04-03-88/INTRO

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04-03-88/INTRO

This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.

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                           A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF KERMIT
                           ==========================


  This guide  provides a brief description of the Kermit file transfer system:
  it explains what Kermit is,  what it does, and how it does it.  The document
  has  been  adapted from a  user  manual  written  by  Dave Morriss  and  Joe
  Angelosanto of Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland.





  1. INTRODUCTION


  KERMIT  is the name of  a  file  transfer  protocol  developed  at  Columbia
  University Center for Computing Activities  (CUCCA) in New York.  The object
  of such a protocol  is  to  transfer files between two computers with little
  regard  to  the  type of machines  engaging  in  the  transfer.  KERMIT  was
  designed to allow  the transfer of files between mainframe computers and the
  numerous microcomputers that are  to  be  found today in Universities and in
  the commercial world.  The link between  the  two  machines  need  only be a
  standard  asynchronous  communications  line,  of  the  kind that is used to
  attach a terminal to a central computer.

  CUCCA have published full information about KERMIT (reference 1), but retain
  the copyright.  Anyone may implement  KERMIT  on their own machine, but this
  must not be done for  commercial  purposes.   Many  people  have implemented
  versions  of  KERMIT  on  many  different  machines;  micro-computer,  mini-
  computer and mainframe versions have been written.




  2. BASIC PRINCIPLES


  The components required to transfer a  file  between  two  computers,  using
  KERMIT,  are the two computers,  each  with their own KERMIT program,  and a
  data communications line joining them both together.

  One of the KERMIT programs  will  run  on the local machine under the direct
  control of the user.  This machine will normally be a microcomputer, and its
  KERMIT program will have some form of terminal emulation capability to allow
  it to log-on to, and interact with the other machine - the remote computer.

  The remote machine,  usually a  mainframe  or mini,  will also have a KERMIT
  program,  to which you can type commands  from your micro using its terminal
  emulation facility.

  The communication link between the  two  computers  can  be more or less any
  asynchronous  (terminal)  line.  Kermit requires that a CONTROL-A  character
  can get through the communications equipment,  so you may need to adjust the
  characteristics of the line to allow this.


  An Introduction to Kermit                                             Page 1





  A typical KERMIT session would consist of the following steps:

  1.  The local (micro) KERMIT program  is  entered  in  the same way that any
      other program is initiated.

  2.  Any required local configuration is carried out, for example setting the
      line speed for the terminal emulator.

  3.  The terminal emulator is entered, usually with the command CONNECT.

  4.  Using the emulator,  the remote computer is accessed in an identical way
      to the use of a normal terminal and an interactive session is begun.

  5.  The KERMIT program on the remote  host  computer  is  entered,  and  any
      necessary configuration commands issued.

  6.  A file transfer command is issued  to  the  remote KERMIT,  depending on
      whether you intend to send a file to the  remote  computer (in this case
      you tell the remote KERMIT to RECEIVE), or ask it to send a file to your
      local computer (in which case you tell the remote KERMIT to SEND).

  7.  The terminal emulator on the  local  KERMIT  is  then exited by use of a
      'local  escape'   character  sequence.  This puts the local program back
      into the command mode originally entered in step 1.

  8.  A local file transfer command  is  issued.  This will be SEND or RECEIVE
      depending  on the direction the transfer is to  take.  (Naturally,  this
      command will be the opposite of that issued to the remote machine.)

  9.  The file transfer will proceed  under  the  control  of  the  two KERMIT
      programs  until  the  file  has  been completely transferred (or a fatal
      error has occurred).  The local KERMIT will then return to command mode.

  10. Using the terminal emulator part  of  the  local  KERMIT,  the  host  is
      accessed, and the remote KERMIT closed down.  The interactive session is
      then ended and the  local  KERMIT terminated;  the KERMIT session is now
      complete.

  If there are several files  to  be  transferred  between  the local and host
  computers steps 6 to 9 above will have to be repeated.

