74 20 77 72 69 74 65 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |ht write:.. |
0001aff0 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 43 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 20 |Object Corridor |
0001b000 22 53 6c 6f 70 69 6e 67 20 43 6f 72 72 69 64 6f |"Sloping Corrido|
0001b010 72 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 |r". with d|
0001b020 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |escription. |
0001b030 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 54 68 69 73 | "This|
0001b040 20 63 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 20 73 6c 6f 70 65 73 | corridor slopes|
0001b050 20 75 70 77 61 72 64 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 20 | upward and out |
0001b060 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 71 75 61 72 65 20 72 6f |of the square ro|
0001b070 6f 6d 3a 20 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |om: \. |
0001b080 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 6f | the floo|
0001b090 72 20 75 6e 64 65 72 66 6f 6f 74 20 69 73 20 61 |r underfoot is a|
0001b0a0 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 73 74 69 63 6b 79 2e 22 | little sticky."|
0001b0b0 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 5f |,. d_|
0001b0c0 74 6f 20 53 71 75 61 72 65 5f 52 6f 6f 6d 2c 20 |to Square_Room, |
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0001b0e0 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 75 5f |,. u_|
0001b0f0 74 6f 20 22 54 68 65 20 73 6c 6f 70 65 20 62 65 |to "The slope be|
0001b100 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 69 6d 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 79 |comes impossibly|
0001b110 20 73 74 65 65 70 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20 | steep, and you |
0001b120 72 65 74 72 65 61 74 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |retreat.",. |
0001b130 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 6e 74 5f 67 6f 20 22 | cant_go "|
0001b140 54 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 20 72 75 6e |The corridor run|
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0001b160 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 65 66 |. bef|
0001b170 6f 72 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ore. |
0001b180 5b 3b 20 54 61 6b 65 3a 20 69 66 20 28 6e 6f 75 |[; Take: if (nou|
0001b190 6e 20 3d 3d 20 63 6f 6e 65 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |n == cone). |
0001b1a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0001b1b0 20 20 20 20 22 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 65 20 73 65 | "The cone se|
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0001b1d0 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 6f 72 20 68 65 72 |to the floor her|
0001b1e0 65 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e.";. |
0001b1f0 20 5d 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 | ],. has |
0001b200 6c 69 67 68 74 3b 0a 0a 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 77 20 |light;..and now |
0001b210 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 65 20 28 69 66 20 64 72 6f |the cone (if dro|
0001b220 70 70 65 64 20 74 68 65 72 65 29 20 63 61 6e 6e |pped there) cann|
0001b230 6f 74 20 62 65 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d |ot be taken from|
0001b240 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 6f 72 20 6f 66 0a 74 68 | the floor of.th|
0001b250 65 20 53 6c 6f 70 69 6e 67 20 43 6f 72 72 69 64 |e Sloping Corrid|
0001b260 6f 72 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c |or. The variabl|
0001b270 65 73 20 22 6e 6f 75 6e 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 73 |es "noun" and "s|
0001b280 65 63 6f 6e 64 22 20 68 6f 6c 64 20 74 68 65 20 |econd" hold the |
0001b290 66 69 72 73 74 0a 61 6e 64 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 |first.and second|
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0001b2b0 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 |with an action. |
0001b2c0 20 52 6f 6f 6d 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 66 6f | Rooms have befo|
0001b2d0 72 65 20 61 6e 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 0a 72 6f 75 |re and after.rou|
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0001b300 62 65 72 2c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e |ber, when writin|
0001b310 67 20 72 75 6c 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 72 6f 6f 6d |g rules for room|
0001b320 73 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d |s, that the room|
0001b330 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 61 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 | may be a differ|
0001b340 65 6e 74 0a 6f 6e 65 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 |ent.one after th|
0001b350 65 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 68 61 73 20 74 61 6b |e action has tak|
0001b360 65 6e 20 70 6c 61 63 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 47 |en place. The G|
0001b370 6f 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e |o action, for in|
0001b380 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 69 73 0a 6f 66 66 65 72 |stance, is.offer|
0001b390 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 22 62 65 66 6f 72 |ed to the "befor|
0001b3a0 65 22 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |e" routine of th|
0001b3b0 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 |e room which is |
0001b3c0 62 65 69 6e 67 20 6c 65 66 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 |being left, and |
0001b3d0 74 68 65 0a 22 61 66 74 65 72 22 20 72 6f 75 74 |the."after" rout|
0001b3e0 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 |ine of the room |
0001b3f0 62 65 69 6e 67 20 61 72 72 69 76 65 64 20 69 6e |being arrived in|
0001b400 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0a |. For example:.|
0001b410 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 66 74 |. aft|
0001b420 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b |er. [|
0001b430 3b 20 47 6f 3a 20 69 66 20 28 6e 6f 75 6e 3d 3d |; Go: if (noun==|
0001b440 69 6e 5f 6f 62 6a 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |in_obj). |
0001b450 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 69 6e 74 | print|
0001b460 20 22 48 6f 77 20 67 72 61 74 65 66 75 6c 20 79 | "How grateful y|
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0001b490 5e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |^";. |
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0001b4b0 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 |e message when t|
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0001b4d0 65 64 20 76 69 61 20 74 68 65 20 22 69 6e 22 20 |ed via the "in" |
0001b4e0 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 28 4e 6f 74 65 |direction..(Note|
0001b4f0 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 | that the messag|
0001b500 65 20 69 73 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 |e is printed wit|
0001b510 68 20 74 68 65 20 22 70 72 69 6e 74 22 20 63 6f |h the "print" co|
0001b520 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 6d 65 61 |mmand. This mea|
0001b530 6e 73 0a 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 |ns.that it does |
0001b540 6e 6f 74 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c |not automaticall|
0001b550 79 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 74 72 75 65 3a 20 69 |y return true: i|
0001b560 6e 20 66 61 63 74 2c 20 69 74 20 72 65 74 75 72 |n fact, it retur|
0001b570 6e 73 20 66 61 6c 73 65 2c 0a 73 6f 20 74 68 65 |ns false,.so the|
0001b580 20 67 61 6d 65 20 6b 6e 6f 77 73 20 74 68 61 74 | game knows that|
0001b590 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 75 61 6c 20 72 75 6c 65 73 | the usual rules|
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0001b970 61 70 70 6c 65 20 73 74 69 63 6b 73 20 74 6f 20 |apple sticks to |
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0001c440 68 65 72 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 63 74 75 61 |here which actua|
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0001c470 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 61 74 2c 20 74 61 6b 69 6e 67 |owing at, taking|
0001c480 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 66 6f 72 74 68 2e 20 20 | and so forth. |
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0001c4d0 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 22 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 64 |actions" which d|
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0001c500 2c 20 61 73 20 77 65 20 73 68 61 6c 6c 20 63 6f |, as we shall co|
0001c510 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 6c 61 74 65 72 2e 29 20 20 54 |me to later.) T|
0001c520 68 65 73 65 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 |hese have the sa|
0001c530 6d 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 0a 61 |me name as the.a|
0001c540 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 22 53 75 62 22 |ction with "Sub"|
0001c550 20 28 73 68 6f 72 74 20 66 6f 72 20 22 73 75 62 | (short for "sub|
0001c560 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 22 29 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 |routine") on the|
0001c570 20 65 6e 64 3a 20 73 6f 2c 20 22 54 61 6b 65 53 | end: so, "TakeS|
0001c580 75 62 22 20 66 6f 72 0a 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 |ub" for.instance|
0001c590 2e 0a 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 |....The actions |
0001c5a0 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 |implemented by t|
0001c5b0 68 65 20 6c 69 62 72 61 72 79 20 61 72 65 20 69 |he library are i|
0001c5c0 6e 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 3a 0a |n three groups:.|
0001c5d0 0a 20 31 2e 20 51 75 69 74 2c 20 52 65 73 74 61 |. 1. Quit, Resta|
0001c5e0 72 74 2c 20 52 65 73 74 6f 72 65 2c 20 56 65 72 |rt, Restore, Ver|
0001c5f0 69 66 79 2c 20 53 61 76 65 2c 20 53 63 72 69 70 |ify, Save, Scrip|
0001c600 74 4f 6e 2c 20 53 63 72 69 70 74 4f 66 66 2c 0a |tOn, ScriptOff,.|
0001c610 20 20 20 20 42 72 69 65 66 2c 20 4e 6f 72 6d 61 | Brief, Norma|
0001c620 6c 2c 20 56 65 72 62 6f 73 65 3b 0a 20 20 0a 20 |l, Verbose;. . |
0001c630 32 2e 20 49 6e 76 2c 20 54 61 6b 65 2c 20 44 72 |2. Inv, Take, Dr|
0001c640 6f 70 2c 20 52 65 6d 6f 76 65 2c 20 50 75 74 4f |op, Remove, PutO|
0001c650 6e 2c 20 49 6e 73 65 72 74 2c 20 54 72 61 6e 73 |n, Insert, Trans|
0001c660 66 65 72 2c 20 45 6d 70 74 79 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 |fer, Empty,. |
0001c670 45 6e 74 65 72 2c 20 45 78 69 74 2c 20 47 6f 2c |Enter, Exit, Go,|
0001c680 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 2c 20 45 78 61 6d 69 6e 65 2c 20 | Look, Examine, |
0001c690 47 69 76 65 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 55 6e 6c 6f 63 6b |Give,. Unlock|
0001c6a0 2c 20 4c 6f 63 6b 2c 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 4f 6e |, Lock, SwitchOn|
0001c6b0 2c 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 4f 66 66 2c 20 4f 70 65 |, SwitchOff, Ope|
0001c6c0 6e 2c 20 43 6c 6f 73 65 2c 20 44 69 73 72 6f 62 |n, Close, Disrob|
0001c6d0 65 2c 20 57 65 61 72 2c 20 45 61 74 3b 0a 0a 20 |e, Wear, Eat;.. |
0001c6e0 33 2e 20 59 65 73 2c 20 4e 6f 2c 20 42 75 72 6e |3. Yes, No, Burn|
0001c6f0 2c 20 50 72 61 79 2c 20 57 61 6b 65 2c 20 57 61 |, Pray, Wake, Wa|
0001c700 6b 65 4f 74 68 65 72 20 5b 70 65 72 73 6f 6e 5d |keOther [person]|
0001c710 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 4b 69 73 73 2c 20 54 68 69 6e |,. Kiss, Thin|
0001c720 6b 2c 20 53 6d 65 6c 6c 2c 20 4c 69 73 74 65 6e |k, Smell, Listen|
0001c730 2c 20 54 61 73 74 65 2c 20 54 6f 75 63 68 2c 20 |, Taste, Touch, |
0001c740 54 6f 75 63 68 54 68 69 6e 67 2c 20 44 69 67 2c |TouchThing, Dig,|
0001c750 0a 20 20 20 20 43 75 74 2c 20 4a 75 6d 70 20 5b |. Cut, Jump [|
0001c760 6a 75 6d 70 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 6f 74 |jump on the spot|
0001c770 5d 2c 20 4a 75 6d 70 4f 76 65 72 2c 20 54 69 65 |], JumpOver, Tie|
0001c780 2c 20 44 72 69 6e 6b 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 46 69 6c |, Drink,. Fil|
0001c790 6c 2c 20 53 6f 72 72 79 2c 20 53 74 72 6f 6e 67 |l, Sorry, Strong|
0001c7a0 20 5b 73 77 65 61 72 20 77 6f 72 64 5d 2c 20 4d | [swear word], M|
0001c7b0 69 6c 64 20 5b 73 77 65 61 72 20 77 6f 72 64 5d |ild [swear word]|
0001c7c0 2c 20 41 74 74 61 63 6b 2c 20 53 77 69 6d 2c 0a |, Attack, Swim,.|
0001c7d0 20 20 20 20 53 77 69 6e 67 20 5b 73 6f 6d 65 74 | Swing [somet|
0001c7e0 68 69 6e 67 5d 2c 20 42 6c 6f 77 2c 20 52 75 62 |hing], Blow, Rub|
0001c7f0 2c 20 53 65 74 2c 20 57 61 76 65 48 61 6e 64 73 |, Set, WaveHands|
0001c800 20 5b 69 65 2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 22 77 61 76 65 | [ie, just "wave|
0001c810 22 5d 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 57 61 76 65 20 5b 73 6f |"],. Wave [so|
0001c820 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 5d 2c 20 50 75 6c 6c 2c 20 |mething], Pull, |
0001c830 50 75 73 68 2c 20 50 75 73 68 44 69 72 20 5b 70 |Push, PushDir [p|
0001c840 75 73 68 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 69 6e |ush something in|
0001c850 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 5d 2c 0a 20 | a direction],. |
0001c860 20 20 20 54 75 72 6e 2c 20 53 71 75 65 65 7a 65 | Turn, Squeeze|
0001c870 2c 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 55 6e 64 65 72 20 5b 6c 6f 6f |, LookUnder [loo|
0001c880 6b 20 75 6e 64 65 72 6e 65 61 74 68 20 73 6f 6d |k underneath som|
0001c890 65 74 68 69 6e 67 5d 2c 20 53 65 61 72 63 68 2c |ething], Search,|
0001c8a0 0a 20 20 20 20 54 68 72 6f 77 41 74 2c 20 41 6e |. ThrowAt, An|
0001c8b0 73 77 65 72 2c 20 42 75 79 2c 20 41 73 6b 2c 20 |swer, Buy, Ask, |
0001c8c0 53 69 6e 67 2c 20 43 6c 69 6d 62 2c 20 57 61 69 |Sing, Climb, Wai|
0001c8d0 74 2c 20 53 6c 65 65 70 0a 0a 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 |t, Sleep..Note t|
0001c8e0 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 63 |hat the player c|
0001c8f0 61 6e 20 74 79 70 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 6d 61 6e 6e |an type all mann|
0001c900 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 74 6f 20 |er of things to |
0001c910 67 65 74 20 74 68 65 73 65 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 0a |get these. For.|
0001c920 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 22 74 61 6b 65 20 |instance, "take |
0001c930 6f 66 66 20 73 68 69 72 74 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 |off shirt" and "|
0001c940 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 68 69 72 74 |remove the shirt|
0001c950 22 20 62 6f 74 68 20 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 |" both cause the|
0001c960 20 44 69 73 72 6f 62 65 0a 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e | Disrobe.action.|
0001c970 20 20 59 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 64 65 20 63 61 6e 20 | Your code can |
0001c980 69 67 6e 6f 72 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 |ignore this comp|
0001c990 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 47 72 6f 75 70 |lication...Group|
0001c9a0 20 31 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 63 | 1 actions are c|
0001c9b0 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 6d 65 74 61 22 20 2d 20 74 |alled "meta" - t|
0001c9c0 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 6f 75 74 73 69 64 65 20 |hey are outside |
0001c9d0 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 2c |the game proper,|
0001c9e0 20 61 6e 64 0a 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 64 65 20 69 | and.your code i|
0001c9f0 73 20 75 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 74 65 |s unable to inte|
0001ca00 72 66 65 72 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 6d 2e |rfere with them.|
0001ca10 20 20 28 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 61 | (If you want a|
0001ca20 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 0a | room where the.|
0001ca30 67 61 6d 65 20 63 61 6e 27 74 20 62 65 20 73 61 |game can't be sa|
0001ca40 76 65 64 2c 20 61 73 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 |ved, as for inst|
0001ca50 61 6e 63 65 20 22 53 70 65 6c 6c 62 72 65 61 6b |ance "Spellbreak|
0001ca60 65 72 22 20 63 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 6c 79 20 64 6f |er" cunningly do|
0001ca70 65 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 27 6c 6c 0a 68 61 76 65 20 |es, you'll.have |
0001ca80 74 6f 20 74 61 6d 70 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 53 |to tamper with S|
0001ca90 61 76 65 53 75 62 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 2c |aveSub directly,|
0001caa0 20 73 61 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 52 65 70 6c | say with a Repl|
0001cab0 61 63 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 3a |acement routine:|
0001cac0 20 73 65 65 0a 6c 61 74 65 72 2e 29 0a 0a 47 72 | see.later.)..Gr|
0001cad0 6f 75 70 20 32 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 62 |oup 2 actions, b|
0001cae0 79 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 2c 20 61 63 74 75 61 |y default, actua|
0001caf0 6c 6c 79 20 64 6f 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 |lly do something|
0001cb00 3b 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 33 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e |; group 3 action|
0001cb10 73 2c 0a 62 79 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 2c 20 64 |s,.by default, d|
0001cb20 6f 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 62 75 74 20 72 65 |o nothing but re|
0001cb30 70 6c 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 67 65 6e 65 72 |ply with a gener|
0001cb40 61 6c 6c 79 20 6e 65 67 61 74 69 76 65 20 6d 65 |ally negative me|
0001cb50 73 73 61 67 65 2e 0a 0a 0a 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 |ssage....Althoug|
0001cb60 68 20 61 6c 6c 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 61 |h all actions ca|
0001cb70 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 22 62 65 66 6f 72 65 22 20 |ll the "before" |
0001cb80 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 6c |routines, not al|
0001cb90 6c 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 6d 20 62 6f 74 68 65 72 |l of them bother|
0001cba0 20 74 6f 0a 63 68 65 63 6b 20 22 61 66 74 65 72 | to.check "after|
0001cbb0 22 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 |" routines. For|
0001cbc0 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 73 69 6e 63 65 | instance, since|
0001cbd0 20 74 68 65 20 62 75 69 6c 74 2d 69 6e 20 53 6d | the built-in Sm|
0001cbe0 65 6c 6c 53 75 62 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 0a 6a |ellSub routine.j|
0001cbf0 75 73 74 20 73 61 79 73 20 22 59 6f 75 20 73 6d |ust says "You sm|
0001cc00 65 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 20 |ell nothing out |
0001cc10 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 22 |of the ordinary"|
0001cc20 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 |, there would be|
0001cc30 20 6e 6f 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 0a 63 61 6c 6c 69 6e | no point.callin|
0001cc40 67 20 22 61 66 74 65 72 22 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e |g "after" routin|
0001cc50 65 73 20 2d 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 2c 20 61 66 |es - nothing, af|
0001cc60 74 65 72 20 61 6c 6c 2c 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 |ter all, has bee|
0001cc70 6e 20 64 6f 6e 65 2e 20 20 28 54 68 65 73 65 20 |n done. (These |
0001cc80 61 72 65 0a 74 68 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 33 20 |are.the group 3 |
0001cc90 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 62 6f 76 65 2e 29 0a |actions above.).|
0001cca0 0a 54 68 65 20 6f 6e 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 |.The ones which |
0001ccb0 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 64 6f 20 73 6f 6d 65 |actually do some|
0001ccc0 74 68 69 6e 67 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 |thing, and call |
0001ccd0 22 61 66 74 65 72 22 2c 20 61 72 65 3a 0a 0a 20 |"after", are:.. |
0001cce0 20 49 6e 76 2c 20 54 61 6b 65 2c 20 44 72 6f 70 | Inv, Take, Drop|
0001ccf0 2c 20 52 65 6d 6f 76 65 2c 20 50 75 74 4f 6e 2c |, Remove, PutOn,|
0001cd00 20 49 6e 73 65 72 74 2c 20 45 78 69 74 2c 20 47 | Insert, Exit, G|
0001cd10 6f 2c 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 2c 20 45 78 61 6d 69 6e 65 |o, Look, Examine|
0001cd20 2c 20 55 6e 6c 6f 63 6b 2c 0a 20 20 4c 6f 63 6b |, Unlock,. Lock|
0001cd30 2c 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 4f 6e 2c 20 53 77 69 74 |, SwitchOn, Swit|
0001cd40 63 68 4f 66 66 2c 20 4f 70 65 6e 2c 20 43 6c 6f |chOff, Open, Clo|
0001cd50 73 65 2c 20 44 69 73 72 6f 62 65 2c 20 57 65 61 |se, Disrobe, Wea|
0001cd60 72 2c 20 45 61 74 2c 20 53 65 61 72 63 68 2e 0a |r, Eat, Search..|
0001cd70 0a 28 53 6f 6d 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 67 72 6f |.(Some other gro|
0001cd80 75 70 20 32 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 75 73 65 |up 2 actions use|
0001cd90 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 22 61 66 74 65 72 22 20 72 | these "after" r|
0001cda0 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 20 69 6e 64 69 72 65 63 74 |outines indirect|
0001cdb0 6c 79 20 2d 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 0a 70 6c 61 79 |ly - if the.play|
0001cdc0 65 72 20 65 6d 70 74 69 65 73 20 61 20 73 61 63 |er empties a sac|
0001cdd0 6b 20 6f 75 74 20 6f 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 |k out onto the f|
0001cde0 6c 6f 6f 72 2c 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 64 65 |loor, this is de|
0001cdf0 65 6d 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 64 72 6f 70 70 |emed to be dropp|
0001ce00 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 0a 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 |ing the.objects |
0001ce10 77 69 74 68 69 6e 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 |within, for inst|
0001ce20 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 66 20 61 20 73 |ance, and if a s|
0001ce30 61 63 6b 20 69 73 20 65 6d 70 74 69 65 64 20 69 |ack is emptied i|
0001ce40 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 70 61 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 63 61 |nto a packing ca|
0001ce50 73 65 0a 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 |se.this is consi|
0001ce60 64 65 72 65 64 20 61 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 65 |dered a multiple|
0001ce70 20 69 6e 73 65 72 74 69 6f 6e 2e 29 0a 0a 0a 54 | insertion.)...T|
0001ce80 68 65 20 6c 69 62 72 61 72 79 27 73 20 61 63 74 |he library's act|
0001ce90 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 20 |ions are easily |
0001cea0 61 64 64 65 64 20 74 6f 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 20 69 |added to. For i|
0001ceb0 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 61 64 64 20 74 68 65 |nstance, add the|
0001cec0 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | routine:.. |
0001ced0 5b 20 42 6c 6f 72 70 6c 65 53 75 62 3b 0a 20 20 |[ BlorpleSub;. |
0001cee0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 59 6f 75 20 73 70 65 61 | "You spea|
0001cef0 6b 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 67 69 63 20 77 6f 72 64 |k the magic word|
0001cf00 20 7e 42 6c 6f 72 70 6c 65 7e 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 | ~Blorple~. Not|
0001cf10 68 69 6e 67 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 73 2e 22 3b 0a |hing happens.";.|
0001cf20 20 20 20 20 20 5d 3b 0a 0a 28 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 | ];..(somewh|
0001cf30 65 72 65 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 49 6e |ere after the In|
0001cf40 69 74 69 61 6c 69 73 65 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 |itialise routine|
0001cf50 2c 20 73 61 79 2c 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 74 69 64 |, say, to be tid|
0001cf60 79 29 2e 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f |y). There is no|
0001cf70 77 0a 61 6e 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 42 6c 6f |w.an action "Blo|
0001cf80 72 70 6c 65 22 20 28 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 69 74 |rple" (though it|
0001cf90 20 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 74 20 64 6f 20 61 6e 79 74 | doesn't do anyt|
0001cfa0 68 69 6e 67 20 76 65 72 79 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 |hing very intere|
0001cfb0 73 74 69 6e 67 29 2e 20 20 4f 6e 65 0a 63 61 6e |sting). One.can|
0001cfc0 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 | use the command|
0001cfd0 20 3c 42 6c 6f 72 70 6c 65 3e 3b 20 74 6f 20 6d | <Blorple>; to m|
0001cfe0 61 6b 65 20 69 74 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 2c 20 61 |ake it happen, a|
0001cff0 6e 64 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 |nd could change |
0001d000 74 68 65 0a 22 62 65 66 6f 72 65 22 20 72 6f 75 |the."before" rou|
0001d010 74 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 2c 20 73 61 79 2c 20 74 68 |tine of, say, th|
0001d020 65 20 43 6f 72 72 69 64 6f 72 2c 20 74 6f 20 6d |e Corridor, to m|
0001d030 61 6b 65 20 42 6c 6f 72 70 6c 65 20 64 6f 20 73 |ake Blorple do s|
0001d040 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 0a 65 78 63 69 74 69 6e |omething.excitin|
0001d050 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f 6e 65 20 70 6c |g in that one pl|
0001d060 61 63 65 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 77 |ace. In other w|
0001d070 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 42 6c 6f 72 70 6c 65 20 69 73 |ords, Blorple is|
0001d080 20 6e 6f 77 20 61 6e 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6a | now an action j|
0001d090 75 73 74 0a 6c 69 6b 65 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 68 |ust.like any oth|
0001d0a0 65 72 2e 0a 0a 42 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 |er...But the pla|
0001d0b0 79 65 72 20 63 61 6e 27 74 20 79 65 74 20 74 79 |yer can't yet ty|
0001d0c0 70 65 20 22 62 6c 6f 72 70 6c 65 22 20 61 6e 64 |pe "blorple" and|
0001d0d0 20 67 65 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e | get this respon|
0001d0e0 73 65 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 0a 61 6c 74 68 |se, because.alth|
0001d0f0 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 |ough the action |
0001d100 65 78 69 73 74 73 2c 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 6e 27 |exists, it hasn'|
0001d110 74 20 62 65 65 6e 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 69 |t been written i|
0001d120 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 20 |nto the grammar |
0001d130 6f 66 0a 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 20 20 54 68 |of.the game. Th|
0001d140 65 20 67 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 20 69 73 20 61 20 6c |e grammar is a l|
0001d150 61 72 67 65 20 74 61 62 6c 65 20 28 6d 6f 73 74 |arge table (most|
0001d160 6c 79 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 6f 75 74 20 69 |ly written out i|
0001d170 6e 20 74 68 65 20 22 47 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 22 0a |n the "Grammar".|
0001d180 6c 69 62 72 61 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 29 2e 20 20 |library file). |
0001d190 49 74 20 63 61 6e 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 20 62 65 |It can easily be|
0001d1a0 20 61 64 64 65 64 20 74 6f 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 | added to, and i|
0001d1b0 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 20 77 65 20 73 |n this case we s|
0001d1c0 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 61 64 64 0a 74 68 65 20 6c 69 |imply add.the li|
0001d1d0 6e 65 73 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 56 65 72 62 20 22 |nes.. Verb "|
0001d1e0 62 6c 6f 72 70 6c 65 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |blorple". |
0001d1f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 20 20 20 20 20 20 | * |
0001d200 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0001d210 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 3e 20 42 6c 6f | -> Blo|
0001d220 72 70 6c 65 3b 0a 0a 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 61 74 65 |rple;..immediate|
0001d230 6c 79 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 63 |ly after the inc|
0001d240 6c 75 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 22 47 |lusion of the "G|
0001d250 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 22 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 20 54 |rammar" file. T|
0001d260 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 61 73 0a |his is about as.|
0001d270 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 61 73 20 67 72 61 6d 6d 61 |simple as gramma|
0001d280 72 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 63 6f 6d 65 2c 20 61 6e |r lines come, an|
0001d290 64 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f 6e 6c |d means that onl|
0001d2a0 79 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 22 62 6c 6f 72 |y the word "blor|
0001d2b0 70 6c 65 22 20 63 61 6e 0a 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 |ple" can.be used|
0001d2c0 20 61 73 20 61 20 76 65 72 62 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 | as a verb, and |
0001d2d0 69 74 20 63 61 6e 27 74 20 61 70 70 6c 79 20 74 |it can't apply t|
0001d2e0 6f 20 61 6e 79 20 6e 6f 75 6e 20 6f 72 20 6e 6f |o any noun or no|
0001d2f0 75 6e 73 2e 0a 0a 47 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 20 69 73 |uns...Grammar is|
0001d300 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 64 65 73 63 | more fully desc|
0001d310 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 28 31 34 29 2c 20 62 |ribed in (14), b|
0001d320 75 74 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 74 68 |ut looking at th|
0001d330 65 20 67 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 20 74 61 62 6c 65 0a |e grammar table.|
0001d340 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 22 47 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 22 |in the "Grammar"|
0001d350 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 69 76 65 20 | file will give |
0001d360 61 20 66 61 69 72 20 69 64 65 61 20 6f 66 20 77 |a fair idea of w|
0001d370 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 64 6f 2e 0a 0a |hat it can do...|
0001d380 0a 49 74 20 69 73 20 74 69 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 62 |.It is time to b|
0001d390 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 70 72 65 63 69 73 65 20 61 |e more precise a|
0001d3a0 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 61 63 74 20 73 |bout the exact s|
0001d3b0 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 65 76 65 6e 74 |equence of event|
0001d3c0 73 2e 20 20 53 75 70 70 6f 73 65 0a 74 68 65 20 |s. Suppose.the |
0001d3d0 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |player is in the|
0001d3e0 20 42 65 64 71 75 69 6c 74 20 52 6f 6f 6d 2c 20 | Bedquilt Room, |
0001d3f0 61 6e 64 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 22 64 72 6f 70 20 |and types "drop |
0001d400 6f 79 73 74 65 72 22 2e 20 20 4f 6e 63 65 20 69 |oyster". Once i|
0001d410 74 20 68 61 73 0a 63 68 65 63 6b 65 64 20 74 68 |t has.checked th|
0001d420 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 72 65 61 |at this is a rea|
0001d430 73 6f 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c |sonable command,|
0001d440 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 72 73 65 72 20 64 6f 65 73 | the parser does|
0001d450 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 3a 0a | the following:.|
0001d460 0a 20 20 20 31 2e 20 20 43 61 6c 6c 20 47 61 6d |. 1. Call Gam|
0001d470 65 50 72 65 52 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 28 69 66 20 |ePreRoutine (if |
0001d480 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 29 2e 0a 20 |there is one).. |
0001d490 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 65 | If this re|
0001d4a0 74 75 72 6e 73 20 74 72 75 65 2c 20 73 74 6f 70 |turns true, stop|
0001d4b0 20 68 65 72 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 32 2e 20 20 43 | here... 2. C|
0001d4c0 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 22 62 65 66 6f 72 65 22 |all the "before"|
0001d4d0 20 6f 66 20 42 65 64 71 75 69 6c 74 20 52 6f 6f | of Bedquilt Roo|
0001d4e0 6d 2e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 69 |m.. If thi|
0001d4f0 73 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 73 20 74 72 75 65 2c 20 |s returns true, |
0001d500 73 74 6f 70 20 68 65 72 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 33 |stop here... 3|
0001d510 2e 20 20 54 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 22 62 65 66 |. Then the "bef|
0001d520 6f 72 65 22 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 79 73 74 |ore" of the oyst|
0001d530 65 72 2e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 |er.. If th|
0001d540 69 73 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 73 20 74 72 75 65 2c |is returns true,|
0001d550 20 73 74 6f 70 20 68 65 72 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 | stop here... |
0001d560 34 2e 20 20 41 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 64 72 6f |4. Actually dro|
0001d570 70 20 74 68 65 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 2e 0a 0a 20 |p the object... |
0001d580 20 20 35 2e 20 20 43 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 22 | 5. Call the "|
0001d590 61 66 74 65 72 22 20 6f 66 20 42 65 64 71 75 69 |after" of Bedqui|
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0001d5c0 20 73 74 6f 70 20 68 65 72 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 | stop here... |
0001d5d0 36 2e 20 20 54 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 22 61 66 |6. Then the "af|
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0001d610 20 73 74 6f 70 20 68 65 72 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 | stop here... |
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0001d750 73 73 2e 29 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |ss.)...---------|
0001d760 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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0001d7e0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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0001e050 20 63 75 70 62 6f 61 72 64 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | cupboard". |
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0001e2d0 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 |irection which t|
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0001e2f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 22 | such as "|
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0001e330 69 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f |in that directio|
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0001e350 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 6f 6f 72 20 69 74 73 | door its|
