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!Translatr/Docs/Guide
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
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File contents
_____________________
Translator user guide
_____________________
User, please note
=================
Translator is Shareware. It is not free software. You may freely use this
program for a single 30 day trial period. After this trial period, you must
decide whether or not you want to continue to use the program. If you don't,
you must stop using the program and delete your copy. If you do, you must
register your copy of the program with the author, paying a small
registration fee. Refer to 'Registering' for details.
Please respect the rules of Shareware. Shareware programs like Translator
have cost an awful lot of time and effort to build, will serve you well, and
will cost you very little. If you register the Shareware you use, you will
ensure that Shareware authors will continue to improve the software you use,
and write exciting new Shareware software. If you don't register the
Shareware you use, you are stealing money from Shareware authors, and they
will stop writing Shareware, and start writing much more expensive commercial
software instead.
Copyright notice
================
The copyright (c) of this program belongs to John Kortink. All rights are
reserved.
You may not change this program (except for documented configuration
changes). You may not use any part of this program in any other program or
product without my written approval. You may spread this program freely, but
only in complete and unchanged form, and only against bare distribution costs
(if any). This program is provided 'as is'. No fitness of this program for
any particular purpose is implied. Using this program is entirely at your own
risk.
//
//
// Introduction
//
//
Translator is a pixel image viewer, processor and convertor, all in one. It
is able to read and write a wide variety of pixel image formats, while also
providing a good set of processing functions with which these images may be
enhanced and manipulated.
In addition to this, you will find Translator to be *fast*. In fact, most of
Translator has been written in ARM assembly code, the rest has been written
in C++. In addition, some ported C code is used for JPEG and PNG conversion.
Translator runs under RISC OS 3.1 or later, and supports all relevant Acorn
machines, up to and including the latest RISC PC models. Enhanced functions
provided by the operating system and the hardware are used when available.
//
//
// The major leap
//
//
If you have used Translator versions before 8.00, you will no doubt notice
that the program has been enhanced in a very big way.
In fact, I rewrote all of it, and the result is version 8.00. Most of the
features of the 'old' Translator have been retained, and most of the features
of Creator and GreyEdit, my two other image processing programs, were added.
And there are some major additional enhancements, among which :
- RISC PC compatibility
- The ability to function as an editor
- The ability to load multiple images
- Automatic 'virtual memory'
- Support for selections
- Proper 'interpolating' upscale
- Proper 'averaging' downscale
- Numerous other functions
Also, Translator is now tuned to take advantage of specific StrongARM
capabilities where possible.
//
//
// Using Translator
//
//
On Translator's iconbar menu the usual 'Info' and 'Quit' icons can be found.
In addition, 'Options...' gives access to the 'Options' window and 'Status'
gives access to the 'Status' menu. Both the 'Options' window and the 'Status'
menu are described below.
//
//
// Loading an image
//
//
There are three ways to load an image :
1. Drag the image file to Translator's icon.
Translator will complain if it cannot recognize the image format.
2. Double-click on the image file while Translator is loaded.
If Translator cannot recognize the image format, it will not complain. This
is so that other applications may be offered a chance to load the file.
3. Double-click on the image file while Translator is not loaded, but has
been 'seen' by the RISC OS Filer.
This will only work for image formats that have an allocated filetype. Image
formats that can only be recognized in another way (i.e. by some form of
signature in the image file) won't load in this way (you will have to use
method 1 or 2 instead). When you use method 3, Translator will be loaded
automatically, and will subsequently load the image.
The image will appear in an 'image window'. The 'image window' is described
below. You may load multiple images, subject to hard disc space limitations.
Refer to 'Image storage' for more details.
//
//
// Image storage
//
//
Translator does not limit the size or number of the images you can work with.
It can store images either in memory or in a file. An image stored in memory
is referred to as 'cached', an image stored in a file as 'uncached'.
By default, Translator chooses to cache images if enough memory is available
to do so. Otherwise, it will automatically uncache the image. Alternatively,
you can tell Translator never to cache images. This may be useful when memory
is tight. Refer to the discussion of the 'Image cache' and 'Display cache'
parts of the 'Options' window.
If you wish, you can subsequently cache or uncache images on an individual
basis. This is provided by the 'Cache' entry of the image window menu (refer
to its discussion elsewhere). Once an image is uncached it is never re-cached
automatically. However, a cached image may become uncached automatically,
e.g. when the image is scaled up and there is not enough memory left to store
the new, bigger image.
Translator needs to store the image twice. One copy is the actual image data,
the other is needed solely for the image display. Both the image data and the
image display have their own seperate cache settings.
In general, when an image is cached, it can be processed much quicker than
when it is uncached. Usually, keeping the image display uncached does not
slow down processing as much as keeping the image data uncached, so if memory
is tight and you have to choose, uncache the image display before you uncache
the image data.
Of course, if you regularly need to process reasonably large images and
memory is tight, the best move is to invest in more memory. It comes very
cheap nowadays. However, as Translator can also store images in files, the
size of your harddisc will eventually be the only factor limiting the size
and number of images you can process.
//
//
// The image window
//
//
The image window displays the image. Translator uses sophisticated algorithms
to maximize the quality of the display given the limitations of the selected
screen mode. It is recommended to use a 16- or 32-bit screen mode (i.e. a '32
thousand' or '16 million' colour mode).
The filename under which the image was last saved appears in the title of the
image window (for an as yet usaved image this is the original filename). The
filename is followed by the number that Translator assigned to the image
(this number has no real significance, but reappears in some dialogue
windows, so you can tell which image is being referred to). If the image has
been edited and not subsequently saved, a '*' appears behind the image's
filename.
Clicking the 'close' icon of an image window will delete the image. If you
attempt to delete a modified image, Translator will warn you. You can switch
off this warning if you wish. Refer to the discussion of the 'Miscellaneous'
part of the 'Options' window for more details.
//
//
// Making a selection
//
//
You may select a part of the image by 'dragging a box'. This part will be
referred to as 'the selection' in the rest of this document.
First click and hold SELECT on a corner point, then drag towards the opposite
corner and release SELECT. Clicking SELECT again will remove the selection.
Clicking and/or dragging ADJUST will modify the existing selection.
Most of the available image processing functions only affect the selection.
If there is no selection, the whole image is affected. Some image processing
functions can only affect the whole image and therefore completely ignore the
selection.
The exact coordinates and the size of the selection may be monitored. Refer
to the discussion of the 'Selection' entry of the image window menu.
//
//
// The image window menu
//
//
Clicking MENU on the image window will pop up a menu that provides image
processing functions and information :
==========
= Origin =
==========
This leads to a window showing information regarding the origin of the image,
i.e. information relating to the image when it was first loaded.
========
= Save =
========
This leads to the 'Save image' window, which allows you to save the image in
a variety of image formats.
Clicking on the window will make it permanent. Note that the title of this
window carries the image number which also appears in the title of the
corresponding image window.
The format of the output image may be chosen as follows :
- 'Format' allows you to choose the image format.
- 'Colours' allows you to choose the number of bits per pixel (bpp) to be
used, which directly relates to the overall maximum number of colours to
be retained (being 2^bpp). If the writable field is not shaded, you may
specify a more precise maximum number of colours if you wish.
- 'Compression' allows you to choose the compression method used.
- 'Filename' allows you to specify the leafname or the full pathname of the
image to be saved.
The 'Colours' field deserves some further explanation. This is displayed as
'x bit r:g:b type', where 'x' is the number of bits per pixel (referred to
below as 'bpp'), 'r', 'g', and 'b' are the number of bits of accuracy in a
pixel colour of red, green, and blue respectively, and 'type' is the pixel
colour type. There are essentially two pixel colour types :
- The 'palette' or 'grey' type indicates that pixel values are not pixel
colours themselves but indices into a pixel colour lookup table (called a
'palette'). The 'grey' pixel type also indicates that all palette colours
are greys. If 'fixed' appears in the type, the palette is always fixed.
- The 'true' pixel type indicates that pixel values directly represent pixel
colours. Therefore, 'x' is always the addition of 'r', 'g' and 'b'.
Saving the image may or may not need colour quantization, colour dithering
and/or colour remapping algorithms to be applied. Translator applies the
required algorithms automatically. The accuracy of the calculations performed
by the algorithms may be changed, if needed. Refer to the discussion of the
'Quantization' and 'Dithering' parts of the 'Options' window.
Colour quantization is used whenever a 'superset' of colours (used in the
input image) needs to be reduced to a smaller 'subset' of colours (to be used
in the output image). The colour quantization algorithm calculates the subset
of colours that best represents the superset of colours. Colour quantization
is only used for palette colour output images. The colour quantization
algorithm used in Translator is known as 'Heckbert median cut'.
Colour dithering is used when the number of colours in the output image is
less than that in the input image, or when any of the number of bits per
r/g/b in the output image colours is less than that in the input image
colours, or when the output palette is fixed. In all these cases, some or all
of the input image colours do not have an exactly matching colour in the
output image, and so, for these colours, the 'closest' output image colours
need to be chosen. For a given pixel, the colour dithering algorithm
'diffuses' the errors made by this approximation to neighboring pixels. This
effectively 'smears out' the approximation errors over the rest of the image,
which makes the errors much less visible to the human eye. The colour
dithering algorithm used in Translator is a 'zizag' variant of the widely
known and used Floyd-Steinberg algorithm.
Colour remapping is used whenever the colour quantization algorithm is used,
and it finds that the number of different colours actually used in the input
image is less than or equal to the number of available output image colours.
In this case, the output image palette simply consists of all actually used
input image colours, and all that is needed is 'remapping' of the input image
colours to their respective output image colours. An exact copy of the input
image results. For example, it is not uncommon to encounter 24 bpp 'true
colour' image files in which only 256 colours (or even less) are actually
used. This can happen if someone, somewhere, sometime, for whatever dim
reason, has 'promoted' an 8 bpp palette colour image to 'true colour'. In
these cases, Translator can exactly recreate the original palette colour
image.
Translator does the right thing if the output palette turns out to be all
grey (which usually only happens when the output format requires a fixed grey
palette, e.g. PBMPlus 8 bpp or JPEG 8 bpp). In this situation, the colour
dithering algorithm used is unsuitable if the input image is in colour,
because colours are impossible to approximate well with just grey values,
resulting in a bad quality output image. A special 'grey only' dithering
algorithm is used instead, which gives much better results. The 'Dithering'
setting in the 'Options' window has no effect if this algorithm is used.
After making all your choices, you can save the image by either dragging the
filetype icon, or by clicking on the 'Save' icon. Dragging the filetype icon
will result in the image being saved to the directory that the icon was
dragged to, using the leafname specified under 'Filename'. Clicking on the
'Save' icon will result in the image being saved to the pathname specified
under 'Filename'. This is the original pathname by default.
Clicking 'Cancel' will cancel the save.
=============
= Transform =
=============
This leads to a submenu containing 'transformation' functions (i.e. functions
that move pixels around, leaving their colours unchanged).
=======================
= Transform -> Mirror =
=======================
This leads to a submenu containing 'mirror' functions.
Clicking 'Horizontal' or 'Vertical' will mirror the image in horizontal or
vertical direction respectively.
=======================
= Transform -> Rotate =
=======================
This leads to a submenu containing 'rotate' functions.
Clicking '-90 degrees', '+90 degrees' or '180 degrees' will rotate the image
by the specified angle.
The selection is ignored.
======================
= Transform -> Scale =
======================
Clicking on this menu entry will scale the image.
The selection is ignored.
The scaling ratio can be set seperately for X (horizontal) and Y (vertical)
directions. The 'arrow' icon can be clicked to toggle between 'connected'
mode (normal arrow) and 'unconnected' mode (red cross through arrow). In
'connected' mode, the X and Y ratios will change together. In 'unconnected'
mode, they change seperately.
Translator employs accurate 'interpolating' and 'averaging' scaling
algorithms, giving a very good quality result.
=====================
= Transform -> Crop =
=====================
Clicking on this menu entry will crop the image, leaving only the pixels
belonging to the selection.
===========
= Process =
===========
This leads to a submenu containing 'processing' functions (i.e. functions
that recalculate pixels' colours, leaving their position unchanged).
=====================
= Process -> Filter =
=====================
This leads to a submenu containing 'filter' functions. A filter function
looks at every pixel in turn, and recalculates its colour, considering the
old colour of the pixel and the colours of each of its eight neighbor pixels
(i.e. the pixels at the 'north-west', 'north', 'north-east', 'west', 'east',
'south-west', 'south' and 'south-east' side of the pixel in question). An
alternative way of looking at this is by imagining a 3x3 pixel window moving
over the image, in which the middle pixel is replaced by the result colour of
a calculation involving the colours of all the nine pixels in the window.
Note that some neighbor pixels of pixels which lie at the extreme borders of
the image are not available. In these cases, the missing neighbor pixel is
assumed to have the colour of the nearest image pixel.
The red, green and blue colour components of the pixels are filtered
independently.
Most filters take the pixels in the 3x3 pixel window and multiply their
colour component values by a factor which is different depending on the
position of the pixel in the 3x3 pixel window. The resulting values are
accumulated. The accumulated value is subsequently divided by the total
multiplication factor, yielding the new colour component value. Such a 3x3
set of multipliers is called a 'kernel'. One of the filter functions allows
you to specify your own kernel.
=============================
= Process -> Filter -> Blur =
=============================
These filters all have a 'blurring' effect.
Kernels of blurring filters generally consist entirely of positive factors.
This has an 'averaging' effect (the new pixel is the 'weighted average' of
the pixel itself and its neighbor pixels).