  Every time a control command is to be issued to the remote KERMIT, the local
  KERMIT must be switched into its terminal emulation mode. To streamline this
  process,  some remote KERMITs can  be  run  in SERVER mode.  A KERMIT server
  will accept commands sent by the local KERMIT across the communications link
  without the local KERMIT having to switch to  terminal emulation mode.  This
  means  that the remote KERMIT can be controlled by  commands  given  to  the
  local KERMIT.

  Not all KERMIT programs offer the same facilities, so the appropriate manual
  should always be checked to  find out what facilities the KERMITs being used
  have.  It is no good, for example,  putting a remote KERMIT into server mode
  if the local KERMIT is not capable of controlling a KERMIT server.







  An Introduction to Kermit                                             Page 2





  3. AN OUTLINE OF THE PROTOCOL


  When information is being transferred  between KERMIT programs it is sent in
  blocks or packets.  A KERMIT packet consists  of  a  sequence  of characters
  comprising  a  header,  followed  by the actual data being communicated, and
  terminated with a trailer.  The header contains  fields  which  define  such
  things as the packet length and packet type.  The trailer contains  a  check
  sequence  which  is  used  by  the receiving KERMIT to determine whether the
  contents of the packet have arrived intact. Further details of the structure
  of a KERMIT packet can be found in Reference 1.

  As each  packet is received  from  the  sending KERMIT it is checked, and if
  correct  the  receiver  sends an  acknowledgment (ACK) packet  to  tell  the
  sender that the packet has been received and that it was intact. Otherwise a
  negative acknowledgment (NAK) packet  is   sent to indicate  a  transmission
  failure, and this prompts the sender to re-transmit the packet.

  The rest of this  section  describes  how  the  KERMITs  go about the actual
  transmission of data. This information may be useful for simple debugging. A
  more detailed look at the structure of a packet is given in appendix A.


  (a) Send-Receive Environment


  When a KERMIT file transmission  is  started,  the  local and remote KERMITs
  exchange initialisation packets.   The packet that starts a file transfer is
  called a 'send-init' packet.  The initialisation packets contain information
  about the facilities that each  KERMIT supports.  The initiator will 'offer'
  its own facilities to the other KERMIT which can either agree, or reply with
  an initialisation packet containing some restrictions.  This  negotiation is
  used   to  determine  such  details  as  the  maximum   packet   size,   the
  start-of-packet  and  end-of-packet  marker  characters,  the  type of check
  sequence, and so forth.

  Once both ends are in agreement  about  the  parameters of the transfer, the
  requested  file  or  files can be transferred (multiple file  transfers  are
  catered for by the protocol). Before any data is sent over the link the name
  of the file must be established.   A file header packet defines the filename
  (and optionally some of the other attributes of the file).   The filename is
  generated by the sender,  often using its own filename syntax.  This name is
  used  by the receiver to construct a filename according to  its  own  syntax
  rules, though  the  KERMIT  user  can  usually  define  the  target filename
  explicitly.  Various  strategies may be used by the receiver to  handle  the
  situation where the  destination  file already exists - data may be appended
  to the file,  it may  over-write the file, or the filename may be altered so
  as to avoid the clash.


  Once the file header packet has been accepted,  the data transfer can begin.
  This  will  proceed  one packet at a  time,  each  packet  being  positively
  acknowledged if received intact,  or negatively acknowledged if corrupted in
  some way.  Multiple consecutive failures will  usually  cause  the  transfer
  to  be  aborted  and an  error  packet to be transmitted,  on the assumption
  that the communications medium is unreliable.  Packets may be re-transmitted
  if acknowledgment is not received within a time limit - a condition known as
  a time-out.  If everything  progresses well,  the transfer will end when the


  An Introduction to Kermit                                             Page 3





  file has been sent.  The  end  of  the  file  is signalled by an end-of-file
  packet  and,  if  there  are no more files to send,  an  end-of-transmission
  packet is sent.  Most KERMIT implementations will allow a series of files to
  be sent in a single transaction,  and the two types of end packet are needed
  for this purpose.