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0001e3a0 74 20 49 6e 5f 49 6d 6d 65 6e 73 65 5f 4e 5f 53 |t In_Immense_N_S|
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0001e3c0 65 20 4e 2f 53 20 50 61 73 73 61 67 65 22 0a 20 |e N/S Passage". |
0001e3d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 65 73 63 72 | with descr|
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0001e400 72 74 68 2f 73 6f 75 74 68 20 70 61 73 73 61 67 |rth/south passag|
0001e410 65 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e.",. |
0001e420 20 73 5f 74 6f 20 49 6e 5f 47 69 61 6e 74 5f 52 | s_to In_Giant_R|
0001e430 6f 6f 6d 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |oom,. |
0001e440 20 6e 5f 74 6f 20 52 75 73 74 79 44 6f 6f 72 3b | n_to RustyDoor;|
0001e450 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 61 72 62 79 20 52 75 |.. Nearby Ru|
0001e460 73 74 79 44 6f 6f 72 20 22 72 75 73 74 79 20 64 |styDoor "rusty d|
0001e470 6f 6f 72 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 |oor". with|
0001e480 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 49 74 | description "It|
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0001e4b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 64 6f 6f | name "doo|
0001e4c0 72 22 20 22 68 69 6e 67 65 22 20 22 68 69 6e 67 |r" "hinge" "hing|
0001e4d0 65 73 22 20 22 6d 61 73 73 69 76 65 22 20 22 72 |es" "massive" "r|
0001e4e0 75 73 74 79 22 20 22 69 72 6f 6e 22 2c 0a 20 20 |usty" "iron",. |
0001e4f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 65 6e 5f 63 | when_c|
0001e500 6c 6f 73 65 64 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |losed. |
0001e510 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 54 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 6e | "The way n|
0001e520 6f 72 74 68 20 69 73 20 62 61 72 72 65 64 20 62 |orth is barred b|
0001e530 79 20 61 20 6d 61 73 73 69 76 65 2c 20 72 75 73 |y a massive, rus|
0001e540 74 79 2c 20 69 72 6f 6e 20 64 6f 6f 72 2e 22 2c |ty, iron door.",|
0001e550 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 65 |. whe|
0001e560 6e 5f 6f 70 65 6e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |n_open. |
0001e570 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 54 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 | "The way |
0001e580 6e 6f 72 74 68 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 74 68 72 6f |north leads thro|
0001e590 75 67 68 20 61 20 6d 61 73 73 69 76 65 2c 20 72 |ugh a massive, r|
0001e5a0 75 73 74 79 2c 20 69 72 6f 6e 20 64 6f 6f 72 2e |usty, iron door.|
0001e5b0 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 |",. d|
0001e5c0 6f 6f 72 5f 74 6f 20 49 6e 5f 43 61 76 65 72 6e |oor_to In_Cavern|
0001e5d0 5f 57 69 74 68 5f 57 61 74 65 72 66 61 6c 6c 2c |_With_Waterfall,|
0001e5e0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 6f 6f |. doo|
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0001e600 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 5f 6b 65 79 | with_key|
0001e610 20 73 65 74 5f 6f 66 5f 6b 65 79 73 0a 20 20 20 | set_of_keys. |
0001e620 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 73 74 61 74 69 63 20 | has static |
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0001e640 63 6b 61 62 6c 65 20 6c 6f 63 6b 65 64 3b 0a 0a |ckable locked;..|
0001e650 28 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 64 |(Note that the d|
0001e660 6f 6f 72 20 69 73 20 22 73 74 61 74 69 63 22 20 |oor is "static" |
0001e670 2d 20 6f 74 68 65 72 77 69 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 |- otherwise the |
0001e680 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 70 69 63 |player could pic|
0001e690 6b 20 69 74 20 75 70 20 61 6e 64 0a 77 61 6c 6b |k it up and.walk|
0001e6a0 20 61 77 61 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 69 74 21 29 20 | away with it!) |
0001e6b0 20 54 68 65 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 74 69 65 73 20 | The properties |
0001e6c0 22 77 68 65 6e 5f 63 6c 6f 73 65 64 22 20 61 6e |"when_closed" an|
0001e6d0 64 20 22 77 68 65 6e 5f 6f 70 65 6e 22 20 67 69 |d "when_open" gi|
0001e6e0 76 65 0a 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 |ve.descriptions |
0001e6f0 61 70 70 72 6f 70 72 69 61 74 65 20 66 6f 72 20 |appropriate for |
0001e700 74 68 65 20 64 6f 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 73 |the door in thes|
0001e710 65 20 74 77 6f 20 73 74 61 74 65 73 2e 0a 0a 44 |e two states...D|
0001e720 6f 6f 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 |oors are rather |
0001e730 6f 6e 65 2d 77 61 79 3a 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 |one-way: they ar|
0001e740 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 72 65 61 6c 6c 79 20 70 72 |e only really pr|
0001e750 65 73 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 69 64 |esent on one sid|
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0001e770 65 64 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 |eds to be access|
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0001e790 6e 64 20 6c 6f 63 6b 61 62 6c 65 20 66 72 6f 6d |nd lockable from|
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0001e7d0 74 20 69 6e 20 62 6f 74 68 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 |t in both locati|
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0001e820 6f 72 20 77 68 69 63 68 65 76 65 72 20 73 69 64 |or whichever sid|
0001e830 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 0a 69 73 20 |e the player.is |
0001e840 6f 6e 2e 20 20 48 65 72 65 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 2c |on. Here, then,|
0001e850 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 77 6f 2d 77 61 79 20 64 6f | is a two-way do|
0001e860 6f 72 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 |or:.. Object|
0001e870 20 47 72 61 74 65 20 22 73 74 65 65 6c 20 67 72 | Grate "steel gr|
0001e880 61 74 65 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 |ate". with|
0001e890 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 67 72 61 74 65 22 20 22 6c | name "grate" "l|
0001e8a0 6f 63 6b 22 20 22 67 61 74 65 22 20 22 67 72 69 |ock" "gate" "gri|
0001e8b0 6c 6c 65 22 20 22 6d 65 74 61 6c 22 0a 20 20 20 |lle" "metal". |
0001e8c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 73 | "s|
0001e8d0 74 72 6f 6e 67 22 20 22 73 74 65 65 6c 22 20 22 |trong" "steel" "|
0001e8e0 67 72 61 74 69 6e 67 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |grating",. |
0001e8f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f | descriptio|
0001e900 6e 20 22 49 74 20 6a 75 73 74 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 73 |n "It just looks|
0001e910 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 | like an ordinar|
0001e920 79 20 67 72 61 74 65 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |y grate \. |
0001e930 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 | mounte|
0001e940 64 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6e 63 72 65 74 65 2e 22 2c |d in concrete.",|
0001e950 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 |. wit|
0001e960 68 5f 6b 65 79 20 73 65 74 5f 6f 66 5f 6b 65 79 |h_key set_of_key|
0001e970 73 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 |s,. d|
0001e980 6f 6f 72 5f 64 69 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |oor_dir. |
0001e990 20 20 20 20 5b 3b 20 69 66 20 28 6c 6f 63 61 74 | [; if (locat|
0001e9a0 69 6f 6e 3d 3d 42 65 6c 6f 77 5f 54 68 65 5f 47 |ion==Below_The_G|
0001e9b0 72 61 74 65 29 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 75 5f 74 |rate) return u_t|
0001e9c0 6f 3b 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 64 5f 74 6f 3b 0a |o; return d_to;.|
0001e9d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5d 2c 0a 20 | ],. |
0001e9e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 6f 6f 72 5f | door_|
0001e9f0 74 6f 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b |to. [|
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0001ea10 42 65 6c 6f 77 5f 54 68 65 5f 47 72 61 74 65 29 |Below_The_Grate)|
0001ea20 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 4f 75 74 73 69 64 65 5f | return Outside_|
0001ea30 47 72 61 74 65 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |Grate;. |
0001ea40 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 42 65 6c | return Bel|
0001ea50 6f 77 5f 54 68 65 5f 47 72 61 74 65 3b 0a 20 20 |ow_The_Grate;. |
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0001eb10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 74 72 75 65 3b 0a 20 | rtrue;. |
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0001eb30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 5f | found_|
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0001eb50 61 74 65 20 20 4f 75 74 73 69 64 65 5f 47 72 61 |ate Outside_Gra|
0001eb60 74 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 73 |te. has s|
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0001eb80 62 6c 65 20 6c 6f 63 6b 61 62 6c 65 20 6c 6f 63 |ble lockable loc|
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0001eba0 77 5f 54 68 65 5f 47 72 61 74 65 20 68 61 73 20 |w_The_Grate has |
0001ebb0 75 5f 74 6f 20 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 47 72 61 74 |u_to set to Grat|
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0001ebd0 72 61 74 65 20 68 61 73 20 64 5f 74 6f 0a 73 65 |rate has d_to.se|
0001ebe0 74 20 74 6f 20 47 72 61 74 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 |t to Grate. The|
0001ebf0 20 67 72 61 74 65 20 63 61 6e 20 6e 6f 77 20 62 | grate can now b|
0001ec00 65 20 6f 70 65 6e 65 64 2c 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 64 |e opened, closed|
0001ec10 2c 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f |, entered and lo|
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0001ec40 69 72 73 74 20 73 69 67 68 74 2c 20 69 74 20 69 |irst sight, it i|
0001ec50 73 6e 27 74 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 73 20 77 68 79 |sn't obvious why|
0001ec60 20 64 6f 6f 72 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 | doors have the |
0001ec70 22 64 6f 6f 72 5f 64 69 72 22 20 70 72 6f 70 65 |"door_dir" prope|
0001ec80 72 74 79 2e 0a 57 68 79 20 64 6f 65 73 20 61 20 |rty..Why does a |
0001ec90 64 6f 6f 72 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6b 6e 6f |door need to kno|
0001eca0 77 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 77 61 79 20 69 74 20 66 |w which way it f|
0001ecb0 61 63 65 73 3f 20 20 54 68 65 20 69 64 65 61 20 |aces? The idea |
0001ecc0 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 66 0a 74 68 65 72 65 |is that if.there|
0001ecd0 27 73 20 61 6e 20 6f 70 65 6e 20 64 6f 6f 72 20 |'s an open door |
0001ece0 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 75 74 68 20 77 61 6c |in the south wal|
0001ecf0 6c 2c 20 61 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 |l, a player can |
0001ed00 67 6f 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 69 74 20 65 69 |go through it ei|
0001ed10 74 68 65 72 0a 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 22 |ther.by typing "|
0001ed20 73 6f 75 74 68 22 20 6f 72 20 22 65 6e 74 65 72 |south" or "enter|
0001ed30 20 64 6f 6f 72 22 2e 20 20 53 6f 20 77 68 61 74 | door". So what|
0001ed40 20 74 68 65 20 45 6e 74 65 72 20 61 63 74 69 6f | the Enter actio|
0001ed50 6e 20 64 6f 65 73 20 28 69 66 0a 74 68 65 20 64 |n does (if.the d|
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0001ed90 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 0a 64 |with the given.d|
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0001edb0 68 61 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 63 61 |has one practica|
0001edc0 6c 20 63 6f 6e 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 3a 20 69 |l consequence: i|
0001edd0 66 20 79 6f 75 20 70 75 74 20 22 62 65 66 6f 72 |f you put "befor|
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0001ee10 74 68 65 20 47 72 61 74 65 2c 20 74 68 65 79 20 |the Grate, they |
0001ee20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 61 70 70 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 61 20 |only apply to a |
0001ee30 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 0a 22 65 |player typing."e|
0001ee40 6e 74 65 72 20 67 72 61 74 65 22 20 61 6e 64 20 |nter grate" and |
0001ee50 6e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 6a 75 73 74 20 |not to one just |
0001ee60 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 22 64 6f 77 6e 22 2e 20 20 |typing "down". |
0001ee70 54 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 74 72 61 70 20 |The way to trap |
0001ee80 62 6f 74 68 20 61 74 0a 6f 6e 63 65 20 69 73 20 |both at.once is |
0001ee90 74 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 61 20 72 6f 75 74 69 |to write a routi|
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0001eef0 20 54 68 69 73 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 65 79 | This means they|
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0001ef40 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 |them. The objec|
0001ef50 74 20 68 61 73 20 74 68 65 0a 61 74 74 72 69 62 |t has the.attrib|
0001ef60 75 74 65 20 22 6f 6e 22 20 69 66 20 69 74 27 73 |ute "on" if it's|
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0001ef80 65 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 |e:.. Object |
0001ef90 73 65 61 72 63 68 6c 69 67 68 74 20 22 47 6f 74 |searchlight "Got|
0001efa0 68 61 6d 20 43 69 74 79 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 6c |ham City searchl|
0001efb0 69 67 68 74 22 20 73 6b 79 73 63 72 61 70 65 72 |ight" skyscraper|
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0001efe0 74 22 20 22 74 65 6d 70 6c 61 74 65 22 2c 20 61 |t" "template", a|
0001eff0 72 74 69 63 6c 65 20 22 74 68 65 22 2c 0a 20 20 |rticle "the",. |
0001f000 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 | descri|
0001f010 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 49 74 20 68 61 73 20 73 6f |ption "It has so|
0001f020 6d 65 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 74 65 6d 70 6c |me kind of templ|
0001f030 61 74 65 20 6f 6e 20 69 74 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 |ate on it.",. |
0001f040 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 65 6e 5f 6f 6e | when_on|
0001f050 20 22 54 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 63 69 74 79 20 73 | "The old city s|
0001f060 65 61 72 63 68 6c 69 67 68 74 20 73 68 69 6e 65 |earchlight shine|
0001f070 73 20 6f 75 74 20 61 20 62 61 74 20 61 67 61 69 |s out a bat agai|
0001f080 6e 73 74 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |nst \. |
0001f090 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 66 | the f|
0001f0a0 65 61 74 68 65 72 2d 63 6c 6f 75 64 73 20 6f 66 |eather-clouds of|
0001f0b0 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 72 6b 65 6e 69 6e 67 20 73 | the darkening s|
0001f0c0 6b 79 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ky.",. |
0001f0d0 20 20 77 68 65 6e 5f 6f 66 66 20 22 54 68 65 20 | when_off "The |
0001f0e0 6f 6c 64 20 63 69 74 79 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 6c |old city searchl|
0001f0f0 69 67 68 74 2c 20 6e 65 67 6c 65 63 74 65 64 20 |ight, neglected |
0001f100 62 75 74 20 73 74 69 6c 6c 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 |but still \. |
0001f110 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0001f120 20 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 2c 20 73 69 | functional, si|
0001f130 74 73 20 68 65 72 65 2e 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ts here.". |
0001f140 20 68 61 73 20 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 61 62 6c 65 | has switchable|
0001f150 20 73 74 61 74 69 63 3b 0a 0a 48 65 72 65 20 69 | static;..Here i|
0001f160 73 20 61 20 6c 61 6d 70 20 77 68 6f 73 65 20 62 |s a lamp whose b|
0001f170 61 74 74 65 72 69 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 6f |atteries will so|
0001f180 6d 65 20 64 61 79 20 72 75 6e 20 64 6f 77 6e 3a |me day run down:|
0001f190 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 61 72 62 79 20 62 72 |.. Nearby br|
0001f1a0 61 73 73 5f 6c 61 6e 74 65 72 6e 20 22 62 72 61 |ass_lantern "bra|
0001f1b0 73 73 20 6c 61 6e 74 65 72 6e 22 0a 20 20 20 20 |ss lantern". |
0001f1c0 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 6c 61 | with name "la|
0001f1d0 6d 70 22 20 22 6c 61 6e 74 65 72 6e 22 20 22 73 |mp" "lantern" "s|
0001f1e0 68 69 6e 79 22 20 22 62 72 61 73 73 22 2c 0a 20 |hiny" "brass",. |
0001f1f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 65 6e 5f | when_|
0001f200 6f 66 66 20 20 22 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 |off "There is a|
0001f210 20 73 68 69 6e 79 20 62 72 61 73 73 20 6c 61 6d | shiny brass lam|
0001f220 70 20 6e 65 61 72 62 79 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 |p nearby.",. |
0001f230 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 65 6e 5f 6f 6e 20 | when_on |
0001f240 20 20 22 59 6f 75 72 20 6c 61 6d 70 20 69 73 20 | "Your lamp is |
0001f250 68 65 72 65 2c 20 67 6c 65 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 62 |here, gleaming b|
0001f260 72 69 67 68 74 6c 79 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |rightly.",. |
0001f270 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 69 6d 65 5f 6c 65 66 74 | time_left|
0001f280 20 33 33 30 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 330,. |
0001f290 20 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | before. |
0001f2a0 20 20 20 20 20 5b 3b 20 45 78 61 6d 69 6e 65 3a | [; Examine:|
0001f2b0 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 49 74 20 69 73 20 61 20 | print "It is a |
0001f2c0 73 68 69 6e 79 20 62 72 61 73 73 20 6c 61 6d 70 |shiny brass lamp|
0001f2d0 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |";. |
0001f2e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 28 62 72 61 73 | if (bras|
0001f2f0 73 5f 6c 61 6e 74 65 72 6e 20 68 61 73 6e 74 20 |s_lantern hasnt |
0001f300 6f 6e 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |on). |
0001f310 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 2e 20 | ". |
0001f320 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 63 75 72 72 65 | It is not curre|
0001f330 6e 74 6c 79 20 6c 69 74 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 |ntly lit.";. |
0001f340 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0001f350 20 69 66 20 28 62 72 61 73 73 5f 6c 61 6e 74 65 | if (brass_lante|
0001f360 72 6e 2e 74 69 6d 65 5f 6c 65 66 74 20 3c 20 33 |rn.time_left < 3|
0001f370 30 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |0). |
0001f380 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 2c 20 67 | ", g|
0001f390 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 64 69 6d 6c 79 2e 22 3b 0a |lowing dimly.";.|
0001f3a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0001f3b0 20 20 20 20 20 22 2c 20 67 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 | ", glowing |
0001f3c0 62 72 69 67 68 74 6c 79 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 |brightly.";. |
0001f3d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 75 72 6e 3a | Burn:|
0001f3e0 20 3c 3c 53 77 69 74 63 68 4f 6e 20 62 72 61 73 | <<SwitchOn bras|
0001f3f0 73 5f 6c 61 6e 74 65 72 6e 3e 3e 3b 0a 20 20 20 |s_lantern>>;. |
0001f400 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 75 62 3a | Rub:|
0001f410 20 20 22 52 75 62 62 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 65 | "Rubbing the e|
0001f420 6c 65 63 74 72 69 63 20 6c 61 6d 70 20 69 73 20 |lectric lamp is |
0001f430 6e 6f 74 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 6c 79 |not particularly|
0001f440 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | \. |
0001f450 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 65 77 61 72 64 69 | rewardi|
0001f460 6e 67 2e 20 20 41 6e 79 77 61 79 2c 20 6e 6f 74 |ng. Anyway, not|
0001f470 68 69 6e 67 20 65 78 63 69 74 69 6e 67 20 68 61 |hing exciting ha|
0001f480 70 70 65 6e 73 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ppens.";. |
0001f490 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 4f 6e | SwitchOn|
0001f4a0 3a 20 69 66 20 28 62 72 61 73 73 5f 6c 61 6e 74 |: if (brass_lant|
0001f4b0 65 72 6e 2e 74 69 6d 65 5f 6c 65 66 74 20 3c 3d |ern.time_left <=|
0001f4c0 20 30 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 0). |
0001f4d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 55 6e 66 6f 72 74 | "Unfort|
0001f4e0 75 6e 61 74 65 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 74 |unately, the bat|
0001f4f0 74 65 72 69 65 73 20 73 65 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 62 |teries seem to b|
0001f500 65 20 64 65 61 64 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e dead.";. |
0001f510 20 20 20 20 20 20 5d 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | ],. |
0001f520 20 20 20 20 20 61 66 74 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | after. |
0001f530 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b 3b 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 | [; Switch|
0001f540 4f 6e 3a 20 67 69 76 65 20 62 72 61 73 73 5f 6c |On: give brass_l|
0001f550 61 6e 74 65 72 6e 20 6c 69 67 68 74 3b 0a 20 20 |antern light;. |
0001f560 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 77 69 | Swi|
0001f570 74 63 68 4f 66 66 3a 20 67 69 76 65 20 62 72 61 |tchOff: give bra|
0001f580 73 73 5f 6c 61 6e 74 65 72 6e 20 7e 6c 69 67 68 |ss_lantern ~ligh|
0001f590 74 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5d |t;. ]|
0001f5a0 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 73 77 |,. has sw|
0001f5b0 69 74 63 68 61 62 6c 65 3b 0a 0a 0a 41 6e 20 6f |itchable;...An o|
0001f5c0 62 6a 65 63 74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 68 61 73 20 |bject which has |
0001f5d0 22 65 6e 74 65 72 61 62 6c 65 22 20 63 61 6e 20 |"enterable" can |
0001f5e0 62 65 20 67 6f 74 20 69 6e 73 69 64 65 2e 20 20 |be got inside. |
0001f5f0 28 54 68 65 20 69 64 65 61 20 6f 66 20 22 69 6e |(The idea of "in|
0001f600 73 69 64 65 22 0a 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 |side".here is th|
0001f610 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 69 73 |at the player is|
0001f620 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 68 61 6c 66 2d 69 6e 2c 20 61 | only half-in, a|
0001f630 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 63 61 72 20 6f 72 20 |s with a car or |
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0001f650 0a 63 6f 75 63 68 2e 20 20 49 66 20 69 74 27 73 |.couch. If it's|
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0001f6a0 20 20 20 20 20 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 63 61 72 20 | Object car |
0001f6b0 22 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 72 65 64 20 63 61 72 22 |"little red car"|
0001f6c0 20 63 61 76 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 | cave. wit|
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0001f6e0 22 72 65 64 22 20 22 63 61 72 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 |"red" "car",. |
0001f6f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 6f 6e 67 64 65 73 | longdes|
0001f700 63 20 22 4c 61 72 67 65 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 20 |c "Large enough |
0001f710 74 6f 20 73 69 74 20 69 6e 73 69 64 65 2e 20 20 |to sit inside. |
0001f720 41 6d 6f 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f |Among the contro|
0001f730 6c 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ls is a \. |
0001f740 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0001f750 70 72 6f 6d 69 6e 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 2f 6f 66 66 |prominent on/off|
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0001f780 20 31 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 1.",. |
0001f790 20 20 69 6e 69 74 70 6f 73 20 22 54 68 65 20 72 | initpos "The r|
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0001f7d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 64 | closed|
0001f7e0 70 6f 73 20 22 41 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 72 65 |pos "A little re|
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0001f800 68 65 72 65 2e 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |here.",. |
0001f810 20 20 20 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | before. |
0001f820 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b 3b 20 47 6f 3a 20 69 66 | [; Go: if|
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0001f840 72 6d 6d 21 20 20 42 72 6d 6d 21 22 3b 0a 20 20 |rmm! Brmm!";. |
0001f850 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
0001f860 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 28 54 68 65 20 69 67 6e | print "(The ign|
0001f870 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 6f 66 66 20 61 74 20 |ition is off at |
0001f880 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 6d 65 6e 74 2e 29 5e 22 3b 0a |the moment.)^";.|
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0001f8a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 73 77 69 74 63 | has switc|
0001f8b0 68 61 62 6c 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 61 62 6c 65 20 |hable enterable |
0001f8c0 73 74 61 74 69 63 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 65 72 |static container|
0001f8d0 20 6f 70 65 6e 3b 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 64 65 6d | open;..This dem|
0001f8e0 6f 6e 73 74 72 61 74 65 73 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 |onstrates a spec|
0001f8f0 69 61 6c 20 72 75 6c 65 2e 20 20 49 66 20 61 20 |ial rule. If a |
0001f900 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 69 73 20 69 6e 73 69 64 65 |player is inside|
0001f910 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 65 72 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 62 | an enterable ob|
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0001f930 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 2c 20 73 61 79 20 22 6e 6f 72 |o move, say "nor|
0001f940 74 68 22 2c 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 |th", the before |
0001f950 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 |routine for the |
0001f960 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 |object is called|
0001f970 0a 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e |.with the action|
0001f980 20 47 6f 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 5f 6f 62 6a 20 61 | Go, and n_obj a|
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0001f9b0 2c 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 0a 64 69 73 61 6c |, the game.disal|
0001f9c0 6c 6f 77 73 20 74 68 65 20 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 |lows the attempt|
0001f9d0 20 74 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 28 61 73 20 75 73 75 | to move (as usu|
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0001f9f0 72 6e 73 20 74 72 75 65 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 74 |rns true, then t|
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0001fa10 6c 61 79 65 72 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 6f 67 65 74 |layer move toget|
0001fa20 68 65 72 20 76 69 61 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 |her via the game|
0001fa30 27 73 20 75 73 75 61 6c 20 6d 61 70 2e 0a 0a 0a |'s usual map....|
0001fa40 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0001fa80 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 44 35 2e 20 |-----------.D5. |
0001fa90 20 4c 69 76 69 6e 67 20 63 72 65 61 74 75 72 65 | Living creature|
0001faa0 73 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |s.--------------|
0001fab0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0001fae0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a |-------------...|
0001faf0 41 6e 69 6d 61 74 65 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 |Animate objects |
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0001fb70 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 62 65 68 61 76 65 73 20 6a | This behaves j|
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0001fc60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 65 | se|
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0001fca0 0a 20 20 20 41 74 74 61 63 6b 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. Attack |
0001fcb0 20 20 50 6c 61 79 65 72 20 74 72 69 65 64 20 74 | Player tried t|
0001fcc0 6f 20 61 74 74 61 63 6b 20 63 72 65 61 74 75 72 |o attack creatur|
0001fcd0 65 0a 0a 20 20 20 4b 69 73 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e.. Kiss |
0001fce0 20 20 20 20 54 72 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6b 69 73 | Tried to kis|
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0001fd00 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 74 | The player t|
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0001fd90 20 20 20 20 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 5f 77 6f 72 | special_wor|
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0001fdb0 64 69 63 74 69 6f 6e 61 72 79 20 65 6e 74 72 79 |dictionary entry|
0001fdc0 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 0a 20 20 | of the first. |
0001fdd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 | w|
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0001fea0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 5f 6e | special_n|
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0001ff10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 | s|
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0001ff40 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6e 6f 75 6e 20 |e noun |
0001ff50 68 6f 6c 64 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 |holds the object|
0001ff60 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 77 68 61 74 20 | number of what |
0001ff70 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 74 |the player has t|
0001ff80 72 69 65 64 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ried. |
0001ff90 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 65 20 28 6f | to give (o|
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00020010 67 20 77 69 6c 6c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |g will. |
00020020 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 2e 29 | happen.)|
00020030 0a 0a 20 20 20 54 68 72 6f 77 41 74 20 20 20 20 |.. ThrowAt |
00020040 20 20 20 6e 6f 75 6e 20 68 6f 6c 64 73 20 77 68 | noun holds wh|
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00020060 72 20 74 72 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 72 6f 77 |r tried to throw|
00020070 2e 0a 0a 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e |...If the routin|
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000200c0 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2e 20 20 48 65 72 65 20 69 73 |course. Here is|
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000200e0 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 73 6e |.. Object sn|
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00020100 65 22 20 6d 69 73 74 73 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e" mists. |
00020110 77 69 74 68 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 73 75 6c 6c 65 |with name "sulle|
00020120 6e 22 20 22 73 6e 61 6b 65 22 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 |n" "snake",. |
00020130 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 | descript|
00020140 69 6f 6e 20 22 50 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 61 20 62 |ion "Perhaps a b|
00020150 6f 61 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 72 69 63 74 6f 72 2e 20 |oa constrictor. |
00020160 20 50 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 6e 6f 74 2e 22 2c 0a | Perhaps not.",.|
00020170 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 69 66 65 | life|
00020180 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b 3b 20 |. [; |
00020190 4f 72 64 65 72 3a 20 69 66 20 28 61 63 74 69 6f |Order: if (actio|
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000201b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000201c0 20 22 54 68 65 20 73 6e 61 6b 65 20 77 61 73 6e | "The snake wasn|
000201d0 27 74 20 62 6f 72 6e 20 79 65 73 74 65 72 64 61 |'t born yesterda|
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000201f0 20 20 20 20 41 74 74 61 63 6b 3a 20 20 22 4c 61 | Attack: "La|
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00020210 64 6f 64 67 65 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 61 74 74 61 |dodges your atta|
00020220 63 6b 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ck.";. |
00020230 20 20 20 20 20 4b 69 73 73 3a 20 20 20 20 22 57 | Kiss: "W|
00020240 68 61 74 20 61 20 72 65 70 75 6c 73 69 76 65 20 |hat a repulsive |
00020250 69 64 65 61 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |idea.";. |
00020260 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 72 6f 77 41 74 3a 20 | ThrowAt: |
00020270 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 45 66 66 6f 72 74 6c 65 73 |print "Effortles|
00020280 73 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 6e 61 6b 65 20 64 |sly, the snake d|
00020290 6f 64 67 65 73 20 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |odges ";. |
000202a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000202b0 20 44 65 66 41 72 74 28 69 6e 70 31 29 3b 20 22 | DefArt(inp1); "|
000202c0 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.";. |
000202d0 20 20 20 41 6e 73 77 65 72 3a 20 20 22 54 68 65 | Answer: "The|
000202e0 20 73 6e 61 6b 65 20 64 69 73 64 61 69 6e 73 20 | snake disdains |
000202f0 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 2e 22 3b 0a 20 20 |to comment.";. |
00020300 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 73 6b | Ask|
00020310 3a 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 28 6e 6f 75 6e 20 3d |: if (noun =|
00020320 3d 20 27 6d 69 73 74 73 27 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |= 'mists'). |
00020330 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00020340 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 7e 48 65 61 6c 74 68 79 | "~Healthy|
00020350 20 61 6e 64 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 | and good for th|
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00020370 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |;. |
00020380 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 7e 49 27 6d 20 | "~I'm |
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000203b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 47 | G|
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000203d0 20 68 61 73 20 65 64 69 62 6c 65 29 0a 20 20 20 | has edible). |
000203e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000203f0 20 20 20 20 20 7b 20 20 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 | { remove |
00020400 6e 6f 75 6e 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |noun;. |
00020410 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00020420 20 20 22 7e 4d 6d 6d 21 20 20 54 68 61 6e 6b 73 | "~Mmm! Thanks|
00020430 21 20 20 49 20 73 74 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 74 65 20 |! I still hate |