You might like to try making your own blurring filters with the custom filter
(described elsewhere). A few tips :
- The lower the 'middle' factor, the stronger the blurring effect is.
- Keep the eight neighbor factors the same for a uniform effect.
- For a 'direction sensitive' blurring effect, use consistently higher
factors on one 'side' of the kernel compared to the opposite 'side'.
========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Blur -> Average =
========================================
This uses a kernel of :
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
======================================
= Process -> Filter -> Blur -> Gauss =
======================================
This uses a kernel of :
1 2 1
2 4 2
1 2 1
================================
= Process -> Filter -> Sharpen =
================================
These filters all have a 'sharpening' effect.
Kernels of sharpening filters generally consist entirely of negative factors,
except for the middle factor, which is positive. The factors must add up to a
total of 1 or higher.
You might like to try making your own sharpening filters with the custom
filter (described elsewhere). A few tips :
- The lower the 'middle' factor, the stronger the sharpening effect is.
- Keep the eight neighbor factors the same for a uniform effect.
- For a 'direction sensitive' sharpening effect, use consistently higher
factors on one 'side' of the kernel compared to the opposite 'side'.
================================================
= Process -> Filter -> Sharpen -> Sharpen weak =
================================================
This uses a kernel of :
-1 -1 -1
-1 24 -1
-1 -1 -1
==================================================
= Process -> Filter -> Sharpen -> Sharpen strong =
==================================================
This uses a kernel of :
-1 -1 -1
-1 16 -1
-1 -1 -1
===========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Sharpen -> Laplace =
===========================================
This uses a kernel of :
0 -1 0
-1 5 -1
0 -1 0
=======================================
= Process -> Filter -> Sharpen -> Lee =
=======================================
This does not use a kernel but a formula which reads like :
'The new value is the maximum of the window or the minimum of the window,
whichever is closest to the middle'.
==============================
= Process -> Filter -> Noise =
==============================
These filters all have a 'noise removal' effect. They don't use kernels.
============================================
= Process -> Filter -> Noise -> Noise weak =
============================================
This does not use a kernel but a formula which reads like :
'If and only if west is equal to east, then the new value is west'.
==============================================
= Process -> Filter -> Noise -> Noise strong =
==============================================
This does not use a kernel but a formula which reads like :
'If and only if the maximum of north, west, middle, east and south is equal
to the middle (and only the middle), or the minimum of north, west, middle,
east and south is equal to the middle (and only the middle), then the new
value is the average of north, west, east and south'.
==============================
= Process -> Filter -> Other =
==============================
These filters are useful for 'effects'.
=========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Other -> Maximum =
=========================================
This does not use a kernel but a formula which reads like :
'The new value is the maximum of the window'.
=========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Other -> Minimum =
=========================================
This does not use a kernel but a formula which reads like :
'The new value is the minimum of the window'.
==========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Other -> Sobel X+ =
==========================================
This uses a kernel of :
-1 0 1
-2 0 2
-1 0 1
For the technically minded : note that 127 is added to the accumulated value
(before division) because the total multiplication factor is 0.
==========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Other -> Sobel X- =
==========================================
This uses a kernel of :
1 0 -1
2 0 -2
1 0 -1
Comments as for 'Sobel X+'.
==========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Other -> Sobel Y+ =
==========================================
This uses a kernel of :
-1 -2 -1
0 0 0
1 2 1
Comments as for 'Sobel X+'.
==========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Other -> Sobel Y- =
==========================================
This uses a kernel of :
1 2 1
0 0 0
-1 -2 -1
Comments as for 'Sobel X+'.
========================================
= Process -> Filter -> Other -> Custom =
========================================
Clicking on this menu entry will apply the custom filter.
In the window that this menu entry leads to, you can enter your own kernel.
Note that the total of the kernel factors should be 0 or higher. The +127
correction factor for a total kernel factor of 0 is applied automatically.
===================
= Process -> Mask =
===================
Clicking on this menu entry will perform a bit masking operation.
In the window that this menu entry leads to, you can specify a bit mask to be
applied to the red, green and blue colour components of the pixels. If a mask
bit is 0, the corresponding bit of the (8-bit) colour component is forced to
0, else (i.e. if the mask bit is 1) the corresponding bit is not changed.
The bit mask can be set seperately for the red, green and blue colour
component. The 'arrow' icon can be clicked to toggle between 'connected' mode
(normal arrow) and 'unconnected' mode (two red crosses through arrow). In
'connected' mode, the red, green and blue masks will change together. In
'unconnected' mode, they change seperately.
The bit masking function may be useful when an image has 'noise' in its
lowest colour component bits (e.g. when the image originates from a scanner
or digitizer with less than 8 bits accuracy per colour component).
============================
= Process -> Correct black =
============================
Clicking on this menu entry will perform a black correction on the image,
i.e. the black level of the image is shifted 'up' or 'down'.
You can enter the correction factor (which may be between -255 and +255) in
the writable icon.
The black correction function may be useful when what should be black in the
image is actually a shade of grey.
============================
= Process -> Correct gamma =
============================
Clicking on this menu entry will perform a gamma correction on the image.
Gamma correction is needed when the original image was scanned or digitized
using a linear scale of intensity values. This has to be corrected for
display on monitors, as monitor tubes do not respond linearly to linear
increases in pixel intensity values. Gamma correction applies the 'inverse'
response function of the monitor tube, so the scanned or digitized image
looks more like the original.
Note that, usually, the only images that may need gamma correction are the
ones that you have scanned or digitized yourself. Even then, it is likely
that your scanning or digitizing software has already applied gamma
correction. It is inadvisable to apply gamma correction to an already
gamma-corrected image. Therefore, most users will not need to use this
function.
You can enter the correction factor (something between 1.5 and 2.5 is usually
a good choice) in the writable icon.
========================
= Process -> Make grey =
========================
Clicking on this menu entry will turn the image colours into greys.
===========================
= Process -> Expand range =
===========================
Clicking on this menu entry will improve the contrast of the image.
This function determines the range of intensity values used in the image and,
if possible, remaps the intensity values so they cover the full intensity
range available.
=======================
= Process -> Equalize =
=======================
Clicking on this menu entry will perform 'histogram equalization' on the
image.
Histogram equalization measures the accumulated frequencies of all intensity
values used in the image. The intensity values are subsequently remapped in
such a way that the resulting accumulated frequency graph more closely
resembles a straight line. I.e. the intensity values are spread in a more
uniform way.
Note that histogram equalization does not necessarily improve an image's
quality. The effect greatly depends on the image contents.
=====================
= Process -> Invert =
=====================
Clicking on this menu entry will 'invert' all the image colours.
The result is a 'negative' image. Inverting a second time will restore the
original image colours.
=========
= Cache =
=========
This leads to a submenu enabling you to cache or uncache the image data or
the image display.
A 'tick' indicates that the image is currently cached. Clicking on the
'Image' or 'Display' icon will uncache a cached image or vice versa.
Refer to 'Image storage' for more detailed information.
=============
= Selection =
=============
This leads to the 'Selection info' window, which allows you to view the
current selection coordinates.
Clicking on the window will make it permanent. Note that the title of this
window carries the image number which also appears in the title of the
corresponding image window.
========
= Copy =
========
Clicking on this menu entry makes a copy of the image.
//
//
// The 'Options' window
//
//
In this window, you will find seven parts, called 'Load options', 'Save
options', 'Image cache', 'Display cache', 'Miscellaneous', 'Quantization' and
'Dithering'.
The 'Load options' part allows you to specify 'load options' for some image
formats, which influence the way images are loaded. In most cases load
options can be left at their default settings. Refer to 'Supported image
formats (detailed)' for information on specific load options.
The 'Save options' part is similar to the 'Load options' part, except that
these options influence the way that images are saved.
The 'Image cache' and 'Display cache' parts allow you to force Translator
never to cache either the image data or image display respectively. In the
'Auto' setting Translator will decide automatically whether to cache or not.
In the 'Never' setting, Translator will never cache. Refer to 'Image storage'
for more detailed information.
The 'Miscellaneous' part allows you to switch off the warnings about unsaved
modified images, if these annoy you. These warnings are given when Translator
finds you are about to discard an edited image.
The 'Quantization' part allows you to select the accuracy with which colour
frequencies are determined during colour quantization. A higher number of
bits for 'Red', 'Green' or 'Blue' will increase the accuracy with which the
corresponding colour component is handled. Note however that selecting more
than the default of 5 bits per colour component results in only very marginal
and mostly unnoticable differences in image quality. Also note that selecting
less than 5 bits is not really recommended except for the entertainment value
that the resulting images provide. Also note that the memory requirements for
the quantization tables double with every bit added to the total number of
bits. The default setting of 5 bits per colour component (15 bits total)
requires around 128k of memory for the quantization tables.
The 'Dithering' part allows you to select the accuracy of the colour mapping
tables used during colour dithering. Comments similar to the comments under
'Quantization' apply. The default setting of 5 bits per colour component (15
bits total) requires around 128k of memory for the dithering tables.
//
//
// The 'Status' menu
//
//
In this menu you can manipulate Translator's 'status', which consists of a
number of configuration settings.
- 'Save' will save the current status.
- 'Load' will load the saved status.
- 'Default' will load the default status.
- 'Kill' will remove the saved status.
When Translator starts up it loads the saved status, or the default status if
there is no saved status.
The status consists of the 'Image cache', 'Display cache', 'Miscellaneous',
'Quantization' and 'Dithering' settings. These can all be found in the
'Options' window.
//
//
// Supported image formats (overview)
//
//
Translator can read the following image formats (in alphabetical order) :
- AIM
- BMP
- CadSoft
- Clear
- Degas
- GIF
- IFF
- ImageIO
- IMG
- Irlam
- JPEG
- MacPaint
- MTV
- PBMPlus
- PCX
- Pineapple
- PNG
- QRT
- Sprite
- TIFF
Translator can write the following image formats (in alphabetical order) :
- Clear
- GIF
- ImageIO
- JPEG
- PBMPlus
- PNG
- Sprite
- TIFF
The 'ImageIO' format is a special 'internal' format which is not meant to be
used outside Translator.
For more details about the image formats that Translator supports, see
'Supported image formats (detailed)'.
For some image formats that Translator understands, you may specify a few
special settings to be used when loading or saving an image in that format.
Refer to the discussion of the 'Load options' and 'Save options' parts of the
'Options' window.
//
//
// Supported image formats (detailed)
//
//
Following are brief details of all supported image formats.
Image format interpreters are usually very complete, but may, in some cases,
lack support for some subformats. All image interpreters have at least been
tested successfully on all sample images I could find, and have been verified
as well as possible against documentation available to me. Generally, if
Translator encounters formats or subformats that cannot be recognized or are
not supported, it will give up gracefully and provide an indication of why it
has failed.
AIM
===
- Origin
Acorn machines. !AIM (Archimedes Image Manager) program.
- Colours
8 bpp 8:8:8 grey
- Compression
none
- Recognition
filetype &004
- Miscellaneous
Resolution is always 256 x 256 pixels.
BMP
===
- Origin
IBM compatible machines. Microsoft Windows operating system.
- Colours
1 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
4 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
none
runlength
- Recognition
filetype &69C
'BM' at offset &0
CadSoft
=======
- Origin
Acorn machines. Millipede Prisma display board.
- Colours
8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
- Compression
none
runlength
- Recognition
filetype &69A
'MILLIPEDE' at offset &10
Clear
=====
- Origin
Acorn machines. !Translator program and several hardware vendors' programs.
- Colours
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
none
- Recognition
filetype &690
Degas
=====
- Origin
Atari machines. Degas and other programs.
- Colours
1,2,4 bpp 3:3:3 palette colour
- Compression
none
runlength
- Recognition
filetype &691
GIF
===
- Origin
Various machines. Graphics Interchange Format, devised by and copyright of
Compuserve Incorporated.
- Colours
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
- Compression
12-bit LZW
- Recognition
filetype &695
'GIF87a' or 'GIF89a' at offset &0
- Miscellaneous
When reading, any GIF89a extensions are skipped and ignored. When writing,
GIF87a format is always used.
- Save options
'Interlace' defines whether or not an interlaced image is saved. 'Interlace
= Yes' will save an interlaced image, 'Interlace = No' won't.
IFF
===
- Origin
Various machines. Interchange Format File, devised by Electronic Arts.
- Colours
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 bpp 4:4:4 palette colour
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
12 bpp 4:4:4 true colour
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
none
runlength
- Recognition
filetype &693
'FORM' at offset &0 and 'ILBM' at offset &8
IMG
===
- Origin
Atari and IBM compatible machines. Digital Research GEM programs.
- Colours
1 bpp 8:8:8 grey
- Compression
various methods
- Recognition
filetype &692
Irlam
=====
- Origin
Acorn machines. Irlam video digitiser.
- Colours
24 bpp 8:8:8 grey
- Compression
none
- Recognition
filetype &69B
'Irlam' at offset &0
JPEG
====
- Origin
Various machines. Joint Photographic Expert Group, the actual format is
called JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format), devised by C-Cube Microsystems.
- Colours
8 bpp 8:8:8 grey
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
Baseline JPEG
- Recognition
filetype &C85
&FF, &D8 at offset &0
- Load options
'Float DCT = No' uses 'fast' integer DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) code.
'Float DCT = Yes' uses slightly more accurate but 'slow' floating point DCT
code. In practice, both option settings nearly always result in the same
image quality.
- Save options
'Quality = xx', where xx = 0..100, sets the quality level. 100 is best
quality, lowest compression. 0 is worst quality, highest compression.