  (b) Server Mode


  The order and type of  packets  sent  during  a  KERMIT  session is slightly
  altered  if the remote KERMIT has been put into server mode.  For  instance,
  the local KERMIT might want to send a command to the remote KERMIT, possibly
  to change some parameter.  This would be done by sending a command packet to
  the server.  However,  the  local and  remote KERMITs may not have exchanged
  information such as packet length, end-of-packet character,  check sequence,
  etc.  (and  even  if  they  had,  some  parameters   might   change  between
  transactions).  To  overcome this potential problem, an init-info  packet is
  sent to the  server  prior  to  most  transactions.  This  type of packet is
  exactly like the initialisation packet and is acknowledged in the  same way,
  but does not cause the server to think that it is about to be sent a file.

  When a local KERMIT,  which  is in  control  of a  remote KERMIT,  wishes to
  receive  a  file (usually achieved by issuing the  GET  command to the local
  KERMIT) it sends an init-info packet then,  once that has been acknowledged,
  an R type packet.  The  R  packet  will indicate to the server that it is to
  send a file,  the name of which will be in the data field of the packet. The
  remote KERMIT will respond to this request in one of two ways.  If it cannot
  find or access the requested file, it will send an  error  packet which will
  contain  an  appropriate  message, otherwise, if all is well, it will send a
  send-init packet and the transfer will continue as in (a) above.

  For the case when the  local  KERMIT  wants  to  SEND a file to a server the
  transfer proceeds as in (a) above without the need for the init-info packet.

  Once a remote KERMIT is  in  server  mode  it  will  only receive packets as
  input, so, in order to reconnect to the remote computer to  end the session,
  it will be necessary to shut down the server first.   This is done by typing
  the  FINISH command to the local KERMIT, which forces a command packet to be
  sent to the remote KERMIT telling it to shut down the server.




















  An Introduction to Kermit                                             Page 4





  APPENDIX A: A CLOSER LOOK AT PACKETS


  This appendix has been included  in order to show what packets actually look
  like, and to offer some sort of starting  point for debugging.  Most KERMITs
  offer  some  sort of debug facility, the output from  which  will  be  in  a
  similar form to  the  example  shown  below.  Reference  1  will give a more
  detailed description of the structure of a packet than will be given here.

  The example used here was  carried  out  between  a mini and a micro system.
  The  mini KERMIT was  put  into server mode and, after escaping  back to the
  micro, the file transfer was initiated by the command,

         GET KERMTEST1

  This command is a request to the mini KERMIT to send the file KERMTEST1.

  The packets were recorded during  the  transfer  by  the micro KERMIT  debug
  facility,  which  outputs the contents of all packets, sent and received, to
  the printer. Each packet is prefixed with either TX: or RX: when sent to the
  printer to indicate whether the packet is being transmitted or received.

  The packets sent were as follows:

  (a)    TX:+ I~> @-#&18<OD>
  (b)    RX:, Yn% @-#&1~_<OD>

  (c)    TX:, RKERMTEST1[<OD>
  (d)    RX:, Sn% @-#&1~Y<OD>
  (e)    TX:+ Y~> @-#&1H<OD>

  (f)    RX:+!FKERMTEST!<OD>
  (g)    TX:#!Y?<OD>

  (h)    RX:z"Dthis is a test file to show#M#Jwhat packets look like when#M#J
         data is being transmitted(<OD>
  (i)    TX:#"Y@<OD>

  (j)    RX:6#D by #M#JKERMIT.#M#JM<OD>
  (k)    TX:##YA<OD>

  (l)    RX:#$ZC<OD>
  (m)    TX:#$YB<OD>

  (n)    RX:#%B,<OD>
  (o)    TX:#%YC<OD>

  (p)    TX:$ GF4<OD>
  (q)    RX:# Y><OD>



  The first three characters of  each  packet  make up the header and indicate
  the size of the packet, the packet number,  and  the  type  of  the  packet,
  respectively.  The  <OD>  at  the  end  of  each packet is the end-of-packet
  indicator (in this case a carriage return). The character immediately before
  the  <OD>  is  a  checksum character.  (The algorithm  used  for  coding the
  checksum can be found in reference 1.)