00020440 79 6f 75 2c 20 74 68 6f 75 67 68 2e 7e 22 3b 0a |you, though.~";.|
00020450 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00020460 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 | }. |
00020470 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00020480 20 20 22 7e 42 6c 65 75 72 67 68 68 21 20 20 41 | "~Bleurghh! A|
00020490 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 74 72 79 69 6e 67 20 74 6f |re you trying to|
000204a0 20 70 6f 69 73 6f 6e 20 6d 65 3f 7e 22 3b 0a 20 | poison me?~";. |
000204b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5d 2c 0a 20 20 | ],. |
000204c0 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 73 20 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 74 | has animat|
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00020500 64 20 22 61 66 74 65 72 22 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e |d "after" routin|
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00020530 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 74 68 61 | understands tha|
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00020550 61 6e 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 74 65 20 63 72 65 61 74 |an animate creat|
00020560 75 72 65 0a 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 74 61 |ure.cannot be ta|
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00020580 74 65 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 4f 72 64 65 72 3a 20 |te about Order: |
00020590 4f 72 64 65 72 20 69 73 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 |Order is another|
000205a0 20 22 66 61 6b 65 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 22 2e 20 | "fake action". |
000205b0 20 54 68 65 20 22 62 65 66 6f 72 65 22 0a 61 6e | The "before".an|
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000205d0 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 63 61 6e |es of a room can|
000205e0 27 74 20 64 65 74 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c |'t detect the pl|
000205f0 61 79 65 72 20 68 61 76 69 6e 67 20 67 69 76 65 |ayer having give|
00020600 6e 20 61 0a 72 65 71 75 65 73 74 20 74 6f 20 61 |n a.request to a|
00020610 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 |nother character|
00020620 2e 20 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 |. Also, if you |
00020630 77 61 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 6e 61 6b 65 20 74 |want the snake t|
00020640 6f 20 6f 62 65 79 20 77 68 65 6e 0a 74 68 65 20 |o obey when.the |
00020650 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 69 74 20 |player tells it |
00020660 74 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e |to take somethin|
00020670 67 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 77 |g, you have to w|
00020680 72 69 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 64 65 20 74 6f |rite the code to|
00020690 20 64 6f 0a 74 68 65 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 20 74 | do.the actual t|
000206a0 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 2e 20 |aking yourself. |
000206b0 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 6e 27 74 20 61 6e 79 20 | This isn't any |
000206c0 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 70 72 61 63 74 |problem in pract|
000206d0 69 63 65 2e 20 20 28 54 72 79 0a 6c 6f 6f 6b 69 |ice. (Try.looki|
000206e0 6e 67 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 64 65 20 66 |ng at the code f|
000206f0 6f 72 20 22 43 68 72 69 73 74 6f 70 68 65 72 22 |or "Christopher"|
00020700 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 22 54 6f 79 73 68 6f 70 | in the "Toyshop|
00020710 22 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 29 |" example game.)|
00020720 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |...-------------|
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*
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00020770 36 2e 20 20 43 6c 61 73 73 65 73 20 6f 66 20 6f |6. Classes of o|
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*
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000207f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6c 61 73 73 20 54 72 65 61 | Class Trea|
00020800 73 75 72 65 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 |sure. with|
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00020820 30 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 |0,. a|
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00020860 75 69 6c 64 69 6e 67 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |uilding). |
00020870 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
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000208d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 54 61 6b | "Tak|
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000208f0 20 20 20 20 20 44 72 6f 70 3a 20 73 63 6f 72 65 | Drop: score|
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00020910 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 | i|
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00020bc0 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 31 35 3a 20 69 2e 65 2e 2c |uld be 15: i.e.,|
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00020c00 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 68 | for instance, h|
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00020c20 79 20 63 61 6b 65 20 22 76 61 6c 75 61 62 6c 65 |y cake "valuable|
00020c30 20 63 61 6b 65 22 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6c 61 | cake". cla|
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00020c50 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 | with descript|
00020c60 69 6f 6e 20 22 45 78 71 75 69 73 69 74 65 21 22 |ion "Exquisite!"|
00020c70 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e |,. in|
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00020cb0 20 20 20 61 66 74 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | after. |
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00020d10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 | name |
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00020d60 65 72 22 20 72 75 6c 65 73 2e 20 20 42 6f 74 68 |er" rules. Both|
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*
00020ea0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 44 37 2e |------------.D7.|
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*
00020f10 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a |-------------...|
00020f20 42 79 20 74 72 61 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 20 |By tradition, a |
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00021010 6c 65 61 73 61 6e 74 72 69 65 73 2e 0a 0a 45 61 |leasantries...Ea|
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00021720 73 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 |s at the end of |
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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00025950 20 54 68 65 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 0a 77 68 69 | The routine.whi|
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000268e0 74 68 69 73 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 6c 65 |this would be le|
000268f0 73 73 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 20 |ss reasonable. |
00026900 53 6f 3a 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 5b 20 41 53 6c |So:... [ ASl|
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00026930 61 63 68 69 6e 65 5f 52 6f 6f 6d 29 20 20 20 20 |achine_Room) |
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00026950 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 65 6e 73 |s only make sens|
00026960 65 20 69 6e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e in. |
00026970 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 2d 31 3b 20 20 20 20 20 | return -1; |
00026980 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00026990 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 63 68 69 | ! the Machi|
000269a0 6e 65 20 52 6f 6f 6d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ne Room. |
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000269c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 28 77 3d 3d 27 73 6c | if (w=='sl|
000269d0 69 64 65 27 29 20 77 3d 4e 65 78 74 57 6f 72 64 |ide') w=NextWord|
000269e0 28 29 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6e 3d 30 3b |();. n=0;|
000269f0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 28 77 3d 3d |. if (w==|
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00026a20 20 69 66 20 28 77 3d 3d 27 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 27 | if (w=='second'|
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00026a60 65 27 29 20 6e 3d 33 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e') n=3;. |
00026a70 20 69 66 20 28 77 3d 3d 27 66 6f 75 72 74 68 27 | if (w=='fourth'|
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00026a90 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 66 20 28 77 3d 3d |. if (w==|
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00026ab0 27 29 20 20 6e 3d 35 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |') n=5;. |
00026ac0 20 69 66 20 28 6e 3d 3d 30 29 20 72 65 74 75 72 | if (n==0) retur|
00026ad0 6e 20 2d 31 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |n -1; |
00026ae0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 46 61 69 6c 75 | ! Failu|
00026af0 72 65 21 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 3d 4e 65 |re!. w=Ne|
00026b00 78 74 57 6f 72 64 28 29 3b 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |xtWord();. |
00026b10 20 20 69 66 20 28 77 7e 3d 27 73 6c 69 64 65 27 | if (w~='slide'|
00026b20 29 20 77 6e 2d 2d 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |) wn--; |
00026b30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 4d 6f 76 65 | ! Move|
00026b40 20 77 6f 72 64 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 72 20 62 61 | word counter ba|
00026b50 63 6b 20 74 6f 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ck to. |
00026b60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
*
00026b80 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 6d 69 | ! first mi|
00026b90 73 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 6f 6f 64 20 77 6f 72 64 |sunderstood word|
00026ba0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 72 73 65 64 5f |. parsed_|
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*
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*
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00027a40 65 77 2e 0a 0a 0a 54 68 65 6e 2c 20 74 6f 6f 2c |ew....Then, too,|
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00027b30 61 63 63 6f 72 64 69 6e 67 6c 79 2e 0a 0a 0a 2d |accordingly....-|
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*
00027b80 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 42 31 2e 20 41 |----------.B1. A|
00027b90 20 42 69 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 50 6c 61 79 65 72 27 | Bill of Player'|
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*
00027bf0 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 22 49 6e 20 |----... "In |
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00027c10 20 6f 66 20 5a 6f 72 6b 2c 20 69 74 20 77 61 73 | of Zork, it was|
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00027c50 6e 20 75 6e 73 74 61 62 6c 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d 2e |n unstable room.|
00027c60 20 44 75 65 20 74 6f 20 63 61 72 65 6c 65 73 73 | Due to careless|
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00027c80 63 68 65 64 75 6c 69 6e 67 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 |cheduling such a|
00027c90 20 63 6f 6c 6c 61 70 73 65 2c 20 35 30 2c 30 30 | collapse, 50,00|
00027ca0 30 20 70 6f 75 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 20 72 6f 63 6b |0 pounds of rock|
00027cb0 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 6f 6e 0a 20 | might fall on. |
00027cc0 20 20 20 20 79 6f 75 72 20 68 65 61 64 20 64 75 | your head du|
00027cd0 72 69 6e 67 20 61 20 73 74 72 6f 6c 6c 20 64 6f |ring a stroll do|
00027ce0 77 6e 20 61 20 66 6f 72 65 73 74 20 70 61 74 68 |wn a forest path|
00027cf0 2e 20 4d 65 74 65 6f 72 73 2c 20 6e 6f 20 64 6f |. Meteors, no do|
00027d00 75 62 74 2e 22 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ubt.".. |
00027d10 20 28 50 2e 20 44 61 76 69 64 20 4c 65 62 6c 69 | (P. David Lebli|
00027d20 6e 67 2c 20 22 5a 6f 72 6b 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 |ng, "Zork and th|
00027d30 65 20 46 75 74 75 72 65 20 6f 66 20 43 6f 6d 70 |e Future of Comp|
00027d40 75 74 65 72 69 7a 65 64 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |uterized. |
00027d50 20 20 20 46 61 6e 74 61 73 79 20 53 69 6d 75 6c | Fantasy Simul|
00027d60 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 22 29 0a 0a 0a 20 20 57 2e 20 |ations")... W. |
00027d70 48 2e 20 41 75 64 65 6e 20 6f 6e 63 65 20 6f 62 |H. Auden once ob|
00027d80 73 65 72 76 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 70 6f 65 74 |served that poet|
00027d90 72 79 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 |ry makes nothing|
00027da0 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 2e 20 20 41 64 76 65 6e 74 | happen. Advent|
00027db0 75 72 65 0a 67 61 6d 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 65 76 |ure.games are ev|
00027dc0 65 6e 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 66 75 74 69 6c 65 3a 20 |en more futile: |
00027dd0 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 62 65 |it must never be|
00027de0 20 66 6f 72 67 6f 74 74 65 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 | forgotten that |
00027df0 74 68 65 79 0a 69 6e 74 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c |they.intentional|
00027e00 6c 79 20 61 6e 6e 6f 79 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 |ly annoy the pla|
00027e10 79 65 72 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |yer most of the |
00027e20 74 69 6d 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 27 73 20 61 |time. There's a|
00027e30 20 66 69 6e 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 0a 62 65 74 77 65 | fine line.betwe|
00027e40 65 6e 20 61 20 63 68 61 6c 6c 65 6e 67 65 20 61 |en a challenge a|
00027e50 6e 64 20 61 20 6e 75 69 73 61 6e 63 65 3a 20 61 |nd a nuisance: a|
00027e60 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e |nd so the design|
00027e70 65 72 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 2c |er should think,|
00027e80 20 66 69 72 73 74 0a 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 65 6d | first.and forem|
00027e90 6f 73 74 2c 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 61 20 70 6c 61 79 |ost, like a play|
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00027eb0 6d 6d 65 72 20 6f 72 20 65 76 65 6e 20 61 6e 20 |mmer or even an |
00027ec0 61 75 74 68 6f 72 2e 0a 0a 20 20 57 69 74 68 20 |author... With |
00027ed0 74 68 61 74 20 69 6e 20 6d 69 6e 64 2c 20 49 20 |that in mind, I |
00027ee0 68 6f 6c 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 |hold the followi|
00027ef0 6e 67 20 72 69 67 68 74 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 |ng rights to be |
00027f00 73 65 6c 66 2d 65 76 69 64 65 6e 74 3a 0a 0a 0a |self-evident:...|
00027f10 20 20 20 20 31 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 62 | 1. Not to b|
00027f20 65 20 6b 69 6c 6c 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 |e killed without|
00027f30 20 77 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 0a 0a 20 20 41 74 20 69 | warning.. At i|
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00027f50 76 65 6c 2c 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 |vel, this means |
00027f60 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 77 69 74 68 |that a room with|
00027f70 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 65 78 69 74 73 2c 20 74 77 | three exits, tw|
00027f80 6f 20 6f 66 0a 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 65 61 64 20 |o of.which lead |
00027f90 74 6f 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 20 64 65 61 74 68 |to instant death|
00027fa0 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 74 68 69 72 64 20 74 | and the third t|
00027fb0 6f 20 74 72 65 61 73 75 72 65 2c 20 69 73 20 75 |o treasure, is u|
00027fc0 6e 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 61 62 6c 65 0a 77 69 74 68 |nreasonable.with|
00027fd0 6f 75 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 68 69 6e 74 2e 20 20 |out some hint. |
00027fe0 4f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63 74 20 6f |On the subject o|
00027ff0 66 20 77 68 69 63 68 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 32 2e |f which:.. 2.|
00028000 20 20 4e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 67 69 76 65 | Not to be give|
00028010 6e 20 68 6f 72 72 69 62 6c 79 20 75 6e 63 6c 65 |n horribly uncle|
00028020 61 72 20 68 69 6e 74 73 0a 20 0a 20 20 4d 61 6e |ar hints. . Man|
00028030 79 20 79 65 61 72 73 20 61 67 6f 2c 20 49 20 70 |y years ago, I p|
00028040 6c 61 79 65 64 20 61 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 6e 20 |layed a game in |
00028050 77 68 69 63 68 20 67 6f 69 6e 67 20 6e 6f 72 74 |which going nort|
00028060 68 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 63 61 76 65 20 6c 65 |h from a cave le|
00028070 64 20 74 6f 20 61 0a 6c 65 74 68 61 6c 20 70 69 |d to a.lethal pi|
00028080 74 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 68 69 6e 74 20 77 61 73 |t. The hint was|
00028090 3a 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 77 61 73 20 61 20 70 72 |: there was a pr|
000280a0 69 64 65 20 6f 66 20 6c 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 61 72 |ide of lions car|
000280b0 76 65 64 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 0a 64 6f |ved above the.do|
000280c0 6f 72 77 61 79 2e 20 20 47 6f 6f 64 20 68 69 6e |orway. Good hin|
000280d0 74 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 6b 69 6c 66 75 |ts can be skilfu|
000280e0 6c 6c 79 20 68 69 64 64 65 6e 2c 20 6f 72 20 76 |lly hidden, or v|
000280f0 65 72 79 20 62 72 69 65 66 20 28 49 20 74 68 69 |ery brief (I thi|
00028100 6e 6b 2c 20 66 6f 72 0a 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c |nk, for.example,|
00028110 20 74 68 65 20 68 69 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 | the hint in the|
00028120 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 2d 72 6f 63 6b 73 20 70 6c | moving-rocks pl|
00028130 61 69 6e 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 22 |ain problem in "|
00028140 53 70 65 6c 6c 62 72 65 61 6b 65 72 22 20 69 73 |Spellbreaker" is|
00028150 20 61 0a 6d 61 73 74 65 72 70 69 65 63 65 29 20 | a.masterpiece) |
00028160 62 75 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 6e |but should not n|
00028170 65 65 64 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 65 |eed explaining e|
00028180 76 65 6e 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 65 76 |ven after the ev|
00028190 65 6e 74 2e 0a 0a 20 20 53 75 72 76 69 76 61 6c |ent... Survival|
000281a0 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 2e 20 | is not enough. |
000281b0 20 49 64 65 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 77 65 20 77 6f 75 | Ideally, we wou|
000281c0 6c 64 20 6c 69 6b 65 2e 2e 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 |ld like..... |
000281d0 33 2e 20 20 54 6f 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 |3. To be able t|
000281e0 6f 20 77 69 6e 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 65 78 |o win without ex|
000281f0 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 70 61 73 74 |perience of past|
00028200 20 6c 69 76 65 73 0a 0a 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 72 | lives.. This r|
00028210 75 6c 65 20 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 68 61 72 64 |ule is very hard|
00028220 20 74 6f 20 61 62 69 64 65 20 62 79 2e 20 20 48 | to abide by. H|
00028230 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 65 78 |ere are three ex|
00028240 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 |amples:.. (|
00028250 69 29 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 6e |i) There is a n|
00028260 75 63 6c 65 61 72 20 62 6f 6d 62 20 62 75 72 69 |uclear bomb buri|
00028270 65 64 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 61 6e |ed under some an|
00028280 6f 6e 79 6d 6f 75 73 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |onymous. |
00028290 20 20 20 66 6c 6f 6f 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 65 | floor somewhe|
000282a0 72 65 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 |re, which must b|
000282b0 65 20 64 69 73 61 72 6d 65 64 2e 20 20 54 68 65 |e disarmed. The|
000282c0 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 6b 6e 6f 77 73 0a 20 20 | player knows. |
000282d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 | where t|
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000282f0 61 73 74 20 74 69 6d 65 20 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 2c |ast time around,|
00028300 20 69 74 20 62 6c 65 77 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 72 | it blew up ther|
00028310 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 69 69 29 20 54 |e... (ii) T|
00028320 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 72 6f 63 6b 65 74 |here is a rocket|
00028330 2d 6c 61 75 6e 63 68 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 |-launcher with a|
00028340 20 70 61 6e 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 62 75 74 74 6f 6e | panel of button|
00028350 73 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 73 0a 20 |s, which looks. |
00028360 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 73 20 69 66 20 | as if |
00028370 69 74 20 6e 65 65 64 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 63 |it needs to be c|
00028380 6f 72 72 65 63 74 6c 79 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d |orrectly program|
00028390 6d 65 64 2e 20 20 42 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c |med. But the pl|
000283a0 61 79 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ayer. |
000283b0 63 61 6e 20 6d 69 73 66 69 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 |can misfire the |
000283c0 72 6f 63 6b 65 74 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 20 62 79 |rocket easily by|
000283d0 20 74 61 6d 70 65 72 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 | tampering with |
000283e0 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 73 0a 20 20 20 |the controls. |
000283f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 66 | before f|
00028400 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 |inding the manua|
00028410 6c 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 69 69 69 29 20 |l... (iii) |
00028420 28 54 68 69 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 22 54 68 65 20 |(This from "The |
00028430 4c 75 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 48 6f 72 72 6f 72 22 2e |Lurking Horror".|
00028440 29 20 20 53 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6e 65 65 |) Something nee|
00028450 64 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 63 6f 6f 6b 65 64 0a |ds to be cooked.|
00028460 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 74 | for t|
00028470 68 65 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 20 |he right length |
00028480 6f 66 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 6f 6e |of time. The on|
00028490 6c 79 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 20 74 |ly way to find t|
000284a0 68 65 20 72 69 67 68 74 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |he right. |
000284b0 20 20 20 20 74 69 6d 65 20 69 73 20 62 79 20 74 | time is by t|
000284c0 72 69 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 65 72 72 6f 72 2c 20 |rial and error, |
000284d0 62 75 74 20 65 61 63 68 20 67 61 6d 65 20 61 6c |but each game al|
000284e0 6c 6f 77 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 72 |lows only one tr|
000284f0 69 61 6c 2e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ial.. |
00028500 4f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 68 61 6e |On the other han|
00028510 64 2c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 73 65 6e 73 65 20 |d, common sense |
00028520 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 73 20 61 20 72 65 61 73 6f |suggests a reaso|
00028530 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 2e 0a 0a 20 |nable answer... |
00028540 20 4f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 28 69 29 20 69 73 | Of these (i) is|
00028550 20 63 6c 65 61 72 6c 79 20 75 6e 66 61 69 72 2c | clearly unfair,|
00028560 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 73 20 77 6f | most players wo|
00028570 75 6c 64 20 61 67 72 65 65 20 28 69 69 29 20 69 |uld agree (ii) i|
00028580 73 20 66 61 69 72 0a 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 20 61 6e |s fair.enough an|
00028590 64 20 28 69 69 69 29 2c 20 61 73 20 74 65 6e 64 |d (iii), as tend|
000285a0 73 20 74 6f 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 20 77 69 74 68 |s to happen with|
000285b0 20 72 65 61 6c 20 63 61 73 65 73 2c 20 69 73 20 | real cases, is |
000285c0 62 6f 72 64 65 72 2d 6c 69 6e 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 |border-line... |
000285d0 49 6e 20 70 72 69 6e 63 69 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 |In principle, th|
000285e0 65 6e 2c 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 70 6c 61 79 65 |en, a good playe|
000285f0 72 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 |r should be able|
00028600 20 74 6f 20 70 6c 61 79 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 74 | to play the ent|
00028610 69 72 65 20 67 61 6d 65 0a 6f 75 74 20 77 69 74 |ire game.out wit|
00028620 68 6f 75 74 20 64 6f 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 79 74 68 |hout doing anyth|
00028630 69 6e 67 20 69 6c 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c 2c 20 61 |ing illogical, a|
00028640 6e 64 2c 20 69 6e 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 76 |nd, in similar v|
00028650 65 69 6e 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 34 2e 20 20 54 6f |ein:.. 4. To|
00028660 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 77 69 6e 20 | be able to win |
00028670 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 6b 6e 6f 77 6c 65 64 67 |without knowledg|
00028680 65 20 6f 66 20 66 75 74 75 72 65 20 65 76 65 6e |e of future even|
00028690 74 73 0a 0a 20 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c |ts.. For exampl|
000286a0 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 6f 70 65 6e |e, the game open|
000286b0 73 20 6e 65 61 72 20 61 20 73 68 6f 70 2e 20 20 |s near a shop. |
000286c0 59 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 6f 69 |You have one coi|
000286d0 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 63 61 6e 20 62 75 79 20 61 0a |n and can buy a.|
000286e0 6c 61 6d 70 2c 20 61 20 6d 61 67 69 63 20 63 61 |lamp, a magic ca|
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00028700 6f 70 65 2e 20 20 46 69 76 65 20 6d 69 6e 75 74 |ope. Five minut|
00028710 65 73 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 |es later you are|
00028720 20 74 72 61 6e 73 70 6f 72 74 65 64 0a 61 77 61 | transported.awa|
00028730 79 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 77 61 72 6e 69 6e |y without warnin|
00028740 67 20 74 6f 20 61 20 73 75 62 6d 61 72 69 6e 65 |g to a submarine|
00028750 2c 20 77 68 65 72 65 75 70 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 |, whereupon you |
00028760 6e 65 65 64 20 61 20 70 65 72 69 73 63 6f 70 65 |need a periscope|
00028770 2e 20 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 0a 62 6f 75 67 68 74 |. If you.bought|
00028780 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 72 70 65 74 2c 20 62 61 64 | the carpet, bad|
00028790 20 6c 75 63 6b 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 35 2e 20 20 | luck... 5. |
000287a0 4e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 |Not to have the |
000287b0 67 61 6d 65 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 64 20 6f 66 66 20 |game closed off |
000287c0 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 77 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 0a |without warning.|
000287d0 0a 20 20 43 6c 6f 73 65 64 20 6f 66 66 20 6d 65 |. Closed off me|
000287e0 61 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 77 6f |aning that it wo|
000287f0 75 6c 64 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 20 69 6d 70 6f 73 |uld become impos|
00028800 73 69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 63 65 65 64 |sible to proceed|
00028810 20 61 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 0a 6c 61 74 65 72 20 64 | at some.later d|
00028820 61 74 65 2e 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 |ate. If there i|
00028830 73 20 61 20 70 61 70 69 65 72 2d 6d 61 63 68 65 |s a papier-mache|
00028840 20 77 61 6c 6c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 | wall which you |
00028850 63 61 6e 20 77 61 6c 6b 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 |can walk through|
00028860 20 61 74 0a 74 68 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 62 65 67 | at.the very beg|
00028870 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 |inning of the ga|
00028880 6d 65 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d |me, it is extrem|
00028890 65 6c 79 20 61 6e 6e 6f 79 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 |ely annoying to |
000288a0 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 0a 70 75 7a 7a |find that a.puzz|
000288b0 6c 65 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 65 |le at the very e|
000288c0 6e 64 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 73 20 69 74 20 74 |nd requires it t|
000288d0 6f 20 73 74 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 69 6e 74 61 63 |o still be intac|
000288e0 74 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 65 76 65 72 79 |t, because every|
000288f0 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 0a 79 6f 75 72 20 73 61 76 | one of.your sav|
00028900 65 64 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 |ed games will be|
00028910 20 75 73 65 6c 65 73 73 2e 20 20 53 69 6d 69 6c | useless. Simil|
00028920 61 72 6c 79 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 71 75 69 74 65 |arly it is quite|
00028930 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 | common to have |
00028940 61 0a 72 6f 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e |a.room which can|
00028950 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 62 65 20 76 69 73 69 74 65 64 | only be visited|
00028960 20 6f 6e 63 65 20 70 65 72 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 20 | once per game. |
00028970 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 77 | If there are tw|
00028980 6f 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 0a 74 68 69 6e |o different.thin|
00028990 67 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 61 63 63 6f 6d 70 6c |gs to be accompl|
000289a0 69 73 68 65 64 20 74 68 65 72 65 2c 20 74 68 69 |ished there, thi|
000289b0 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 68 69 6e 74 |s should be hint|
000289c0 65 64 20 61 74 2e 0a 0a 20 20 49 6e 20 6f 74 68 |ed at... In oth|
000289d0 65 72 20 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 61 6e 20 69 72 72 |er words, an irr|
000289e0 65 76 6f 63 61 62 6c 65 20 61 63 74 20 69 73 20 |evocable act is |
000289f0 6f 6e 6c 79 20 66 61 69 72 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 |only fair if the|
00028a00 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 69 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e | player is given|
00028a10 0a 64 75 65 20 77 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 |.due warning tha|
00028a20 74 20 69 74 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 69 72 |t it would be ir|
00028a30 72 65 76 6f 63 61 62 6c 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 |revocable... |
00028a40 36 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 6e 65 65 64 20 |6. Not to need |
00028a50 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 75 6e 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 20 74 |to do unlikely t|
00028a60 68 69 6e 67 73 0a 0a 20 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 |hings.. For exa|
00028a70 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 61 20 67 61 6d 65 20 77 68 69 |mple, a game whi|
00028a80 63 68 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 73 20 6f 6e 20 61 73 |ch depends on as|
00028a90 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 20 70 6f 6c 69 63 65 6d 61 6e |king a policeman|
00028aa0 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 | about something|
00028ab0 20 68 65 0a 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 | he.could not re|
00028ac0 61 73 6f 6e 61 62 6c 79 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 61 62 |asonably know ab|
00028ad0 6f 75 74 2e 20 20 28 4c 65 73 73 20 65 78 74 72 |out. (Less extr|
00028ae0 65 6d 65 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 62 6c |emely, the probl|
00028af0 65 6d 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 0a 68 61 63 6b 65 72 |em of the.hacker|
00028b00 27 73 20 6b 65 79 73 20 69 6e 20 22 54 68 65 20 |'s keys in "The |
00028b10 4c 75 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 48 6f 72 72 6f 72 22 2e |Lurking Horror".|
00028b20 29 20 20 41 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 6e 6c 69 6b |) Another unlik|
00028b30 65 6c 79 20 74 68 69 6e 67 20 69 73 20 77 61 69 |ely thing is wai|
00028b40 74 69 6e 67 0a 69 6e 20 64 75 6c 6c 20 70 6c 61 |ting.in dull pla|
00028b50 63 65 73 2e 20 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 |ces. If you hav|
00028b60 65 20 61 20 6a 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 74 20 |e a junction at |
00028b70 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 66 69 76 65 |which after five|
00028b80 20 74 75 72 6e 73 20 61 6e 20 65 6c 66 0a 74 75 | turns an elf.tu|
00028b90 72 6e 73 20 75 70 20 62 65 61 72 69 6e 67 20 61 |rns up bearing a|
00028ba0 20 6d 61 67 69 63 20 72 69 6e 67 2c 20 61 20 70 | magic ring, a p|
00028bb0 6c 61 79 65 72 20 6d 61 79 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 6e |layer may well n|
00028bc0 65 76 65 72 20 73 70 65 6e 64 20 66 69 76 65 0a |ever spend five.|
00028bd0 63 6f 6e 73 65 63 75 74 69 76 65 20 74 75 72 6e |consecutive turn|
00028be0 73 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 6e 64 20 77 69 6c 6c |s there and will|
00028bf0 20 6d 69 73 73 20 77 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 69 | miss what you i|
00028c00 6e 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 65 61 |ntended to be ea|
00028c10 73 79 2e 20 20 28 22 5a 6f 72 6b 0a 49 49 49 22 |sy. ("Zork.III"|
00028c20 20 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 6d 75 63 68 20 61 20 | is very much a |