'Optimize' switches on/off compression optimization (switching it on
results in somewhat smaller files but also uses more processing time).
'Optimize = Yes' switches on compression optimization. 'Optimize = No'
switches it off.
- Miscellaneous
- Processing code is in C. Acknowledgements :
- Compiled with GCC for RISC OS release 1.0.7, (c) 1996 Nick Burrett.
- Linked with UnixLib 3.7b, maintained by Simon Callan.
- Uses IJG JPEG library 6a (07 Feb 1996), (c) 1991-1996 Thomas G. Lane
I am required to state that 'This work is based in part on the work of
the Independent JPEG Group'.
MacPaint
========
- Origin
Apple MacIntosh machines. MacPaint program.
- Colours
1 bpp 8:8:8 grey
- Compression
runlength
- Recognition
filetype &694
'PNTG' at offset &41
- Miscellaneous
Resolution is always 576 x 720 pixels.
MTV
===
- Origin
Various machines. MTV ray tracer.
- Colours
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
none
- Recognition
filetype &699
PBMPlus
=======
- Origin
Unix machines. Portable Bit Map set of conversion programs, devised by Jef
Poskanzer.
- Colours
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 bpp 8:8:8 grey
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
none
- Recognition
filetype &69E
'Px' at offset &0, where x = 1,2,3,4,5,6
- Miscellaneous
Cannot save 2..7 bpp 8:8:8 grey.
PCX
===
- Origin
IBM compatible machines. ZSoft PC Paintbrush program.
- Colours
1,2,4,8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
- Compression
none
runlength
- Recognition
filetype &697
Pineapple
=========
- Origin
Acorn machines. Pineapple Software video digitiser.
- Colours
16 bpp 5:6:5 true colour
- Compression
none
- Recognition
filetype &696
'FSIfile' at offset &0
- Miscellaneous
Resolution is always 512 x 256 pixels.
PNG
===
- Origin
Various machines. Portable Network Graphics format, initially designed to
impove on and fully replace GIF, since GIF's compression algorithm poses
patent problems since 1995. Forget GIF, use PNG (compresses better too !).
- Colours
1,2,4,8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
1,2,4 bpp 8:8:8 grey
8 bpp 8:8:8 grey with optional alpha channel
16 bpp 16:16:16 grey with optional alpha channel
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour with optional alpha channel
48 bpp 16:16:16 true colour with optional alpha channel
- Compression
Deflate
- Recognition
filetype &B60
137, 80, 78, 71, 13, 10, 26, 10 at offset &0
- Miscellaneous
Reader supports all formats, but :
- 16 bpp 16:16:16 grey is 'stripped' to 8 bpp 8:8:8 grey.
- 48 bpp 16:16:16 true colour is 'stripped' to 24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour.
- Alpha channels and transparency cause pixel colours to be recalculated
against a background colour (black if not specified in PNG file).
- Processing code is in C. Acknowledgements :
- Compiled with GCC for RISC OS release 1.0.7, (c) 1996 Nick Burrett.
- Linked with UnixLib 3.7b, maintained by Simon Callan.
- Uses libpng 1.0 beta 3 0.89, (c) 1995-1996 Guy Eric Schalnat.
- Uses zlib 1.0.4, (c) 1995-1996 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler.
QRT
===
- Origin
Various machines. QRT ray tracer.
- Colours
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
none
- Recognition
filetype &698
Sprite
======
- Origin
Acorn machines. Acorn defined native image format.
- Colours
1,2,4,8 bpp 4:4:4 palette colour
1,2,4,8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
15 bpp 5:5:5 true colour
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
none
- Recognition
filetype &FF9
- Load options
'Default palette' defines the palette to use when palette colour sprites
without a palette are loaded. If the mapping of the bpp of the input to the
corresponding mode is thought of as 1,2,4,8 bpp --> mode 18,19,20,21, then
'Default palette = WIMP' will use the default WIMP palette for the
appropriate mode, and 'Default palette = Mode' will use the default mode
palette (as after a MODE command outside the desktop).
- Save options
'Sprite type' defines the sprite type to save. It only affects the mode
number saved in the sprite file. 'Sprite type = Default' will save old type
sprites for 4:4:4 palette colour input, else new type sprites. 'Sprite type
= Force old' will always save old type sprites. 'Sprite type = Force new'
will always save new type sprites.
- Miscellaneous
Sprite masks are always ignored. Old type 8 bpp 4:4:4 sprites always have
the standard fixed 256-colour palette and are actually saved without
palette.
TIFF
====
- Origin
Various machines. Tag Image File Format (that's 'Tag', not 'Tagged' as most
people think !), devised by Aldus Corporation and Microsoft Corporation.
- Colours
1,2,4,8 bpp 8:8:8 palette colour
24 bpp 8:8:8 true colour
- Compression
none
packbits
12-bit LZW
- Recognition
filetype &FF0
'II' or 'MM' at offset &0
//
//
// Registering
//
//
Please register this program if it serves you well. I am sacrificing a lot of
my time to help increase the amount of good software available for your Acorn
machine. Registration is cheap and easy.
To register, send 30 Dutch Guilders to :
John Kortink
Nutterbrink 31
7544 WJ Enschede
The Netherlands
As soon as your registration has been received you will be a registered user
of Translator. A floppy disc with the latest version of Translator will be
sent to you free of charge, unless you are easily able to access my www page
on the Internet, in which case you already have immediate access to the very
latest versions. Registration also entitles you to free use of any future
versions of Translator.
NOTE : if you register for any one of my applications Translator, Creator or
GreyEdit, you are automatically registered for all of them.
I can accept any of the following types of payment (in order of preference) :
- Cash. You may send any regular European currency, as long as it is
equivalent to 30 Dutch Guilders and consists of 'large', recent bank notes
only.
- Eurocheque. Please note down your pass number on the back of the cheque or
I will be unable to cash the cheque at the bank.
Please note that I cannot accept any other type of payment, including cheques
that are not Eurocheques. I cannot cash these cheques without paying high
bank charges.
Updates of Translator will be made available by (in order of preference) :
- World Wide Web, on www.inter.nl.net/users/J.Kortink.
- Electronic mail, to kortink@inter.nl.net.
- Snail mail, to : see registration address. Include a DD or HD floppy,
return envelope and one International Reply Coupon (IRC).
00000000 0a 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f |._______________| 00000010 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 0a 0a 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 |______..Translat| 00000020 6f 72 20 75 73 65 72 20 67 75 69 64 65 0a 5f 5f |or user guide.__| 00000030 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f |________________| 00000040 5f 5f 5f 0a 0a 0a 55 73 65 72 2c 20 70 6c 65 61 |___...User, plea| 00000050 73 65 20 6e 6f 74 65 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |se note.========| 00000060 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 72 61 6e 73 |=========..Trans| 00000070 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 69 73 20 53 68 61 72 65 77 61 |lator is Sharewa| 00000080 72 65 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 66 72 |re. It is not fr| 00000090 65 65 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 2e 20 59 6f 75 |ee software. You| 000000a0 20 6d 61 79 20 66 72 65 65 6c 79 20 75 73 65 20 | may freely use | 000000b0 74 68 69 73 0a 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 66 6f 72 |this.program for| 000000c0 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 33 30 20 64 61 79 | a single 30 day| 000000d0 20 74 72 69 61 6c 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 2e 20 41 | trial period. A| 000000e0 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 74 72 69 61 6c 20 |fter this trial | 000000f0 70 65 72 69 6f 64 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 |period, you must| 00000100 0a 64 65 63 69 64 65 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 |.decide whether | 00000110 6f 72 20 6e 6f 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 |or not you want | 00000120 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 20 74 6f 20 75 |to continue to u| 00000130 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 |se the program. | 00000140 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 2c 0a 79 6f |If you don't,.yo| 00000150 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 73 74 6f 70 20 75 73 69 6e |u must stop usin| 00000160 67 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 61 6e |g the program an| 00000170 64 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f |d delete your co| 00000180 70 79 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 2c 20 79 |py. If you do, y| 00000190 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 0a 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 |ou must.register| 000001a0 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | your copy of th| 000001b0 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 |e program with t| 000001c0 68 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 2c 20 70 61 79 69 6e |he author, payin| 000001d0 67 20 61 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 0a 72 65 67 69 73 74 |g a small.regist| 000001e0 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 65 65 2e 20 52 65 66 65 |ration fee. Refe| 000001f0 72 20 74 6f 20 27 52 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 69 6e |r to 'Registerin| 00000200 67 27 20 66 6f 72 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 2e 0a |g' for details..| 00000210 0a 50 6c 65 61 73 65 20 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 20 |.Please respect | 00000220 74 68 65 20 72 75 6c 65 73 20 6f 66 20 53 68 61 |the rules of Sha| 00000230 72 65 77 61 72 65 2e 20 53 68 61 72 65 77 61 72 |reware. Sharewar| 00000240 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 |e programs like | 00000250 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 6f 72 0a 68 61 76 65 20 |Translator.have | 00000260 63 6f 73 74 20 61 6e 20 61 77 66 75 6c 20 6c 6f |cost an awful lo| 00000270 74 20 6f 66 20 74 69 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 65 66 |t of time and ef| 00000280 66 6f 72 74 20 74 6f 20 62 75 69 6c 64 2c 20 77 |fort to build, w| 00000290 69 6c 6c 20 73 65 72 76 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 65 |ill serve you we| 000002a0 6c 6c 2c 20 61 6e 64 0a 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 73 |ll, and.will cos| 000002b0 74 20 79 6f 75 20 76 65 72 79 20 6c 69 74 74 6c |t you very littl| 000002c0 65 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 |e. If you regist| 000002d0 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 53 68 61 72 65 77 61 72 65 |er the Shareware| 000002e0 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 | you use, you wi| 000002f0 6c 6c 0a 65 6e 73 75 72 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 53 |ll.ensure that S| 00000300 68 61 72 65 77 61 72 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 73 |hareware authors| 00000310 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 20 74 | will continue t| 00000320 6f 20 69 6d 70 72 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f |o improve the so| 00000330 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 2c 0a |ftware you use,.| 00000340 61 6e 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 65 78 63 69 74 69 |and write exciti| 00000350 6e 67 20 6e 65 77 20 53 68 61 72 65 77 61 72 65 |ng new Shareware| 00000360 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f | software. If yo| 00000370 75 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 |u don't register| 00000380 20 74 68 65 0a 53 68 61 72 65 77 61 72 65 20 79 | the.Shareware y| 00000390 6f 75 20 75 73 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 |ou use, you are | 000003a0 73 74 65 61 6c 69 6e 67 20 6d 6f 6e 65 79 20 66 |stealing money f| 000003b0 72 6f 6d 20 53 68 61 72 65 77 61 72 65 20 61 75 |rom Shareware au| 000003c0 74 68 6f 72 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 79 0a |thors, and they.| 000003d0 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 74 6f 70 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e |will stop writin| 000003e0 67 20 53 68 61 72 65 77 61 72 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 |g Shareware, and| 000003f0 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e 67 20 6d | start writing m| 00000400 75 63 68 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 78 70 65 6e 73 69 |uch more expensi| 00000410 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 72 63 69 61 6c 0a 73 6f |ve commercial.so| 00000420 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 2e 0a |ftware instead..| 00000430 0a 43 6f 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 6e 6f 74 69 63 |.Copyright notic| 00000440 65 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |e.==============| 00000450 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 63 6f 70 79 72 69 67 68 |==..The copyrigh| 00000460 74 20 28 63 29 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 |t (c) of this pr| 00000470 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 73 20 74 6f |ogram belongs to| 00000480 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 4b 6f 72 74 69 6e 6b 2e 20 41 | John Kortink. A| 00000490 6c 6c 20 72 69 67 68 74 73 20 61 72 65 0a 72 65 |ll rights are.re| 000004a0 73 65 72 76 65 64 2e 0a 0a 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 |served...You may| 000004b0 20 6e 6f 74 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 69 73 | not change this| 000004c0 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 28 65 78 63 65 70 74 | program (except| 000004d0 20 66 6f 72 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 65 64 20 | for documented | 000004e0 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a 63 68 |configuration.ch| 000004f0 61 6e 67 65 73 29 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 |anges). You may | 00000500 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 20 61 6e 79 20 70 61 72 74 |not use any part| 00000510 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d | of this program| 00000520 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 70 72 | in any other pr| 00000530 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 6f 72 0a 70 72 6f 64 75 63 74 |ogram or.product| 00000540 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 6d 79 20 77 72 69 74 | without my writ| 00000550 74 65 6e 20 61 70 70 72 6f 76 61 6c 2e 20 59 6f |ten approval. Yo| 00000560 75 20 6d 61 79 20 73 70 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 69 |u may spread thi| 00000570 73 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 66 72 65 65 6c 79 |s program freely| 00000580 2c 20 62 75 74 0a 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 63 6f |, but.only in co| 00000590 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 75 6e 63 68 61 |mplete and uncha| 000005a0 6e 67 65 64 20 66 6f 72 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f |nged form, and o| 000005b0 6e 6c 79 20 61 67 61 69 6e 73 74 20 62 61 72 65 |nly against bare| 000005c0 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 6f | distribution co| 000005d0 73 74 73 0a 28 69 66 20 61 6e 79 29 2e 20 54 68 |sts.(if any). Th| 000005e0 69 73 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 70 72 |is program is pr| 000005f0 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 27 61 73 20 69 73 27 2e 20 |ovided 'as is'. | 00000600 4e 6f 20 66 69 74 6e 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |No fitness of th| 00000610 69 73 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 66 6f 72 0a 61 |is program for.a| 00000620 6e 79 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 70 75 |ny particular pu| 00000630 72 70 6f 73 65 20 69 73 20 69 6d 70 6c 69 65 64 |rpose is implied| 00000640 2e 20 55 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f |. Using this pro| 00000650 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 6c 79 |gram is entirely| 00000660 20 61 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e 0a 72 69 73 | at your own.ris| 00000670 6b 2e 0a 0a 0a 2f 2f 0a 2f 2f 0a 2f 2f 20 49 6e |k....//.//.// In| 00000680 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 0a 2f 2f 0a 2f 2f |troduction.//.