  An Introduction to Kermit                                             Page 5





  The characters between the header  and  the  checksum  character make up the
  data field.

  The packet types used in this transfer,  indicated by the third character of
  the packet, were as follows:

         I   init-info.
         Y   acknowledgment
         R   R type
         S   send-init.
         F   file header
         D   data
         Z   end-of-file
         B   end-of-transfer
         G   KERMIT command


  Packet (a), an init-info packet,  was sent by the micro prior to sending the
  request for a file.  The mini acknowledged this packet in the usual way. The
  exchange of these two packets is necessary to establish what facilities each
  KERMIT has.

  Packet (c) was the request from the micro to the mini for the file KERMTEST1
  and is an R type packet.  The mini  initiated  the file  transfer by sending
  a send-init packet, packet (d), which the micro in turn acknowledged. (Note:
  packets (a) and (b) are very similar  to packets (d) and (e).  In both cases
  information was being exchanged about the facilities that each KERMIT had to
  offer.  See reference 1 for more details.)

  From packet (f) to packet  (o) the pattern of 'receive data then acknowledge
  it'  was repeated until the transfer  was  complete.  Packets  (h)  and  (j)
  contain the actual contents of the file being transferred. The '#M#J' string
  in the  data  field of these packets indicate the carriage returns  and line
  feeds in the file.  The  reason  for  this representation is that the KERMIT
  protocol  only  allows  printable  characters to be used  in  packets  (i.e.
  characters with ASCII values between 32 and 126 inclusive).

  Prior to the start of  the  file  transfer  (packets (a) to (c)), the packet
  number  remained  at  0  (represented by a space).  After this however,  the
  packet  number  was  incremented  by 1 for each packet that was successfully
  transferred.  The acknowledgment packets from the micro have the same packet
  number as the packet that was being acknowledged. The packet number is coded
  into a single character,  based  on ASCII values, according to the algorithm
  set down in reference 1.


  Packets (l) and (n) were sent to signify the end-of-file and end-of-transfer
  respectively and contain no data.

  Packet (p) was not part  of  the  file  transfer,  but  was a KERMIT command
  packet,  which  resulted  from the FINISH command given to the micro KERMIT.
  The data field of  the  KERMIT  command  packet  contained  a  single letter
  command, in this case an F, indicating to the mini KERMIT  that  it  was  to
  shut  down  its  server.   Packet (q) was an acknowledgment to this command.
  Note that the packet number  was  set back to 0 since these two packets were
  not part of the file transfer.




  An Introduction to Kermit                                             Page 6





  APPENDIX B : REFERENCES


  [1]  KERMIT Protocol Manual (Sixth  Edition).  Frank da Cruz, Columbia
       University Center for Computing Activities New York, N.Y. 10027.

       The same information is covered in a more informal way, with far more
       in the way of explanation and example, in

       "Kermit : A File Transfer Protocol" by Frank da Cruz (pub. Digital Press)




  APPENDIX C : WHERE TO GET KERMIT


  Kermit programs are available on  many  bulletin board systems and from user
  groups.  There are a few centres that can provide all known implementations,
  as follows:

  a. World-Wide Distribution

                 Kermit Distribution
                 Columbia University Center for Computing Activities
                 7th Floor
                 612 West 115th Street
                 New York
                 NY 10025
                 United States

  b. Distribution in the UK and Ireland only

                 Kermit Distribution
                 Department of Computing
                 Computer Centre
                 Lancaster University
                 Lancaster LA1 4YW
                 United Kingdom





