00028c30 63 61 73 65 20 69 6e 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 2e 29 20 |case in point.) |
00028c40 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 68 65 | If you want the|
00028c50 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 74 6f 20 73 74 61 79 0a | player to stay.|
00028c60 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 65 72 65 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 |somewhere for a |
00028c70 77 68 69 6c 65 2c 20 70 75 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 |while, put somet|
00028c80 68 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 74 72 69 67 75 69 6e 67 20 |hing intriguing |
00028c90 74 68 65 72 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 37 2e 20 20 |there... 7. |
00028ca0 4e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 64 |Not to need to d|
00028cb0 6f 20 62 6f 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 |o boring things |
00028cc0 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6b 65 20 6f 66 20 |for the sake of |
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00028e60 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 72 75 63 6b 73 61 63 6b | with a rucksack|
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00028e90 6c 69 67 68 74 20 73 6f 75 72 63 65 73 20 2d 20 |light sources - |
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00028eb0 72 27 73 20 70 61 74 69 65 6e 63 65 20 64 6f 77 |r's patience dow|
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00028ed0 0a 20 20 20 20 38 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 |. 8. Not to |
00028ee0 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 20 65 78 61 |have to type exa|
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00028f20 73 69 64 65 22 20 61 20 62 6f 78 20 66 69 6e 64 |side" a box find|
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00028fc0 65 79 29 0a 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 20 73 70 65 6c 6c |ey). No spell|
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00028fe0 20 74 68 61 74 21 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 3e 6f 70 65 | that!.. >ope|
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00029020 61 6c 20 73 70 72 69 6e 67 73 20 6f 70 65 6e 2e |al springs open.|
00029030 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 73 6f 20 6d 69 73 |..This is so mis|
00029040 6c 65 61 64 69 6e 67 20 61 73 20 74 6f 20 63 6f |leading as to co|
00029050 6e 73 74 69 74 75 74 65 20 61 20 62 75 67 2e 20 |nstitute a bug. |
00029060 20 42 75 74 20 69 74 27 73 20 61 6e 20 65 61 73 | But it's an eas|
00029070 79 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 20 66 61 75 6c 74 0a 74 |y design fault.t|
00029080 6f 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 69 6e 74 6f 2e 20 20 28 53 |o fall into. (S|
00029090 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f |imilarly, the wo|
000290a0 72 64 69 6e 67 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |rding needed to |
000290b0 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 62 72 69 63 6b 20 69 6e |use the brick in|
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000290f0 70 73 20 49 20 6d 69 73 73 65 64 20 73 6f 6d 65 |ps I missed some|
00029100 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 73 2e 29 20 |thing obvious.) |
00029110 20 43 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 0a 68 6f 77 20 6d 61 | Consider.how ma|
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00029130 20 63 61 6e 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e | can, for instan|
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00029150 61 20 63 6f 61 74 20 6f 66 66 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 |a coat off:.. |
00029160 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 61 74 20 2f 20 74 | remove coat / t|
00029170 61 6b 65 20 63 6f 61 74 20 6f 66 66 20 2f 20 74 |ake coat off / t|
00029180 61 6b 65 20 6f 66 66 20 63 6f 61 74 20 2f 20 64 |ake off coat / d|
00029190 69 73 72 6f 62 65 20 63 6f 61 74 0a 20 20 20 20 |isrobe coat. |
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000291b0 63 6f 61 74 0a 0a 28 42 65 6c 69 65 76 65 20 69 |coat..(Believe i|
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000291d0 65 73 74 65 72 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 73 6b 65 |esters have aske|
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00029200 66 22 2e 29 20 20 4e 6f 75 6e 73 20 61 6c 73 6f |f".) Nouns also|
00029210 20 6e 65 65 64 2e 2e 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 39 2e | need..... 9.|
00029220 20 20 54 6f 20 62 65 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 | To be allowed |
00029230 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 73 79 6e 6f 6e |reasonable synon|
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00029250 6d 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 69 6e 20 22 53 6f 72 63 |me room in "Sorc|
00029260 65 72 65 72 22 20 69 73 20 61 20 22 77 6f 76 65 |erer" is a "wove|
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00029280 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 |which can instea|
00029290 64 0a 62 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 74 61 70 |d.be called "tap|
000292a0 65 73 74 72 79 22 20 28 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 6e |estry" (though n|
000292b0 6f 74 20 22 63 75 72 74 61 69 6e 22 29 2e 20 20 |ot "curtain"). |
000292c0 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 20 6c 75 |This is not a lu|
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00029300 69 74 79 22 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 |ity" there is a |
00029310 63 68 61 72 6d 69 6e 67 20 73 74 61 74 75 65 20 |charming statue |
00029320 6f 66 20 61 0a 63 61 72 65 66 72 65 65 20 6c 69 |of a.carefree li|
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00029360 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 74 68 65 0a 22 63 68 |e called the."ch|
00029370 61 72 6d 69 6e 67 22 20 6f 72 20 22 70 65 74 65 |arming" or "pete|
00029380 72 22 20 22 73 74 61 74 75 65 22 20 22 73 63 75 |r" "statue" "scu|
00029390 6c 70 74 75 72 65 22 20 22 70 61 6e 22 20 22 62 |lpture" "pan" "b|
000293a0 6f 79 22 20 22 70 69 70 65 22 20 6f 72 20 22 70 |oy" "pipe" or "p|
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000293d0 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 31 30 20 6e 6f 75 6e 73 |re than 10 nouns|
000293e0 20 61 74 74 61 63 68 65 64 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 | attached... |
000293f0 31 30 2e 20 20 54 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 64 |10. To have a d|
00029400 65 63 65 6e 74 20 70 61 72 73 65 72 0a 0a 20 20 |ecent parser.. |
00029410 49 66 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 69 73 20 77 65 6e |If only this wen|
00029420 74 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 73 61 79 69 6e 67 |t without saying|
00029430 2e 20 20 41 74 20 74 68 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 6c |. At the very l|
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00029480 20 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 69 6f | Some suggestio|
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000294a0 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 72 |specification ar|
000294b0 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 69 6e 20 41 70 70 65 6e |e given in Appen|
000294c0 64 69 78 20 42 35 2e 0a 0a 0a 20 20 53 69 6e 63 |dix B5.... Sinc|
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000294e0 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 65 6e 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e | with ten comman|
000294f0 64 6d 65 6e 74 73 2c 20 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 |dments, here are|
00029500 20 73 65 76 65 6e 20 6d 6f 72 65 2e 20 20 54 68 | seven more. Th|
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00029540 20 20 54 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e | To have reason|
00029550 61 62 6c 65 20 66 72 65 65 64 6f 6d 20 6f 66 20 |able freedom of |
00029560 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 0a 0a 20 20 42 65 69 6e 67 20 |action.. Being |
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000295a0 6c 79 20 62 72 69 65 66 20 65 73 63 61 70 65 73 |ly brief escapes|
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000295f0 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 62 65 67 69 6e 73 0a 74 6f |player begins.to|
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00029610 65 73 69 67 6e 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 74 69 65 64 |esigner has tied|
00029620 20 68 69 6d 20 74 6f 20 61 20 63 68 61 69 72 20 | him to a chair |
00029630 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 73 68 6f 75 |in order to shou|
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00029650 6d 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 70 61 72 74 |m. This is part|
00029660 69 63 75 6c 61 72 6c 79 20 64 61 6e 67 65 72 6f |icularly dangero|
00029670 75 73 20 66 6f 72 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 |us for adventure|
00029680 20 67 61 6d 65 20 61 64 61 70 74 61 74 69 6f 6e | game adaptation|
00029690 73 20 6f 66 0a 62 6f 6f 6b 73 20 28 61 6e 64 20 |s of.books (and |
000296a0 6d 6f 73 74 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 73 20 77 6f 75 |most players wou|
000296b0 6c 64 20 61 67 72 65 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 |ld agree that th|
000296c0 65 20 4d 65 6c 62 6f 75 72 6e 65 20 48 6f 75 73 |e Melbourne Hous|
000296d0 65 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 73 0a 62 61 73 |e adventures.bas|
000296e0 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 22 54 68 65 20 4c 6f 72 64 20 |ed on "The Lord |
000296f0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 52 69 6e 67 73 22 20 73 75 |of the Rings" su|
00029700 66 66 65 72 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 69 73 |ffered from this|
00029710 29 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 31 32 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 |)... 12. Not|
00029720 20 74 6f 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 20 6d 75 63 68 20 | to depend much |
00029730 6f 6e 20 6c 75 63 6b 0a 0a 20 20 53 6d 61 6c 6c |on luck.. Small|
00029740 20 63 68 61 6e 63 65 20 76 61 72 69 61 74 69 6f | chance variatio|
00029750 6e 73 20 61 64 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 75 |ns add to the fu|
00029760 6e 2c 20 62 75 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 73 6d 61 6c |n, but only smal|
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00029790 65 65 6d 73 20 74 6f 20 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 62 65 |eems to me to be|
000297a0 20 6a 75 73 74 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 72 69 67 68 | just about righ|
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000297c0 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 6c 79 |t, and similarly|
000297d0 0a 74 68 65 20 73 70 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 72 6f |.the spinning ro|
000297e0 6f 6d 20 69 6e 20 22 5a 6f 72 6b 20 49 49 22 2e |om in "Zork II".|
000297f0 20 20 42 75 74 20 61 20 74 65 6e 2d 74 6f 6e 20 | But a ten-ton |
00029800 77 65 69 67 68 74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 65 6c |weight which fel|
00029810 6c 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 61 6e 64 0a 6b 69 6c 6c 65 |l down and.kille|
00029820 64 20 79 6f 75 20 61 74 20 61 20 63 65 72 74 61 |d you at a certa|
00029830 69 6e 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 68 61 6c 66 |in point in half|
00029840 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 69 73 | of all games is|
00029850 20 6a 75 73 74 20 61 6e 6e 6f 79 69 6e 67 2e 0a | just annoying..|
00029860 0a 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6d 75 63 68 |. There is much|
00029870 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 61 69 64 20 66 6f 72 20 | to be said for |
00029880 76 61 72 79 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 |varying messages|
00029890 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6f 63 63 75 72 20 76 65 72 | which occur ver|
000298a0 79 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 28 73 75 63 68 0a 61 73 |y often (such.as|
000298b0 2c 20 22 59 6f 75 20 63 6f 6e 73 75 6c 74 20 79 |, "You consult y|
000298c0 6f 75 72 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 20 62 6f 6f 6b 2e 22 |our spell book."|
000298d0 29 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 61 69 72 6c 79 20 72 61 |) in a fairly ra|
000298e0 6e 64 6f 6d 20 77 61 79 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 76 61 |ndom way, for va|
000298f0 72 69 65 74 79 27 73 0a 6f 77 6e 20 73 61 6b 65 |riety's.own sake|
00029900 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 31 33 2e 20 20 54 6f 20 62 |... 13. To b|
00029910 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 |e able to unders|
00029920 74 61 6e 64 20 61 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 6f |tand a problem o|
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00029940 0a 0a 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 6d 61 79 20 73 6f 75 |.. This may sou|
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00029960 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 6f | problems are so|
00029970 6c 76 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 63 63 69 64 65 6e 74 |lved by accident|
00029980 20 6f 72 20 74 72 69 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 0a 65 72 | or trial and.er|
00029990 72 6f 72 2e 20 20 41 20 67 75 61 72 64 2d 70 6f |ror. A guard-po|
000299a0 73 74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 |st which can be |
000299b0 70 61 73 73 65 64 20 69 66 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e |passed if and on|
000299c0 6c 79 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 63 61 |ly if you are ca|
000299d0 72 72 79 69 6e 67 20 61 0a 73 70 65 61 72 2c 20 |rrying a.spear, |
000299e0 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 6f 75 |for instance, ou|
000299f0 67 68 74 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 20 |ght to indicate |
00029a00 73 6f 6d 65 68 6f 77 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 69 |somehow that thi|
00029a10 73 20 69 73 20 77 68 79 20 79 6f 75 27 72 65 0a |s is why you're.|
00029a20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 70 61 73 74 2e 20 20 28 |allowed past. (|
00029a30 54 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 |The most extreme|
00029a40 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 | example must be|
00029a50 20 74 68 65 20 6e 6f 74 6f 72 69 6f 75 73 20 42 | the notorious B|
00029a60 61 6e 6b 20 6f 66 0a 5a 6f 72 6b 2c 20 6f 66 20 |ank of.Zork, of |
00029a70 77 68 69 63 68 20 49 27 76 65 20 6e 65 76 65 72 |which I've never|
00029a80 20 65 76 65 6e 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 6f 6f 64 | even understood|
00029a90 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 27 73 20 | other people's |
00029aa0 65 78 70 6c 61 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 29 0a 0a |explanations.)..|
00029ab0 20 20 20 20 31 34 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 | 14. Not to |
00029ac0 62 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 74 6f 6f 20 6d 61 6e |be given too man|
00029ad0 79 20 72 65 64 20 68 65 72 72 69 6e 67 73 0a 0a |y red herrings..|
00029ae0 20 20 41 20 66 65 77 20 72 65 64 20 68 65 72 72 | A few red herr|
00029af0 69 6e 67 73 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 20 67 61 6d 65 |ings make a game|
00029b00 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 69 6e | more interestin|
00029b10 67 2e 20 20 41 20 76 65 72 79 20 6e 69 63 65 20 |g. A very nice |
00029b20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 20 6f 66 0a 22 5a 6f 72 6b |feature of."Zork|
00029b30 20 49 22 2c 20 22 49 49 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 49 | I", "II" and "I|
00029b40 49 49 22 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 79 |II" is that they|
00029b50 20 65 61 63 68 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 72 65 | each contain re|
00029b60 64 20 68 65 72 72 69 6e 67 73 20 65 78 70 6c 61 |d herrings expla|
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00029b80 72 73 20 28 69 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 61 73 65 2c |rs (in one case,|
00029b90 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 65 64 20 69 6e 20 22 53 | explained in "S|
00029ba0 6f 72 63 65 72 65 72 22 29 2e 20 20 42 75 74 20 |orcerer"). But |
00029bb0 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 |difficult puzzle|
00029bc0 73 0a 74 65 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 6f 6c |s.tend to be sol|
00029bd0 76 65 64 20 6c 61 73 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 |ved last, and th|
00029be0 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 74 65 63 68 6e 69 71 75 65 |e main technique|
00029bf0 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 73 20 75 73 65 20 69 73 20 | players use is |
00029c00 74 6f 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 0a 74 68 65 69 72 |to look at.their|
00029c10 20 6d 61 70 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 65 20 77 68 | maps and see wh|
00029c20 61 74 27 73 20 6c 65 66 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 |at's left that t|
00029c30 68 65 79 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 |hey don't unders|
00029c40 74 61 6e 64 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 0a 66 |tand. This is.f|
00029c50 72 75 73 74 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 77 68 65 6e 20 |rustrating when |
00029c60 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 69 |there are many i|
00029c70 6e 73 6f 6c 75 62 6c 65 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 73 |nsoluble puzzles|
00029c80 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 6c 65 73 73 20 6f 62 6a | and useless obj|
00029c90 65 63 74 73 2e 20 20 53 6f 0a 79 6f 75 20 63 61 |ects. So.you ca|
00029ca0 6e 20 65 78 70 65 63 74 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 73 |n expect players|
00029cb0 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 73 65 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 | to lose interes|
00029cc0 74 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 6e 27 74 20 |t if you aren't |
00029cd0 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 2e 20 20 4d 79 20 70 65 72 |careful. My per|
00029ce0 73 6f 6e 61 6c 0a 76 69 65 77 20 69 73 20 74 68 |sonal.view is th|
00029cf0 61 74 20 72 65 64 20 68 65 72 72 69 6e 67 73 20 |at red herrings |
00029d00 6f 75 67 68 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 63 6c 75 65 |ought to be clue|
00029d10 64 3a 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c |d: for instance,|
00029d20 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 0a 75 | if there is a.u|
00029d30 73 65 6c 65 73 73 20 63 6f 63 6f 6e 75 74 20 6e |seless coconut n|
00029d40 65 61 72 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e |ear the beginnin|
00029d50 67 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 |g, then perhaps |
00029d60 6d 75 63 68 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 61 6e 20 61 62 |much later an ab|
00029d70 73 65 6e 74 2d 6d 69 6e 64 65 64 0a 62 6f 74 61 |sent-minded.bota|
00029d80 6e 69 73 74 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 66 6f |nist could be fo|
00029d90 75 6e 64 20 77 68 6f 20 77 61 6e 64 65 72 65 64 |und who wandered|
00029da0 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 64 72 6f 70 70 69 6e 67 20 | about dropping |
00029db0 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 63 6f 6e |them. The cocon|
00029dc0 75 74 0a 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 74 20 6c 65 61 |ut.should at lea|
00029dd0 73 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 72 61 74 |st have some rat|
00029de0 69 6f 6e 61 6c 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 41 6e 20 6f 62 |ionale... An ob|
00029df0 6a 65 63 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 20 72 65 |ject is not a re|
00029e00 64 20 68 65 72 72 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 72 65 6c 79 |d herring merely|
00029e10 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 20 | because it has |
00029e20 6e 6f 20 67 61 6d 65 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e |no game function|
00029e30 3a 20 61 0a 75 73 65 6c 65 73 73 20 6e 65 77 73 |: a.useless news|
00029e40 70 61 70 65 72 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 71 75 69 74 |paper could quit|
00029e50 65 20 66 61 69 72 6c 79 20 62 65 20 66 6f 75 6e |e fairly be foun|
00029e60 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 6c 69 62 72 61 72 79 2e 20 |d in a library. |
00029e70 20 42 75 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 0a 6b 61 6c 65 69 | But not a.kalei|
00029e80 64 6f 73 63 6f 70 65 2e 0a 0a 20 20 54 68 65 20 |doscope... The |
00029e90 76 65 72 79 20 77 6f 72 73 74 20 67 61 6d 65 20 |very worst game |
00029ea0 49 27 76 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 |I've played for |
00029eb0 72 65 64 20 68 65 72 72 69 6e 67 73 20 69 73 20 |red herrings is |
00029ec0 22 53 6f 72 63 65 72 65 72 22 2c 20 77 68 69 63 |"Sorcerer", whic|
00029ed0 68 20 62 79 0a 6d 79 20 72 65 63 6b 6f 6e 69 6e |h by.my reckonin|
00029ee0 67 20 68 61 73 20 31 30 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 31 |g has 10... 1|
00029ef0 35 2e 20 20 54 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 67 6f |5. To have a go|
00029f00 6f 64 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 77 68 79 20 73 6f |od reason why so|
00029f10 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 69 73 20 69 6d 70 6f 73 |mething is impos|
00029f20 73 69 62 6c 65 0a 0a 20 20 55 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 |sible.. Unless |
00029f30 69 74 27 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 66 75 6e 6e 79 2c |it's also funny,|
00029f40 20 61 20 76 65 72 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 69 76 65 | a very contrive|
00029f50 64 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 77 68 79 20 73 6f 6d |d reason why som|
00029f60 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 69 73 0a 69 6d 70 6f 73 73 |ething is.imposs|
00029f70 69 62 6c 65 20 6a 75 73 74 20 69 72 72 69 74 61 |ible just irrita|
00029f80 74 65 73 2e 20 20 28 54 68 65 20 72 65 61 73 6f |tes. (The reaso|
00029f90 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 61 6e 27 74 20 77 61 6c 6b |n one can't walk|
00029fa0 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 61 73 73 20 69 6e | on the grass in|
00029fb0 0a 22 54 72 69 6e 69 74 79 22 20 69 73 20 6f 6e |."Trinity" is on|
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00029fd0 6f 75 67 68 2c 20 49 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 2e 29 0a |ough, I think.).|
00029fe0 0a 20 20 4d 6f 72 61 6c 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 69 |. Moral objecti|
00029ff0 6f 6e 73 2c 20 74 68 6f 75 67 68 2c 20 61 72 65 |ons, though, are|
0002a000 20 66 61 69 72 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 | fair. For inst|
0002a010 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 |ance, if you are|
0002a020 20 73 74 61 79 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 0a 79 6f 75 72 | staying in.your|
0002a030 20 62 65 73 74 20 66 72 69 65 6e 64 27 73 20 68 | best friend's h|
0002a040 6f 75 73 65 2c 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 72 |ouse, where ther|
0002a050 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 64 69 61 6d 6f 6e 64 20 69 |e is a diamond i|
0002a060 6e 20 61 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 63 61 73 65 |n a display case|
0002a070 2c 0a 73 6d 61 73 68 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 |,.smashing the c|
0002a080 61 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 74 |ase and taking t|
0002a090 68 65 20 64 69 61 6d 6f 6e 64 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 |he diamond would|
0002a0a0 20 62 65 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 65 | be physically e|
0002a0b0 61 73 79 20 62 75 74 20 71 75 69 74 65 0a 6f 75 |asy but quite.ou|
0002a0c0 74 20 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2e 20 |t of character. |
0002a0d0 20 4d 72 20 53 70 6f 63 6b 20 63 61 6e 20 63 65 | Mr Spock can ce|
0002a0e0 72 74 61 69 6e 6c 79 20 62 65 20 64 69 73 61 6c |rtainly be disal|
0002a0f0 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 73 68 6f 6f 74 |lowed from shoot|
0002a100 69 6e 67 0a 43 61 70 74 61 69 6e 20 4b 69 72 6b |ing.Captain Kirk|
0002a110 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 63 6b 2e 0a 0a 20 | in the back... |
0002a120 20 20 20 31 36 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 6e | 16. Not to n|
0002a130 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 |eed to be Americ|
0002a140 61 6e 20 20 20 20 28 2a 29 0a 0a 20 20 54 68 65 |an (*).. The|
0002a150 20 64 69 61 6d 6f 6e 64 20 6d 61 7a 65 20 69 6e | diamond maze in|
0002a160 20 22 5a 6f 72 6b 20 49 49 22 20 62 65 69 6e 67 | "Zork II" being|
0002a170 20 61 20 63 61 73 65 20 69 6e 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 | a case in point|
0002a180 2e 20 20 53 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 6c 79 2c 20 69 74 |. Similarly, it|
0002a190 27 73 0a 70 6f 6c 69 74 65 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c |'s.polite to all|
0002a1a0 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 74 6f |ow the player to|
0002a1b0 20 74 79 70 65 20 45 6e 67 6c 69 73 68 20 6f 72 | type English or|
0002a1c0 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 61 6e 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 | American spelli|
0002a1d0 6e 67 73 20 6f 72 20 69 64 69 6f 6d 2e 20 0a 46 |ngs or idiom. .F|
0002a1e0 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 20 22 54 72 69 |or instance "Tri|
0002a1f0 6e 69 74 79 22 20 65 6e 64 65 61 72 73 20 69 74 |nity" endears it|
0002a200 73 65 6c 66 20 74 6f 20 45 6e 67 6c 69 73 68 20 |self to English |
0002a210 70 6c 61 79 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 |players in that |
0002a220 74 68 65 20 73 6f 63 63 65 72 0a 62 61 6c 6c 20 |the soccer.ball |
0002a230 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 66 |can be called "f|
0002a240 6f 6f 74 62 61 6c 6c 22 20 2d 20 73 6f 63 63 65 |ootball" - socce|
0002a250 72 20 69 73 20 61 20 77 6f 72 64 20 61 6c 6d 6f |r is a word almo|
0002a260 73 74 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e |st never used in|
0002a270 0a 45 6e 67 6c 61 6e 64 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 31 |.England... 1|
0002a280 37 2e 20 20 54 6f 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 68 6f 77 20 |7. To know how |
0002a290 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 67 65 74 74 |the game is gett|
0002a2a0 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 0a 0a 20 20 49 6e 20 6f 74 68 |ing on.. In oth|
0002a2b0 65 72 20 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 |er words, when t|
0002a2c0 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 69 73 20 61 70 70 72 6f 61 |he end is approa|
0002a2d0 63 68 69 6e 67 2c 20 6f 72 20 68 6f 77 20 74 68 |ching, or how th|
0002a2e0 65 20 70 6c 6f 74 20 69 73 0a 64 65 76 65 6c 6f |e plot is.develo|
0002a2f0 70 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 4f 6e 63 65 20 75 70 6f 6e |ping. Once upon|
0002a300 20 61 20 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 73 63 6f 72 65 20 77 | a time, score w|
0002a310 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6d 65 61 73 |as the only meas|
0002a320 75 72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 2c 20 62 75 74 |ure of this, but|
0002a330 0a 68 6f 70 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 |.hopefully not a|
0002a340 6e 79 20 6d 6f 72 65 2e 0a 0a 0a 28 2a 29 20 53 |ny more....(*) S|
0002a350 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 20 68 61 |everal people ha|
0002a360 76 65 20 70 6f 6c 69 74 65 6c 79 20 70 6f 69 6e |ve politely poin|
0002a370 74 65 64 20 6f 75 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 65 20 74 68 |ted out to me th|
0002a380 61 74 20 6d 79 20 6f 77 6e 20 67 61 6d 65 0a 20 |at my own game. |
0002a390 20 20 20 22 43 75 72 73 65 73 22 20 69 73 2c 20 | "Curses" is, |
0002a3a0 73 68 61 6c 6c 20 77 65 20 73 61 79 2c 20 73 6c |shall we say, sl|
0002a3b0 69 67 68 74 6c 79 20 45 6e 67 6c 69 73 68 2e 20 |ightly English. |
0002a3c0 20 42 75 74 20 74 68 65 6e 2c 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 | But then, like |
0002a3d0 61 6e 79 0a 20 20 20 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 64 69 63 |any. good dic|
0002a3e0 74 61 74 6f 72 2c 20 49 20 70 72 65 66 65 72 20 |tator, I prefer |
0002a3f0 64 72 61 66 74 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 69 74 |drafting constit|
0002a400 75 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 61 62 69 64 69 6e |utions to abidin|
0002a410 67 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d |g by them....---|
0002a420 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0002a460 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 42 32 2e 20 20 41 20 |--------.B2. A |
0002a470 6e 61 72 72 61 74 69 76 65 2e 2e 2e 0a 2d 2d 2d |narrative....---|
0002a480 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0002a4c0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |--------... |
0002a4d0 22 54 68 65 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20 76 65 72 |"The initial ver|
0002a4e0 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 |sion of the game|
0002a4f0 20 77 61 73 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 61 6e | was designed an|
0002a500 64 0a 20 20 20 20 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 |d. implement|
0002a510 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 77 6f 20 |ed in about two |
0002a520 77 65 65 6b 73 2e 22 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |weeks.".. |
0002a530 20 20 20 28 50 2e 20 44 61 76 69 64 20 4c 65 62 | (P. David Leb|
0002a540 6c 69 6e 67 2c 20 4d 61 72 63 20 53 2e 20 42 6c |ling, Marc S. Bl|
0002a550 61 6e 6b 2c 20 54 69 6d 6f 74 68 79 20 41 2e 20 |ank, Timothy A. |
0002a560 41 6e 64 65 72 73 6f 6e 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |Anderson,. |
0002a570 20 20 20 20 20 22 5a 6f 72 6b 3a 20 41 20 43 6f | "Zork: A Co|
0002a580 6d 70 75 74 65 72 69 7a 65 64 20 46 61 6e 74 61 |mputerized Fanta|
0002a590 73 79 20 53 69 6d 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 47 61 |sy Simulation Ga|
0002a5a0 6d 65 22 29 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 22 49 74 20 77 |me").. "It w|
0002a5b0 61 73 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 4d 61 |as started in Ma|
0002a5c0 79 20 6f 66 20 27 38 35 20 61 6e 64 20 66 69 6e |y of '85 and fin|
0002a5d0 69 73 68 65 64 20 69 6e 20 4a 75 6e 65 20 27 38 |ished in June '8|
0002a5e0 36 2e 22 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 |6.".. (|
0002a5f0 42 72 69 61 6e 20 4d 6f 72 69 61 72 74 79 20 6f |Brian Moriarty o|
0002a600 6e 20 22 54 72 69 6e 69 74 79 22 3a 20 77 68 69 |n "Trinity": whi|
0002a610 63 68 20 63 61 6d 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 65 61 72 |ch came from ear|
0002a620 6c 69 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |lier. |
0002a630 69 64 65 61 73 20 79 65 74 29 0a 0a 0a 31 2e 20 |ideas yet)...1. |
0002a640 20 47 65 6e 72 65 20 61 6e 64 20 47 65 74 74 69 | Genre and Getti|
0002a650 6e 67 20 53 74 61 72 74 65 64 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |ng Started.-----|
0002a660 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
0002a670 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 64 61 |--------..The da|
0002a680 79 73 20 6f 66 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 |ys of games whic|
0002a690 68 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 64 20 6f 66 20 77 |h consisted of w|
0002a6a0 61 6e 64 65 72 69 6e 67 20 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 |andering around |
0002a6b0 64 6f 69 6e 67 20 75 6e 72 65 6c 61 74 65 64 20 |doing unrelated |
0002a6c0 74 68 69 6e 67 73 0a 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 74 72 |things.to get tr|
0002a6d0 65 61 73 75 72 65 73 2c 20 61 72 65 20 6c 6f 6e |easures, are lon|
0002a6e0 67 20 70 61 73 73 65 64 2c 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 |g passed, if the|
0002a6f0 79 20 65 76 65 72 20 77 65 72 65 2e 20 20 45 76 |y ever were. Ev|
0002a700 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 6f 72 69 67 69 |en the two origi|
0002a710 6e 61 6c 73 2c 0a 43 72 6f 77 74 68 65 72 20 61 |nals,.Crowther a|
0002a720 6e 64 20 57 6f 6f 64 27 73 20 22 41 64 76 65 6e |nd Wood's "Adven|
0002a730 74 75 72 65 22 20 28 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 |ture" (sometimes|
0002a740 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 43 6f 6c 6f 73 73 61 | called "Colossa|
0002a750 6c 20 43 61 76 65 22 29 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 |l Cave") and the|
0002a760 0a 4d 49 54 20 67 72 6f 75 70 27 73 20 22 5a 6f |.MIT group's "Zo|
0002a770 72 6b 22 2c 20 77 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 6d |rk", went to som|
0002a780 65 20 65 66 66 6f 72 74 20 74 6f 20 61 76 6f 69 |e effort to avoi|
0002a790 64 20 74 68 69 73 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 69 72 20 6d |d this...Their m|
0002a7a0 61 6e 79 20 69 6d 69 74 61 74 6f 72 73 2c 20 69 |any imitators, i|
0002a7b0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 61 72 6c 79 20 79 65 61 72 |n the early year|
0002a7c0 73 20 6f 66 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 |s of small compu|
0002a7d0 74 65 72 73 2c 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 74 6f 6f 6b |ters, often took|
0002a7e0 20 6e 6f 0a 73 75 63 68 20 74 72 6f 75 62 6c 65 | no.such trouble|
0002a7f0 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 20 77 61 |. The effect wa|
0002a800 73 20 61 6c 6d 6f 73 74 20 73 75 72 72 65 61 6c |s almost surreal|
0002a810 2e 20 20 4f 6e 65 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 77 61 6c |. One would wal|
0002a820 6b 20 61 63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 68 65 0a 64 72 61 |k across the.dra|
0002a830 77 62 72 69 64 67 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6d 65 64 |wbridge of a med|
0002a840 69 65 76 61 6c 20 63 61 73 74 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 |ieval castle and|
0002a850 20 66 69 6e 64 20 61 20 70 6f 74 20 70 6c 61 6e | find a pot plan|
0002a860 74 2c 20 61 20 76 61 74 20 6f 66 20 61 63 69 64 |t, a vat of acid|
0002a870 2c 20 61 20 63 6f 70 79 0a 6f 66 20 50 6c 61 79 |, a copy.of Play|
0002a880 62 6f 79 20 6d 61 67 61 7a 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 |boy magazine and|
0002a890 20 61 6e 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 69 63 20 64 72 69 | an electric dri|