//| 00000690 0a 0a 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 69 73 20 |..Translator is | 000006a0 61 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 76 69 |a pixel image vi| 000006b0 65 77 65 72 2c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 20 |ewer, processor | 000006c0 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 72 74 6f 72 2c 20 61 |and convertor, a| 000006d0 6c 6c 20 69 6e 20 6f 6e 65 2e 20 49 74 0a 69 73 |ll in one. It.is| 000006e0 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 61 64 20 61 6e | able to read an| 000006f0 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 61 20 77 69 64 65 20 76 |d write a wide v| 00000700 61 72 69 65 74 79 20 6f 66 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 |ariety of pixel | 00000710 69 6d 61 67 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 73 2c 20 77 |image formats, w| 00000720 68 69 6c 65 20 61 6c 73 6f 0a 70 72 6f 76 69 64 |hile also.provid| 00000730 69 6e 67 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 73 65 74 20 6f |ing a good set o| 00000740 66 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 66 75 6e |f processing fun| 00000750 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 77 68 69 63 |ctions with whic| 00000760 68 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 69 6d 61 67 65 73 20 6d |h these images m| 00000770 61 79 20 62 65 0a 65 6e 68 61 6e 63 65 64 20 61 |ay be.enhanced a| 00000780 6e 64 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 65 64 2e 0a |nd manipulated..| 00000790 0a 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 |.In addition to | 000007a0 74 68 69 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 66 |this, you will f| 000007b0 69 6e 64 20 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 74 |ind Translator t| 000007c0 6f 20 62 65 20 2a 66 61 73 74 2a 2e 20 49 6e 20 |o be *fast*. In | 000007d0 66 61 63 74 2c 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 0a 54 72 |fact, most of.Tr| 000007e0 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 |anslator has bee| 000007f0 6e 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 69 6e 20 41 52 4d |n written in ARM| 00000800 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 79 20 63 6f 64 65 2c 20 | assembly code, | 00000810 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 |the rest has bee| 00000820 6e 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 0a 69 6e 20 43 2b 2b |n written.in C++| 00000830 2e 20 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 |. In addition, s| 00000840 6f 6d 65 20 70 6f 72 74 65 64 20 43 20 63 6f 64 |ome ported C cod| 00000850 65 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 4a 50 |e is used for JP| 00000860 45 47 20 61 6e 64 20 50 4e 47 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 |EG and PNG conve| 00000870 72 73 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 |rsion...Translat| 00000880 6f 72 20 72 75 6e 73 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 52 49 |or runs under RI| 00000890 53 43 20 4f 53 20 33 2e 31 20 6f 72 20 6c 61 74 |SC OS 3.1 or lat| 000008a0 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 73 |er, and supports| 000008b0 20 61 6c 6c 20 72 65 6c 65 76 61 6e 74 20 41 63 | all relevant Ac| 000008c0 6f 72 6e 0a 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 75 70 |orn.machines, up| 000008d0 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e | to and includin| 000008e0 67 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 74 65 73 74 20 52 49 53 |g the latest RIS| 000008f0 43 20 50 43 20 6d 6f 64 65 6c 73 2e 20 45 6e 68 |C PC models. Enh| 00000900 61 6e 63 65 64 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 0a |anced functions.| 00000910 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 |provided by the | 00000920 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d |operating system| 00000930 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 72 64 77 61 72 | and the hardwar| 00000940 65 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 |e are used when | 00000950 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 2e 0a 0a 0a 2f 2f 0a |available....//.| 00000960 2f 2f 0a 2f 2f 20 54 68 65 20 6d 61 6a 6f 72 20 |//.// The major | 00000970 6c 65 61 70 0a 2f 2f 0a 2f 2f 0a 0a 49 66 20 79 |leap.//.//..If y| 00000980 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 54 72 61 |ou have used Tra| 00000990 6e 73 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 73 |nslator versions| 000009a0 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 38 2e 30 30 2c 20 79 6f | before 8.00, yo| 000009b0 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 20 64 6f 75 62 74 20 |u will no doubt | 000009c0 6e 6f 74 69 63 65 0a 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 |notice.that the | 000009d0 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e |program has been| 000009e0 20 65 6e 68 61 6e 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 76 | enhanced in a v| 000009f0 65 72 79 20 62 69 67 20 77 61 79 2e 0a 0a 49 6e |ery big way...In| 00000a00 20 66 61 63 74 2c 20 49 20 72 65 77 72 6f 74 65 | fact, I rewrote| 00000a10 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 69 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 | all of it, and | 00000a20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 69 73 20 76 65 |the result is ve| 00000a30 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 38 2e 30 30 2e 20 4d 6f 73 74 |rsion 8.00. 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Therefore, '| 000027e0 78 27 20 69 73 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 |x' is always the| 000027f0 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 27 72 27 | addition of 'r'| 00002800 2c 20 27 67 27 20 61 6e 64 20 27 62 27 2e 0a 0a |, 'g' and 'b'...| 00002810 53 61 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d 61 67 65 |Saving the image| 00002820 20 6d 61 79 20 6f 72 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 | may or may not | 00002830 6e 65 65 64 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 71 75 61 6e |need colour quan| 00002840 74 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 |tization, colour| 00002850 20 64 69 74 68 65 72 69 6e 67 0a 61 6e 64 2f 6f | dithering.and/o| 00002860 72 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 72 65 6d 61 70 70 69 |r colour remappi| 00002870 6e 67 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 73 20 74 6f |ng algorithms to| 00002880 20 62 65 20 61 70 70 6c 69 65 64 2e 20 54 72 61 | be applied. Tra| 00002890 6e 73 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 61 70 70 6c 69 65 73 20 |nslator applies | 000028a0 74 68 65 0a 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 61 6c 67 |the.required alg| 000028b0 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 73 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 |orithms automati| 000028c0 63 61 6c 6c 79 2e 20 54 68 65 20 61 63 63 75 72 |cally. The accur| 000028d0 61 63 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 6c 63 75 |acy of the calcu| 000028e0 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 65 |lations performe| 000028f0 64 0a 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 |d.by the algorit| 00002900 68 6d 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 63 68 61 6e 67 |hms may be chang| 00002910 65 64 2c 20 69 66 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 2e 20 52 |ed, if needed. R| 00002920 65 66 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 63 |efer to the disc| 00002930 75 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 0a 27 51 |ussion of the.'Q| 00002940 75 61 6e 74 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e 27 20 61 6e 64 |uantization' and| 00002950 20 27 44 69 74 68 65 72 69 6e 67 27 20 70 61 72 | 'Dithering' par| 00002960 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 27 4f 70 74 69 6f |ts of the 'Optio| 00002970 6e 73 27 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2e 0a 0a 43 6f 6c |ns' window...Col| 00002980 6f 75 72 20 71 75 61 6e 74 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e |our quantization| 00002990 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 65 76 65 | is used wheneve| 000029a0 72 20 61 20 27 73 75 70 65 72 73 65 74 27 20 6f |r a 'superset' o| 000029b0 66 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 28 75 73 65 64 20 |f colours (used | 000029c0 69 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 69 6e 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 |in the.input ima| 000029d0 67 65 29 20 6e 65 65 64 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 |ge) needs to be | 000029e0 72 65 64 75 63 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 20 73 6d 61 |reduced to a sma| 000029f0 6c 6c 65 72 20 27 73 75 62 73 65 74 27 20 6f 66 |ller 'subset' of| 00002a00 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 28 74 6f 20 62 65 20 | colours (to be | 00002a10 75 73 65 64 0a 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 |used.in the outp| 00002a20 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 29 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 |ut image). The c| 00002a30 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 71 75 61 6e 74 69 7a 61 74 69 |olour quantizati| 00002a40 6f 6e 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 20 63 61 6c |on algorithm cal| 00002a50 63 75 6c 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 62 73 |culates the subs| 00002a60 65 74 0a 6f 66 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 74 68 |et.of colours th| 00002a70 61 74 20 62 65 73 74 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e |at best represen| 00002a80 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 73 65 74 20 |ts the superset | 00002a90 6f 66 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 2e 20 43 6f 6c 6f |of colours. Colo| 00002aa0 75 72 20 71 75 61 6e 74 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a |ur quantization.| 00002ab0 69 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 6f 72 |is only used for| 00002ac0 20 70 61 6c 65 74 74 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 | palette colour | 00002ad0 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 73 2e 20 54 |output images. T| 00002ae0 68 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 71 75 61 6e 74 69 |he colour quanti| 00002af0 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e 0a 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d |zation.algorithm| 00002b00 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 | used in Transla| 00002b10 74 6f 72 20 69 73 20 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 61 73 20 |tor is known as | 00002b20 27 48 65 63 6b 62 65 72 74 20 6d 65 64 69 61 6e |'Heckbert median| 00002b30 20 63 75 74 27 2e 20 0a 0a 43 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 | cut'. ..Colour | 00002b40 64 69 74 68 65 72 69 6e 67 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 |dithering is use| 00002b50 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 |d when the numbe| 00002b60 72 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 69 6e 20 |r of colours in | 00002b70 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 |the output image| 00002b80 20 69 73 0a 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 | is.less than th| 00002b90 61 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 |at in the input | 00002ba0 69 6d 61 67 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 77 68 65 6e 20 61 |image, or when a| 00002bb0 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 |ny of the number| 00002bc0 20 6f 66 20 62 69 74 73 20 70 65 72 0a 72 2f 67 | of bits per.r/g| 00002bd0 2f 62 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 |/b in the output| 00002be0 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 69 | image colours i| 00002bf0 73 20 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 61 74 |s less than that| 00002c00 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 69 6d | in the input im| 00002c10 61 67 65 0a 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 |age.colours, or | 00002c20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 |when the output | 00002c30 70 61 6c 65 74 74 65 20 69 73 20 66 69 78 65 64 |palette is fixed| 00002c40 2e 20 49 6e 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 63 |. In all these c| 00002c50 61 73 65 73 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 72 20 61 6c |ases, some or al| 00002c60 6c 0a 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 69 |l.of the input i| 00002c70 6d 61 67 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 64 6f 20 |mage colours do | 00002c80 6e 6f 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 6e 20 65 78 61 63 |not have an exac| 00002c90 74 6c 79 20 6d 61 74 63 68 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6c |tly matching col| 00002ca0 6f 75 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 6f 75 74 70 75 |our in the.outpu| 00002cb0 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 2c |t image, and so,| 00002cc0 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 | for these colou| 00002cd0 72 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 27 63 6c 6f 73 65 73 74 |rs, the 'closest| 00002ce0 27 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 63 |' output image c| 00002cf0 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 0a 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 |olours.need to b| 00002d00 65 20 63 68 6f 73 65 6e 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 61 20 |e chosen. For a | 00002d10 67 69 76 65 6e 20 70 69 78 65 6c 2c 20 74 68 65 |given pixel, the| 00002d20 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 64 69 74 68 65 72 69 6e | colour ditherin| 00002d30 67 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 0a 27 64 69 66 |g algorithm.'dif| 00002d40 66 75 73 65 73 27 20 74 68 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 |fuses' the error| 00002d50 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 62 79 20 74 68 69 73 20 61 |s made by this a| 00002d60 70 70 72 6f 78 69 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 |pproximation to | 00002d70 6e 65 69 67 68 62 6f 72 69 6e 67 20 70 69 78 65 |neighboring pixe| 00002d80 6c 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 0a 65 66 66 65 63 74 69 |ls. This.effecti| 00002d90 76 65 6c 79 20 27 73 6d 65 61 72 73 20 6f 75 74 |vely 'smears out| 00002da0 27 20 74 68 65 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 69 6d 61 74 |' the approximat| 00002db0 69 6f 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 6f 76 65 72 20 |ion errors over | 00002dc0 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |the rest of the | 00002dd0 69 6d 61 67 65 2c 0a 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d 61 6b |image,.which mak| 00002de0 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 6d 75 |es the errors mu| 00002df0 63 68 20 6c 65 73 73 20 76 69 73 69 62 6c 65 20 |ch less visible | 00002e00 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 75 6d 61 6e 20 65 79 65 |to the human eye| 00002e10 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 0a 64 69 74 |. The colour.dit| 00002e20 68 65 72 69 6e 67 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d |hering algorithm| 00002e30 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 | used in Transla| 00002e40 74 6f 72 20 69 73 20 61 20 27 7a 69 7a 61 67 27 |tor is a 'zizag'| 00002e50 20 76 61 72 69 61 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | variant of the | 00002e60 77 69 64 65 6c 79 0a 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 61 6e 64 |widely.known and| 00002e70 20 75 73 65 64 20 46 6c 6f 79 64 2d 53 74 65 69 | used Floyd-Stei| 00002e80 6e 62 65 72 67 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 2e |nberg algorithm.