  An Introduction to Kermit                                             Page 7

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*
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000023f0  20 41 6e 20 49 6e 74 72  6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e  | An Introduction|
00002400  20 74 6f 20 4b 65 72 6d  69 74 20 20 20 20 20 20  | to Kermit      |
00002410  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00002430  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50  61 67 65 20 33 0d 0a 0d  |       Page 3...|
00002440  0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d  0a 20 20 66 69 6c 65 20  |.........  file |
00002450  68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e  20 73 65 6e 74 2e 20 20  |has been sent.  |
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000024d0  61 6e 20 20 65 6e 64 2d  6f 66 2d 74 72 61 6e 73  |an  end-of-trans|
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00002bf0  20 46 6f 72 20 74 68 65  20 63 61 73 65 20 77 68  | For the case wh|
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00002c10  45 52 4d 49 54 20 20 77  61 6e 74 73 20 20 74 6f  |ERMIT  wants  to|
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00002d60  66 69 72 73 74 2e 20 20  20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73  |first.   This is|
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00002e10  0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a  0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a  |................|
*
00002e30  0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a  0d 0a 20 20 41 6e 20 49  |..........  An I|
00002e40  6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74  69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 4b  |ntroduction to K|
00002e50  65 72 6d 69 74 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |ermit           |
00002e60  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00002e80  20 20 50 61 67 65 20 34  0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a  |  Page 4........|
00002e90  0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 41 50  50 45 4e 44 49 58 20 41  |....  APPENDIX A|
00002ea0  3a 20 41 20 43 4c 4f 53  45 52 20 4c 4f 4f 4b 20  |: A CLOSER LOOK |
00002eb0  41 54 20 50 41 43 4b 45  54 53 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a  |AT PACKETS......|
00002ec0  20 20 54 68 69 73 20 61  70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20  |  This appendix |
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00002ee0  64 20 20 69 6e 20 6f 72  64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 73  |d  in order to s|
00002ef0  68 6f 77 20 77 68 61 74  20 70 61 63 6b 65 74 73  |how what packets|
00002f00  20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c  79 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 0d 0a  | actually look..|
00002f10  20 20 6c 69 6b 65 2c 20  61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 6f  |  like, and to o|
00002f20  66 66 65 72 20 73 6f 6d  65 20 73 6f 72 74 20 6f  |ffer some sort o|
00002f30  66 20 73 74 61 72 74 69  6e 67 20 20 70 6f 69 6e  |f starting  poin|
00002f40  74 20 66 6f 72 20 64 65  62 75 67 67 69 6e 67 2e  |t for debugging.|
00002f50  20 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 4b  45 52 4d 49 54 73 0d 0a  |  Most KERMITs..|
00002f60  20 20 6f 66 66 65 72 20  20 73 6f 6d 65 20 20 73  |  offer  some  s|
00002f70  6f 72 74 20 6f 66 20 64  65 62 75 67 20 66 61 63  |ort of debug fac|
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000030f0  20 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 2c  20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c  |  micro, the fil|
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*
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00003f80  6c 65 20 63 68 61 72 61  63 74 65 72 2c 20 20 62  |le character,  b|
00003f90  61 73 65 64 20 20 6f 6e  20 41 53 43 49 49 20 76  |ased  on ASCII v|
00003fa0  61 6c 75 65 73 2c 20 61  63 63 6f 72 64 69 6e 67  |alues, according|