0002a8a0 6c 6c 2e 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 77 65 72 65 20 |ll. There were |
0002a8b0 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 0a |puzzles without.|
0002a8c0 72 68 79 6d 65 20 6f 72 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 2e |rhyme or reason.|
0002a8d0 20 20 54 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 77 61 73 | The player was|
0002a8e0 20 61 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 6c 65 73 73 | a characterless|
0002a8f0 20 6d 61 67 70 69 65 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 6f | magpie always o|
0002a900 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 6c 6f 6f 6b 6f 75 74 20 66 6f |n the.lookout fo|
0002a910 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 63 75 74 65 |r something cute|
0002a920 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 63 72 6f | to do. The cro|
0002a930 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 68 61 64 20 77 6f 6e 20 77 |ssword had won w|
0002a940 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 61 20 66 69 67 68 74 2e 0a |ithout a fight..|
0002a950 0a 22 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 22 2c 20 6f 6e |."Adventure", on|
0002a960 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 63 6f |e of the most co|
0002a970 70 69 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 62 6f 72 72 6f 77 65 |pied and borrowe|
0002a980 64 2d 66 72 6f 6d 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 65 76 65 |d-from games eve|
0002a990 72 20 64 65 76 69 73 65 64 2c 0a 77 61 73 20 69 |r devised,.was i|
0002a9a0 6e 20 66 61 63 74 20 76 65 72 79 20 63 6c 65 61 |n fact very clea|
0002a9b0 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 65 73 70 65 63 |n in this respec|
0002a9c0 74 3a 20 61 74 20 69 74 73 20 62 65 73 74 20 69 |t: at its best i|
0002a9d0 74 20 68 61 64 20 61 6e 20 61 75 73 74 65 72 65 |t had an austere|
0002a9e0 2c 0a 54 6f 6c 6b 69 65 6e 65 73 71 75 65 20 66 |,.Tolkienesque f|
0002a9f0 65 65 6c 2c 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d 61 |eel, in which ma|
0002aa00 67 69 63 20 77 61 73 20 73 63 61 72 63 65 2c 20 |gic was scarce, |
0002aa10 61 6e 64 20 69 74 73 20 61 74 6d 6f 73 70 68 65 |and its atmosphe|
0002aa20 72 65 20 61 6e 64 0a 67 65 6f 67 72 61 70 68 79 |re and.geography|
0002aa30 20 77 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 2d 6a 75 64 67 65 64 | was well-judged|
0002aa40 2c 20 65 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 72 6f |, especially aro|
0002aa50 75 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 65 64 67 65 73 20 6f 66 |und the edges of|
0002aa60 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 70 3a 0a 74 68 65 20 6f 75 | the map:.the ou|
0002aa70 74 73 69 64 65 20 66 6f 72 65 73 74 73 20 61 6e |tside forests an|
0002aa80 64 20 67 75 6c 6c 69 65 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 65 |d gullies, the e|
0002aa90 61 72 6c 79 20 72 75 62 62 6c 65 2d 73 74 72 65 |arly rubble-stre|
0002aaa0 77 6e 20 63 61 76 65 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 4f 72 |wn caves, the Or|
0002aab0 61 6e 67 65 0a 52 69 76 65 72 20 52 6f 63 6b 20 |ange.River Rock |
0002aac0 72 6f 6f 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 72 69 6d |room and the rim|
0002aad0 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 76 6f 6c 63 61 6e 6f 2e | of the volcano.|
0002aae0 20 20 4b 6e 69 66 65 2d 74 68 72 6f 77 69 6e 67 | Knife-throwing|
0002aaf0 20 64 77 61 72 76 65 73 0a 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 | dwarves.would a|
0002ab00 70 70 65 61 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 69 6d 65 20 |ppear from time |
0002ab10 74 6f 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 20 20 42 75 74 20 6a 6f |to time. But jo|
0002ab20 6b 79 20 74 6f 77 6e 20 63 6f 75 6e 63 69 6c 20 |ky town council |
0002ab30 6f 66 66 69 63 65 72 73 20 77 69 74 68 0a 63 6c |officers with.cl|
0002ab40 69 70 62 6f 61 72 64 73 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 77 |ipboards never w|
0002ab50 6f 75 6c 64 2e 20 20 22 5a 6f 72 6b 22 20 77 61 |ould. "Zork" wa|
0002ab60 73 20 63 6f 6e 64 65 6e 73 65 64 2c 20 6c 65 73 |s condensed, les|
0002ab70 73 20 73 70 61 63 69 6f 75 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6e |s spacious and n|
0002ab80 65 76 65 72 0a 71 75 69 74 65 20 73 6f 20 63 6f |ever.quite so co|
0002ab90 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 73 74 79 6c |nsistent in styl|
0002aba0 65 3a 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 |e: machines with|
0002abb0 20 62 75 74 74 6f 6e 73 20 6c 61 79 20 73 69 64 | buttons lay sid|
0002abc0 65 20 62 79 20 73 69 64 65 20 77 69 74 68 0a 74 |e by side with.t|
0002abd0 72 6f 6c 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 76 61 6d 70 69 72 |rolls and vampir|
0002abe0 65 20 62 61 74 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 77 61 73 20 |e bats. It was |
0002abf0 61 20 73 75 70 65 72 62 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 |a superb impleme|
0002ac00 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 69 6e 20 61 6c 6d 6f |ntation, in almo|
0002ac10 73 74 20 65 76 65 72 79 0a 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 |st every.respect|
0002ac20 20 6e 69 63 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 22 41 64 76 | nicer than "Adv|
0002ac30 65 6e 74 75 72 65 22 3a 20 79 65 74 20 22 41 64 |enture": yet "Ad|
0002ac40 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 22 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 73 |venture" remains|
0002ac50 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 74 74 65 72 20 67 61 6d 65 | the better game|
0002ac60 2e 0a 0a 42 79 20 74 68 65 20 31 39 38 30 73 20 |...By the 1980s |
0002ac70 62 65 74 74 65 72 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 68 61 64 |better games had|
0002ac80 20 73 65 74 74 6c 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 69 | settled the poi|
0002ac90 6e 74 2e 20 20 41 6e 79 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 |nt. Any player |
0002aca0 64 75 6d 70 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 6d 69 |dumped in the.mi|
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0002c330 73 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 |s between the su|
0002c340 70 65 72 70 6f 77 65 72 73 2e 20 54 61 6e 6b 73 |perpowers. Tanks|
0002c350 20 69 6e 20 45 61 73 74 20 42 65 72 6c 69 6e 2e | in East Berlin.|
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0002d560 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 |to make the game|
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0002d7f0 20 20 53 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 3a 20 54 68 65 | Structure: The|
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0002d810 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
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0002dd20 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 0a 70 72 6f 6c 6f 67 75 65 | If the.prologue|
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0002dd40 79 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 |yer will quickly|
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0002dd60 76 65 20 75 70 2e 20 20 49 66 20 69 74 20 69 73 |ve up. If it is|
0002dd70 20 74 6f 6f 0a 68 61 72 64 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 | too.hard, then |
0002dd80 6d 61 6e 79 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 73 20 73 69 6d |many players sim|
0002dd90 70 6c 79 20 77 6f 6e 27 74 20 72 65 61 63 68 20 |ply won't reach |
0002dda0 74 68 65 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2e |the middle game.|
0002ddb0 0a 0a 50 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 65 69 67 68 74 20 |..Perhaps eight |
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0002ddd0 74 68 65 20 6c 61 72 67 65 73 74 20 61 20 70 72 |the largest a pr|
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0002de20 79 20 72 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 65 64 29 20 6d 61 |y remembered) ma|
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0002df00 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a |--------------..|
0002df10 54 68 65 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 |The middle game |
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0002e000 48 6f 77 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 79 20 74 6f 20 |How are they to |
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0002e060 0a 48 65 72 65 2c 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 65 72 73 |.Here, designers|
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0002e300 20 20 57 69 64 65 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 61 72 65 | Wide games are|
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0002e4e0 20 20 49 6e 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 67 61 6d 65 73 2c | In most games,|
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0002e510 65 63 74 73 3a 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 62 65 73 20 |ects: the cubes |
0002e520 61 6e 64 20 73 63 72 6f 6c 6c 73 20 69 6e 20 22 |and scrolls in "|
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0002e570 54 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 |These are to be |
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0002e590 74 68 65 20 6d 61 70 2c 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 |the map, of cour|
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0002e600 75 6c 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 |ules of the game|
0002e610 20 74 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f 75 74 20 61 74 0a | to work out at.|
0002e620 74 68 69 73 20 73 74 61 67 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 |this stage are t|
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0002e640 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 61 6d 69 6c 69 65 73 20 6f |these families o|
0002e650 66 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 2e 20 20 57 68 61 74 |f objects. What|
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0002e670 49 73 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 |Is there a speci|
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0002e690 65 6d 3f 20 20 41 6e 64 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 61 |em? And these a|
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0002e6e0 73 74 79 6c 65 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 |style have some |
0002e6f0 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 22 6d 61 67 69 63 22 20 |kind of "magic" |
0002e700 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 0a 77 61 79 |system, some.way|
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0002e780 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 72 65 61 | possible in rea|
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0002e7f0 6c 79 20 61 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 65 72 20 77 61 |ly a designer wa|
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0002e840 20 61 6e 64 20 67 72 61 64 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 72 | and gradually r|
0002e850 65 76 65 61 6c 65 64 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 69 |evealed during i|
0002e860 74 2e 0a 0a 53 65 63 6f 6e 64 6c 79 2c 20 6d 61 |t...Secondly, ma|
0002e870 67 69 63 20 69 73 20 73 75 72 72 65 61 6c 20 61 |gic is surreal a|
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0002e8a0 73 6d 20 69 73 20 64 61 6e 67 65 72 6f 75 73 0a |sm is dangerous.|
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0002e8e0 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 63 65 2c 20 |attempted once, |
0002e8f0 69 6e 20 22 4e 6f 72 64 20 27 6e 27 0a 42 75 72 |in "Nord 'n'.Bur|
0002e900 74 20 43 6f 75 6c 64 6e 27 74 20 4d 61 6b 65 20 |t Couldn't Make |
0002e910 48 65 61 64 20 4e 6f 72 20 54 61 69 6c 20 4f 66 |Head Nor Tail Of|
0002e920 20 49 74 22 29 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 6d 61 72 76 | It"). The marv|
0002e930 65 6c 6c 6f 75 73 20 54 2d 52 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e |ellous T-Removin|
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0002e950 61 74 68 65 72 20 47 6f 64 64 65 73 73 65 73 20 |ather Goddesses |
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0002e970 68 20 63 61 6e 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 |h can, for insta|
0002e980 6e 63 65 2c 20 74 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 |nce, transform a|
0002e990 0a 72 61 62 62 69 74 20 74 6f 20 61 20 72 61 62 |.rabbit to a rab|
0002e9a0 62 69 29 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 74 72 6f 6b 65 20 |bi) is a stroke |
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0002ea30 62 65 20 73 6f 6c 69 64 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 61 |be solid and rea|
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0002ea60 68 6f 77 20 69 74 20 69 73 0a 64 65 73 63 72 69 |how it is.descri|
0002ea70 62 65 64 3f 20 20 54 6f 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 |bed? To prevent|
0002ea80 20 6d 61 67 69 63 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 64 65 72 61 | magic from dera|
0002ea90 69 6c 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 69 6c 6c 75 73 69 |iling the illusi|
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0002ead0 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 66 69 |perhaps the defi|
0002eae0 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6d 79 73 74 69 63 |nition of mystic|
0002eaf0 20 72 65 6c 69 67 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 0a 74 | religion, and.t|
0002eb00 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 70 6c 65 6e 74 79 20 |here are plenty |
0002eb10 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 73 74 65 61 6c 20 |around to steal |
0002eb20 66 72 6f 6d 2e 0a 0a 0a 53 6f 20 61 20 66 69 72 |from....So a fir|
0002eb30 73 74 2d 64 72 61 66 74 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 20 |st-draft design |
0002eb40 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 67 61 |of the middle ga|
0002eb50 6d 65 20 6d 61 79 20 6a 75 73 74 20 63 6f 6e 73 |me may just cons|
0002eb60 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 72 6f 75 67 68 0a 73 |ist of a rough.s|
0002eb70 6b 65 74 63 68 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6d 61 70 20 64 |ketch of a map d|
0002eb80 69 76 69 64 65 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 7a 6f 6e 65 |ivided into zone|
0002eb90 73 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 69 64 65 61 20 |s, with an idea |
0002eba0 66 6f 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 65 76 65 6e 74 20 6f |for some event o|
0002ebb0 72 20 6d 65 65 74 69 6e 67 0a 74 6f 20 74 61 6b |r meeting.to tak|
0002ebc0 65 20 70 6c 61 63 65 20 69 6e 20 65 61 63 68 2c |e place in each,|
0002ebd0 20 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 | together with s|
0002ebe0 6f 6d 65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 69 64 65 61 |ome general idea|
0002ebf0 73 20 66 6f 72 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 2e 20 0a |s for objects. .|
0002ec00 53 6c 6f 74 74 69 6e 67 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 20 |Slotting actual |
0002ec10 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 63 |puzzles in can c|
0002ec20 6f 6d 65 20 6c 61 74 65 72 2e 0a 0a 0a 37 2e 20 |ome later....7. |
0002ec30 20 54 68 65 20 45 6e 64 20 47 61 6d 65 0a 2d 2d | The End Game.--|
0002ec40 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a |--------------..|
0002ec50 53 6f 6d 65 20 65 6e 64 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 61 |Some end games a|
0002ec60 72 65 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 28 22 54 68 65 20 4c |re small ("The L|
0002ec70 75 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 48 6f 72 72 6f 72 22 20 6f |urking Horror" o|
0002ec80 72 20 22 53 6f 72 63 65 72 65 72 22 20 66 6f 72 |r "Sorcerer" for|
0002ec90 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 29 2c 0a 6f 74 68 65 | instance),.othe|
0002eca0 72 73 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 28 74 68 65 20 6d 61 |rs large (the ma|
0002ecb0 73 74 65 72 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 6e 20 73 6f 6d |ster game in som|
0002ecc0 65 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e |e implementation|
0002ecd0 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 66 72 61 |s of the mainfra|
0002ece0 6d 65 0a 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 29 2e 20 20 |me.Adventure). |
0002ecf0 4e 6f 6e 65 74 68 65 6c 65 73 73 2c 20 61 6c 6d |Nonetheless, alm|
0002ed00 6f 73 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 68 61 |ost all games ha|
0002ed10 76 65 20 6f 6e 65 2e 0a 0a 45 6e 64 20 67 61 6d |ve one...End gam|
0002ed20 65 73 20 73 65 72 76 65 20 74 77 6f 20 70 75 72 |es serve two pur|
0002ed30 70 6f 73 65 73 2e 20 20 46 69 72 73 74 6c 79 20 |poses. Firstly |
0002ed40 74 68 65 79 20 67 69 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c |they give the pl|
0002ed50 61 79 65 72 20 61 20 73 65 6e 73 65 20 6f 66 20 |ayer a sense of |
0002ed60 62 65 69 6e 67 0a 6e 65 61 72 20 74 6f 20 73 75 |being.near to su|
0002ed70 63 63 65 73 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 61 6e 20 62 |ccess, and can b|
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0002ed90 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 6f 74 2c 20 74 6f |ate the plot, to|
0002eda0 20 72 65 76 65 61 6c 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 | reveal the game|
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0002edc0 73 20 69 73 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 73 20 65 6e 6f |s is obvious eno|
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0002ede0 6c 79 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 73 65 72 |ly they also ser|
0002edf0 76 65 20 74 6f 20 73 74 6f 70 20 74 68 65 0a 66 |ve to stop the.f|
0002ee00 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 74 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |inal stage of th|
0002ee10 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 62 65 69 6e |e game from bein|
0002ee20 67 20 74 6f 6f 20 68 61 72 64 2e 0a 0a 41 73 20 |g too hard...As |
0002ee30 61 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 |a designer, you |
0002ee40 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 77 61 |don't usually wa|
0002ee50 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 73 74 65 70 |nt the last step|
0002ee60 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 74 6f 6f 20 64 69 66 66 69 | to be too diffi|
0002ee70 63 75 6c 74 3b 20 79 6f 75 0a 77 61 6e 74 20 74 |cult; you.want t|
0002ee80 6f 20 67 69 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 |o give the playe|
0002ee90 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 74 69 73 66 61 63 74 69 |r the satisfacti|
0002eea0 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6e 69 73 68 69 6e 67 2c |on of finishing,|
0002eeb0 20 61 73 20 61 20 72 65 77 61 72 64 20 66 6f 72 | as a reward for|
0002eec0 0a 68 61 76 69 6e 67 20 67 6f 74 20 74 68 72 6f |.having got thro|
0002eed0 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 20 20 28 |ugh the game. (|
0002eee0 42 75 74 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 20 79 6f |But of course yo|
0002eef0 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 68 |u want to make h|
0002ef00 69 6d 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 66 6f 72 0a 69 74 2e 29 |im work for.it.)|
0002ef10 20 20 41 6e 20 65 6e 64 20 67 61 6d 65 20 68 65 | An end game he|
0002ef20 6c 70 73 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 |lps, because it |
0002ef30 6e 61 72 72 6f 77 73 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 |narrows the game|
0002ef40 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 61 |, so that only a|
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0002ef60 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 63 63 65 73 |bjects are acces|
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0002ef90 70 74 65 72 2c 20 65 6e 64 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 |pter, ends are a|
0002efa0 6c 77 61 79 73 20 74 69 65 64 20 75 70 20 28 73 |lways tied up (s|
0002efb0 75 73 70 69 63 69 6f 75 73 6c 79 20 6e 65 61 74 |uspiciously neat|
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0002efe0 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 |e characters are|
0002eff0 20 61 6c 6c 20 73 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 66 20 77 69 | all sent off wi|
0002f000 74 68 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 66 61 74 65 73 0a 77 |th their fates.w|
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0002f020 73 75 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 72 6f 70 70 |sues which cropp|
0002f030 65 64 20 75 70 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 69 6d 65 20 |ed up from time |
0002f040 74 6f 20 74 69 6d 65 20 61 72 65 20 73 65 74 74 |to time are sett|
0002f050 6c 65 64 2e 20 20 53 6f 0a 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 |led. So.should |
0002f060 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 67 61 6d 65 20 62 65 2e |the end game be.|
0002f070 20 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 69 6e 67 20 62 61 63 6b 2c 20 | Looking back, |
0002f080 61 73 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 65 72 65 20 61 |as if you were a|
0002f090 20 77 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 2c | winning player,|
0002f0a0 0a 64 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 |.do you understa|
0002f0b0 6e 64 20 77 68 79 20 65 76 65 72 79 74 68 69 6e |nd why everythin|
0002f0c0 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 65 64 20 |g that happened |
0002f0d0 64 69 64 3f 20 20 4f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2c |did? Of course,|
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0002f0f0 77 69 6c 6c 20 66 6f 72 65 76 65 72 20 72 65 6d |will forever rem|
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0002f120 66 66 65 75 72 20 69 6e 20 22 54 68 65 20 42 69 |ffeur in "The Bi|
0002f130 67 0a 53 6c 65 65 70 22 3f 0a 0a 4d 6f 73 74 20 |g.Sleep"?..Most |
0002f140 73 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 64 |stories have a d|
0002f150 65 63 69 73 69 76 65 20 65 6e 64 2e 20 20 54 68 |ecisive end. Th|
0002f160 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 47 6f 74 68 69 63 20 6d 61 6e |e old Gothic man|
0002f170 6f 72 20 68 6f 75 73 65 20 62 75 72 6e 73 20 64 |or house burns d|
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0002f190 6e 76 61 64 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 70 6f 69 73 |nvaders are pois|
0002f1a0 6f 6e 65 64 2c 20 74 68 65 20 65 76 69 6c 20 77 |oned, the evil w|
0002f1b0 61 72 6c 6f 72 64 20 69 73 20 64 65 70 6f 73 65 |arlord is depose|
0002f1c0 64 2e 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 0a 67 |d. If the end.g|
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0002f1e0 6e 20 65 76 65 6e 74 2c 20 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 |n event, perhaps|
0002f1f0 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 69 6e 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 | it is insuffici|
0002f200 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 66 69 6e 61 6c 2e 0a 0a 41 62 |ently final...Ab|
0002f210 6f 76 65 20 61 6c 6c 2c 20 77 68 61 74 20 68 61 |ove all, what ha|
0002f220 70 70 65 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 |ppens to the pla|
0002f230 79 65 72 27 73 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c |yer's character,|
0002f240 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 | when the advent|
0002f250 75 72 65 20 65 6e 64 73 3f 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 66 |ure ends?..The f|
0002f260 69 6e 61 6c 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 69 73 20 |inal message is |
0002f270 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 6e 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e |also an importan|
0002f280 74 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 63 |t one to write c|
0002f290 61 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 2c 20 6c |arefully, and, l|
0002f2a0 69 6b 65 20 74 68 65 0a 6f 76 65 72 74 75 72 65 |ike the.overture|
0002f2b0 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 64 61 20 73 68 6f 75 6c |, the coda shoul|
0002f2c0 64 20 62 65 20 62 72 69 65 66 2e 20 20 54 6f 20 |d be brief. To |
0002f2d0 71 75 6f 74 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 68 |quote examples h|
0002f2e0 65 72 65 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 73 |ere would only s|
0002f2f0 70 6f 69 6c 0a 74 68 65 69 72 20 67 61 6d 65 73 |poil.their games|
0002f300 2e 20 20 42 75 74 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 72 75 |. But a good ru|
0002f310 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 75 6d 62 2c 20 61 73 20 |le of thumb, as |
0002f320 61 6e 79 20 66 69 6c 6d 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 70 |any film screenp|
0002f330 6c 61 79 20 77 72 69 74 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 0a |lay writer will.|
0002f340 74 65 73 74 69 66 79 2c 20 73 65 65 6d 73 20 74 |testify, seems t|
0002f350 6f 20 62 65 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 |o be to make the|
0002f360 20 74 77 6f 20 73 63 65 6e 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 | two scenes whic|
0002f370 68 20 6f 70 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 |h open and close|
0002f380 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 6f 72 79 0a 22 62 6f 6f 6b | the story."book|
0002f390 2d 65 6e 64 73 22 20 66 6f 72 20 65 61 63 68 20 |-ends" for each |
0002f3a0 6f 74 68 65 72 3a 20 73 79 6d 6d 65 74 72 69 63 |other: symmetric|
0002f3b0 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 74 63 68 69 6e 67 2e |al and matching.|
0002f3c0 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |...-------------|
0002f3d0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0002f400 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 42 |--------------.B|
0002f410 33 2e 20 20 2e 2e 2e 61 74 20 77 61 72 20 77 69 |3. ...at war wi|
0002f420 74 68 20 61 20 63 72 6f 73 73 77 6f 72 64 0a 2d |th a crossword.-|
0002f430 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0002f470 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 |----------.. |
0002f480 20 46 6f 72 65 73 74 20 73 77 61 79 73 2c 0a 20 | Forest sways,. |
0002f490 20 20 20 20 72 6f 63 6b 73 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 | rocks press |
0002f4a0 68 65 61 76 69 6c 79 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 72 6f |heavily,. ro|
0002f4b0 6f 74 73 20 67 72 69 70 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 74 |ots grip,. t|
0002f4c0 72 65 65 2d 74 72 75 6e 6b 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 20 |ree-trunk close |
0002f4d0 74 6f 20 74 72 65 65 2d 74 72 75 6e 6b 2e 0a 20 |to tree-trunk.. |
0002f4e0 20 20 20 20 57 61 76 65 20 75 70 6f 6e 20 77 61 | Wave upon wa|
0002f4f0 76 65 20 62 72 65 61 6b 73 2c 20 66 6f 61 6d 69 |ve breaks, foami|
0002f500 6e 67 2c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 65 70 65 73 74 |ng,. deepest|
0002f510 20 63 61 76 65 72 6e 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 | cavern provides|
0002f520 20 73 68 65 6c 74 65 72 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | shelter... |
0002f530 20 20 20 20 20 28 47 6f 65 74 68 65 2c 20 22 46 | (Goethe, "F|
0002f540 61 75 73 74 22 29 0a 0a 0a 41 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 |aust")...And so |
0002f550 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 74 |from the large t|
0002f560 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 2e 20 20 54 68 |o the small. Th|
0002f570 65 20 6c 61 79 6f 75 74 20 69 73 20 73 6b 65 74 |e layout is sket|
0002f580 63 68 65 64 20 6f 75 74 3b 20 61 20 72 6f 75 67 |ched out; a roug|
0002f590 68 0a 73 79 6e 6f 70 73 69 73 20 69 73 20 77 72 |h.synopsis is wr|
0002f5a0 69 74 74 65 6e 20 64 6f 77 6e 3b 20 62 75 74 20 |itten down; but |
0002f5b0 6e 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 |none of the acti|
0002f5c0 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 |on of the game i|
0002f5d0 73 20 63 6c 65 61 72 20 71 75 69 74 65 0a 79 65 |s clear quite.ye|
0002f5e0 74 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 73 68 6f 72 74 2c 20 74 68 |t. In short, th|
0002f5f0 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c |ere are no puzzl|
0002f600 65 73 2e 20 20 57 68 61 74 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 |es. What are th|
0002f610 65 79 20 74 6f 20 62 65 3f 20 20 48 6f 77 20 77 |ey to be? How w|
0002f620 69 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 79 0a 6c 69 6e 6b 20 74 6f |ill they.link to|
0002f630 67 65 74 68 65 72 3f 0a 0a 0a 31 2e 20 20 50 75 |gether?...1. Pu|
0002f640 7a 7a 6c 65 73 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |zzles.----------|
0002f650 2d 0a 0a 50 75 7a 7a 6c 65 73 20 6f 75 67 68 74 |-..Puzzles ought|
0002f660 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 69 6d 70 6c | not to be simpl|
0002f670 79 20 61 20 6d 61 74 74 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 79 |y a matter of ty|
0002f680 70 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 65 20 77 65 6c 6c 2d 63 68 |ping one well-ch|
0002f690 6f 73 65 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 0a |osen line. The.|
0002f6a0 68 61 6c 6c 6d 61 72 6b 20 6f 66 20 61 20 67 6f |hallmark of a go|
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0002f6d0 20 66 6f 72 20 70 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 75 70 20 | for picking up |
0002f6e0 61 6e 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 0a 61 76 61 69 6c 61 |an easily.availa|
0002f6f0 62 6c 65 20 6b 65 79 20 61 6e 64 20 75 6e 6c 6f |ble key and unlo|
0002f700 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 20 64 6f 6f 72 20 77 69 74 |cking a door wit|
0002f710 68 20 69 74 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 73 6f 72 74 |h it. This sort|
0002f720 20 6f 66 20 6c 6f 77 2d 6c 65 76 65 6c 0a 61 63 | of low-level.ac|
0002f730 68 69 65 76 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 2d 20 6c 69 6b 65 |hievement - like|
0002f740 20 77 65 61 72 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20 6f 76 65 72 | wearing an over|
0002f750 63 6f 61 74 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 6c 79 69 6e 67 |coat found lying|
0002f760 20 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 | around, for ins|
0002f770 74 61 6e 63 65 20 2d 0a 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e |tance -.should n|
0002f780 6f 74 20 62 65 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 2e 20 20 41 |ot be enough. A|
0002f790 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 61 62 6c 65 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c | memorable puzzl|
0002f7a0 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 73 65 76 65 |e will need seve|
0002f7b0 72 61 6c 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 69 64 |ral different id|
0002f7c0 65 61 73 20 0a 74 6f 20 73 6f 6c 76 65 20 28 74 |eas .to solve (t|
0002f7d0 68 65 20 42 61 62 65 6c 20 66 69 73 68 20 64 69 |he Babel fish di|
0002f7e0 73 70 65 6e 73 65 72 20 69 6e 20 22 54 68 65 20 |spenser in "The |
0002f7f0 48 69 74 63 68 2d 68 69 6b 65 72 27 73 20 47 75 |Hitch-hiker's Gu|
0002f800 69 64 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 0a 47 61 6c 61 78 |ide to the.Galax|
0002f810 79 22 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 |y", for instance|
0002f820 29 2e 0a 0a 4d 79 20 70 65 72 73 6f 6e 61 6c 20 |)...My personal |
0002f830 72 75 6c 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 |rule with puzzle|
0002f840 73 20 69 73 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 74 6f 20 61 6c |s is never to al|
0002f850 6c 6f 77 20 6f 6e 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 49 20 |low one which I |
0002f860 63 61 6e 20 63 6f 64 65 20 75 70 20 69 6e 0a 6c |can code up in.l|
0002f870 65 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 66 69 76 65 20 6d 69 |ess than five mi|
0002f880 6e 75 74 65 73 2e 0a 0a 53 74 69 6c 6c 2c 20 61 |nutes...Still, a|
0002f890 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 67 61 6d 65 20 6d 69 78 65 73 | good game mixes|
0002f8a0 20 74 68 65 20 65 61 73 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 | the easy with t|
0002f8b0 68 65 20 68 61 72 64 2c 20 65 73 70 65 63 69 61 |he hard, especia|
0002f8c0 6c 6c 79 20 6e 65 61 72 20 74 68 65 0a 62 65 67 |lly near the.beg|
0002f8d0 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 70 6c 61 |inning. The pla|
0002f8e0 79 65 72 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 61 62 |yer should be ab|
0002f8f0 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 73 63 6f 72 65 20 61 20 66 65 |le to score a fe|
0002f900 77 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 73 20 28 6e 6f 74 20 6d 61 |w points (not ma|
0002f910 6e 79 29 20 6f 6e 0a 74 68 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 |ny) on.the very |
0002f920 66 69 72 73 74 20 68 61 6c 66 2d 68 65 61 72 74 |first half-heart|
0002f930 65 64 20 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 |ed attempt...The|
0002f940 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 62 69 67 |re are three big|
0002f950 20 70 69 74 66 61 6c 6c 73 20 69 6e 20 6d 61 6b | pitfalls in mak|
0002f960 69 6e 67 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 73 3a 0a 0a 2d 2d |ing puzzles:..--|
0002f970 20 54 68 65 20 22 47 65 74 2d 58 2d 55 73 65 2d | The "Get-X-Use-|
0002f980 58 22 20 73 79 6e 64 72 6f 6d 65 2e 20 20 48 65 |X" syndrome. He|
0002f990 72 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 77 68 6f 6c 65 20 67 61 |re, the whole ga|
0002f9a0 6d 65 20 69 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 73 20 77 61 6e 64 |me involves wand|
0002f9b0 65 72 69 6e 67 0a 61 62 6f 75 74 20 70 69 63 6b |ering.about pick|
0002f9c0 69 6e 67 20 75 70 20 62 69 63 79 63 6c 65 20 70 |ing up bicycle p|
0002f9d0 75 6d 70 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 6c 6f |umps and then lo|
0002f9e0 6f 6b 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 62 69 63 79 |oking for a bicy|
0002f9f0 63 6c 65 3a 20 70 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 75 70 0a |cle: picking up.|
0002fa00 70 69 6e 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 69 6e 67 |pins and looking|
0002fa10 20 66 6f 72 20 62 61 6c 6c 6f 6f 6e 73 20 74 6f | for balloons to|
0002fa20 20 62 75 72 73 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 6f | burst, and so o|
0002fa30 6e 2e 20 20 53 6f 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 70 75 7a |n. So every puz|
0002fa40 7a 6c 65 20 6e 65 65 64 73 0a 6f 6e 65 20 6f 62 |zle needs.one ob|
0002fa50 6a 65 63 74 2e 20 20 41 73 20 73 6f 6f 6e 20 61 |ject. As soon a|