| 00002e90 0a 0a 43 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 72 65 6d 61 70 70 69 |..Colour remappi| 00002ea0 6e 67 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 65 |ng is used whene| 00002eb0 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 71 |ver the colour q| 00002ec0 75 61 6e 74 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6c 67 6f |uantization algo| 00002ed0 72 69 74 68 6d 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 2c 0a 61 |rithm is used,.a| 00002ee0 6e 64 20 69 74 20 66 69 6e 64 73 20 74 68 61 74 |nd it finds that| 00002ef0 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 64 | the number of d| 00002f00 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 |ifferent colours| 00002f10 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 | actually used i| 00002f20 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 0a 69 6d 61 67 |n the input.imag| 00002f30 65 20 69 73 20 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f |e is less than o| 00002f40 72 20 65 71 75 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6e |r equal to the n| 00002f50 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 |umber of availab| 00002f60 6c 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 |le output image | 00002f70 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 2e 0a 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 |colours..In this| 00002f80 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 | case, the outpu| 00002f90 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 70 61 6c 65 74 74 65 20 |t image palette | 00002fa0 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 73 20 |simply consists | 00002fb0 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 |of all actually | 00002fc0 75 73 65 64 0a 69 6e 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 |used.input image| 00002fd0 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c | colours, and al| 00002fe0 6c 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 |l that is needed| 00002ff0 20 69 73 20 27 72 65 6d 61 70 70 69 6e 67 27 20 | is 'remapping' | 00003000 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 |of the input ima| 00003010 67 65 0a 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 |ge.colours to th| 00003020 65 69 72 20 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 6f |eir respective o| 00003030 75 74 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f |utput image colo| 00003040 75 72 73 2e 20 41 6e 20 65 78 61 63 74 20 63 6f |urs. An exact co| 00003050 70 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 0a |py of the input.| 00003060 69 6d 61 67 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 73 2e 20 46 |image results. F| 00003070 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 74 20 69 |or example, it i| 00003080 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 6e 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 74 |s not uncommon t| 00003090 6f 20 65 6e 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 72 20 32 34 20 62 |o encounter 24 b| 000030a0 70 70 20 27 74 72 75 65 0a 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 27 |pp 'true.colour'| 000030b0 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 | image files in | 000030c0 77 68 69 63 68 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 32 35 36 20 63 |which only 256 c| 000030d0 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 28 6f 72 20 65 76 65 6e 20 |olours (or even | 000030e0 6c 65 73 73 29 20 61 72 65 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c |less) are actual| 000030f0 6c 79 0a 75 73 65 64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 61 |ly.used. This ca| 00003100 6e 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 20 69 66 20 73 6f 6d 65 |n happen if some| 00003110 6f 6e 65 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 65 72 65 2c 20 |one, somewhere, | 00003120 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 77 68 |sometime, for wh| 00003130 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 64 69 6d 0a 72 65 61 73 6f |atever dim.reaso| 00003140 6e 2c 20 68 61 73 20 27 70 72 6f 6d 6f 74 65 64 |n, has 'promoted| 00003150 27 20 61 6e 20 38 20 62 70 70 20 70 61 6c 65 74 |' an 8 bpp palet| 00003160 74 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 |te colour image | 00003170 74 6f 20 27 74 72 75 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 27 |to 'true colour'| 00003180 2e 20 49 6e 0a 74 68 65 73 65 20 63 61 73 65 73 |. In.these cases| 00003190 2c 20 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 63 61 6e |, Translator can| 000031a0 20 65 78 61 63 74 6c 79 20 72 65 63 72 65 61 74 | exactly recreat| 000031b0 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 70 |e the original p| 000031c0 61 6c 65 74 74 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 0a 69 6d |alette colour.im| 000031d0 61 67 65 2e 0a 0a 54 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 6f 72 |age...Translator| 000031e0 20 64 6f 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 | does the right | 000031f0 74 68 69 6e 67 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 |thing if the out| 00003200 70 75 74 20 70 61 6c 65 74 74 65 20 74 75 72 6e |put palette turn| 00003210 73 20 6f 75 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 61 6c 6c 0a |s out to be all.| 00003220 67 72 65 79 20 28 77 68 69 63 68 20 75 73 75 61 |grey (which usua| 00003230 6c 6c 79 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 73 |lly only happens| 00003240 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 | when the output| 00003250 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 73 | format requires| 00003260 20 61 20 66 69 78 65 64 20 67 72 65 79 0a 70 61 | a fixed grey.pa| 00003270 6c 65 74 74 65 2c 20 65 2e 67 2e 20 50 42 4d 50 |lette, e.g. PBMP| 00003280 6c 75 73 20 38 20 62 70 70 20 6f 72 20 4a 50 45 |lus 8 bpp or JPE| 00003290 47 20 38 20 62 70 70 29 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 |G 8 bpp). In thi| 000032a0 73 20 73 69 74 75 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 |s situation, the| 000032b0 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 0a 64 69 74 68 65 72 69 6e | colour.ditherin| 000032c0 67 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 20 75 73 65 64 |g algorithm used| 000032d0 20 69 73 20 75 6e 73 75 69 74 61 62 6c 65 20 69 | is unsuitable i| 000032e0 66 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 |f the input imag| 000032f0 65 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 2c 0a |e is in colour,.| 00003300 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 |because colours | 00003310 61 72 65 20 69 6d 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 74 |are impossible t| 00003320 6f 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 69 6d 61 74 65 20 77 65 |o approximate we| 00003330 6c 6c 20 77 69 74 68 20 6a 75 73 74 20 67 72 65 |ll with just gre| 00003340 79 20 76 61 6c 75 65 73 2c 0a 72 65 73 75 6c 74 |y values,.result| 00003350 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 61 20 62 61 64 20 71 75 61 |ing in a bad qua| 00003360 6c 69 74 79 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 69 6d 61 67 |lity output imag| 00003370 65 2e 20 41 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 27 67 72 |e. A special 'gr| 00003380 65 79 20 6f 6e 6c 79 27 20 64 69 74 68 65 72 69 |ey only' ditheri| 00003390 6e 67 0a 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 20 69 73 20 |ng.algorithm is | 000033a0 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 2c 20 77 68 |used instead, wh| 000033b0 69 63 68 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20 62 |ich gives much b| 000033c0 65 74 74 65 72 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 73 2e 20 54 |etter results. T| 000033d0 68 65 20 27 44 69 74 68 65 72 69 6e 67 27 0a 73 |he 'Dithering'.s| 000033e0 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 27 4f |etting in the 'O| 000033f0 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 27 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 68 |ptions' window h| 00003400 61 73 20 6e 6f 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 20 69 66 20 |as no effect if | 00003410 74 68 69 73 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 20 69 |this algorithm i| 00003420 73 20 75 73 65 64 2e 0a 0a 41 66 74 65 72 20 6d |s used...After m| 00003430 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 |aking all your c| 00003440 68 6f 69 63 65 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 |hoices, you can | 00003450 73 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 62 |save the image b| 00003460 79 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 64 72 61 67 67 69 6e |y either draggin| 00003470 67 20 74 68 65 0a 66 69 6c 65 74 79 70 65 20 69 |g the.filetype i| 00003480 63 6f 6e 2c 20 6f 72 20 62 79 20 63 6c 69 63 6b |con, or by click| 00003490 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 27 53 61 76 65 |ing on the 'Save| 000034a0 27 20 69 63 6f 6e 2e 20 44 72 61 67 67 69 6e 67 |' icon. Dragging| 000034b0 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 74 79 70 65 20 69 63 | the filetype ic| 000034c0 6f 6e 0a 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 69 |on.will result i| 000034d0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 62 65 69 6e |n the image bein| 000034e0 67 20 73 61 76 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 |g saved to the d| 000034f0 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 |irectory that th| 00003500 65 20 69 63 6f 6e 20 77 61 73 0a 64 72 61 67 67 |e icon was.dragg| 00003510 65 64 20 74 6f 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 |ed to, using the| 00003520 20 6c 65 61 66 6e 61 6d 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 | leafname specif| 00003530 69 65 64 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 27 46 69 6c 65 6e |ied under 'Filen| 00003540 61 6d 65 27 2e 20 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f |ame'. Clicking o| 00003550 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 27 53 61 76 65 27 20 69 63 6f |n the.'Save' ico| 00003560 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 69 6e |n will result in| 00003570 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 62 65 69 6e 67 | the image being| 00003580 20 73 61 76 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 | saved to the pa| 00003590 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 |thname specified| 000035a0 0a 75 6e 64 65 72 20 27 46 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 |.under 'Filename| 000035b0 27 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f |'. This is the o| 000035c0 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 70 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 |riginal pathname| 000035d0 20 62 79 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 2e 0a 0a 43 6c | by default...Cl| 000035e0 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 27 43 61 6e 63 65 6c 27 20 |icking 'Cancel' | 000035f0 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 61 6e 63 65 6c 20 74 68 65 20 |will cancel the | 00003600 73 61 76 65 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |save...=========| 00003610 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 54 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72 6d |====.= Transform| 00003620 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | =.=============| 00003630 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 74 6f 20 |..This leads to | 00003640 61 20 73 75 62 6d 65 6e 75 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 |a submenu contai| 00003650 6e 69 6e 67 20 27 74 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72 6d 61 |ning 'transforma| 00003660 74 69 6f 6e 27 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 |tion' functions | 00003670 28 69 2e 65 2e 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 0a |(i.e. functions.| 00003680 74 68 61 74 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 73 |that move pixels| 00003690 20 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 2c 20 6c 65 61 76 69 6e 67 | around, leaving| 000036a0 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 75 | their colours u| 000036b0 6e 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 29 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d |nchanged)...====| 000036c0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 000036d0 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 54 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72 6d 20 |===.= Transform | 000036e0 2d 3e 20 4d 69 72 72 6f 72 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d |-> Mirror =.====| 000036f0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00003700 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 |===..This leads | 00003710 74 6f 20 61 20 73 75 62 6d 65 6e 75 20 63 6f 6e |to a submenu con| 00003720 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 27 6d 69 72 72 6f 72 27 |taining 'mirror'| 00003730 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0a 0a 43 6c 69 | functions...Cli| 00003740 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 27 48 6f 72 69 7a 6f 6e 74 61 |cking 'Horizonta| 00003750 6c 27 20 6f 72 20 27 56 65 72 74 69 63 61 6c 27 |l' or 'Vertical'| 00003760 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6d 69 72 72 6f 72 20 74 68 65 | will mirror the| 00003770 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 69 6e 20 68 6f 72 69 7a 6f | image in horizo| 00003780 6e 74 61 6c 20 6f 72 0a 76 65 72 74 69 63 61 6c |ntal or.vertical| 00003790 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 72 65 73 70 65 | direction respe| 000037a0 63 74 69 76 65 6c 79 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |ctively...======| 000037b0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 000037c0 3d 0a 3d 20 54 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72 6d 20 2d 3e |=.= Transform ->| 000037d0 20 52 6f 74 61 74 65 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | Rotate =.======| 000037e0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 000037f0 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 74 6f |=..This leads to| 00003800 20 61 20 73 75 62 6d 65 6e 75 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 | a submenu conta| 00003810 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 27 72 6f 74 61 74 65 27 20 66 |ining 'rotate' f| 00003820 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b |unctions...Click| 00003830 69 6e 67 20 27 2d 39 30 20 64 65 67 72 65 65 73 |ing '-90 degrees| 00003840 27 2c 20 27 2b 39 30 20 64 65 67 72 65 65 73 27 |', '+90 degrees'| 00003850 20 6f 72 20 27 31 38 30 20 64 65 67 72 65 65 73 | or '180 degrees| 00003860 27 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 6f 74 61 74 65 20 74 68 |' will rotate th| 00003870 65 20 69 6d 61 67 65 0a 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 |e image.by the s| 00003880 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 61 6e 67 6c 65 2e 0a |pecified angle..| 00003890 0a 54 68 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 |.The selection i| 000038a0 73 20 69 67 6e 6f 72 65 64 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d |s ignored...====| 000038b0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 000038c0 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 54 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72 6d 20 2d |==.= Transform -| 000038d0 3e 20 53 63 61 6c 65 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |> Scale =.======| 000038e0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 000038f0 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 |..Clicking on th| 00003900 69 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 77 69 |is menu entry wi| 00003910 6c 6c 20 73 63 61 6c 65 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d 61 |ll scale the ima| 00003920 67 65 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 69 |ge...The selecti| 00003930 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 69 67 6e 6f 72 65 64 2e 0a 0a |on is ignored...| 00003940 54 68 65 20 73 63 61 6c 69 6e 67 20 72 61 74 69 |The scaling rati| 00003950 6f 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65 74 20 73 65 70 |o can be set sep| 00003960 65 72 61 74 65 6c 79 20 66 6f 72 20 58 20 28 68 |erately for X (h| 00003970 6f 72 69 7a 6f 6e 74 61 6c 29 20 61 6e 64 20 59 |orizontal) and Y| 00003980 20 28 76 65 72 74 69 63 61 6c 29 0a 64 69 72 65 | (vertical).dire| 00003990 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 27 61 72 72 |ctions. The 'arr| 000039a0 6f 77 27 20 69 63 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 |ow' icon can be | 000039b0 63 6c 69 63 6b 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 6f 67 67 6c |clicked to toggl| 000039c0 65 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 27 63 6f 6e 6e 65 |e between 'conne| 000039d0 63 74 65 64 27 0a 6d 6f 64 65 20 28 6e 6f 72 6d |cted'.mode (norm| 000039e0 61 6c 20 61 72 72 6f 77 29 20 61 6e 64 20 27 75 |al arrow) and 'u| 000039f0 6e 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 27 20 6d 6f 64 65 |nconnected' mode| 00003a00 20 28 72 65 64 20 63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 68 72 6f | (red cross thro| 00003a10 75 67 68 20 61 72 72 6f 77 29 2e 20 49 6e 0a 27 |ugh arrow). In.'