00003fb0  20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20  61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 68  | to the algorith|
00003fc0  6d 0d 0a 20 20 73 65 74  20 64 6f 77 6e 20 69 6e  |m..  set down in|
00003fd0  20 72 65 66 65 72 65 6e  63 65 20 31 2e 0d 0a 0d  | reference 1....|
00003fe0  0a 0d 0a 20 20 50 61 63  6b 65 74 73 20 28 6c 29  |...  Packets (l)|
00003ff0  20 61 6e 64 20 28 6e 29  20 77 65 72 65 20 73 65  | and (n) were se|
00004000  6e 74 20 74 6f 20 73 69  67 6e 69 66 79 20 74 68  |nt to signify th|
00004010  65 20 65 6e 64 2d 6f 66  2d 66 69 6c 65 20 61 6e  |e end-of-file an|
00004020  64 20 65 6e 64 2d 6f 66  2d 74 72 61 6e 73 66 65  |d end-of-transfe|
00004030  72 0d 0a 20 20 72 65 73  70 65 63 74 69 76 65 6c  |r..  respectivel|
00004040  79 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f  6e 74 61 69 6e 20 6e 6f  |y and contain no|
00004050  20 64 61 74 61 2e 0d 0a  0d 0a 20 20 50 61 63 6b  | data.....  Pack|
00004060  65 74 20 28 70 29 20 77  61 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 70  |et (p) was not p|
00004070  61 72 74 20 20 6f 66 20  20 74 68 65 20 20 66 69  |art  of  the  fi|
00004080  6c 65 20 20 74 72 61 6e  73 66 65 72 2c 20 20 62  |le  transfer,  b|
00004090  75 74 20 20 77 61 73 20  61 20 4b 45 52 4d 49 54  |ut  was a KERMIT|
000040a0  20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64  0d 0a 20 20 70 61 63 6b  | command..  pack|
000040b0  65 74 2c 20 20 77 68 69  63 68 20 20 72 65 73 75  |et,  which  resu|
000040c0  6c 74 65 64 20 20 66 72  6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 46  |lted  from the F|
000040d0  49 4e 49 53 48 20 63 6f  6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 67 69  |INISH command gi|
000040e0  76 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 74  68 65 20 6d 69 63 72 6f  |ven to the micro|
000040f0  20 4b 45 52 4d 49 54 2e  0d 0a 20 20 54 68 65 20  | KERMIT...  The |
00004100  64 61 74 61 20 66 69 65  6c 64 20 6f 66 20 20 74  |data field of  t|
00004110  68 65 20 20 4b 45 52 4d  49 54 20 20 63 6f 6d 6d  |he  KERMIT  comm|
00004120  61 6e 64 20 20 70 61 63  6b 65 74 20 20 63 6f 6e  |and  packet  con|
00004130  74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 20  61 20 20 73 69 6e 67 6c  |tained  a  singl|
00004140  65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72  0d 0a 20 20 63 6f 6d 6d  |e letter..  comm|
00004150  61 6e 64 2c 20 69 6e 20  74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73  |and, in this cas|
00004160  65 20 61 6e 20 46 2c 20  69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 69  |e an F, indicati|
00004170  6e 67 20 74 6f 20 74 68  65 20 6d 69 6e 69 20 4b  |ng to the mini K|
00004180  45 52 4d 49 54 20 20 74  68 61 74 20 20 69 74 20  |ERMIT  that  it |
00004190  20 77 61 73 20 20 74 6f  0d 0a 20 20 73 68 75 74  | was  to..  shut|
000041a0  20 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 20  69 74 73 20 20 73 65 72  |  down  its  ser|
000041b0  76 65 72 2e 20 20 20 50  61 63 6b 65 74 20 28 71  |ver.   Packet (q|
000041c0  29 20 77 61 73 20 61 6e  20 61 63 6b 6e 6f 77 6c  |) was an acknowl|
000041d0  65 64 67 6d 65 6e 74 20  74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20  |edgment to this |
000041e0  63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e  0d 0a 20 20 4e 6f 74 65  |command...  Note|
000041f0  20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68  65 20 70 61 63 6b 65 74  | that the packet|
00004200  20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20  20 77 61 73 20 20 73 65  | number  was  se|
00004210  74 20 62 61 63 6b 20 74  6f 20 30 20 73 69 6e 63  |t back to 0 sinc|
00004220  65 20 74 68 65 73 65 20  74 77 6f 20 70 61 63 6b  |e these two pack|
00004230  65 74 73 20 77 65 72 65  0d 0a 20 20 6e 6f 74 20  |ets were..  not |
00004240  70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65  |part of the file|
00004250  20 74 72 61 6e 73 66 65  72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a  | transfer.......|