0002fa60 73 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 75 73 |s it has been us|
0002fa70 65 64 20 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 64 72 6f |ed it can be dro|
0002fa80 70 70 65 64 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 69 74 20 73 75 72 |pped, for it sur|
0002fa90 65 6c 79 0a 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 |ely.will not be |
0002faa0 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2e 0a |required again..|
0002fab0 0a 2d 2d 20 54 68 65 20 22 57 68 61 74 27 73 2d |.-- The "What's-|
0002fac0 54 68 65 2d 56 65 72 62 22 20 73 79 6e 64 72 6f |The-Verb" syndro|
0002fad0 6d 65 2e 20 20 53 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 |me. So you have|
0002fae0 20 79 6f 75 72 20 62 69 63 79 63 6c 65 20 70 75 | your bicycle pu|
0002faf0 6d 70 20 61 6e 64 0a 62 69 63 79 63 6c 65 3a 20 |mp and.bicycle: |
0002fb00 22 75 73 65 20 70 75 6d 70 22 20 64 6f 65 73 6e |"use pump" doesn|
0002fb10 27 74 20 77 6f 72 6b 2c 20 22 70 75 6d 70 20 62 |'t work, "pump b|
0002fb20 69 6b 65 22 20 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 74 20 77 6f 72 |ike" doesn't wor|
0002fb30 6b 2e 2e 2e 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 22 69 6e 66 6c 61 |k... only "infla|
0002fb40 74 65 0a 74 79 72 65 22 20 64 6f 65 73 2e 20 20 |te.tyre" does. |
0002fb50 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 |There are games |
0002fb60 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 6c 69 6e 67 75 |where this lingu|
0002fb70 69 73 74 69 63 20 63 68 61 6c 6c 65 6e 67 65 20 |istic challenge |
0002fb80 69 73 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 0a 77 |is most of the.w|
0002fb90 6f 72 6b 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 |ork for the play|
0002fba0 65 72 2e 20 20 41 6e 20 65 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c |er. An especial|
0002fbb0 6c 79 20 74 72 69 63 6b 79 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 6f |ly tricky form o|
0002fbc0 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 69 |f this problem i|
0002fbd0 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 6e 0a 6d 6f 73 74 20 67 |s that in.most g|
0002fbe0 61 6d 65 73 20 22 65 78 61 6d 69 6e 65 22 2c 20 |ames "examine", |
0002fbf0 22 73 65 61 72 63 68 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 6c 6f |"search" and "lo|
0002fc00 6f 6b 20 69 6e 73 69 64 65 22 20 61 72 65 20 64 |ok inside" are d|
0002fc10 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 |ifferent actions|
0002fc20 3a 20 69 74 0a 69 73 20 65 61 73 79 20 74 6f 20 |: it.is easy to |
0002fc30 63 6f 64 65 20 61 20 68 69 64 64 65 6e 20 74 72 |code a hidden tr|
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0002fc50 74 68 61 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 |that only one of|
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000309d0 2e 0a 0a 0a 34 2e 20 20 41 69 72 2c 20 45 61 72 |....4. Air, Ear|
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000309f0 65 72 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |er.-------------|
00030a00 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
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00030b60 20 74 6f 20 63 61 72 72 79 20 61 20 6e 61 6b 65 | to carry a nake|
00030b70 64 20 66 6c 61 6d 65 0a 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 28 |d flame.around (|
00030b80 61 20 62 75 72 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 72 63 68 2c |a burning torch,|
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00031bb0 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 62 75 67 73 20 66 72 6f |example bugs fro|
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00031c10 0a 20 20 20 4f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2c 20 4d |. Of course, M|
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00031d10 28 61 73 20 61 62 6f 76 65 21 29 3b 0a 0a 2d 2d |(as above!);..--|
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00031d50 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 6e 64 20 61 6e 64 20 73 |understand and s|
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00031d70 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 28 22 72 6f 62 |structions ("rob|
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00031de0 68 61 76 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 61 74 74 69 74 75 |have some attitu|
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00031eb0 41 6c 6c 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 |All this require|
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00031f90 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 22 54 72 69 6e 69 74 79 22 |ing of "Trinity"|
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00031ff0 4d 6f 73 74 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 72 73 61 74 69 6f |Most conversatio|
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00032020 65 73 74 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 |esting. If the |
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000320a0 73 65 66 75 6c 20 6f 6e 65 2e 0a 0a 47 6f 6f 64 |seful one...Good|
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00032150 2d 6b 65 65 70 65 72 20 77 68 6f 20 68 61 73 20 |-keeper who has |
00032160 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 62 75 |nothing to do bu|
00032170 74 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 70 61 73 73 65 73 2e 0a |t check passes..|
00032180 0a 0a 37 2e 20 20 4d 61 7a 65 73 2e 2e 2e 0a 2d |..7. Mazes....-|
00032190 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 41 6c 6d |-----------..Alm|
000321a0 6f 73 74 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 67 61 6d 65 20 63 |ost every game c|
000321b0 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 6d 61 7a 65 2e 20 |ontains a maze. |
000321c0 20 4e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6e 6f 77 61 64 61 79 | Nothing nowaday|
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000321e0 6c 20 74 68 65 0a 69 6d 6d 6f 72 74 61 6c 0a 0a |l the.immortal..|
000321f0 20 20 59 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 61 20 6d | You are in a m|
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00032260 77 69 73 74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 68 61 73 6e 27 |wist which hasn'|
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000322a0 22 53 6f 72 63 65 72 65 72 22 20 62 65 69 6e 67 |"Sorcerer" being|
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000322f0 54 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 6d 61 7a |The standard maz|
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00032320 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 69 |s with objects i|
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000323f0 49 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 73 68 |Instead there sh|
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00032450 6f 72 20 66 6c 75 6f 72 65 73 63 65 6e 74 20 61 |or fluorescent a|
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000324e0 61 20 6d 61 7a 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 70 70 |a maze which app|
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00032590 20 43 6c 69 63 68 65 73 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | Cliches.-------|
000325a0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
000325b0 2d 0a 0a 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 61 20 66 |-..There are a f|
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00032770 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 0a 77 65 6c 63 6f 6d 65 2e |ons are.welcome.|
00032780 20 20 28 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 75 | (There is a su|
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00032810 68 61 74 20 61 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 63 61 6e |hat a player can|
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00032b10 73 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 28 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 |s, with (perhaps|
00032b20 0a 68 69 64 64 65 6e 29 20 61 74 74 72 69 62 75 |.hidden) attribu|
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00032b50 69 6f 6e 22 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 |ion". The playe|
00032b60 72 20 67 72 6f 77 73 20 77 65 61 72 79 0a 61 6e |r grows weary.an|
00032b70 64 20 6e 65 65 64 73 20 66 6f 6f 64 2c 20 74 69 |d needs food, ti|
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00032ba0 20 6e 65 65 64 73 20 72 65 63 75 70 65 72 61 74 | needs recuperat|
00032bb0 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 41 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 20 77 68 |ion..A puzzle wh|
00032bc0 69 63 68 20 72 65 61 6c 6c 79 20 65 78 70 6c 6f |ich really explo|
00032bd0 69 74 73 20 74 68 69 73 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 |its this would b|
00032be0 65 20 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 20 74 6f 20 6d |e difficult to m|
00032bf0 61 6b 65 20 66 61 69 72 2e 0a 0a 0a 39 2e 20 20 |ake fair....9. |
00032c00 52 65 77 61 72 64 73 20 61 6e 64 20 50 65 6e 61 |Rewards and Pena|
00032c10 6c 74 69 65 73 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |lties.----------|
00032c20 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a |---------------.|
00032c30 0a 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 77 6f 20 6b |.There are two k|
00032c40 69 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 20 72 65 77 61 72 64 20 77 |inds of reward w|
00032c50 68 69 63 68 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 |hich need to be |
00032c60 67 69 76 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 20 70 6c 61 79 65 |given to a playe|
00032c70 72 20 69 6e 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 0a 66 6f 72 20 |r in return.for |
00032c80 73 6f 6c 76 69 6e 67 20 61 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 |solving a puzzle|
00032c90 2e 20 20 4f 6e 65 20 69 73 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 |. One is obviou|
00032ca0 73 3a 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 61 64 76 61 |s: the game adva|
00032cb0 6e 63 65 73 20 61 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 2e 20 20 |nces a little. |
00032cc0 42 75 74 20 74 68 65 0a 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 61 |But the.player a|
00032cd0 74 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 6e |t the keyboard n|
00032ce0 65 65 64 73 20 61 20 72 65 77 61 72 64 20 61 73 |eeds a reward as|
00032cf0 20 77 65 6c 6c 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | well, that the |
00032d00 67 61 6d 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6f 66 66 65 |game should offe|
00032d10 72 0a 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6e 65 77 20 |r.something new |
00032d20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 |to look at. In |
00032d30 74 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 64 61 79 73 2c 20 77 68 |the old days, wh|
00032d40 65 6e 20 61 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 20 77 61 73 20 |en a puzzle was |
00032d50 73 6f 6c 76 65 64 2c 20 74 68 65 0a 70 6c 61 79 |solved, the.play|
00032d60 65 72 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 67 6f 74 20 61 20 |er simply got a |
00032d70 62 61 72 20 6f 66 20 67 6f 6c 64 20 61 6e 64 20 |bar of gold and |
00032d80 68 61 64 20 6f 6e 65 20 6c 65 73 73 20 70 75 7a |had one less puz|
00032d90 7a 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 6c 76 65 2e 0a 0a 4d |zle to solve...M|
00032da0 75 63 68 20 62 65 74 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 74 6f |uch better is to|
00032db0 20 6f 66 66 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 | offer the playe|
00032dc0 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6e 65 77 20 72 6f 6f 6d 73 |r some new rooms|
00032dd0 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 74 6f 20 | and objects to |
00032de0 70 6c 61 79 0a 77 69 74 68 2c 20 61 73 20 74 68 |play.with, as th|
00032df0 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 72 65 61 6c 20 69 6e 63 |is is a real inc|
00032e00 65 6e 74 69 76 65 2e 20 20 49 66 20 6e 6f 20 6e |entive. If no n|
00032e10 65 77 20 72 6f 6f 6d 73 20 61 72 65 20 6f 6e 20 |ew rooms are on |
00032e20 6f 66 66 65 72 2c 20 61 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 0a |offer, at least.|
00032e30 74 68 65 20 22 74 72 65 61 73 75 72 65 22 20 6f |the "treasure" o|
00032e40 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 6d 61 |bjects can be ma|
00032e50 64 65 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 |de interesting, |
00032e60 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 73 20 |like the spells |
00032e70 69 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 22 45 6e 63 68 61 6e 74 65 |in the."Enchante|
00032e80 72 22 20 74 72 69 6c 6f 67 79 20 6f 72 20 74 68 |r" trilogy or th|
00032e90 65 20 63 75 62 65 73 20 69 6e 20 22 53 70 65 6c |e cubes in "Spel|
00032ea0 6c 62 72 65 61 6b 65 72 22 2e 0a 0a 49 6e 20 6f |lbreaker"...In o|
00032eb0 6c 64 65 6e 20 64 61 79 73 2c 20 67 61 6d 65 73 |lden days, games|
00032ec0 20 6b 69 6c 6c 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 | killed the play|
00032ed0 65 72 20 69 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 77 61 79 20 66 |er in some way f|
00032ee0 6f 72 20 61 6c 6d 6f 73 74 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 |or almost every |
00032ef0 77 72 6f 6e 67 0a 67 75 65 73 73 20 28 6f 72 20 |wrong.guess (or |
00032f00 61 6c 74 65 72 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 74 |altered the stat|
00032f10 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 73 6f |e of the game so|
00032f20 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 68 61 64 20 62 65 63 | that it had bec|
00032f30 6f 6d 65 20 75 6e 77 69 6e 6e 61 62 6c 65 29 2e |ome unwinnable).|
00032f40 0a 54 68 69 73 20 77 61 73 20 61 6e 6e 6f 79 69 |.This was annoyi|
00032f50 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 65 61 6e 74 20 74 68 61 |ng and meant tha|
00032f60 74 20 76 69 72 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 6c 6c 20 |t virtually all |
00032f70 70 6c 61 79 65 72 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 73 6f 20 |players were so |
00032f80 70 61 72 61 6e 6f 69 64 0a 61 73 20 74 6f 20 73 |paranoid.as to s|
00032f90 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 62 65 66 |ave the game bef|
00032fa0 6f 72 65 2c 20 73 61 79 2c 20 70 69 63 6b 69 6e |ore, say, pickin|
00032fb0 67 20 75 70 20 61 6e 79 20 6e 65 77 20 6f 62 6a |g up any new obj|
00032fc0 65 63 74 2e 20 20 4e 6f 77 61 64 61 79 73 0a 69 |ect. Nowadays.i|
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00032ff0 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 6f |the player witho|
00033000 75 74 20 64 75 65 20 77 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 2c 20 |ut due warning, |
00033010 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 0a 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 6d 61 6c |and to.make smal|
00033020 6c 65 72 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 73 20 72 65 63 |ler mistakes rec|
00033030 6f 76 65 72 61 62 6c 65 2d 66 72 6f 6d 2e 20 20 |overable-from. |
00033040 41 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 61 6c 74 65 72 6e 61 74 69 |A good alternati|
00033050 76 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 61 74 68 0a |ve to the death.|
00033060 73 65 6e 74 65 6e 63 65 20 69 73 20 65 78 69 6c |sentence is exil|
00033070 65 20 28 69 2e 65 2e 2c 20 69 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 |e (i.e., in some|
00033080 20 77 61 79 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | way moving the |
00033090 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 65 72 65 |player somewhere|
000330a0 0a 69 6e 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 20 62 75 |.inconvenient bu|
000330b0 74 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 61 62 6c 65 2d 66 72 6f |t returnable-fro|
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000330d0 6e 67 20 52 6f 6f 6d 20 44 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 |ng Room Descript|
000330e0 69 6f 6e 73 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |ions.-----------|
000330f0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
00033100 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 46 69 72 73 74 2c 20 61 20 77 61 |---..First, a wa|
00033110 72 6e 69 6e 67 3a 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 74 65 6d |rning: it is tem|
00033120 70 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 62 65 67 69 |pting, when begi|
00033130 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 64 65 2c 20 74 |nning to code, t|
00033140 6f 20 67 69 76 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d 73 0a 22 74 65 |o give rooms."te|
00033150 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 79 22 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 |mporary" descrip|
00033160 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 28 22 53 6c 61 62 20 72 6f 6f |tions ("Slab roo|
00033170 6d 2e 22 20 22 43 6c 6f 69 73 74 65 72 2e 22 29 |m." "Cloister.")|
00033180 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 65 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 |, and leave the |
00033190 77 72 69 74 69 6e 67 0a 66 6f 72 20 6c 61 74 65 |writing.for late|
000331a0 72 2e 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 |r. There is no |
000331b0 6d 6f 72 65 20 64 65 70 72 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 |more depressing |
000331c0 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 74 68 61 6e 20 77 68 65 6e 20 |point than when |
000331d0 66 61 63 69 6e 67 20 61 20 70 69 6c 65 20 6f 66 |facing a pile of|
000331e0 20 35 30 0a 72 6f 6f 6d 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 | 50.room descrip|
000331f0 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 2c 20 |tions to write, |
00033200 61 6c 6c 20 61 74 20 6f 6e 63 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 |all at once, and|
00033210 20 66 65 65 6c 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f 6e | feeling that on|
00033220 65 27 73 20 65 6e 74 68 75 73 69 61 73 6d 0a 68 |e's enthusiasm.h|
00033230 61 73 20 61 6c 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 20 67 6f |as altogether go|
00033240 6e 65 2e 20 20 28 54 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 77 |ne. (The same w|
00033250 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 70 70 6c 69 65 73 20 74 |arning applies t|
00033260 6f 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20 6f 76 65 72 |o making an over|
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00033280 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 64 6f 69 6e 67 20 61 6e | before doing an|
00033290 79 20 63 6f 64 69 6e 67 2e 29 20 20 42 65 73 69 |y coding.) Besi|
000332a0 64 65 73 2c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 65 73 74 69 6e |des, when testin|
000332b0 67 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d 73 20 63 6f 6e 63 |g the rooms conc|
000332c0 65 72 6e 65 64 2c 0a 6f 6e 65 20 68 61 73 20 6e |erned,.one has n|
000332d0 6f 20 66 65 65 6c 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 77 68 61 |o feeling of wha|
000332e0 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |t the game will |
000332f0 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 65 78 63 65 70 74 |look like except|
00033300 20 74 61 74 74 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 69 73 | tatty, and this|
00033310 0a 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 64 65 70 72 65 73 73 |.is also depress|
00033320 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 77 72 69 74 |ing. Also, writ|
00033330 69 6e 67 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 |ing room descrip|
00033340 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 63 65 73 20 74 68 65 |tions forces the|
00033350 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 20 74 6f 0a 74 68 69 6e 6b | author to.think|
00033360 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 77 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | about what the |
00033370 72 6f 6f 6d 20 69 73 20 75 6c 74 69 6d 61 74 65 |room is ultimate|
00033380 6c 79 20 66 6f 72 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 |ly for, which is|
00033390 20 6e 6f 20 62 61 64 20 74 68 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 | no bad thing. |
000333a0 53 6f 0a 77 72 69 74 65 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 61 |So.write a few a|
000333b0 74 20 61 20 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 61 73 20 63 6f 64 |t a time, as cod|
000333c0 69 6e 67 20 67 6f 65 73 20 6f 6e 2c 20 62 75 74 |ing goes on, but|
000333d0 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 74 68 65 6d 20 70 72 6f 70 | write them prop|
000333e0 65 72 6c 79 3a 20 61 6e 64 20 65 64 69 74 0a 6c |erly: and edit.l|
000333f0 61 74 65 72 20 69 66 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 |ater if necessar|
00033400 79 20 28 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 29 2e 0a |y (it will be)..|
00033410 0a 53 69 7a 65 20 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 74 20 6d 61 |.Size doesn't ma|
00033420 74 74 65 72 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 61 6c 6c |tter. It is all|
00033430 20 74 6f 6f 20 65 61 73 79 20 74 6f 20 77 72 69 | too easy to wri|
00033440 74 65 20 61 20 68 75 67 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 64 |te a huge room d|
00033450 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 2c 0a 72 61 6d 62 |escription,.ramb|
00033460 6c 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 69 72 72 65 6c 65 |ling with irrele|
00033470 76 61 6e 74 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 3a 20 74 68 |vant details: th|
00033480 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 |ere are usually |
00033490 6f 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 65 73 73 |one to three ess|
000334a0 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 73 0a 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 61 |entials.to get a|
000334b0 63 72 6f 73 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 72 |cross, and the r|
000334c0 65 73 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 63 75 |est should be cu|
000334d0 74 2e 0a 0a 42 75 74 20 65 76 65 6e 20 74 68 65 |t...But even the|
000334e0 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 74 65 64 69 6f 75 73 20 6a 75 | most tedious ju|
000334f0 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 64 65 73 65 72 76 65 20 |nctions deserve |
00033500 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 |description, and|
00033510 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 0a | description is.|
00033520 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 |more than a list|
00033530 20 6f 66 20 65 78 69 74 73 2e 20 20 48 65 72 65 | of exits. Here|
00033540 20 69 73 20 22 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 22 20 | is "Adventure" |
00033550 61 74 20 69 74 73 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 67 72 61 63 |at its most grac|
00033560 65 66 75 6c 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 59 6f 75 27 72 65 |eful:.. You're|
00033570 20 69 6e 20 61 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d | in a large room|
00033580 20 63 61 72 76 65 64 20 6f 75 74 20 6f 66 20 73 | carved out of s|
00033590 65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74 61 72 79 20 72 6f 63 6b 2e |edimentary rock.|
000335a0 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 0a | The floor and.|
000335b0 20 20 20 77 61 6c 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 6c 69 74 | walls are lit|
000335c0 74 65 72 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 62 69 74 73 20 |tered with bits |
000335d0 6f 66 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 73 20 65 6d 62 65 64 64 |of shells embedd|
000335e0 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 6f 6e 65 2e |ed in the stone.|
000335f0 20 20 41 20 73 68 61 6c 6c 6f 77 0a 20 20 20 70 | A shallow. p|
00033600 61 73 73 61 67 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 65 64 73 20 |assage proceeds |
00033610 64 6f 77 6e 77 61 72 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 |downward, and a |
00033620 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 61 74 20 73 74 65 65 70 65 72 |somewhat steeper|
00033630 20 6f 6e 65 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 75 70 2e 20 20 | one leads up. |
00033640 41 20 6c 6f 77 0a 20 20 20 68 61 6e 64 73 20 61 |A low. hands a|
00033650 6e 64 20 6b 6e 65 65 73 20 70 61 73 73 61 67 65 |nd knees passage|
00033660 20 65 6e 74 65 72 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 | enters from the|
00033670 20 73 6f 75 74 68 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 59 6f 75 20 | south... You |
00033680 61 72 65 20 77 61 6c 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 6c 6f 6e |are walking alon|
00033690 67 20 61 20 67 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 73 6c 6f 70 69 |g a gently slopi|
000336a0 6e 67 20 6e 6f 72 74 68 2f 73 6f 75 74 68 20 70 |ng north/south p|
000336b0 61 73 73 61 67 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 64 20 77 69 74 |assage lined wit|
000336c0 68 0a 20 20 20 6f 64 64 6c 79 20 73 68 61 70 65 |h. oddly shape|
000336d0 64 20 6c 69 6d 65 73 74 6f 6e 65 20 66 6f 72 6d |d limestone form|
000336e0 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0a 0a 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 |ations...Note th|
000336f0 65 20 67 65 6f 6c 6f 67 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 |e geology, the s|
00033700 6c 69 67 68 74 20 75 6e 65 76 65 6e 6e 65 73 73 |light unevenness|
00033710 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 61 | of the ground a|
00033720 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 72 69 61 74 69 6f 6e |nd the variation|
00033730 20 69 6e 0a 74 68 65 20 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 | in.the size of |
00033740 74 68 65 20 74 75 6e 6e 65 6c 73 2e 20 20 45 76 |the tunnels. Ev|
00033750 65 6e 20 69 66 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 68 61 |en if nothing ha|
00033760 70 70 65 6e 73 20 68 65 72 65 2c 20 74 68 65 73 |ppens here, thes|
00033770 65 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 61 6c 0a 70 6c 61 63 65 |e are real.place|
00033780 73 2e 0a 0a 46 6c 69 70 70 61 6e 74 2c 20 6a 6f |s...Flippant, jo|
00033790 6b 79 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 |ky room descript|
000337a0 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 62 65 73 74 20 61 76 |ions are best av|
000337b0 6f 69 64 65 64 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 79 20 77 69 |oided if they wi|
000337c0 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 0a 72 65 76 69 |ll be often.revi|
000337d0 73 69 74 65 64 2e 20 20 41 62 6f 75 74 20 6f 6e |sited. About on|
000337e0 63 65 20 69 6e 20 61 20 67 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 20 |ce in a game an |
000337f0 61 75 74 68 6f 72 20 63 61 6e 20 67 65 74 20 61 |author can get a|
00033800 77 61 79 20 77 69 74 68 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 4f 62 |way with:.. Ob|
00033810 73 65 72 76 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 52 6f 6f 6d 0a 20 |servation Room. |
00033820 20 20 43 61 6c 76 69 6e 20 43 6f 6f 6c 69 64 67 | Calvin Coolidg|
00033830 65 20 6f 6e 63 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 |e once described|
00033840 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 73 20 61 73 20 22 72 65 63 | windows as "rec|
00033850 74 61 6e 67 6c 65 73 20 6f 66 20 67 6c 61 73 73 |tangles of glass|
00033860 2e 22 20 20 49 66 20 73 6f 2c 0a 20 20 20 68 65 |." If so,. he|
00033870 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 74 | may have been t|
00033880 68 69 6e 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 |hinking about th|
00033890 65 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 |e window which f|
000338a0 69 6c 6c 73 20 74 68 65 20 77 65 73 74 65 72 6e |ills the western|
000338b0 20 77 61 6c 6c 0a 20 20 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 | wall. of this|
000338c0 20 72 6f 6f 6d 2e 20 20 41 20 74 69 6e 79 20 63 | room. A tiny c|
000338d0 6c 6f 73 65 74 20 6c 69 65 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 |loset lies to th|
000338e0 65 20 6e 6f 72 74 68 2e 20 20 41 20 73 69 67 6e |e north. A sign|
000338f0 20 69 73 20 70 6f 73 74 65 64 20 6e 65 78 74 20 | is posted next |
00033900 74 6f 0a 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 69 72 73 |to. the stairs|
00033910 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 65 61 64 20 62 6f 74 68 | which lead both|
00033920 20 75 70 77 61 72 64 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 6f 77 | upwards and dow|
00033930 6e 77 61 72 64 73 2e 0a 0a 61 20 63 68 61 72 61 |nwards...a chara|
00033940 63 74 65 72 69 73 74 69 63 20 70 69 65 63 65 20 |cteristic piece |
00033950 6f 66 20 53 74 65 76 65 20 4d 65 72 65 74 7a 6b |of Steve Meretzk|
00033960 79 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 22 4c 65 61 74 68 65 72 20 |y from "Leather |
00033970 47 6f 64 64 65 73 73 65 73 20 6f 66 20 50 68 6f |Goddesses of Pho|
00033980 62 6f 73 22 2c 0a 77 68 69 63 68 20 64 65 6d 6f |bos",.which demo|
00033990 6e 73 74 72 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 6e |nstrates the len|
000339a0 67 74 68 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 68 61 73 20 74 6f 20 |gths one has to |
000339b0 67 6f 20 74 6f 20 77 68 65 6e 20 66 61 63 65 64 |go to when faced|
000339c0 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 0a 72 65 6c 65 6e 74 6c 65 | with a.relentle|
000339d0 73 73 6c 79 20 6f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 20 6a 75 |ssly ordinary ju|
000339e0 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 2d 77 69 74 68 2d 77 69 6e 64 |nction-with-wind|
000339f0 6f 77 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 73 65 6e 74 65 6e 63 |ow. The sentenc|
00033a00 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 77 68 6f 6c |e which the whol|
00033a10 65 0a 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 68 61 |e.description ha|
00033a20 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 74 |s been written t|
00033a30 6f 20 61 76 6f 69 64 20 69 73 20 22 59 6f 75 20 |o avoid is "You |
00033a40 63 61 6e 20 67 6f 20 75 70 2c 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 |can go up, down |
00033a50 6f 72 20 6e 6f 72 74 68 2e 22 0a 0a 0a 52 6f 6f |or north."...Roo|
00033a60 6d 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 |m descriptions a|
00033a70 72 65 20 6f 62 6c 69 67 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6d 65 |re obliged to me|
00033a80 6e 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 |ntion the obviou|
00033a90 73 20 65 78 69 74 73 20 2d 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 |s exits - and it|
00033aa0 20 69 73 0a 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 6c 79 20 70 6f | is.certainly po|
00033ab0 6f 72 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 74 6f 20 66 61 69 6c 20 |or form to fail |
00033ac0 74 6f 20 6d 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 |to mention one i|
00033ad0 6e 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 75 6e 6c |n particular unl|
00033ae0 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 0a 67 6f 6f |ess there is.goo|
00033af0 64 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 2d 20 62 75 74 20 74 |d reason - but t|
00033b00 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 77 61 79 73 20 74 6f |here are ways to|
00033b10 20 61 76 6f 69 64 20 77 68 61 74 20 63 61 6e 20 | avoid what can |
00033b20 62 65 20 61 20 74 69 72 65 73 6f 6d 65 6c 79 0a |be a tiresomely.|
00033b30 72 65 70 65 74 69 74 69 76 65 20 62 75 73 69 6e |repetitive busin|
00033b40 65 73 73 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e |ess. For instan|
00033b50 63 65 2c 0a 0a 20 20 20 44 61 72 6b 20 43 61 76 |ce,.. Dark Cav|
00033b60 65 0a 20 20 20 4c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 6c 69 67 68 |e. Little ligh|
00033b70 74 20 73 65 65 70 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 69 |t seeps into thi|
00033b80 73 20 6d 75 64 64 79 2c 20 62 6f 6e 65 2d 73 63 |s muddy, bone-sc|
00033b90 61 74 74 65 72 65 64 20 63 61 76 65 20 61 6e 64 |attered cave and|
00033ba0 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 0a 20 20 20 79 6f 75 20 | already. you |
00033bb0 6c 6f 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 66 72 65 73 68 20 61 |long for fresh a|
00033bc0 69 72 2e 20 20 53 74 72 61 6e 67 65 20 62 75 62 |ir. Strange bub|
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00034bb0 6f 66 20 61 20 70 6f 6f 72 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 |of a poor game i|
00034bc0 73 20 61 20 6d 61 70 20 6c 69 6b 65 3a 0a 0a 20 |s a map like:.. |
00034bd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034be0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 47 6c 61 63 69 | Glaci|
00034bf0 65 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |er. |
00034c00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034c10 20 20 7c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |. |
00034c20 20 44 75 6e 67 65 6f 6e 20 20 2d 2d 20 20 4f 72 | Dungeon -- Or|
00034c30 69 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 52 6f 6f 6d 20 20 2d 2d 20 |iental Room -- |
00034c40 20 46 69 72 65 20 53 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a 20 20 | Fire Station. |
00034c50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 66 69 73 | (fis|
00034c60 68 29 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 6d 65 67 61 70 68 |h) (megaph|
00034c70 6f 6e 65 29 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 74 75 |one) (tu|
00034c80 6c 69 70 73 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |lips). |
00034c90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034ca0 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |. |
00034cb0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034cc0 20 20 43 68 65 65 73 65 20 52 6f 6f 6d 0a 0a 69 | Cheese Room..i|
00034cd0 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 |n which nothing |
00034ce0 72 65 6c 61 74 65 73 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 79 74 68 |relates to anyth|
00034cf0 69 6e 67 20 65 6c 73 65 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 |ing else, so tha|
00034d00 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 68 61 73 20 6e |t the game has n|
00034d10 6f 20 6f 76 65 72 61 6c 6c 0a 67 65 6f 67 72 61 |o overall.geogra|
00034d20 70 68 79 20 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 2e 20 20 4d 75 63 |phy at all. Muc|
00034d30 68 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 62 65 6c 69 65 76 61 62 6c |h more believabl|
00034d40 65 20 69 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6c |e is something l|