| 00003a20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 27 20 6d 6f 64 65 2c |connected' mode,| 00003a30 20 74 68 65 20 58 20 61 6e 64 20 59 20 72 61 74 | the X and Y rat| 00003a40 69 6f 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 |ios will change | 00003a50 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 2e 20 49 6e 20 27 75 6e |together. In 'un| 00003a60 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 27 0a 6d 6f 64 65 2c |connected'.mode,| 00003a70 20 74 68 65 79 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 73 65 70 | they change sep| 00003a80 65 72 61 74 65 6c 79 2e 0a 0a 54 72 61 6e 73 6c |erately...Transl| 00003a90 61 74 6f 72 20 65 6d 70 6c 6f 79 73 20 61 63 63 |ator employs acc| 00003aa0 75 72 61 74 65 20 27 69 6e 74 65 72 70 6f 6c 61 |urate 'interpola| 00003ab0 74 69 6e 67 27 20 61 6e 64 20 27 61 76 65 72 61 |ting' and 'avera| 00003ac0 67 69 6e 67 27 20 73 63 61 6c 69 6e 67 0a 61 6c |ging' scaling.al| 00003ad0 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 73 2c 20 67 69 76 69 6e 67 |gorithms, giving| 00003ae0 20 61 20 76 65 72 79 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 71 75 61 | a very good qua| 00003af0 6c 69 74 79 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d |lity result...==| 00003b00 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00003b10 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 54 72 61 6e 73 66 6f 72 6d 20 |===.= Transform | 00003b20 2d 3e 20 43 72 6f 70 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |-> Crop =.======| 00003b30 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a |===============.| 00003b40 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 |.Clicking on thi| 00003b50 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 77 69 6c |s menu entry wil| 00003b60 6c 20 63 72 6f 70 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d 61 67 65 |l crop the image| 00003b70 2c 20 6c 65 61 76 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 |, leaving only t| 00003b80 68 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 73 0a 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 |he pixels.belong| 00003b90 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 |ing to the selec| 00003ba0 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |tion...=========| 00003bb0 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 3d 0a 3d |==.= Process =.=| 00003bc0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 |==========..This| 00003bd0 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 74 6f 20 61 20 73 75 62 6d | leads to a subm| 00003be0 65 6e 75 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 27 |enu containing '| 00003bf0 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 27 20 66 75 6e 63 |processing' func| 00003c00 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 28 69 2e 65 2e 20 66 75 6e 63 |tions (i.e. func| 00003c10 74 69 6f 6e 73 0a 74 68 61 74 20 72 65 63 61 6c |tions.that recal| 00003c20 63 75 6c 61 74 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 73 27 20 63 |culate pixels' c| 00003c30 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 2c 20 6c 65 61 76 69 6e 67 20 |olours, leaving | 00003c40 74 68 65 69 72 20 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 75 |their position u| 00003c50 6e 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 29 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d |nchanged)...====| 00003c60 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00003c70 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 |=.= Process -> F| 00003c80 69 6c 74 65 72 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |ilter =.========| 00003c90 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 |=============..T| 00003ca0 68 69 73 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 74 6f 20 61 20 73 |his leads to a s| 00003cb0 75 62 6d 65 6e 75 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e |ubmenu containin| 00003cc0 67 20 27 66 69 6c 74 65 72 27 20 66 75 6e 63 74 |g 'filter' funct| 00003cd0 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 41 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 20 66 |ions. A filter f| 00003ce0 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 0a 6c 6f 6f 6b 73 20 61 74 |unction.looks at| 00003cf0 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 69 6e 20 | every pixel in | 00003d00 74 75 72 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 63 61 6c 63 |turn, and recalc| 00003d10 75 6c 61 74 65 73 20 69 74 73 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 |ulates its colou| 00003d20 72 2c 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 69 6e 67 20 74 |r, considering t| 00003d30 68 65 0a 6f 6c 64 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 6f 66 |he.old colour of| 00003d40 20 74 68 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | the pixel and t| 00003d50 68 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 6f 66 20 65 61 |he colours of ea| 00003d60 63 68 20 6f 66 20 69 74 73 20 65 69 67 68 74 20 |ch of its eight | 00003d70 6e 65 69 67 68 62 6f 72 20 70 69 78 65 6c 73 0a |neighbor pixels.| 00003d80 28 69 2e 65 2e 20 74 68 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 73 |(i.e. the pixels| 00003d90 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 27 6e 6f 72 74 68 2d 77 | at the 'north-w| 00003da0 65 73 74 27 2c 20 27 6e 6f 72 74 68 27 2c 20 27 |est', 'north', '| 00003db0 6e 6f 72 74 68 2d 65 61 73 74 27 2c 20 27 77 65 |north-east', 'we| 00003dc0 73 74 27 2c 20 27 65 61 73 74 27 2c 0a 27 73 6f |st', 'east',.'so| 00003dd0 75 74 68 2d 77 65 73 74 27 2c 20 27 73 6f 75 74 |uth-west', 'sout| 00003de0 68 27 20 61 6e 64 20 27 73 6f 75 74 68 2d 65 61 |h' and 'south-ea| 00003df0 73 74 27 20 73 69 64 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |st' side of the | 00003e00 70 69 78 65 6c 20 69 6e 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f |pixel in questio| 00003e10 6e 29 2e 20 41 6e 0a 61 6c 74 65 72 6e 61 74 69 |n). An.alternati| 00003e20 76 65 20 77 61 79 20 6f 66 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 69 6e |ve way of lookin| 00003e30 67 20 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 62 79 20 |g at this is by | 00003e40 69 6d 61 67 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 20 33 78 33 20 |imagining a 3x3 | 00003e50 70 69 78 65 6c 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 6d 6f 76 |pixel window mov| 00003e60 69 6e 67 0a 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d 61 |ing.over the ima| 00003e70 67 65 2c 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 |ge, in which the| 00003e80 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 69 73 | middle pixel is| 00003e90 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 | replaced by the| 00003ea0 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 6f | result colour o| 00003eb0 66 0a 61 20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 |f.a calculation | 00003ec0 69 6e 76 6f 6c 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f |involving the co| 00003ed0 6c 6f 75 72 73 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 |lours of all the| 00003ee0 20 6e 69 6e 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 73 20 69 6e 20 | nine pixels in | 00003ef0 74 68 65 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2e 0a 0a 4e 6f 74 |the window...Not| 00003f00 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6e 65 69 67 |e that some neig| 00003f10 68 62 6f 72 20 70 69 78 65 6c 73 20 6f 66 20 70 |hbor pixels of p| 00003f20 69 78 65 6c 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 69 65 20 |ixels which lie | 00003f30 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 20 62 |at the extreme b| 00003f40 6f 72 64 65 72 73 20 6f 66 0a 74 68 65 20 69 6d |orders of.the im| 00003f50 61 67 65 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 76 61 69 |age are not avai| 00003f60 6c 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 |lable. In these | 00003f70 63 61 73 65 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 73 73 69 |cases, the missi| 00003f80 6e 67 20 6e 65 69 67 68 62 6f 72 20 70 69 78 65 |ng neighbor pixe| 00003f90 6c 20 69 73 0a 61 73 73 75 6d 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |l is.assumed to | 00003fa0 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 |have the colour | 00003fb0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 61 72 65 73 74 20 69 |of the nearest i| 00003fc0 6d 61 67 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 |mage pixel...The| 00003fd0 20 72 65 64 2c 20 67 72 65 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 | red, green and | 00003fe0 62 6c 75 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 |blue colour comp| 00003ff0 6f 6e 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 69 |onents of the pi| 00004000 78 65 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 65 |xels are filtere| 00004010 64 0a 69 6e 64 65 70 65 6e 64 65 6e 74 6c 79 2e |d.independently.| 00004020 0a 0a 4d 6f 73 74 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 73 20 74 |..Most filters t| 00004030 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 73 20 69 |ake the pixels i| 00004040 6e 20 74 68 65 20 33 78 33 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 |n the 3x3 pixel | 00004050 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 |window and multi| 00004060 70 6c 79 20 74 68 65 69 72 0a 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 |ply their.colour| 00004070 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 20 76 61 6c 75 65 | component value| 00004080 73 20 62 79 20 61 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 20 77 68 |s by a factor wh| 00004090 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 |ich is different| 000040a0 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 | depending on th| 000040b0 65 0a 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |e.position of th| 000040c0 65 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 33 |e pixel in the 3| 000040d0 78 33 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2e |x3 pixel window.| 000040e0 20 54 68 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 69 6e 67 20 76 | The resulting v| 000040f0 61 6c 75 65 73 20 61 72 65 0a 61 63 63 75 6d 75 |alues are.accumu| 00004100 6c 61 74 65 64 2e 20 54 68 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d |lated. The accum| 00004110 75 6c 61 74 65 64 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 69 73 20 |ulated value is | 00004120 73 75 62 73 65 71 75 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 64 69 76 |subsequently div| 00004130 69 64 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 74 61 |ided by the tota| 00004140 6c 0a 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e |l.multiplication| 00004150 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 2c 20 79 69 65 6c 64 69 6e | factor, yieldin| 00004160 67 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 |g the new colour| 00004170 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 20 76 61 6c 75 65 | component value| 00004180 2e 20 53 75 63 68 20 61 20 33 78 33 0a 73 65 74 |. Such a 3x3.set| 00004190 20 6f 66 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 69 65 72 73 20 | of multipliers | 000041a0 69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 61 20 27 6b 65 72 |is called a 'ker| 000041b0 6e 65 6c 27 2e 20 4f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |nel'. One of the| 000041c0 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e | filter function| 000041d0 73 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 0a 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 |s allows.you to | 000041e0 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e |specify your own| 000041f0 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | kernel...======| 00004200 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00004210 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 |=======.= Proces| 00004220 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 42 |s -> Filter -> B| 00004230 6c 75 72 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |lur =.==========| 00004240 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00004250 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 74 65 |===..These filte| 00004260 72 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 27 62 |rs all have a 'b| 00004270 6c 75 72 72 69 6e 67 27 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 2e |lurring' effect.| 00004280 0a 0a 4b 65 72 6e 65 6c 73 20 6f 66 20 62 6c 75 |..Kernels of blu| 00004290 72 72 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 73 20 67 65 |rring filters ge| 000042a0 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 20 |nerally consist | 000042b0 65 6e 74 69 72 65 6c 79 20 6f 66 20 70 6f 73 69 |entirely of posi| 000042c0 74 69 76 65 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 2e 0a 54 68 |tive factors..Th| 000042d0 69 73 20 68 61 73 20 61 6e 20 27 61 76 65 72 61 |is has an 'avera| 000042e0 67 69 6e 67 27 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 20 28 74 68 |ging' effect (th| 000042f0 65 20 6e 65 77 20 70 69 78 65 6c 20 69 73 20 74 |e new pixel is t| 00004300 68 65 20 27 77 65 69 67 68 74 65 64 20 61 76 65 |he 'weighted ave| 00004310 72 61 67 65 27 20 6f 66 0a 74 68 65 20 70 69 78 |rage' of.the pix| 00004320 65 6c 20 69 74 73 65 6c 66 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 |el itself and it| 00004330 73 20 6e 65 69 67 68 62 6f 72 20 70 69 78 65 6c |s neighbor pixel| 00004340 73 29 2e 0a 0a 59 6f 75 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 6c |s)...You might l| 00004350 69 6b 65 20 74 6f 20 74 72 79 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e |ike to try makin| 00004360 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e 20 62 6c 75 72 72 |g your own blurr| 00004370 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 73 20 77 69 74 68 |ing filters with| 00004380 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 73 74 6f 6d 20 66 69 6c 74 | the custom filt| 00004390 65 72 0a 28 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 65 6c |er.(described el| 000043a0 73 65 77 68 65 72 65 29 2e 20 41 20 66 65 77 20 |sewhere). A few | 000043b0 74 69 70 73 20 3a 0a 0a 2d 20 54 68 65 20 6c 6f |tips :..- The lo| 000043c0 77 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 27 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 27 |wer the 'middle'| 000043d0 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 72 | factor, the str| 000043e0 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 62 6c 75 72 72 69 |onger the blurri| 000043f0 6e 67 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 20 69 73 2e 0a 2d 20 |ng effect is..- | 00004400 4b 65 65 70 20 74 68 65 20 65 69 67 68 74 20 6e |Keep the eight n| 00004410 65 69 67 68 62 6f 72 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 20 |eighbor factors | 00004420 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 75 |the same for a u| 00004430 6e 69 66 6f 72 6d 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 2e 0a 2d |niform effect..-| 00004440 20 46 6f 72 20 61 20 27 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f | For a 'directio| 00004450 6e 20 73 65 6e 73 69 74 69 76 65 27 20 62 6c 75 |n sensitive' blu| 00004460 72 72 69 6e 67 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 2c 20 75 73 |rring effect, us| 00004470 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 68 |e consistently h| 00004480 69 67 68 65 72 0a 20 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 20 |igher. factors | 00004490 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 27 73 69 64 65 27 20 6f 66 |on one 'side' of| 000044a0 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 63 6f 6d 70 | the kernel comp| 000044b0 61 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 70 6f |ared to the oppo| 000044c0 73 69 74 65 20 27 73 69 64 65 27 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d |site 'side'...==| 000044d0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000044f0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 |======.= Process| 00004500 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 42 6c | -> Filter -> Bl| 00004510 75 72 20 2d 3e 20 41 76 65 72 61 67 65 20 3d 0a |ur -> Average =.| 00004520 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004540 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 75 |========..This u| 00004550 73 65 73 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 |ses a kernel of | 00004560 3a 0a 0a 20 31 20 31 20 31 0a 20 31 20 31 20 31 |:.. 1 1 1. 1 1 1| 00004570 0a 20 31 20 31 20 31 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |. 1 1 1..