00004260  0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 41 6e  20 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75  |....  An Introdu|
00004270  63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f  20 4b 65 72 6d 69 74 20  |ction to Kermit |
00004280  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
000042a0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 50 61 67 65  |            Page|
000042b0  20 36 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a  0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20  | 6............  |
000042c0  41 50 50 45 4e 44 49 58  20 42 20 3a 20 52 45 46  |APPENDIX B : REF|
000042d0  45 52 45 4e 43 45 53 0d  0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 5b  |ERENCES......  [|
000042e0  31 5d 20 20 4b 45 52 4d  49 54 20 50 72 6f 74 6f  |1]  KERMIT Proto|
000042f0  63 6f 6c 20 4d 61 6e 75  61 6c 20 28 53 69 78 74  |col Manual (Sixt|
00004300  68 20 20 45 64 69 74 69  6f 6e 29 2e 20 20 46 72  |h  Edition).  Fr|
00004310  61 6e 6b 20 64 61 20 43  72 75 7a 2c 20 43 6f 6c  |ank da Cruz, Col|
00004320  75 6d 62 69 61 0d 0a 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 55 6e  |umbia..       Un|
00004330  69 76 65 72 73 69 74 79  20 43 65 6e 74 65 72 20  |iversity Center |
00004340  66 6f 72 20 43 6f 6d 70  75 74 69 6e 67 20 41 63  |for Computing Ac|
00004350  74 69 76 69 74 69 65 73  20 4e 65 77 20 59 6f 72  |tivities New Yor|
00004360  6b 2c 20 4e 2e 59 2e 20  31 30 30 32 37 2e 0d 0a  |k, N.Y. 10027...|
00004370  0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 54 68 65 20 73 61 6d  |..       The sam|
00004380  65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d  61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73  |e information is|
00004390  20 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64  20 69 6e 20 61 20 6d 6f  | covered in a mo|
000043a0  72 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72  6d 61 6c 20 77 61 79 2c  |re informal way,|
000043b0  20 77 69 74 68 20 66 61  72 20 6d 6f 72 65 0d 0a  | with far more..|
000043c0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69  6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 61  |       in the wa|
000043d0  79 20 6f 66 20 65 78 70  6c 61 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e  |y of explanation|
000043e0  20 61 6e 64 20 65 78 61  6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 6e  | and example, in|
000043f0  0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 22 4b 65 72 6d  |....       "Kerm|
00004400  69 74 20 3a 20 41 20 46  69 6c 65 20 54 72 61 6e  |it : A File Tran|
00004410  73 66 65 72 20 50 72 6f  74 6f 63 6f 6c 22 20 62  |sfer Protocol" b|
00004420  79 20 46 72 61 6e 6b 20  64 61 20 43 72 75 7a 20  |y Frank da Cruz |
00004430  28 70 75 62 2e 20 44 69  67 69 74 61 6c 20 50 72  |(pub. Digital Pr|
00004440  65 73 73 29 0d 0a 0d 0a  0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20  |ess)..........  |
00004450  41 50 50 45 4e 44 49 58  20 43 20 3a 20 57 48 45  |APPENDIX C : WHE|
00004460  52 45 20 54 4f 20 47 45  54 20 4b 45 52 4d 49 54  |RE TO GET KERMIT|
00004470  0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20  4b 65 72 6d 69 74 20 70  |......  Kermit p|
00004480  72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20  61 72 65 20 61 76 61 69  |rograms are avai|
00004490  6c 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 6e  20 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 20  |lable on  many  |
000044a0  62 75 6c 6c 65 74 69 6e  20 62 6f 61 72 64 20 73  |bulletin board s|
000044b0  79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 61  6e 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20  |ystems and from |
000044c0  75 73 65 72 0d 0a 20 20  67 72 6f 75 70 73 2e 20  |user..  groups. |
000044d0  20 54 68 65 72 65 20 61  72 65 20 61 20 66 65 77  | There are a few|
000044e0  20 63 65 6e 74 72 65 73  20 74 68 61 74 20 63 61  | centres that ca|
000044f0  6e 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64  65 20 61 6c 6c 20 6b 6e  |n provide all kn|