00034d50 69 6b 65 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ike:.. |
00034d60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 6e 6f 77 79 20 4d | Snowy M|
00034d70 6f 75 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 69 64 65 0a 20 20 20 20 |ountainside. |
00034d80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034d90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 20 0a 20 20 20 20 | \ . |
00034da0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034db0 20 20 20 20 20 43 61 72 76 65 64 20 54 75 6e 6e | Carved Tunn|
00034dc0 65 6c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |el. |
00034dd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034de0 20 20 7c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |. |
00034df0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4f 72 69 | Ori|
00034e00 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 52 6f 6f 6d 20 20 2d 2d 20 4a |ental Room -- J|
00034e10 61 64 65 20 50 61 73 73 61 67 65 20 2d 2d 20 46 |ade Passage -- F|
00034e20 69 72 65 20 44 72 61 67 6f 6e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |ire Dragon. |
00034e30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034e40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 62 75 64 64 68 61 29 20 | (buddha) |
00034e50 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 62 6f 6e 73 61 69 20 74 72 | (bonsai tr|
00034e60 65 65 29 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 6f 6f 6d 0a 20 20 |ee) Room. |
00034e70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034e80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0a 20 | |. |
00034e90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00034ea0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 6c 6f 73 73 6f 6d 20 | Blossom |
00034eb0 52 6f 6f 6d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 6d 61 70 20 73 68 |Room..The map sh|
00034ec0 6f 75 6c 64 20 72 65 66 6c 65 63 74 20 73 6f 6d |ould reflect som|
00034ed0 65 20 6c 61 72 67 65 2d 73 63 61 6c 65 20 67 65 |e large-scale ge|
00034ee0 6f 67 72 61 70 68 79 20 74 6f 6f 3a 20 74 68 65 |ography too: the|
00034ef0 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 69 64 65 0a 73 68 | mountainside.sh|
00034f00 6f 75 6c 64 20 65 78 74 65 6e 64 20 61 63 72 6f |ould extend acro|
00034f10 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 70 20 69 6e 20 62 6f |ss the map in bo|
00034f20 74 68 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 20 |th directions. |
00034f30 49 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 74 |If there is a st|
00034f40 72 65 61 6d 0a 70 61 73 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 72 |ream.passing thr|
00034f50 6f 75 67 68 20 61 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 6c 6f 63 |ough a given loc|
00034f60 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 77 68 61 74 20 68 61 70 70 |ation, what happ|
00034f70 65 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 69 74 3f 20 20 41 6e 64 20 |ens to it? And |
00034f80 73 6f 20 6f 6e 2e 20 20 4d 61 70 73 0a 6f 66 20 |so on. Maps.of |
00034f90 72 65 61 6c 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 72 61 |real mountain ra|
00034fa0 6e 67 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 61 6c 20 63 61 |nges and real ca|
00034fb0 76 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 |ve systems can b|
00034fc0 65 20 71 75 69 74 65 20 68 65 6c 70 66 75 6c 20 |e quite helpful |
00034fd0 77 68 65 6e 0a 74 72 79 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 77 |when.trying to w|
00034fe0 6f 72 6b 20 6f 75 74 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 74 65 72 |ork out an inter|
00034ff0 65 73 74 69 6e 67 20 67 65 6f 67 72 61 70 68 79 |esting geography|
00035000 2e 0a 0a 0a 41 20 76 65 78 65 64 20 71 75 65 73 |....A vexed ques|
00035010 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 6a 75 73 74 20 68 6f 77 |tion is just how|
00035020 20 6d 75 63 68 20 6c 61 6e 64 20 6f 63 63 75 70 | much land occup|
00035030 69 65 73 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6c 6f 63 |ies a single loc|
00035040 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 20 55 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 0a |ation. Usually.|
00035050 61 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 72 65 70 72 65 |a location repre|
00035060 73 65 6e 74 73 20 61 20 22 72 6f 6f 6d 22 2c 20 |sents a "room", |
00035070 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 74 65 6e 20 79 61 72 64 |perhaps ten yard|
00035080 73 20 61 63 72 6f 73 73 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 |s across at the |
00035090 6d 6f 73 74 2e 20 0a 52 65 61 6c 6c 79 20 6c 61 |most. .Really la|
000350a0 72 67 65 20 75 6e 64 65 72 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 |rge underground |
000350b0 63 68 61 6d 62 65 72 73 20 2d 20 74 68 65 20 6c |chambers - the l|
000350c0 65 67 65 6e 64 61 72 79 20 22 48 61 6c 6c 20 6f |egendary "Hall o|
000350d0 66 20 4d 69 73 74 73 22 20 69 6e 0a 41 64 76 65 |f Mists" in.Adve|
000350e0 6e 74 75 72 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 72 67 65 |nture, the barge|
000350f0 20 63 68 61 6d 62 65 72 20 69 6e 20 22 49 6e 66 | chamber in "Inf|
00035100 69 64 65 6c 22 20 2d 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 75 61 |idel" - are usua|
00035110 6c 6c 79 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 65 64 20 |lly implemented |
00035120 77 69 74 68 0a 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 6c 6f 63 |with.several loc|
00035130 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e |ations, somethin|
00035140 67 20 6c 69 6b 65 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |g like:.. |
00035150 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 61 6c 6c 72 6f | Ballro|
00035160 6f 6d 20 4e 57 20 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d 20 20 20 |om NW --- |
00035170 20 20 42 61 6c 6c 72 6f 6f 6d 20 4e 45 0a 20 20 | Ballroom NE. |
00035180 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00035190 20 20 20 7c 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 20 20 20 20 | | \ |
000351a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 20 20 20 20 7c 0a 20 20 20 | / |. |
000351b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000351c0 20 20 7c 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 44 61 6e 63 65 20 | | Dance |
000351d0 46 6c 6f 6f 72 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0a 20 20 20 20 |Floor |. |
000351e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000351f0 20 7c 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | / |
00035200 20 20 20 20 5c 20 20 20 20 7c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | \ |. |
00035210 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 61 6c 6c | Ball|
00035220 72 6f 6f 6d 20 53 57 20 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d 20 |room SW --- |
00035230 20 20 20 20 42 61 6c 6c 72 6f 6f 6d 20 53 45 0a | Ballroom SE.|
00035240 0a 54 68 69 73 20 64 6f 65 73 20 67 69 76 65 20 |.This does give |
00035250 73 6f 6d 65 20 69 6d 70 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 |some impression |
00035260 6f 66 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 62 75 74 20 69 74 20 |of space but it |
00035270 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 77 61 73 74 65 20 6c |can also waste l|
00035280 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 61 0a 71 75 |ocations in a.qu|
00035290 69 74 65 20 64 75 6c 6c 20 77 61 79 2c 20 75 6e |ite dull way, un|
000352a0 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 67 |less there are g|
000352b0 65 6e 75 69 6e 65 6c 79 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 |enuinely differe|
000352c0 6e 74 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 |nt things to do |
000352d0 61 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 0a 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 |at some.of the c|
000352e0 6f 72 6e 65 72 73 2e 0a 0a 4f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |orners...On the |
000352f0 6f 74 68 65 72 20 68 61 6e 64 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 |other hand, some|
00035300 74 69 6d 65 73 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 20 |times an entire |
00035310 6d 65 61 64 6f 77 2c 20 6f 72 20 76 61 6c 6c 65 |meadow, or valle|
00035320 79 2c 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 6f 6e 65 0a |y, might be one.|
00035330 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c |single location,|
00035340 20 62 75 74 20 74 68 65 6e 20 69 74 73 20 64 65 | but then its de|
00035350 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 |scription will h|
00035360 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 |ave to be writte|
00035370 6e 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 0a 74 6f 20 6d |n carefully.to m|
00035380 61 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 6c 65 61 72 2e 0a |ake this clear..|
00035390 0a 0a 49 6e 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 |..In designing a|
000353a0 20 6d 61 70 2c 20 69 74 20 61 64 64 73 20 74 6f | map, it adds to|
000353b0 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 20 74 6f | the interest to|
000353c0 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 63 6f 6e 6e | make a few conn|
000353d0 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 72 |ections in the.r|
000353e0 61 72 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 73 73 20 64 69 72 |arer compass dir|
000353f0 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 28 4e 45 2c 20 4e 57 2c |ections (NE, NW,|
00035400 20 53 45 2c 20 53 57 29 20 74 6f 20 70 72 65 76 | SE, SW) to prev|
00035410 65 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 66 |ent the player f|
00035420 72 6f 6d 20 61 0a 66 65 65 6c 69 6e 67 20 74 68 |rom a.feeling th|
00035430 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 68 61 73 20 |at the game has |
00035440 61 20 73 71 75 61 72 65 20 67 72 69 64 2e 20 20 |a square grid. |
00035450 54 68 65 72 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 73 |There should als|
00035460 6f 20 62 65 20 61 20 66 65 77 0a 28 70 6f 73 73 |o be a few.(poss|
00035470 69 62 6c 79 20 6c 6f 6e 67 29 20 6c 6f 6f 70 73 |ibly long) loops|
00035480 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 77 61 | which can be wa|
00035490 6c 6b 65 64 20 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 2c 20 74 6f 20 |lked around, to |
000354a0 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 20 65 6e 64 6c 65 73 73 0a |prevent endless.|
000354b0 72 65 74 72 61 63 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 73 74 65 |retracing of ste|
000354c0 70 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 61 76 6f 69 64 20 |ps and to avoid |
000354d0 74 68 65 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 61 6e 63 65 20 6f |the appearance o|
000354e0 66 20 61 20 62 75 73 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 |f a bus service |
000354f0 6d 61 70 2c 0a 68 61 6c 66 20 61 20 64 6f 7a 65 |map,.half a doze|
00035500 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 6f 6e 6c |n lines with onl|
00035510 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 65 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 2e 0a |y one exchange..|
00035520 0a 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 70 20 69 73 20 76 |.If the map is v|
00035530 65 72 79 20 6c 61 72 67 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 69 66 |ery large, or if|
00035540 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 64 65 61 6c 20 6f 66 20 | a good deal of |
00035550 74 6f 2d 61 6e 64 2d 66 72 6f 69 6e 67 20 69 73 |to-and-froing is|
00035560 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 66 6f 72 2c 0a 74 68 65 | called for,.the|
00035570 72 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 73 6f 6d |re should be som|
00035580 65 20 72 61 70 69 64 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 6f 66 |e rapid means of|
00035590 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 61 63 72 6f 73 73 20 69 | moving across i|
000355a0 74 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d |t, such as the m|
000355b0 61 67 69 63 0a 77 6f 72 64 73 20 69 6e 20 41 64 |agic.words in Ad|
000355c0 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 |venture, or the |
000355d0 63 75 62 65 73 20 69 6e 20 22 53 70 65 6c 6c 62 |cubes in "Spellb|
000355e0 72 65 61 6b 65 72 22 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 |reaker". This c|
000355f0 61 6e 20 62 65 20 61 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 0a 69 |an be a puzzle.i|
00035600 6e 20 69 74 73 65 6c 66 20 2d 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 |n itself - one t|
00035610 68 61 74 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 73 20 64 6f 20 6e |hat players do n|
00035620 6f 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 6c 76 65 |ot have to solve|
00035630 2c 20 62 75 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 77 61 72 |, but will rewar|
00035640 64 20 74 68 65 6d 0a 69 66 20 74 68 65 79 20 64 |d them.if they d|
00035650 6f 2e 0a 0a 0a 31 32 2e 20 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 69 6e |o....12. Lookin|
00035660 67 20 42 61 63 6b 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 53 68 |g Back at the Sh|
00035670 61 70 65 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |ape.------------|
00035680 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
00035690 2d 2d 0a 0a 41 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 65 78 65 |--..A useful exe|
000356a0 72 63 69 73 65 2c 20 74 6f 77 61 72 64 73 20 74 |rcise, towards t|
000356b0 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 |he end of the de|
000356c0 73 69 67 6e 20 73 74 61 67 65 2c 20 69 73 20 74 |sign stage, is t|
000356d0 6f 20 64 72 61 77 20 6f 75 74 20 61 0a 74 72 65 |o draw out a.tre|
000356e0 65 20 28 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 61 63 63 75 72 |e (or more accur|
000356f0 61 74 65 6c 79 20 61 20 6c 61 74 74 69 63 65 29 |ately a lattice)|
00035700 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 70 75 7a 7a | of all the puzz|
00035710 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 20 20 |les in a game. |
00035720 41 74 20 74 68 65 0a 74 6f 70 20 69 73 20 61 20 |At the.top is a |
00035730 6e 6f 64 65 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 69 6e |node representin|
00035740 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 |g the start of t|
00035750 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 |he game, and the|
00035760 6e 20 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 6e 6f 64 65 73 0a 72 65 |n lower nodes.re|
00035770 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 73 6f 6c 76 65 64 20 70 |present solved p|
00035780 75 7a 7a 6c 65 73 2e 20 20 41 6e 20 61 72 72 6f |uzzles. An arro|
00035790 77 20 69 73 20 64 72 61 77 6e 20 62 65 74 77 65 |w is drawn betwe|
000357a0 65 6e 20 74 77 6f 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 73 20 69 |en two puzzles i|
000357b0 66 20 6f 6e 65 20 68 61 73 0a 74 6f 20 62 65 20 |f one has.to be |
000357c0 73 6f 6c 76 65 64 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 74 68 |solved before th|
000357d0 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 2e 20 |e other can be. |
000357e0 20 46 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 61 | For instance, a|
000357f0 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 70 6f 72 74 69 6f 6e 20 | simple portion |
00035800 6d 69 67 68 74 0a 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 6c 69 6b 65 3a |might.look like:|
00035810 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.. |
00035820 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00035830 20 53 74 61 72 74 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | Start. |
00035840 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00035850 20 20 20 20 20 2f 20 20 20 20 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 | / \. |
00035860 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00035870 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 20 20 20 20 20 | / |
00035880 20 20 5c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | \. |
00035890 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 69 6e 64 20 6b | Find k|
000358a0 65 79 20 20 20 20 20 46 69 6e 64 20 63 61 72 0a |ey Find car.|
000358b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000358c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 20 | \ |
000358d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |. |
000358e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
000358f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0a | \ |.|
00035900 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00035910 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 | S|
00035920 74 61 72 74 20 63 61 72 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |tart car. |
00035930 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00035940 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0a 20 20 | |. |
00035950 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
*
00035970 20 7c 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |. |
00035980 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00035990 52 65 61 63 68 20 6d 6f 74 6f 72 77 61 79 0a 0a |Reach motorway..|
000359a0 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 62 |This is useful b|
000359b0 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 63 68 65 63 6b 73 |ecause it checks|
000359c0 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 | that the game i|
000359d0 73 20 73 6f 6c 75 62 6c 65 20 28 66 6f 72 20 65 |s soluble (for e|
000359e0 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 66 0a 74 68 65 20 69 |xample, if.the i|
000359f0 67 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 6b 65 79 20 68 61 64 20 |gnition key had |
00035a00 62 65 65 6e 20 6b 65 70 74 20 69 6e 20 61 20 70 |been kept in a p|
00035a10 68 6f 6e 65 20 62 6f 78 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |hone box on the |
00035a20 6d 6f 74 6f 72 77 61 79 2c 20 69 74 20 77 6f 75 |motorway, it wou|
00035a30 6c 64 6e 27 74 0a 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 29 |ldn't.have been)|
00035a40 20 62 75 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 | but also becaus|
00035a50 65 20 69 74 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f |e it shows the o|
00035a60 76 65 72 61 6c 6c 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 |verall structure|
00035a70 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 0a 41 73 | of the game..As|
00035a80 6b 3a 0a 0a 20 20 44 6f 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 70 |k:.. Do large p|
00035a90 61 72 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 |arts of the game|
00035aa0 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 20 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 64 | depend on one d|
00035ab0 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 3f |ifficult puzzle?|
00035ac0 0a 20 20 48 6f 77 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 73 74 65 70 |. How many step|
00035ad0 73 20 64 6f 65 73 20 61 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c |s does a typical|
00035ae0 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 6e 65 65 64 3f 0a 20 | problem need?. |
00035af0 20 48 6f 77 20 77 69 64 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 | How wide is the|
00035b00 20 67 61 6d 65 20 61 74 20 61 6e 79 20 67 69 76 | game at any giv|
00035b10 65 6e 20 74 69 6d 65 3f 0a 0a 42 6f 74 74 6c 65 |en time?..Bottle|
00035b20 6e 65 63 6b 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 |necks should be |
00035b30 61 76 6f 69 64 65 64 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 74 |avoided unless t|
00035b40 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 61 62 |hey are reasonab|
00035b50 6c 79 20 67 75 65 73 73 61 62 6c 65 3a 0a 6f 74 |ly guessable:.ot|
00035b60 68 65 72 77 69 73 65 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 70 6c 61 |herwise many pla|
00035b70 79 65 72 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 |yers will simply|
00035b80 20 67 65 74 20 6e 6f 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 2e | get no further.|
00035b90 20 20 55 6e 6c 65 73 73 2c 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 75 | Unless, of cou|
00035ba0 72 73 65 2c 0a 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e |rse,.they are in|
00035bb0 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 63 74 |tended for exact|
00035bc0 6c 79 20 74 68 61 74 2c 20 74 6f 20 64 69 76 69 |ly that, to divi|
00035bd0 64 65 20 61 6e 20 61 72 65 61 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |de an area of th|
00035be0 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 6e 74 6f 0a 65 61 72 6c |e game into.earl|
00035bf0 69 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 74 65 72 2e 0a 0a |ier and later...|
00035c00 4a 75 73 74 20 61 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 70 75 7a |Just as some puz|
00035c10 7a 6c 65 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 61 76 65 |zles should have|
00035c20 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 | more than one s|
00035c30 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 62 |olution, some ob|
00035c40 6a 65 63 74 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 0a 68 61 76 |jects should.hav|
00035c50 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 |e more than one |
00035c60 70 75 72 70 6f 73 65 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 62 61 64 |purpose. In bad|
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00035c80 65 72 73 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c |ers automaticall|
00035c90 79 20 74 68 72 65 77 0a 61 77 61 79 20 65 76 65 |y threw.away eve|
00035ca0 72 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 61 73 20 73 6f 6f 6e 20 |rything as soon |
00035cb0 61 73 20 74 68 65 79 27 64 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 |as they'd used t|
00035cc0 68 65 6d 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 62 65 74 74 65 72 20 |hem. In better |
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00035cf0 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 28 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 | things (like th|
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00035d40 74 6f 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 |to by the player|
00035d50 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 6f 75 74 2e 0a 0a 41 20 | throughout...A |
00035d60 66 69 6e 61 6c 20 77 6f 72 64 20 6f 6e 20 73 68 |final word on sh|
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00035dd0 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 73 74 65 72 20 67 61 6d 65 | the master game|
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00035df0 61 20 66 65 77 20 6f 74 68 65 72 77 69 73 65 20 |a few otherwise |
00035e00 75 73 65 6c 65 73 73 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 |useless objects |
00035e10 6f 75 67 68 74 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 |ought to have be|
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00035e30 2c 20 62 75 74 20 74 68 61 74 0a 69 74 20 69 73 |, but that.it is|
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00035e50 54 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 73 68 6f 75 6c |The player shoul|
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00035ec0 75 72 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 61 76 65 0a |ure should have.|
00035ed0 62 65 65 6e 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 35 30 30 20 74 75 |been done 500 tu|
00035ee0 72 6e 73 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 2e 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d |rns before....--|
00035ef0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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00035f50 72 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |r.--------------|
00035f60 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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00035fa0 53 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 67 61 |So you have a ga|
00035fb0 6d 65 3a 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 6f 64 20 69 73 20 |me: the wood is |
00035fc0 72 6f 75 67 68 20 61 6e 64 20 73 70 6c 69 6e 74 |rough and splint|
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00036010 73 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 2c 20 74 68 |s work to do, th|
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00036060 20 20 53 63 6f 72 69 6e 67 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | Scoring.------|
00036070 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 74 72 61 64 69 |-----..The tradi|
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000360a0 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 65 | game is to give|
000360b0 20 61 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 73 20 73 63 6f 72 65 20 | a points score |
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000360e0 75 6d 62 65 72 20 28 73 61 79 2c 20 34 30 30 29 |umber (say, 400)|
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00036100 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 0a |ere are usually.|
00036110 74 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 66 69 66 74 65 65 6e 20 72 |ten to fifteen r|
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00036130 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 28 77 68 69 63 68 20 | example (which |
00036140 73 68 61 6c 6c 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 20 6e 61 6d |shall remain nam|
00036150 65 6c 65 73 73 29 3a 0a 0a 20 20 42 65 67 69 6e |eless):.. Begin|
00036160 6e 65 72 20 28 30 29 2c 20 41 6d 61 74 65 75 72 |ner (0), Amateur|
00036170 20 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 72 20 28 34 30 29 | Adventurer (40)|
00036180 2c 20 4e 6f 76 69 63 65 20 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 |, Novice Adventu|
00036190 72 65 72 20 28 38 30 29 2c 20 4a 75 6e 69 6f 72 |rer (80), Junior|
000361a0 0a 20 20 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 72 20 28 31 |. Adventurer (1|
000361b0 36 30 29 2c 20 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 72 20 |60), Adventurer |
000361c0 28 32 34 30 29 2c 20 4d 61 73 74 65 72 20 28 33 |(240), Master (3|
000361d0 32 30 29 2c 20 57 69 7a 61 72 64 20 28 33 36 30 |20), Wizard (360|
000361e0 29 2c 0a 20 20 4d 61 73 74 65 72 20 41 64 76 65 |),. Master Adve|
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00036200 20 77 68 69 63 68 2c 20 61 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 | which, although|
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000362f0 61 6e 64 20 72 69 73 65 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 |and rise through|
00036300 20 22 53 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 56 69 6f 6c 69 6e 69 | "Second Violini|
00036310 73 74 22 20 74 6f 20 22 43 6f 6e 64 75 63 74 6f |st" to "Conducto|
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00036330 69 74 74 69 65 73 74 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 |ittiest is in th|
00036340 65 20 64 65 74 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 67 61 6d 65 |e detective game|
00036350 20 22 53 68 65 72 6c 6f 63 6b 22 2c 20 77 68 65 | "Sherlock", whe|
00036360 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 77 65 73 74 0a 72 61 |re the lowest.ra|
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000363f0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 6e 65 63 65 |of the game nece|
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000364c0 68 65 20 74 69 74 6c 65 20 22 57 69 7a 61 72 64 |he title "Wizard|
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00036540 68 61 74 20 64 65 73 65 72 76 65 73 20 70 6f 69 |hat deserves poi|
00036550 6e 74 73 3f 20 20 43 6c 65 61 72 6c 79 20 73 6f |nts? Clearly so|
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00036590 2c 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 68 61 6c 66 77 61 79 2d 74 |, only halfway-t|
000365a0 68 65 72 65 2d 79 65 74 20 70 75 7a 7a 6c 65 73 |here-yet puzzles|
000365b0 3f 20 20 48 65 72 65 2c 20 61 73 20 65 76 65 72 |? Here, as ever|
000365c0 2c 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 76 61 72 79 0a 67 72 65 |, games vary.gre|
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00036650 20 69 73 20 6f 76 65 72 29 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 22 | is over). In "|
00036660 54 68 65 0a 4c 75 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 48 6f 72 72 |The.Lurking Horr|
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00036710 20 20 50 6f 69 6e 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 77 61 | Points are awa|
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00036760 20 66 6f 72 20 74 72 65 61 73 75 72 65 73 20 2d | for treasures -|
00036770 20 73 69 6c 76 65 72 20 62 61 72 73 20 35 2c 20 | silver bars 5, |
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000367f0 20 2d 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 74 72 6f 70 68 79 | - to the trophy|
00036800 20 63 61 73 65 20 69 6e 20 22 5a 6f 72 6b 20 49 | case in "Zork I|
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00036840 22 44 75 6e 67 65 6f 6e 22 2e 20 20 46 75 72 74 |"Dungeon". Furt|
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00036860 20 69 73 20 61 77 61 72 64 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 | is awarded for |
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00036880 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 |d for the first |
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000368d0 6c 20 74 72 69 63 6b 2e 0a 0a 49 6e 20 73 6f 6d |l trick...In som|
000368e0 65 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 28 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 |e games (such as|
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00036900 69 74 69 73 68 20 67 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 72 65 |itish game of re|
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00036980 20 73 63 6f 72 65 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 | score actually |
00036990 66 61 6c 6c 73 20 62 61 63 6b 20 77 68 65 6e 20 |falls back when |
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00036a20 20 28 6e 6f 20 62 61 64 20 74 68 69 6e 67 29 2e | (no bad thing).|
00036a30 0a 0a 47 61 6d 65 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |..Games used to |
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00036aa0 68 75 67 65 6c 79 20 75 6e 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 2c |hugely unlikely,|
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00036ad0 72 65 61 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 50 69 72 61 74 |rea of the Pirat|
00036ae0 65 27 73 20 4d 61 7a 65 20 61 6e 64 20 64 72 6f |e's Maze and dro|
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00036b20 6e 74 6f 20 64 69 73 75 73 65 2e 0a 0a 0a 32 2e |nto disuse....2.|
00036b30 20 20 57 72 6f 6e 67 20 47 75 65 73 73 65 73 0a | Wrong Guesses.|
00036b40 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
00036b50 2d 0a 0a 46 6f 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 70 75 7a 7a |-..For some puzz|
00036b60 6c 65 73 2c 20 61 20 70 65 72 66 65 63 74 6c 79 |les, a perfectly|
00036b70 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 61 6c 74 65 72 6e 61 74 69 76 | good alternativ|
00036b80 65 20 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |e solution will |
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00036ba0 2e 20 20 49 74 27 73 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 73 74 79 |. It's good sty|
00036bb0 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 64 65 20 74 77 6f 20 6f |le to code two o|
00036bc0 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 73 |r more solutions|
00036bd0 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 70 75 7a | to the same puz|
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00036bf0 73 6e 27 74 20 75 70 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 |sn't upset the r|
00036c00 65 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2e |est of the game.|
00036c10 20 20 42 75 74 20 65 76 65 6e 20 69 66 20 69 74 | But even if it|
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00036c30 61 20 67 61 6d 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 73 61 |a game should sa|
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00036c50 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 67 75 65 73 73 20 69 73 | a good guess is|
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00036f60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
*
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00037220 20 20 4f 6c 64 20 57 69 6e 65 72 79 0a 20 20 20 | Old Winery. |
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00037830 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
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00037b90 20 22 4c 6f 73 74 20 54 72 65 61 73 75 72 65 73 | "Lost Treasures|
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00037bf0 65 20 52 45 53 54 41 52 54 2c 20 52 45 53 54 4f |e RESTART, RESTO|
00037c00 52 45 20 6f 72 20 51 55 49 54 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 |RE or QUIT promp|
00037c10 74 2e 20 0a 22 43 75 72 73 65 73 22 20 67 6f 65 |t. ."Curses" goe|
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00037c80 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 64 6f 6e 65 |hich can be done|
00037c90 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 20 20 28 | in the game. (|
00037ca0 49 66 0a 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 65 6c 73 65 2c |If.nothing else,|
00037cb0 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 | this is a good |
00037cc0 63 68 61 6e 63 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 67 |chance for the g|
00037cd0 61 6d 65 27 73 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 20 74 6f 20 |ame's author to |
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00037cf0 65 72 20 49 6e 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 2c 20 61 6e |er Interface, an|
00037d00 64 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 61 74 20 6a 61 7a 7a 0a |d all that jazz.|
00037d10 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
00037d30 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 4e 6f 2c 20 6e 6f 74 20 77 |-----..No, not w|
00037d40 69 6e 64 6f 77 73 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 6c 6c 2d |indows and pull-|
00037d50 64 6f 77 6e 20 6d 65 6e 75 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 |down menus, but |
00037d60 74 68 65 20 66 65 77 20 6d 65 74 61 2d 63 6f 6d |the few meta-com|
00037d70 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 67 6f 20 74 |mands which go t|
00037d80 6f 0a 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 |o.the game progr|