=======| 00004580 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00004590 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a |===============.| 000045a0 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c |= Process -> Fil| 000045b0 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 42 6c 75 72 20 2d 3e 20 47 |ter -> Blur -> G| 000045c0 61 75 73 73 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |auss =.=========| 000045d0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 000045e0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 |=============..T| 000045f0 68 69 73 20 75 73 65 73 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 |his uses a kerne| 00004600 6c 20 6f 66 20 3a 0a 0a 20 31 20 32 20 31 0a 20 |l of :.. 1 2 1. | 00004610 32 20 34 20 32 0a 20 31 20 32 20 31 0a 0a 3d 3d |2 4 2. 1 2 1..==| 00004620 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00004630 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d |==============.=| 00004640 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 | Process -> Filt| 00004650 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 53 68 61 72 70 65 6e 20 3d 0a |er -> Sharpen =.| 00004660 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004680 0a 0a 54 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 73 20 |..These filters | 00004690 61 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 27 73 68 61 72 |all have a 'shar| 000046a0 70 65 6e 69 6e 67 27 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 2e 0a |pening' effect..| 000046b0 0a 4b 65 72 6e 65 6c 73 20 6f 66 20 73 68 61 72 |.Kernels of shar| 000046c0 70 65 6e 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 73 20 67 |pening filters g| 000046d0 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 |enerally consist| 000046e0 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 6c 79 20 6f 66 20 6e 65 67 | entirely of neg| 000046f0 61 74 69 76 65 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 2c 0a 65 |ative factors,.e| 00004700 78 63 65 70 74 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 |xcept for the mi| 00004710 64 64 6c 65 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 2c 20 77 68 69 |ddle factor, whi| 00004720 63 68 20 69 73 20 70 6f 73 69 74 69 76 65 2e 20 |ch is positive. | 00004730 54 68 65 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 20 6d 75 73 74 |The factors must| 00004740 20 61 64 64 20 75 70 20 74 6f 20 61 0a 74 6f 74 | add up to a.tot| 00004750 61 6c 20 6f 66 20 31 20 6f 72 20 68 69 67 68 65 |al of 1 or highe| 00004760 72 2e 0a 0a 59 6f 75 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 6c 69 |r...You might li| 00004770 6b 65 20 74 6f 20 74 72 79 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 |ke to try making| 00004780 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e 20 73 68 61 72 70 65 | your own sharpe| 00004790 6e 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 73 20 77 69 74 |ning filters wit| 000047a0 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 73 74 6f 6d 0a 66 69 6c |h the custom.fil| 000047b0 74 65 72 20 28 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 65 |ter (described e| 000047c0 6c 73 65 77 68 65 72 65 29 2e 20 41 20 66 65 77 |lsewhere). A few| 000047d0 20 74 69 70 73 20 3a 0a 0a 2d 20 54 68 65 20 6c | tips :..- The l| 000047e0 6f 77 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 27 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 |ower the 'middle| 000047f0 27 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 |' factor, the st| 00004800 72 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 68 61 72 70 |ronger the sharp| 00004810 65 6e 69 6e 67 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 20 69 73 2e |ening effect is.| 00004820 0a 2d 20 4b 65 65 70 20 74 68 65 20 65 69 67 68 |.- Keep the eigh| 00004830 74 20 6e 65 69 67 68 62 6f 72 20 66 61 63 74 6f |t neighbor facto| 00004840 72 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 66 6f 72 20 |rs the same for | 00004850 61 20 75 6e 69 66 6f 72 6d 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 |a uniform effect| 00004860 2e 0a 2d 20 46 6f 72 20 61 20 27 64 69 72 65 63 |..- For a 'direc| 00004870 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 65 6e 73 69 74 69 76 65 27 20 |tion sensitive' | 00004880 73 68 61 72 70 65 6e 69 6e 67 20 65 66 66 65 63 |sharpening effec| 00004890 74 2c 20 75 73 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e |t, use consisten| 000048a0 74 6c 79 20 68 69 67 68 65 72 0a 20 20 66 61 63 |tly higher. fac| 000048b0 74 6f 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 27 73 69 64 |tors on one 'sid| 000048c0 65 27 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c |e' of the kernel| 000048d0 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 | compared to the| 000048e0 20 6f 70 70 6f 73 69 74 65 20 27 73 69 64 65 27 | opposite 'side'| 000048f0 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |...=============| 00004900 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004920 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e |===.= Process ->| 00004930 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 53 68 61 72 70 | Filter -> Sharp| 00004940 65 6e 20 2d 3e 20 53 68 61 72 70 65 6e 20 77 65 |en -> Sharpen we| 00004950 61 6b 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |ak =.===========| 00004960 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004980 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 75 73 65 73 |=====..This uses| 00004990 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 3a 0a 0a | a kernel of :..| 000049a0 20 2d 31 20 2d 31 20 2d 31 0a 20 2d 31 20 32 34 | -1 -1 -1. -1 24| 000049b0 20 2d 31 0a 20 2d 31 20 2d 31 20 2d 31 0a 0a 3d | -1. -1 -1 -1..=| 000049c0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000049f0 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 |=.= Process -> F| 00004a00 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 53 68 61 72 70 65 6e |ilter -> Sharpen| 00004a10 20 2d 3e 20 53 68 61 72 70 65 6e 20 73 74 72 6f | -> Sharpen stro| 00004a20 6e 67 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |ng =.===========| 00004a30 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004a50 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 75 73 |=======..This us| 00004a60 65 73 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 3a |es a kernel of :| 00004a70 0a 0a 20 2d 31 20 2d 31 20 2d 31 0a 20 2d 31 20 |.. -1 -1 -1. -1 | 00004a80 31 36 20 2d 31 0a 20 2d 31 20 2d 31 20 2d 31 0a |16 -1. -1 -1 -1.| 00004a90 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |.===============| 00004aa0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00004ab0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 |============.= P| 00004ac0 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 |rocess -> Filter| 00004ad0 20 2d 3e 20 53 68 61 72 70 65 6e 20 2d 3e 20 4c | -> Sharpen -> L| 00004ae0 61 70 6c 61 63 65 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |aplace =.=======| 00004af0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004b10 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 75 73 65 73 20 |====..This uses | 00004b20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 3a 0a 0a 20 |a kernel of :.. | 00004b30 20 30 20 2d 31 20 20 30 0a 20 2d 31 20 20 35 20 | 0 -1 0. -1 5 | 00004b40 2d 31 0a 20 20 30 20 2d 31 20 20 30 0a 0a 3d 3d |-1. 0 -1 0..==| 00004b50 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004b70 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 |=====.= Process | 00004b80 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 53 68 61 |-> Filter -> Sha| 00004b90 72 70 65 6e 20 2d 3e 20 4c 65 65 20 3d 0a 3d 3d |rpen -> Lee =.==| 00004ba0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004bc0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 64 6f 65 73 |=====..This does| 00004bd0 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 | not use a kerne| 00004be0 6c 20 62 75 74 20 61 20 66 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 20 |l but a formula | 00004bf0 77 68 69 63 68 20 72 65 61 64 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 |which reads like| 00004c00 20 3a 0a 0a 27 54 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 76 61 6c | :..'The new val| 00004c10 75 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 |ue is the maximu| 00004c20 6d 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 |m of the window | 00004c30 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 75 6d 20 6f |or the minimum o| 00004c40 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2c 0a 77 68 |f the window,.wh| 00004c50 69 63 68 65 76 65 72 20 69 73 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 |ichever is close| 00004c60 73 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 |st to the middle| 00004c70 27 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |'...============| 00004c80 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00004c90 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 |==.= Process -> | 00004ca0 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4e 6f 69 73 65 20 |Filter -> Noise | 00004cb0 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |=.==============| 00004cc0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00004cd0 0a 0a 54 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 73 20 |..These filters | 00004ce0 61 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 27 6e 6f 69 73 |all have a 'nois| 00004cf0 65 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 61 6c 27 20 65 66 66 65 63 |e removal' effec| 00004d00 74 2e 20 54 68 65 79 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 75 73 |t. They don't us| 00004d10 65 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 73 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d |e kernels...====| 00004d20 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004d40 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 |========.= Proce| 00004d50 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 |ss -> Filter -> | 00004d60 4e 6f 69 73 65 20 2d 3e 20 4e 6f 69 73 65 20 77 |Noise -> Noise w| 00004d70 65 61 6b 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |eak =.==========| 00004d80 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004da0 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f |==..This does no| 00004db0 74 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 62 |t use a kernel b| 00004dc0 75 74 20 61 20 66 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 20 77 68 69 |ut a formula whi| 00004dd0 63 68 20 72 65 61 64 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 3a 0a |ch reads like :.| 00004de0 0a 27 49 66 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 66 |.'If and only if| 00004df0 20 77 65 73 74 20 69 73 20 65 71 75 61 6c 20 74 | west is equal t| 00004e00 6f 20 65 61 73 74 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 |o east, then the| 00004e10 20 6e 65 77 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 69 73 20 77 65 | new value is we| 00004e20 73 74 27 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |st'...==========| 00004e30 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004e50 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d |====.= Process -| 00004e60 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4e 6f 69 73 |> Filter -> Nois| 00004e70 65 20 2d 3e 20 4e 6f 69 73 65 20 73 74 72 6f 6e |e -> Noise stron| 00004e80 67 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |g =.============| 00004e90 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00004eb0 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f |==..This does no| 00004ec0 74 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 62 |t use a kernel b| 00004ed0 75 74 20 61 20 66 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 20 77 68 69 |ut a formula whi| 00004ee0 63 68 20 72 65 61 64 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 3a 0a |ch reads like :.| 00004ef0 0a 27 49 66 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 66 |.'If and only if| 00004f00 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 6f 66 20 | the maximum of | 00004f10 6e 6f 72 74 68 2c 20 77 65 73 74 2c 20 6d 69 64 |north, west, mid| 00004f20 64 6c 65 2c 20 65 61 73 74 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f |dle, east and so| 00004f30 75 74 68 20 69 73 20 65 71 75 61 6c 0a 74 6f 20 |uth is equal.to | 00004f40 74 68 65 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 28 61 6e 64 20 |the middle (and | 00004f50 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 29 |only the middle)| 00004f60 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 75 6d |, or the minimum| 00004f70 20 6f 66 20 6e 6f 72 74 68 2c 20 77 65 73 74 2c | of north, west,| 00004f80 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 2c 0a 65 61 73 74 20 61 6e | middle,.east an| 00004f90 64 20 73 6f 75 74 68 20 69 73 20 65 71 75 61 6c |d south is equal| 00004fa0 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 28 | to the middle (| 00004fb0 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 64 |and only the mid| 00004fc0 64 6c 65 29 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e |dle), then the n| 00004fd0 65 77 0a 76 61 6c 75 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 |ew.value is the | 00004fe0 61 76 65 72 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 6e 6f 72 74 68 |average of north| 00004ff0 2c 20 77 65 73 74 2c 20 65 61 73 74 20 61 6e 64 |, west, east and| 00005000 20 73 6f 75 74 68 27 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | south'...======| 00005010 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00005020 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 |========.= Proce| 00005030 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 |ss -> Filter -> | 00005040 4f 74 68 65 72 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |Other =.========| 00005050 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00005060 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 |======..These fi| 00005070 6c 74 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c |lters are useful| 00005080 20 66 6f 72 20 27 65 66 66 65 63 74 73 27 2e 0a | for 'effects'..| 00005090 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |.===============| 000050a0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 000050b0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f |==========.= Pro| 000050c0 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d |cess -> Filter -| 000050d0 3e 20 4f 74 68 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4d 61 78 69 6d |> Other -> Maxim| 000050e0 75 6d 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |um =.===========| 000050f0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00005100 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a |==============..| 00005110 54 68 69 73 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 |This does not us| 00005120 65 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 62 75 74 20 61 |e a kernel but a| 00005130 20 66 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 72 | formula which r| 00005140 65 61 64 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 3a 0a 0a 27 54 68 |eads like :..'Th| 00005150 65 20 6e 65 77 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 69 73 20 74 |e new value is t| 00005160 68 65 20 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |he maximum of th| 00005170 65 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 27 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d |e window'...====| 00005180 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000051a0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 |=====.= Process | 000051b0 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4f 74 68 |-> Filter -> Oth| 000051c0 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4d 69 6e 69 6d 75 6d 20 3d 0a |er -> Minimum =.| 000051d0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000051f0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 |=========..This | 00005200 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 6b |does not use a k| 00005210 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 62 75 74 20 61 20 66 6f 72 6d |ernel but a form| 00005220 75 6c 61 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 72 65 61 64 73 20 |ula which reads | 00005230 6c 69 6b 65 20 3a 0a 0a 27 54 68 65 20 6e 65 77 |like :..'The new| 00005240 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 | value is the mi| 00005250 6e 69 6d 75 6d 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 69 6e |nimum of the win| 00005260 64 6f 77 27 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |dow'...