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F/+HINT6
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron_User_Group » EUG_28.ADF |
| Filename: | F/+HINT6 |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 191A bytes |
| Load address: | 48204556 |
| Exec address: | 32544E49 |
File contents
Given eight adjacent bytes, all represented by a single byte in the bitmap,
the most significant bit in the bitmap byte corresponds to the first code
byte, and the least significant bit to the last code byte.
As an example: the first byte of a relocation bitmap always corresponds to
the JMP and EQUW structure at the beginning of the utility. Assuming that
you have a copyright string (which contains no addresses to be relocated),
the first byte of the bitmap should always be &44. The bit string for this
is:
MSB LSB
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
The first three bits correspond to the three bytes of the JMP instruction.
The second two bytes of the JMP instruction contain the address to jump to,
which must be relocated. The first bit of the two bits for this address is
therefore set. The next two bits correspond to the bitmap offset word. This
remains constant for any load address, so these two bits are zero. The next
two bits are for the assembly address, which will alter as the utility is
relocated, and the first bit is a 1 accordingly. The last bit is for the
first byte of the copyright string; zero since this has no addresses to be
relocated.
The bitmaps for the utilities which are supplied with ViewStore were
generated automatically by an assembler which is not available on the
market. If you are going to write a utility for ViewStore, you must find a
way of generating relocation bitmaps. This could be done in one of three
ways:
1. Generate it by hand
2. Write a program to take an assembled utility and generate the
bitmap
3. Modify an assembler to generate relocation bitmaps
4. Assemble it at two different addresses and write a program to
compare the two resulting code files. Those locations which have changed
need a set bit in the bitmap.
For most people, the last option will be the simplest.
The Utility Environment
Most utilities will want to operate upon existing databases. It is
possible, though, to have a utility which does not operate on existing data,
but creates data, or doesn't act on data at all.
An example of this is the SETUP utility, which creates blank databases. It
doesn't refer to any existing data. Utilities which need to access either
format files or data files must first check that a database has been loaded,
and abort with an error message if there is no loaded database.
This is done by checking the location FILMOD. If FILMOD is non-zero, then a
database is loaded. If zero, there is no database loaded.
The normal sequence of operation will be to load a database in ViewStore,
with the LOAD command. This loads the format file into memory, and locates
the data file. A utility is then started with the UTILITY command. The
utility can read the format file as it requires, and can open and process
the information in the data file. It can use a subset of data identified by
the select file.
Once the utility is running, it can take control of the machine as it needs
to, using the memory available to it, and the ROM routines as required.
Naming of Addresses
In this document, all location and routine addresses will be referred to by
name. Tables of addresses and values are at the end of the document.
You will notice that the names of a block of addresses being with "TEMP".
These locations are available for use by the utility as temporary storage,
but some are used and altered by routines in the ROM.
Temporaries
The numbered temporaries are all either a single byte or two bytes long.
Those from TEMPFD to TEMP05 are all one byte long; those from TEMP06 to
TEMP14 are all two bytes long. The two byte temporaries are used to store
and pass addresses; the single byte temporaries are used to store one byte
quantities.
Often, values are passed to and from routines using temporaries, as well as
registers in the CPU. Many routines "corrupt" certain temporaries; a list
of the temporaries a routine corrupts is given in a summary at the end.
Utilities can use temporaries whenever they wish, but of course their use
must not clash with any routines that you call in the ROM.
Entry Parameters
When the utility is started, the following data is provided:
TEMP14 contains the start address of free main memory
VWSLIM contains the address of the byte after the last free
byte in main memory
VWSLIM will not change while the utility is running, and the utility must
not alter VWSLIM. TEMP14 may be altered by a ROM call, so it is best to
store it somewhere else for later reference.
The utility is called with a JSR instruction, and ViewStore expects the
utility to hand back control, when it is finished, with an RTS instruction.
.start TSX
STX stksav
.
.
.error LDX stksav
TXS
RTS
Zero Page
Zero page is divided up into four areas of different types:
ViewStore variables read only for utilities. Below &50.