00037d90 61 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 |am and do not re|
00037da0 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 |present actions |
00037db0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 27 73 20 |of the player's |
00037dc0 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 69 6e 0a 74 68 65 |character in.the|
00037dd0 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 20 20 4f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 | game. Of cours|
00037de0 65 2c 0a 0a 20 20 53 41 56 45 2c 20 52 45 53 54 |e,.. SAVE, REST|
00037df0 4f 52 45 2c 20 52 45 53 54 41 52 54 2c 20 51 55 |ORE, RESTART, QU|
00037e00 49 54 0a 0a 61 72 65 20 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 |IT..are essentia|
00037e10 6c 2e 20 20 47 61 6d 65 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 |l. Games should|
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00037e60 6d 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 |m descriptions a|
00037e70 72 65 20 61 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 65 64 20 6f |re abbreviated o|
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00037ed0 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 | the game prints|
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00037ef0 6b 65 0a 0a 20 20 5b 59 6f 75 72 20 73 63 6f 72 |ke.. [Your scor|
00037f00 65 20 68 61 73 20 6a 75 73 74 20 67 6f 6e 65 20 |e has just gone |
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00037f30 74 6f 20 74 72 61 6e 73 63 72 69 62 65 20 74 6f |to transcribe to|
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00037f50 74 6f 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 2d 20 74 68 65 73 |to a file - thes|
00037f60 65 20 61 72 65 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 0a |e are extremely.|
00037f70 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 72 65 63 65 |useful when rece|
00037f80 69 76 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 66 |iving comments f|
00037f90 72 6f 6d 20 70 6c 61 79 2d 74 65 73 74 65 72 73 |rom play-testers|
00037fa0 2e 0a 0a 55 4e 44 4f 20 69 73 20 64 69 66 66 69 |...UNDO is diffi|
00037fb0 63 75 6c 74 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 64 65 20 62 75 74 |cult to code but|
00037fc0 20 77 6f 72 74 68 20 69 74 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 22 | worth it. In "|
00037fd0 43 75 72 73 65 73 22 2c 20 55 4e 44 4f 20 63 61 |Curses", UNDO ca|
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00037ff0 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 20 70 6f 73 74 68 75 |he player posthu|
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00038050 0a 41 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 28 |.Abbreviations (|
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000380b0 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 2e 0a 0a 53 6f 6d 65 |essential...Some|
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00038110 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 74 65 78 74 20 6f | the main text o|
00038120 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 20 20 43 61 72 |f the game. Car|
00038130 65 20 69 73 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 |e is needed to a|
00038140 76 6f 69 64 20 74 68 65 73 65 0a 6f 76 65 72 6c |void these.overl|
00038150 79 69 6e 67 20 76 69 74 61 6c 20 74 65 78 74 2e |ying vital text.|
00038160 20 20 49 74 20 6f 75 67 68 74 20 74 6f 20 70 6f | It ought to po|
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00038180 68 69 73 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 20 6f 66 66 2e |his feature off.|
00038190 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 27 73 20 6f |..The author's o|
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00038200 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 79 65 72 27 |here the player'|
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00038370 68 65 20 67 69 66 74 2d 77 72 61 70 70 65 64 20 |he gift-wrapped |
00038380 70 61 72 63 65 6c 20 20 20 28 6c 6f 73 74 29 0a |parcel (lost).|
00038390 0a 54 68 65 73 65 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 |.These features |
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00038430 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 0a 73 65 76 65 72 |present in.sever|
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00038500 61 64 2c 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 6d |ad, protect them|
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00038540 69 6f 75 73 20 62 75 74 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 |ious but useful |
00038550 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6d |feature is a com|
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000387c0 72 65 73 20 65 61 72 6c 69 65 72 20 6f 6e 2e 0a |res earlier on..|
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00038a40 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 2c 20 62 79 20 61 63 63 |he other, by acc|
00038a50 69 64 65 6e 74 3b 0a 0a 2d 2d 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 |ident;..-- somet|
00038a60 68 69 6e 67 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 6f 67 69 63 |hing which logic|
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00038ab0 6c 79 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c |ly being possibl|
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00038b50 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 | and returns to |
00038b60 79 6f 75 72 20 68 61 6e 64 2e 22 20 69 6e 20 6d |your hand." in m|
00038b70 69 64 2d 61 69 72 20 6f 72 20 77 68 69 6c 65 0a |id-air or while.|
00038b80 77 61 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 61 |wading through a|
00038b90 20 66 6f 72 64 3b 0a 0a 2d 2d 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c | ford;..-- small|
00038ba0 20 69 6c 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c 69 74 69 65 73 3a | illogicalities:|
00038bb0 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 73 | being able to s|
00038bc0 77 69 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 73 75 69 74 20 |wim with a suit |
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00038c00 72 20 65 61 74 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 77 65 61 72 |r eat while wear|
00038c10 69 6e 67 20 61 20 67 61 73 20 6d 61 73 6b 3b 0a |ing a gas mask;.|
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00038c60 67 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 6f 72 |g until the scor|
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00038ca0 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 20 74 72 61 6e 73 63 72 69 | entire transcri|
00038cb0 70 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 22 77 69 6e 6e 69 |pt of the "winni|
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00038cd0 68 6f 75 74 0a 63 72 61 73 68 69 6e 67 20 6f 72 |hout.crashing or|
00038ce0 20 67 69 76 69 6e 67 20 61 62 73 75 72 64 20 72 | giving absurd r|
00038cf0 65 70 6c 69 65 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 36 2e 20 20 50 6c |eplies....6. Pl|
00038d00 61 79 74 65 73 74 69 6e 67 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |aytesting.------|
00038d10 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 64 |---------..The d|
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00038d40 68 61 72 72 6f 77 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 |harrowing. The |
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00038dd0 69 65 63 65 20 6f 66 20 70 61 70 65 72 2c 20 6d |iece of paper, m|
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00038e40 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 76 6f |atever the provo|
00038e50 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 20 45 78 70 65 63 74 20 |cation. Expect |
00038e60 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 62 75 73 65 20 68 65 |to have abuse he|
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00038e80 20 62 65 61 72 20 75 70 0a 6e 6f 62 6c 79 20 75 | bear up.nobly u|
00038e90 6e 64 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 72 61 69 6e 2e |nder the strain.|
00038ea0 20 20 54 6f 20 71 75 6f 74 65 20 44 61 76 65 20 | To quote Dave |
00038eb0 4c 65 62 6c 69 6e 67 20 28 6f 6e 20 74 65 73 74 |Lebling (on test|
00038ec0 69 6e 67 20 22 53 75 73 70 65 63 74 22 2c 20 66 |ing "Suspect", f|
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00038ee0 6b 20 54 69 6d 65 73 22 29 3a 0a 0a 20 20 20 3e |k Times"):.. >|
00038ef0 20 42 41 52 54 45 4e 44 45 52 2c 20 47 49 56 45 | BARTENDER, GIVE|
00038f00 20 4d 45 20 41 20 44 52 49 4e 4b 0a 20 20 20 22 | ME A DRINK. "|
00038f10 53 6f 72 72 79 2c 20 49 27 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e |Sorry, I've been|
00038f20 20 68 69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6d 69 78 20 64 72 | hired to mix dr|
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00038f40 61 6c 6c 2e 22 0a 0a 20 20 20 3e 20 44 41 4e 43 |all.".. > DANC|
00038f50 45 20 57 49 54 48 20 41 4c 49 43 49 41 0a 20 20 |E WITH ALICIA. |
00038f60 20 57 68 69 63 68 20 41 6c 69 63 69 61 20 64 6f | Which Alicia do|
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00038fd0 68 20 61 20 6c 61 72 69 61 74 2e 0a 20 20 20 3e |h a lariat.. >|
00038fe0 20 54 41 4c 4b 20 54 4f 20 56 45 52 4f 4e 49 43 | TALK TO VERONIC|
00038ff0 41 0a 20 20 20 56 65 72 6f 6e 69 63 61 27 73 20 |A. Veronica's |
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00039010 67 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 4c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 62 75 |g... Little bu|
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00039030 68 69 6e 67 73 20 6e 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 77 6f 75 |hings no one wou|
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00039050 68 69 73 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 74 68 65 0a 20 20 |his point the. |
00039060 20 74 65 73 74 65 72 27 73 20 6a 6f 62 20 69 73 | tester's job is|
00039070 20 66 61 69 72 6c 79 20 65 61 73 79 2e 20 20 54 | fairly easy. T|
00039080 68 65 20 73 74 6f 72 79 20 69 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 |he story is like|
00039090 20 61 20 68 6f 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 63 61 72 64 | a house of card|
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000390c0 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 6c 69 67 68 74 65 73 74 20 |t the slightest |
000390d0 74 6f 75 63 68 20 63 6f 6c 6c 61 70 73 65 73 20 |touch collapses |
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000390f0 6c 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 2d 75 70 20 65 78 65 72 63 |leaning-up exerc|
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00039160 20 49 6e 73 69 73 74 20 6f 6e 20 72 65 70 6f 72 | Insist on repor|
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000391f0 20 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 | time, rather th|
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00039370 20 70 6c 61 79 2d 74 65 73 74 65 72 73 20 61 72 | play-testers ar|
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000393d0 20 20 54 6f 20 71 75 6f 74 65 20 4d 69 63 68 61 | To quote Micha|
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00039420 22 2c 0a 0a 20 20 20 41 20 74 65 73 74 65 72 20 |",.. A tester |
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00039590 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 64 69 74 20 74 68 65 6d 20 | to credit them |
000395a0 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 65 72 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |somewhere in the|
000395b0 20 67 61 6d 65 2e 0a 0a 0a 37 2e 20 20 49 74 27 | game....7. It'|
000395c0 73 20 4e 65 76 65 72 20 46 69 6e 69 73 68 65 64 |s Never Finished|
000395d0 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |.---------------|
000395e0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 47 61 6d 65 73 20 |--------..Games |
000395f0 61 72 65 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 66 69 6e 69 73 68 |are never finish|
00039600 65 64 2e 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 27 73 20 61 6c 77 |ed. There's alw|
00039610 61 79 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 62 75 67 |ays one more bug|
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000396c0 66 69 72 73 74 0a 69 6e 63 61 72 6e 61 74 69 6f |first.incarnatio|
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000396e0 72 73 65 73 22 20 77 61 73 20 66 69 6e 69 73 68 |rses" was finish|
000396f0 65 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 38 |ed after about 8|
00039700 30 4b 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 64 69 6e 67 2c 20 62 75 |0K of coding, bu|
00039710 74 0a 61 66 74 65 72 20 70 6c 61 79 2d 74 65 73 |t.after play-tes|
00039720 74 69 6e 67 20 72 6f 73 65 20 74 6f 20 31 32 38 |ting rose to 128|
00039730 4b 20 6c 6f 6e 67 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 |K long. In othe|
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000397d0 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 73 70 6f 74 74 65 |have been spotte|
000397e0 64 20 73 69 6e 63 65 20 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 72 |d since it was r|
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00039800 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 61 67 6f 20 |ly one year ago |
00039810 28 49 20 68 61 76 65 20 72 65 63 65 69 76 65 64 |(I have received|
00039820 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 6f 76 65 72 20 61 20 74 68 6f | well over a tho|
00039830 75 73 61 6e 64 20 65 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 73 73 |usand email mess|
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00039860 61 73 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 70 6c 61 79 2d 74 65 |as after play-te|
00039870 73 74 69 6e 67 20 68 61 64 20 62 65 65 6e 20 22 |sting had been "|
00039880 66 69 6e 69 73 68 65 64 22 2e 20 20 41 62 6f 75 |finished". Abou|
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000398a0 6d 61 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 77 65 65 6b 27 73 |make this week's|
000398b0 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 61 6e | corrections, an|
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000398e0 49 20 72 65 2d 69 73 73 75 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d |I re-issue the m|
000398f0 65 6e 64 65 64 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 2e 20 20 |ended version. |
00039900 54 68 75 73 2c 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 70 65 6f 70 6c |Thus, many peopl|
00039910 65 20 77 68 6f 20 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 65 64 0a |e who suggested.|
00039920 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 65 78 74 65 6e 73 69 6f 6e |little extension|
00039930 73 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 70 61 69 72 73 20 68 61 |s and repairs ha|
00039940 76 65 20 67 72 65 61 74 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 |ve greatly contr|
00039950 69 62 75 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 |ibuted to the ga|
00039960 6d 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 0a 74 68 61 74 27 73 20 77 |me, and.that's w|
00039970 68 79 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 73 6f 20 |hy there are so |
00039980 6d 61 6e 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 |many names in th|
00039990 65 20 63 72 65 64 69 74 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 38 2e 20 |e credits....8. |
000399a0 20 41 66 74 65 72 77 6f 72 64 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | Afterword.-----|
000399b0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 41 6e 20 61 64 76 |--------..An adv|
000399c0 65 6e 74 75 72 65 20 67 61 6d 65 2c 20 63 75 72 |enture game, cur|
000399d0 69 6f 75 73 6c 79 2c 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f |iously, is one o|
000399e0 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 73 61 74 69 73 |f the most satis|
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00039a10 68 61 70 73 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 6f 6e 65 |haps because one|
00039a20 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 70 6f 6c 69 | can always poli|
00039a30 73 68 20 69 74 20 61 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 66 |sh it a little f|
00039a40 75 72 74 68 65 72 2c 20 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 0a |urther, perhaps.|
00039a50 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 20 73 |because it has s|
00039a60 6f 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 68 69 64 64 65 6e 20 61 6e |o many hidden an|
00039a70 64 20 73 65 63 72 65 74 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 69 |d secret possibi|
00039a80 6c 69 74 69 65 73 2c 20 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 |lities, perhaps |
00039a90 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 0a 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e |because.somethin|
00039aa0 67 20 69 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c |g is made as wel|
00039ab0 6c 20 61 73 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 2e 20 20 46 |l as written. F|
00039ac0 6f 72 20 6d 79 73 65 6c 66 2c 20 74 68 6f 75 67 |or myself, thoug|
00039ad0 68 2c 20 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 0a |h, perhaps also.|
00039ae0 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 65 61 63 68 20 64 61 79 |because each day|
00039af0 20 73 6f 6d 65 62 6f 64 79 20 6e 65 77 20 6d 61 | somebody new ma|
00039b00 79 20 77 61 6e 64 65 72 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 69 74 |y wander into it|
00039b10 73 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 2c 20 61 73 20 49 20 64 69 |s world, as I di|
00039b20 64 20 77 68 65 6e 0a 6f 63 63 61 73 69 6f 6e 61 |d when.occasiona|
00039b30 6c 6c 79 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 20 44 |lly taken to a D|
00039b40 69 67 69 74 61 6c 20 6d 61 69 6e 66 72 61 6d 65 |igital mainframe|
00039b50 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 31 39 37 30 73 2c 20 74 | in the 1970s, t|
00039b60 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 61 20 64 61 72 6b 0a 77 61 |hrough a dark.wa|
00039b70 72 72 65 6e 20 6f 66 20 70 61 73 73 61 67 65 73 |rren of passages|
00039b80 20 75 6e 74 69 64 69 65 72 20 65 76 65 6e 20 74 | untidier even t|
00039b90 68 61 6e 20 6d 79 20 62 65 64 72 6f 6f 6d 3a 20 |han my bedroom: |
00039ba0 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 6c 6f 77 |so that the glow|
00039bb0 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 0a 77 6f 72 64 73 20 68 61 | of the.words ha|
00039bc0 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 71 75 69 74 65 20 66 61 64 65 |s not quite fade|
00039bd0 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6d 79 20 65 79 65 73 2e 0a |d from my eyes..|
00039be0 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |..--------------|
00039bf0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
00039c20 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 43 31 |-------------.C1|
00039c30 2e 20 41 20 48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 43 72 75 65 6c 20 |. A Hello Cruel |
00039c40 57 6f 72 6c 64 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0a 2d 2d |World program.--|
00039c50 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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0003b070 43 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 39 38 20 |Completed in 98 |
0003b080 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |seconds....-----|
0003b090 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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0003b100 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
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0003b1b0 20 20 41 20 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 | A fully functi|
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0003b2b0 66 69 6e 67 65 72 20 65 78 65 72 63 69 73 65 20 |finger exercise |
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0003b600 54 68 65 20 68 65 6c 69 75 6d 20 62 61 6c 6c 6f |The helium ballo|
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0003b650 77 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 74 6f 79 73 20 69 6e 20 |w...The toys in |
0003b660 74 68 65 20 73 68 6f 70 20 61 72 65 20 72 61 74 |the shop are rat|
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0003b6a0 73 74 72 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 22 |strated by the "|
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0003b710 61 2d 76 75 2e 29 0a 0a 43 6f 6d 70 69 6c 69 6e |a-vu.)..Compilin|
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0003b730 20 73 74 61 74 69 73 74 69 63 73 20 73 68 6f 75 | statistics shou|
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0003b750 68 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6b 65 0a 0a 20 20 41 72 63 |hing like.. Arc|
0003b760 68 69 6d 65 64 65 73 20 49 6e 66 6f 72 6d 20 35 |himedes Inform 5|
0003b770 20 28 76 31 32 35 39 2f 61 74 29 0a 20 20 49 6e | (v1259/at). In|
0003b780 70 75 74 20 34 32 37 37 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 28 |put 4277 lines (|
0003b790 38 38 38 30 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 2c |8880 statements,|
0003b7a0 20 31 33 38 30 30 30 20 63 68 61 72 73 29 20 66 | 138000 chars) f|
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0003b7e0 20 20 34 31 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 28 6d 61 | 41 objects (ma|
0003b7f0 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 32 35 35 29 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ximum 255) |
0003b800 33 30 35 20 64 69 63 74 69 6f 6e 61 72 79 20 65 |305 dictionary e|
0003b810 6e 74 72 69 65 73 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 |ntries (maximum |
0003b820 31 33 30 30 29 0a 20 20 20 20 33 30 20 61 74 74 |1300). 30 att|
0003b830 72 69 62 75 74 65 73 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d |ributes (maximum|
0003b840 20 33 32 29 20 20 20 20 20 32 35 20 70 72 6f 70 | 32) 25 prop|
0003b850 65 72 74 69 65 73 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 |erties (maximum |
0003b860 33 30 29 0a 20 20 20 20 31 39 20 61 64 6a 65 63 |30). 19 adjec|
0003b870 74 69 76 65 73 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 32 |tives (maximum 2|
0003b880 34 30 29 20 20 20 20 37 37 20 76 65 72 62 73 20 |40) 77 verbs |
0003b890 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 31 34 30 29 0a 20 20 |(maximum 140). |
0003b8a0 20 20 38 37 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 28 6d 61 | 87 actions (ma|
0003b8b0 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 31 35 30 29 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ximum 150) |
0003b8c0 20 20 30 20 61 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 69 6f 6e | 0 abbreviation|
0003b8d0 73 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 36 34 29 0a 20 |s (maximum 64). |
0003b8e0 20 20 20 39 31 20 67 6c 6f 62 61 6c 73 20 28 6d | 91 globals (m|
0003b8f0 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 32 34 30 29 20 20 20 20 20 |aximum 240) |
0003b900 31 32 34 39 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 20 73 70 |1249 variable sp|
0003b910 61 63 65 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 31 36 30 |ace (maximum 160|
0003b920 30 29 0a 20 20 31 38 30 37 20 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c |0). 1807 symbol|
0003b930 73 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 36 34 30 30 29 |s (maximum 6400)|
0003b940 20 20 20 20 20 31 38 34 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 | 184 routine|
0003b950 73 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 35 30 30 29 0a |s (maximum 500).|
0003b960 20 20 20 20 20 31 20 63 6c 61 73 73 65 73 20 28 | 1 classes (|
0003b970 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 33 32 29 20 20 20 20 20 |maximum 32) |
0003b980 20 20 20 20 33 20 66 61 6b 65 20 61 63 74 69 6f | 3 fake actio|
0003b990 6e 73 20 28 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 31 35 30 29 |ns (maximum 150)|
0003b9a0 0a 20 20 31 32 30 31 39 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 |. 12019 charact|
0003b9b0 65 72 73 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 20 28 63 6f 6d |ers of text (com|
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0003b9e0 32 29 0a 20 20 4f 75 74 70 75 74 20 73 74 6f 72 |2). Output stor|
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0003ba20 20 73 69 7a 65 20 32 36 38 38 36 20 62 79 74 65 | size 26886 byte|
0003ba30 73 3a 20 31 30 34 31 38 36 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e |s: 104186 remain|
0003ba40 69 6e 67 0a 20 20 43 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 64 20 |ing. Completed |
0003ba50 69 6e 20 32 32 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 73 2e 0a 0a |in 22 seconds...|
0003ba60 28 22 54 6f 79 73 68 6f 70 22 20 69 73 20 6f 6e |("Toyshop" is on|
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0003ba90 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 | the rest is the|
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0003bab0 61 69 6e 2c 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 77 6f 72 72 79 |ain, don't worry|
0003bac0 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 20 | if the details |
0003bad0 61 72 65 20 73 6c 69 67 68 74 6c 79 20 64 69 66 |are slightly dif|
0003bae0 66 65 72 65 6e 74 2e 0a 20 20 0a 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d |ferent.. ..----|
0003baf0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0003bb30 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 43 33 2e 20 20 22 41 64 |-------.C3. "Ad|
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0003bb50 20 6f 66 20 43 6f 6c 6f 73 73 61 6c 20 43 61 76 | of Colossal Cav|
0003bb60 65 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |e.--------------|
0003bb70 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------|
*
0003bba0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a |-------------...|
0003bbb0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 59 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 | "You are |
0003bbc0 69 6e 20 61 20 6d 61 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 74 77 69 |in a maze of twi|
0003bbd0 73 74 79 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 70 61 73 73 61 |sty little passa|
0003bbe0 67 65 73 2c 20 61 6c 6c 20 61 6c 69 6b 65 2e 22 |ges, all alike."|
0003bbf0 0a 0a 0a 41 73 20 61 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 73 75 62 |...As a more sub|
0003bc00 73 74 61 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 |stantial example|
0003bc10 2c 20 74 72 79 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 69 6e 67 20 |, try compiling |
0003bc20 22 41 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 22 2c 20 61 20 70 |"Adventure", a p|
0003bc30 6f 72 74 20 6f 66 0a 74 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 |ort of.the origi|
0003bc40 6e 61 6c 20 43 72 6f 77 74 68 65 72 20 61 6e 64 |nal Crowther and|
0003bc50 20 57 6f 6f 64 73 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 | Woods adventure|
0003bc60 2c 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 44 61 76 |, taken from Dav|
0003bc70 69 64 20 4d 2e 20 42 61 67 67 65 74 74 27 73 0a |id M. Baggett's.|
0003bc80 65 78 63 65 6c 6c 65 6e 74 20 54 41 44 53 20 76 |excellent TADS v|
0003bc90 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 28 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 |ersion (the most|
0003bca0 20 66 61 69 74 68 66 75 6c 20 72 65 63 6f 6e 73 | faithful recons|
0003bcb0 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |truction of the |
0003bcc0 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 0a 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 |original.availab|
0003bcd0 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 49 6e 74 65 72 6e |le on the Intern|
0003bce0 65 74 2c 20 61 73 20 66 61 72 20 61 73 20 74 68 |et, as far as th|
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*
0003c260 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |-------... |
0003c270 20 22 47 69 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 75 62 6c 69 | "Give the publi|
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0003c290 77 61 6e 74 20 62 75 74 20 77 68 61 74 20 74 68 |want but what th|
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0003c2d0 20 20 20 20 20 28 47 65 6f 72 67 65 20 42 65 72 | (George Ber|
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0003c300 68 65 6c 6c 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 69 73 20 74 68 |hell below is th|
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0003c360 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 6f 63 | which things oc|
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0003c390 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 61 62 |should appear ab|
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0003c470 20 48 65 61 64 6c 69 6e 65 20 22 5e 41 6e 20 49 | Headline "^An I|
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0003c4a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6f 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 | Copyright|
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0003c570 5b 20 49 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 69 73 65 3b 0a 3e 20 |[ Initialise;.> |
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*
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0003c8c0 20 41 20 21 53 70 61 72 6b 46 53 20 61 72 63 68 | A !SparkFS arch|
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0003c900 20 73 63 72 69 70 74 73 0a 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 | scripts.through|
0003c910 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 75 72 65 20 67 61 6d 65 73 | adventure games|
0003c920 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 62 79 20 49 6e 66 | produced by Inf|
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0003c940 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 66 74 |found at this ft|
0003c950 70 0a 73 69 74 65 2c 20 69 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 |p.site, in progr|
0003c960 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 2f 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 |amming/utilities|
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0003c980 63 6f 64 65 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 70 6f 72 74 61 |code is in porta|
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0003ca20 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 28 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 |s manual (includ|
0003ca30 69 6e 67 20 61 20 74 65 63 68 6e 69 63 61 6c 20 |ing a technical |
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0003ca50 20 74 68 65 20 49 6e 66 6f 63 6f 6d 20 5a 2d 6d | the Infocom Z-m|
0003ca60 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 29 20 69 |achine format) i|
0003ca70 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 74 68 65 72 65 2e 0a 0a 20 |s also there... |
0003ca80 20 49 6e 66 6f 72 6d 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 70 | Inform is not p|
0003ca90 75 62 6c 69 63 20 64 6f 6d 61 69 6e 20 69 6e 20 |ublic domain in |
0003caa0 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 20 6c 65 67 61 6c |the proper legal|
0003cab0 20 73 65 6e 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 | sense of the te|
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0003cad0 68 74 20 69 73 20 72 65 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 62 |ht is retained b|
0003cae0 79 20 74 68 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 2c 20 47 72 |y the author, Gr|
0003caf0 61 68 61 6d 20 4e 65 6c 73 6f 6e 2e 20 20 49 20 |aham Nelson. I |
0003cb00 61 6d 20 70 65 72 66 65 63 74 6c 79 20 68 61 70 |am perfectly hap|
0003cb10 70 79 0a 66 6f 72 20 49 6e 66 6f 72 6d 20 74 6f |py.for Inform to|
0003cb20 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 6e 79 62 | be used by anyb|
0003cb30 6f 64 79 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6e 79 20 72 65 63 72 |ody for any recr|
0003cb40 65 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 70 75 72 70 6f 73 65 |eational purpose|
0003cb50 2e 20 20 49 74 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 0a 66 72 65 |. It may be.fre|
0003cb60 65 6c 79 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 64 20 |ely distributed |
0003cb70 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 6e 6f 20 70 72 6f 66 |provided no prof|
0003cb80 69 74 20 69 73 20 69 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 64 2c 20 |it is involved, |
0003cb90 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 74 68 65 |and provided the|
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0003cbb0 67 65 20 69 73 20 72 65 74 61 69 6e 65 64 2e 0a |ge is retained..|
0003cbc0 0a 20 20 53 74 6f 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 70 |. Story files p|
0003cbd0 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 62 79 20 49 6e 66 6f 72 |roduced by Infor|
0003cbe0 6d 20 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 77 68 6f 65 |m belong to whoe|
0003cbf0 76 65 72 20 77 72 6f 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f |ver wrote the so|
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0003cc10 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c | think, however,|
0003cc20 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 66 61 69 72 20 74 6f 20 61 | it is fair to a|
0003cc30 73 6b 20 74 68 61 74 20 67 61 6d 65 2d 77 72 69 |sk that game-wri|
0003cc40 74 65 72 73 20 70 75 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6d 65 |ters put some me|
0003cc50 73 73 61 67 65 0a 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 69 72 |ssage.into their|
0003cc60 20 63 72 65 64 69 74 73 20 73 61 79 69 6e 67 20 | credits saying |
0003cc70 74 68 61 74 20 49 6e 66 6f 72 6d 20 77 61 73 20 |that Inform was |
0003cc80 75 73 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 67 69 76 69 6e 67 |used, and giving|
0003cc90 20 74 68 65 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 0a 6e 75 6d | the version.num|
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*
0003cd00 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |-----.----------|
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*
0003cd50 2d 0a 54 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 28 43 |-.This manual (C|
0003cd60 29 20 43 6f 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 47 72 61 68 |) Copyright Grah|
0003cd70 61 6d 20 4e 65 6c 73 6f 6e 20 31 39 39 33 2c 20 |am Nelson 1993, |
0003cd80 31 39 39 34 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |1994. |
0003cd90 20 20 20 20 20 41 63 6f 72 6e 20 55 73 65 72 20 | Acorn User |
0003cda0 65 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |edition.--------|
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*
0003cdf0 2d 2d 2d 0a |---.|
0003cdf4 
.