=========| 00005270 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00005290 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 |=.= Process -> F| 000052a0 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4f 74 68 65 72 20 2d |ilter -> Other -| 000052b0 3e 20 53 6f 62 65 6c 20 58 2b 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d |> Sobel X+ =.===| 000052c0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000052e0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 75 73 |=======..This us| 000052f0 65 73 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 3a |es a kernel of :| 00005300 0a 0a 20 2d 31 20 30 20 31 0a 20 2d 32 20 30 20 |.. -1 0 1. -2 0 | 00005310 32 0a 20 2d 31 20 30 20 31 0a 0a 46 6f 72 20 74 |2. -1 0 1..For t| 00005320 68 65 20 74 65 63 68 6e 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 6d |he technically m| 00005330 69 6e 64 65 64 20 3a 20 6e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 |inded : note tha| 00005340 74 20 31 32 37 20 69 73 20 61 64 64 65 64 20 74 |t 127 is added t| 00005350 6f 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 65 |o the accumulate| 00005360 64 20 76 61 6c 75 65 0a 28 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 |d value.(before | 00005370 64 69 76 69 73 69 6f 6e 29 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 |division) becaus| 00005380 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 6d 75 6c 74 |e the total mult| 00005390 69 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 61 63 74 6f |iplication facto| 000053a0 72 20 69 73 20 30 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |r is 0...=======| 000053b0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000053d0 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e |===.= Process ->| 000053e0 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4f 74 68 65 72 | Filter -> Other| 000053f0 20 2d 3e 20 53 6f 62 65 6c 20 58 2d 20 3d 0a 3d | -> Sobel X- =.=| 00005400 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00005420 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 |=========..This | 00005430 75 73 65 73 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 6f 66 |uses a kernel of| 00005440 20 3a 0a 0a 20 31 20 30 20 2d 31 0a 20 32 20 30 | :.. 1 0 -1. 2 0| 00005450 20 2d 32 0a 20 31 20 30 20 2d 31 0a 0a 43 6f 6d | -2. 1 0 -1..Com| 00005460 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 61 73 20 66 6f 72 20 27 53 6f |ments as for 'So| 00005470 62 65 6c 20 58 2b 27 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |bel X+'...======| 00005480 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000054a0 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d |====.= Process -| 000054b0 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4f 74 68 65 |> Filter -> Othe| 000054c0 72 20 2d 3e 20 53 6f 62 65 6c 20 59 2b 20 3d 0a |r -> Sobel Y+ =.| 000054d0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000054f0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 |==========..This| 00005500 20 75 73 65 73 20 61 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 6f | uses a kernel o| 00005510 66 20 3a 0a 0a 20 2d 31 20 2d 32 20 2d 31 0a 20 |f :.. -1 -2 -1. | 00005520 20 30 20 20 30 20 20 30 0a 20 20 31 20 20 32 20 | 0 0 0. 1 2 | 00005530 20 31 0a 0a 43 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 61 73 20 | 1..Comments as | 00005540 66 6f 72 20 27 53 6f 62 65 6c 20 58 2b 27 2e 0a |for 'Sobel X+'..| 00005550 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |.===============| 00005560 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00005570 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 |===========.= Pr| 00005580 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 6c 74 65 72 20 |ocess -> Filter | 00005590 2d 3e 20 4f 74 68 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 53 6f 62 65 |-> Other -> Sobe| 000055a0 6c 20 59 2d 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |l Y- =.=========| 000055b0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000055d0 3d 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 75 73 65 73 20 61 20 6b |=..This uses a k| 000055e0 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 3a 0a 0a 20 20 31 20 |ernel of :.. 1 | 000055f0 20 32 20 20 31 0a 20 20 30 20 20 30 20 20 30 0a | 2 1. 0 0 0.| 00005600 20 2d 31 20 2d 32 20 2d 31 0a 0a 43 6f 6d 6d 65 | -1 -2 -1..Comme| 00005610 6e 74 73 20 61 73 20 66 6f 72 20 27 53 6f 62 65 |nts as for 'Sobe| 00005620 6c 20 58 2b 27 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |l X+'...========| 00005630 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 00005650 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 46 69 |.= Process -> Fi| 00005660 6c 74 65 72 20 2d 3e 20 4f 74 68 65 72 20 2d 3e |lter -> Other ->| 00005670 20 43 75 73 74 6f 6d 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | Custom =.======| 00005680 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| * 000056a0 3d 3d 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 |==..Clicking on | 000056b0 74 68 69 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 |this menu entry | 000056c0 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 70 70 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 63 |will apply the c| 000056d0 75 73 74 6f 6d 20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 2e 0a 0a 49 |ustom filter...I| 000056e0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 74 68 61 |n the window tha| 000056f0 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 65 6e 74 72 |t this menu entr| 00005700 79 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 74 6f 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 |y leads to, you | 00005710 63 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f |can enter your o| 00005720 77 6e 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 2e 0a 0a 4e 6f 74 65 |wn kernel...Note| 00005730 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 | that the total | 00005740 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 66 61 |of the kernel fa| 00005750 63 74 6f 72 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 |ctors should be | 00005760 30 20 6f 72 20 68 69 67 68 65 72 2e 20 54 68 65 |0 or higher. The| 00005770 20 2b 31 32 37 0a 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e | +127.correction| 00005780 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 74 6f | factor for a to| 00005790 74 61 6c 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 20 66 61 63 74 6f |tal kernel facto| 000057a0 72 20 6f 66 20 30 20 69 73 20 61 70 70 6c 69 65 |r of 0 is applie| 000057b0 64 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 2e |d automatically.| 000057c0 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |..==============| 000057d0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 |=====.= Process | 000057e0 2d 3e 20 4d 61 73 6b 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |-> Mask =.======| 000057f0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 43 |=============..C| 00005800 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 |licking on this | 00005810 6d 65 6e 75 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |menu entry will | 00005820 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 62 69 74 20 6d 61 |perform a bit ma| 00005830 73 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e |sking operation.| 00005840 0a 0a 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 |..In the window | 00005850 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 65 |that this menu e| 00005860 6e 74 72 79 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 74 6f 2c 20 79 |ntry leads to, y| 00005870 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 61 |ou can specify a| 00005880 20 62 69 74 20 6d 61 73 6b 20 74 6f 20 62 65 0a | bit mask to be.| 00005890 61 70 70 6c 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 72 |applied to the r| 000058a0 65 64 2c 20 67 72 65 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 62 6c |ed, green and bl| 000058b0 75 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 6e |ue colour compon| 000058c0 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 69 78 65 |ents of the pixe| 000058d0 6c 73 2e 20 49 66 20 61 20 6d 61 73 6b 0a 62 69 |ls. If a mask.bi| 000058e0 74 20 69 73 20 30 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 |t is 0, the corr| 000058f0 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 62 69 74 20 6f 66 |esponding bit of| 00005900 20 74 68 65 20 28 38 2d 62 69 74 29 20 63 6f 6c | the (8-bit) col| 00005910 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 20 69 73 |our component is| 00005920 20 66 6f 72 63 65 64 20 74 6f 0a 30 2c 20 65 6c | forced to.0, el| 00005930 73 65 20 28 69 2e 65 2e 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 |se (i.e. if the | 00005940 6d 61 73 6b 20 62 69 74 20 69 73 20 31 29 20 74 |mask bit is 1) t| 00005950 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 69 6e 67 |he corresponding| 00005960 20 62 69 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 63 68 61 6e | bit is not chan| 00005970 67 65 64 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 62 69 74 20 6d 61 |ged...The bit ma| 00005980 73 6b 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65 74 20 73 65 |sk can be set se| 00005990 70 65 72 61 74 65 6c 79 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 |perately for the| 000059a0 20 72 65 64 2c 20 67 72 65 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 | red, green and | 000059b0 62 6c 75 65 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 0a 63 6f 6d 70 |blue colour.comp| 000059c0 6f 6e 65 6e 74 2e 20 54 68 65 20 27 61 72 72 6f |onent. The 'arro| 000059d0 77 27 20 69 63 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 63 |w' icon can be c| 000059e0 6c 69 63 6b 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 6f 67 67 6c 65 |licked to toggle| 000059f0 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 27 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 | between 'connec| 00005a00 74 65 64 27 20 6d 6f 64 65 0a 28 6e 6f 72 6d 61 |ted' mode.(norma| 00005a10 6c 20 61 72 72 6f 77 29 20 61 6e 64 20 27 75 6e |l arrow) and 'un| 00005a20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 27 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 |connected' mode | 00005a30 28 74 77 6f 20 72 65 64 20 63 72 6f 73 73 65 73 |(two red crosses| 00005a40 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 61 72 72 6f 77 29 2e | through arrow).| 00005a50 20 49 6e 0a 27 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 27 20 | In.'connected' | 00005a60 6d 6f 64 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 64 2c 20 67 |mode, the red, g| 00005a70 72 65 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 62 6c 75 65 20 6d 61 |reen and blue ma| 00005a80 73 6b 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 |sks will change | 00005a90 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 2e 20 49 6e 0a 27 75 6e |together. In.'un| 00005aa0 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 27 20 6d 6f 64 65 2c |connected' mode,| 00005ab0 20 74 68 65 79 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 73 65 70 | they change sep| 00005ac0 65 72 61 74 65 6c 79 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 62 69 |erately...The bi| 00005ad0 74 20 6d 61 73 6b 69 6e 67 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 |t masking functi| 00005ae0 6f 6e 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c |on may be useful| 00005af0 20 77 68 65 6e 20 61 6e 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 68 | when an image h| 00005b00 61 73 20 27 6e 6f 69 73 65 27 20 69 6e 20 69 74 |as 'noise' in it| 00005b10 73 0a 6c 6f 77 65 73 74 20 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 |s.lowest colour | 00005b20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 20 62 69 74 73 20 28 |component bits (| 00005b30 65 2e 67 2e 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d |e.g. when the im| 00005b40 61 67 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 74 65 73 20 66 |age originates f| 00005b50 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 73 63 61 6e 6e 65 72 0a 6f 72 |rom a scanner.or| 00005b60 20 64 69 67 69 74 69 7a 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 | digitizer with | 00005b70 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 38 20 62 69 74 73 |less than 8 bits| 00005b80 20 61 63 63 75 72 61 63 79 20 70 65 72 20 63 6f | accuracy per co| 00005b90 6c 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 29 2e |lour component).| 00005ba0 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |..==============| 00005bb0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 3d |==============.=| 00005bc0 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 43 6f 72 72 | Process -> Corr| 00005bd0 65 63 74 20 62 6c 61 63 6b 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d |ect black =.====| 00005be0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00005bf0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 |========..Clicki| 00005c00 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 |ng on this menu | 00005c10 65 6e 74 72 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 65 72 66 6f |entry will perfo| 00005c20 72 6d 20 61 20 62 6c 61 63 6b 20 63 6f 72 72 65 |rm a black corre| 00005c30 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d 61 |ction on the ima| 00005c40 67 65 2c 0a 69 2e 65 2e 20 74 68 65 20 62 6c 61 |ge,.i.e. the bla| 00005c50 63 6b 20 6c 65 76 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |ck level of the | 00005c60 69 6d 61 67 65 20 69 73 20 73 68 69 66 74 65 64 |image is shifted| 00005c70 20 27 75 70 27 20 6f 72 20 27 64 6f 77 6e 27 2e | 'up' or 'down'.| 00005c80 0a 0a 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 |..You can enter | 00005c90 74 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 |the correction f| 00005ca0 61 63 74 6f 72 20 28 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d 61 79 |actor (which may| 00005cb0 20 62 65 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 2d 32 35 35 | be between -255| 00005cc0 20 61 6e 64 20 2b 32 35 35 29 20 69 6e 0a 74 68 | and +255) in.th| 00005cd0 65 20 77 72 69 74 61 62 6c 65 20 69 63 6f 6e 2e |e writable icon.| 00005ce0 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 62 6c 61 63 6b 20 63 6f 72 72 |..The black corr| 00005cf0 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 |ection function | 00005d00 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 77 68 |may be useful wh| 00005d10 65 6e 20 77 68 61 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 |en what should b| 00005d20 65 20 62 6c 61 63 6b 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 69 |e black in the.i| 00005d30 6d 61 67 65 20 69 73 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 |mage is actually| 00005d40 20 61 20 73 68 61 64 65 20 6f 66 20 67 72 65 79 | a shade of grey| 00005d50 2e 0a 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |...=============| 00005d60 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a |===============.| 00005d70 3d 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 2d 3e 20 43 6f 72 |= Process -> Cor| 00005d80 72 65 63 74 20 67 61 6d 6d 61 20 3d 0a 3d 3d 3d |rect gamma =.===| 00005d90 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================| 00005da0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b |=========..Click| 00005db0 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 |ing on this menu| 00005dc0 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 65 72 66 | entry will perf| 00005dd0 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 67 61 6d 6d 61 20 63 6f 72 72 |orm a gamma corr| 00005de0 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6d |ection on the im| 00005df0 61 67 65 2e 0a 0a 47 61 6d 6d 61 20 63 6f 72 72 |age...Gamma corr| 00005e00 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 |ection is needed| 00005e10 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e | when the origin| 00005e20 61 6c 20 69 6d 61 67 65 20 77 61 73 20 73 63 61 |al image was sca| 00005e30 6e 6e 65 64 20 6f 72 20 64 69 67 69 74 69 7a 65 |nned or digitize| 00005e40 64 0a 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 61 72 |d.using a linear| 00005e50 20 73 63 61 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 74 65 6e 73 | scale of intens| 00005e60 69 74 79 20 76 61 6c 75 65 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 |ity values. 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