Temporaries TEMPFD-TEMP
Floating point FACCxxand FWRKxx. Start at &6B. read/write for
accumulators utilities; if the floating point calls are not used
by the utility. this area can be used as general
workspace.
General workspace VWSXTZ-&8F inclusive.
Language Workspace
LWORK 16 byte parameter block used by ROM
routines.
FBLOCK 27 byte filename work area.
LINBUF 256 byte work area used by one or
two ROM routines.
VWSXTL-VWSITL area used by ISAM index system. Can
be used as general workspace if the
utility is not using indexes.
General workspace VWSITL-&7FF inclusive.
ROM Routines
I will describe the ROM routines in the categories that they fall into. The
routine addresses and parameters are summarised in table 1. All routines
should be called with a JSR instruction, except for CALUTI which should be
called with a JMP instruction, since returning control to the utility is not
usually sensible as the new utility will overwrite the old one in memory.
00000000 0d 47 69 76 65 6e 20 65 69 67 68 74 20 61 64 6a |.Given eight adj| 00000010 61 63 65 6e 74 20 62 79 74 65 73 2c 20 61 6c 6c |acent bytes, all| 00000020 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 | represented by | 00000030 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 62 79 74 65 20 69 6e |a single byte in| 00000040 20 74 68 65 20 62 69 74 6d 61 70 2c 0d 74 68 65 | the bitmap,.the| 00000050 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 73 69 67 6e 69 66 69 63 61 6e | most significan| 00000060 74 20 62 69 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 69 74 |t bit in the bit| 00000070 6d 61 70 20 62 79 74 65 20 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 |map byte corresp| 00000080 6f 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 |onds to the firs| 00000090 74 20 63 6f 64 65 0d 62 79 74 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 |t code.byte, and| 000000a0 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 61 73 74 20 73 69 67 6e 69 | the least signi| 000000b0 66 69 63 61 6e 74 20 62 69 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 |ficant bit to th| 000000c0 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 63 6f 64 65 20 62 79 74 65 |e last code byte| 000000d0 2e 0d 0d 41 73 20 61 6e 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 |...As an example| 000000e0 3a 20 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 79 74 |: the first byt| 000000f0 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 72 65 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f |e of a relocatio| 00000100 6e 20 62 69 74 6d 61 70 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 |n bitmap always | 00000110 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 0d 74 |corresponds to.t| 00000120 68 65 20 4a 4d 50 20 61 6e 64 20 45 51 55 57 20 |he JMP and EQUW | 00000130 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 |structure at the| 00000140 20 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | beginning of th| 00000150 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 2e 20 20 41 73 73 75 |e utility. Assu| 00000160 6d 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 0d 79 6f 75 20 68 61 |ming that.you ha| 00000170 76 65 20 61 20 63 6f 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 73 |ve a copyright s| 00000180 74 72 69 6e 67 20 28 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 6f 6e |tring (which con| 00000190 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6e 6f 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 |tains no address| 000001a0 65 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 72 65 6c 6f 63 61 74 |es to be relocat| 000001b0 65 64 29 2c 0d 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 |ed),.the first b| 000001c0 79 74 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 62 69 74 6d 61 |yte of the bitma| 000001d0 70 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 |p should always | 000001e0 62 65 20 26 34 34 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 62 69 74 |be &44. The bit| 000001f0 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 69 73 | string for this| 00000200 0d 69 73 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4d |.is:.. M| 00000210 53 42 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4c 53 42 0d 0d |SB LSB..| 00000220 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 31 20 30 20 30 | 0 1 0 0| 00000230 20 30 20 31 20 30 20 30 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 66 69 | 0 1 0 0..The fi| 00000240 72 73 74 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 62 69 74 73 20 63 |rst three bits c| 00000250 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 |orrespond to the| 00000260 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 62 79 74 65 73 20 6f 66 20 | three bytes of | 00000270 74 68 65 20 4a 4d 50 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 |the JMP instruct| 00000280 69 6f 6e 2e 20 0d 54 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 |ion. .The second| 00000290 20 74 77 6f 20 62 79 74 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | two bytes of th| 000002a0 65 20 4a 4d 50 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f |e JMP instructio| 000002b0 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 64 |n contain the ad| 000002c0 64 72 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 6a 75 6d 70 20 74 6f |dress to jump to| 000002d0 2c 0d 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 |,.which must be | 000002e0 72 65 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 |relocated. The | 000002f0 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 69 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |first bit of the| 00000300 20 74 77 6f 20 62 69 74 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 | two bits for th| 00000310 69 73 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 20 69 73 0d 74 68 |is address is.th| 00000320 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 20 73 65 74 2e 20 20 54 68 |erefore set. Th| 00000330 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 74 77 6f 20 62 69 74 73 20 |e next two bits | 00000340 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 |correspond to th| 00000350 65 20 62 69 74 6d 61 70 20 6f 66 66 73 65 74 20 |e bitmap offset | 00000360 77 6f 72 64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 0d 72 65 6d 61 69 |word. This.remai| 00000370 6e 73 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 20 66 6f 72 20 |ns constant for | 00000380 61 6e 79 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 |any load address| 00000390 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 74 77 6f 20 62 |, so these two b| 000003a0 69 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 7a 65 72 6f 2e 20 20 54 |its are zero. T| 000003b0 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 0d 74 77 6f 20 62 69 74 73 |he next.two bits| 000003c0 20 61 72 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 73 | are for the ass| 000003d0 65 6d 62 6c 79 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 2c 20 77 |embly address, w| 000003e0 68 69 63 68 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 74 65 72 20 |hich will alter | 000003f0 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 69 |as the utility i| 00000400 73 0d 72 65 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 |s.relocated, and| 00000410 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 69 74 20 69 | the first bit i| 00000420 73 20 61 20 31 20 61 63 63 6f 72 64 69 6e 67 6c |s a 1 accordingl| 00000430 79 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 62 69 74 |y. The last bit| 00000440 20 69 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 0d 66 69 72 73 | is for the.firs| 00000450 74 20 62 79 74 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f |t byte of the co| 00000460 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 3b 20 |pyright string; | 00000470 7a 65 72 6f 20 73 69 6e 63 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 |zero since this | 00000480 68 61 73 20 6e 6f 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 65 73 |has no addresses| 00000490 20 74 6f 20 62 65 0d 72 65 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 | to be.relocated| 000004a0 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 62 69 74 6d 61 70 73 20 66 |...The bitmaps f| 000004b0 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 |or the utilities| 000004c0 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 73 75 70 70 6c | which are suppl| 000004d0 69 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 56 69 65 77 53 74 6f |ied with ViewSto| 000004e0 72 65 20 77 65 72 65 0d 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 |re were.generate| 000004f0 64 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 |d automatically | 00000500 62 79 20 61 6e 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 20 |by an assembler | 00000510 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 76 61 |which is not ava| 00000520 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 0d 6d 61 |ilable on the.ma| 00000530 72 6b 65 74 2e 20 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 |rket. If you ar| 00000540 65 20 67 6f 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 |e going to write| 00000550 20 61 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 66 6f 72 20 56 | a utility for V| 00000560 69 65 77 53 74 6f 72 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 |iewStore, you mu| 00000570 73 74 20 66 69 6e 64 20 61 0d 77 61 79 20 6f 66 |st find a.way of| 00000580 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 72 65 6c 6f | generating relo| 00000590 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 69 74 6d 61 70 73 2e 20 |cation bitmaps. | 000005a0 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 64 | This could be d| 000005b0 6f 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |one in one of th| 000005c0 72 65 65 0d 77 61 79 73 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |ree.ways:.. | 000005d0 20 20 20 31 2e 20 20 20 20 20 47 65 6e 65 72 61 | 1. Genera| 000005e0 74 65 20 69 74 20 62 79 20 68 61 6e 64 0d 20 20 |te it by hand. | 000005f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 2e 20 20 20 20 20 57 72 69 | 2. Wri| 00000600 74 65 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 74 6f 20 |te a program to | 00000610 74 61 6b 65 20 61 6e 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 |take an assemble| 00000620 64 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 61 6e 64 20 67 65 |d utility and ge| 00000630 6e 65 72 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 0d 62 69 74 6d 61 |nerate the.bitma| 00000640 70 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 2e 20 20 20 20 |p. 3. | 00000650 20 4d 6f 64 69 66 79 20 61 6e 20 61 73 73 65 6d | Modify an assem| 00000660 62 6c 65 72 20 74 6f 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 |bler to generate| 00000670 20 72 65 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 69 74 6d | relocation bitm| 00000680 61 70 73 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 2e 20 20 |aps. 4. | 00000690 20 20 20 41 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 20 69 74 20 61 | Assemble it a| 000006a0 74 20 74 77 6f 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 |t two different | 000006b0 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 77 72 |addresses and wr| 000006c0 69 74 65 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 74 6f |ite a program to| 000006d0 0d 63 6f 6d 70 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f |.compare the two| 000006e0 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 64 65 20 | resulting code | 000006f0 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 20 54 68 6f 73 65 20 6c 6f |files. Those lo| 00000700 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 68 61 |cations which ha| 00000710 76 65 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 0d 6e 65 65 64 20 |ve changed.need | 00000720 61 20 73 65 74 20 62 69 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |a set bit in the| 00000730 20 62 69 74 6d 61 70 2e 0d 0d 46 6f 72 20 6d 6f | bitmap...For mo| 00000740 73 74 20 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6c |st people, the l| 00000750 61 73 74 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |ast option will | 00000760 62 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 73 74 2e |be the simplest.| 00000770 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 55 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 45 6e |..The Utility En| 00000780 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 0d 0d 4d 6f 73 74 20 |vironment..Most | 00000790 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 |utilities will w| 000007a0 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 65 20 75 |ant to operate u| 000007b0 70 6f 6e 20 65 78 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 64 61 74 |pon existing dat| 000007c0 61 62 61 73 65 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 0d 70 |abases. It is.p| 000007d0 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 6f 75 67 68 2c |ossible, though,| 000007e0 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 75 74 69 6c 69 | to have a utili| 000007f0 74 79 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f |ty which does no| 00000800 74 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 65 20 6f 6e 20 65 78 69 |t operate on exi| 00000810 73 74 69 6e 67 20 64 61 74 61 2c 0d 62 75 74 20 |sting data,.but | 00000820 63 72 65 61 74 65 73 20 64 61 74 61 2c 20 6f 72 |creates data, or| 00000830 20 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 74 20 61 63 74 20 6f 6e 20 | doesn't act on | 00000840 64 61 74 61 20 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 2e 0d 0d 41 6e |data at all...An| 00000850 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 | example of this| 00000860 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 53 45 54 55 50 20 75 74 | is the SETUP ut| 00000870 69 6c 69 74 79 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 72 65 |ility, which cre| 00000880 61 74 65 73 20 62 6c 61 6e 6b 20 64 61 74 61 62 |ates blank datab| 00000890 61 73 65 73 2e 20 20 49 74 0d 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 |ases. It.doesn'| 000008a0 74 20 72 65 66 65 72 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 79 20 65 |t refer to any e| 000008b0 78 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 64 61 74 61 2e 20 20 55 |xisting data. U| 000008c0 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6e |tilities which n| 000008d0 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 65 69 |eed to access ei| 000008e0 74 68 65 72 0d 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 |ther.format file| 000008f0 73 20 6f 72 20 64 61 74 61 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 |s or data files | 00000900 6d 75 73 74 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 63 68 65 63 6b |must first check| 00000910 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 64 61 74 61 62 61 73 65 | that a database| 00000920 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 6c 6f 61 64 65 64 | has been loaded| 00000930 2c 0d 61 6e 64 20 61 62 6f 72 74 20 77 69 74 68 |,.and abort with| 00000940 20 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 | an error messag| 00000950 65 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f |e if there is no| 00000960 20 6c 6f 61 64 65 64 20 64 61 74 61 62 61 73 65 | loaded database| 00000970 2e 0d 0d 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 |...This is done | 00000980 62 79 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 |by checking the | 00000990 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 46 49 4c 4d 4f 44 2e |location FILMOD.| 000009a0 20 20 49 66 20 46 49 4c 4d 4f 44 20 69 73 20 6e | If FILMOD is n| 000009b0 6f 6e 2d 7a 65 72 6f 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 61 0d |on-zero, then a.| 000009c0 64 61 74 61 62 61 73 65 20 69 73 20 6c 6f 61 64 |database is load| 000009d0 65 64 2e 20 20 49 66 20 7a 65 72 6f 2c 20 74 68 |ed. If zero, th| 000009e0 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 64 61 74 61 62 61 |ere is no databa| 000009f0 73 65 20 6c 6f 61 64 65 64 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 |se loaded...The | 00000a00 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 |normal sequence | 00000a10 6f 66 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c |of operation wil| 00000a20 6c 20 62 65 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 61 20 64 |l be to load a d| 00000a30 61 74 61 62 61 73 65 20 69 6e 20 56 69 65 77 53 |atabase in ViewS| 00000a40 74 6f 72 65 2c 0d 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 4c |tore,.with the L| 00000a50 4f 41 44 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 20 54 68 |OAD command. Th| 00000a60 69 73 20 6c 6f 61 64 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 |is loads the for| 00000a70 6d 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 6d 65 |mat file into me| 00000a80 6d 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 |mory, and locate| 00000a90 73 0d 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2e |s.the data file.| 00000aa0 20 20 41 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 74 | A utility is t| 00000ab0 68 65 6e 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 |hen started with| 00000ac0 20 74 68 65 20 55 54 49 4c 49 54 59 20 63 6f 6d | the UTILITY com| 00000ad0 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 20 54 68 65 0d 75 74 69 6c 69 |mand. The.utili| 00000ae0 74 79 20 63 61 6e 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 |ty can read the | 00000af0 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 61 73 20 69 |format file as i| 00000b00 74 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 |t requires, and | 00000b10 63 61 6e 20 6f 70 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f |can open and pro| 00000b20 63 65 73 73 0d 74 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 |cess.the informa| 00000b30 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 |tion in the data| 00000b40 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 20 49 74 20 63 61 6e 20 75 | file. 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TEMP14 m| 000011a0 61 79 20 62 65 20 61 6c 74 65 72 65 64 20 62 79 |ay be altered by| 000011b0 20 61 20 52 4f 4d 20 63 61 6c 6c 2c 20 73 6f 20 | a ROM call, so | 000011c0 69 74 20 69 73 20 62 65 73 74 20 74 6f 0d 73 74 |it is best to.st| 000011d0 6f 72 65 20 69 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 65 72 65 |ore it somewhere| 000011e0 20 65 6c 73 65 20 66 6f 72 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 | else for later | 000011f0 72 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 |reference...The | 00001200 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 |utility is calle| 00001210 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 4a 53 52 20 69 6e 73 |d with a JSR ins| 00001220 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 56 69 |truction, and Vi| 00001230 65 77 53 74 6f 72 65 20 65 78 70 65 63 74 73 20 |ewStore expects | 00001240 74 68 65 0d 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 68 |the.utility to h| 00001250 61 6e 64 20 62 61 63 6b 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c |and back control| 00001260 2c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 66 69 6e |, when it is fin| 00001270 69 73 68 65 64 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 52 |ished, with an R| 00001280 54 53 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d |TS instruction..| 00001290 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 73 74 61 72 74 20 |. .start | 000012a0 20 54 53 58 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | TSX. | 000012b0 20 20 20 20 20 53 54 58 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | STX | 000012c0 20 20 73 74 6b 73 61 76 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | stksav. | 000012d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 000012e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 0d 20 20 20 | .. | 000012f0 20 20 20 20 20 2e 65 72 72 6f 72 20 20 4c 44 58 | .error LDX| 00001300 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 74 6b 73 61 76 | stksav| 00001310 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | 00001320 20 54 58 53 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | TXS. | 00001330 20 20 20 20 20 52 54 53 0d 0d 5a 65 72 6f 20 50 | RTS..Zero P| 00001340 61 67 65 0d 0d 5a 65 72 6f 20 70 61 67 65 20 69 |age..Zero page i| 00001350 73 20 64 69 76 69 64 65 64 20 75 70 20 69 6e 74 |s divided up int| 00001360 6f 20 66 6f 75 72 20 61 72 65 61 73 20 6f 66 20 |o four areas of | 00001370 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 79 70 65 73 3a |different types:| 00001380 0d 0d 20 20 20 56 69 65 77 53 74 6f 72 65 20 76 |.. ViewStore v| 00001390 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 73 20 20 72 65 61 64 20 6f |ariables read o| 000013a0 6e 6c 79 20 66 6f 72 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 |nly for utilitie| 000013b0 73 2e 20 42 65 6c 6f 77 20 26 35 30 2e 0d 0d 20 |s. Below &50... | 000013c0 20 20 54 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 69 65 73 20 20 20 | Temporaries | 000013d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 45 4d 50 46 44 2d 54 45 | TEMPFD-TE| 000013e0 4d 50 20 0d 20 20 0d 20 20 20 46 6c 6f 61 74 69 |MP . . Floati| 000013f0 6e 67 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 |ng point F| 00001400 41 43 43 78 78 61 6e 64 20 46 57 52 4b 78 78 2e |ACCxxand FWRKxx.| 00001410 20 53 74 61 72 74 20 61 74 20 26 36 42 2e 20 72 | Start at &6B. r| 00001420 65 61 64 2f 77 72 69 74 65 20 66 6f 72 0d 20 20 |ead/write for. | 00001430 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 73 20 20 20 | accumulators | 00001440 20 20 20 20 20 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 3b | utilities;| 00001450 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 61 74 69 6e 67 | if the floating| 00001460 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 63 61 6c 6c 73 20 61 72 65 | point calls are| 00001470 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 64 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | not used. | 00001480 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00001490 20 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 | by the utility| 000014a0 2e 20 74 68 69 73 20 61 72 65 61 20 63 61 6e 20 |. this area can | 000014b0 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 61 73 20 67 65 6e 65 72 |be used as gener| 000014c0 61 6c 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |al . | 000014d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 6f 72 6b | work| 000014e0 73 70 61 63 65 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 47 65 6e 65 72 |space... 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FBLO| 000015b0 43 4b 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |CK | 000015c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 000015d0 20 32 37 20 62 79 74 65 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d | 27 byte filenam| 000015e0 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 61 72 65 61 2e 0d 20 20 20 |e work area.. | 000015f0 4c 49 4e 42 55 46 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |LINBUF | 00001600 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00001610 20 20 20 20 20 32 35 36 20 62 79 74 65 20 77 6f | 256 byte wo| 00001620 72 6b 20 61 72 65 61 20 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 |rk area used by | 00001630 6f 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |one or . | 00001640 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00001660 74 77 6f 20 52 4f 4d 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 |two ROM routines| 00001670 2e 0d 20 20 20 56 57 53 58 54 4c 2d 56 57 53 49 |.. 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General work| 00001760 73 70 61 63 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |space | 00001770 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 56 57 53 49 54 4c 2d | VWSITL-| 00001780 26 37 46 46 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 73 69 76 65 2e 0d |&7FF inclusive..| 00001790 0d 0d 52 4f 4d 20 52 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 0d 0d |..ROM Routines..| 000017a0 49 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 20 |I will describe | 000017b0 74 68 65 20 52 4f 4d 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 |the ROM routines| 000017c0 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 74 65 67 6f 72 69 | in the categori| 000017d0 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 79 20 66 61 6c |es that they fal| 000017e0 6c 20 69 6e 74 6f 2e 20 20 54 68 65 0d 72 6f 75 |l into. The.rou| 000017f0 74 69 6e 65 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 65 73 20 61 |tine addresses a| 00001800 6e 64 20 70 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 73 20 61 72 |nd parameters ar| 00001810 65 20 73 75 6d 6d 61 72 69 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 |e summarised in | 00001820 74 61 62 6c 65 20 31 2e 20 20 41 6c 6c 20 72 6f |table 1. 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