00004500  6f 77 6e 20 69 6d 70 6c  65 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69  |own implementati|
00004510  6f 6e 73 2c 0d 0a 20 20  61 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f  |ons,..  as follo|
00004520  77 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20  20 61 2e 20 57 6f 72 6c  |ws:....  a. Worl|
00004530  64 2d 57 69 64 65 20 44  69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74  |d-Wide Distribut|
00004540  69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |ion....         |
00004550  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  4b 65 72 6d 69 74 20 44  |        Kermit D|
00004560  69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74  69 6f 6e 0d 0a 20 20 20  |istribution..   |
00004570  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6f  |              Co|
00004580  6c 75 6d 62 69 61 20 55  6e 69 76 65 72 73 69 74  |lumbia Universit|
00004590  79 20 43 65 6e 74 65 72  20 66 6f 72 20 43 6f 6d  |y Center for Com|
000045a0  70 75 74 69 6e 67 20 41  63 74 69 76 69 74 69 65  |puting Activitie|
000045b0  73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |s..             |
000045c0  20 20 20 20 37 74 68 20  46 6c 6f 6f 72 0d 0a 20  |    7th Floor.. |
000045d0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
000045e0  36 31 32 20 57 65 73 74  20 31 31 35 74 68 20 53  |612 West 115th S|
000045f0  74 72 65 65 74 0d 0a 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |treet..         |
00004600  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  4e 65 77 20 59 6f 72 6b  |        New York|
00004610  0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |..              |
00004620  20 20 20 4e 59 20 31 30  30 32 35 0d 0a 20 20 20  |   NY 10025..   |
00004630  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 55 6e  |              Un|
00004640  69 74 65 64 20 53 74 61  74 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20  |ited States.... |
00004650  20 62 2e 20 44 69 73 74  72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e  | b. Distribution|
00004660  20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20  55 4b 20 61 6e 64 20 49  | in the UK and I|
00004670  72 65 6c 61 6e 64 20 6f  6e 6c 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20  |reland only.... |
00004680  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
00004690  4b 65 72 6d 69 74 20 44  69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74  |Kermit Distribut|
000046a0  69 6f 6e 0d 0a 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |ion..           |
000046b0  20 20 20 20 20 20 44 65  70 61 72 74 6d 65 6e 74  |      Department|
000046c0  20 6f 66 20 43 6f 6d 70  75 74 69 6e 67 0d 0a 20  | of Computing.. |
000046d0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
000046e0  43 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72  20 43 65 6e 74 72 65 0d  |Computer Centre.|
000046f0  0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |.               |
00004700  20 20 4c 61 6e 63 61 73  74 65 72 20 55 6e 69 76  |  Lancaster Univ|
00004710  65 72 73 69 74 79 0d 0a  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |ersity..        |
00004720  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 4c 61 6e 63 61 73 74  |         Lancast|
00004730  65 72 20 4c 41 31 20 34  59 57 0d 0a 20 20 20 20  |er LA1 4YW..    |
00004740  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 55 6e 69  |             Uni|
00004750  74 65 64 20 4b 69 6e 67  64 6f 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d  |ted Kingdom.....|
00004760  0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d  0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d  |................|
*
00004780  0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20  20 41 6e 20 49 6e 74 72  |.......  An Intr|
00004790  6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e  20 74 6f 20 4b 65 72 6d  |oduction to Kerm|
000047a0  69 74 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |it              |
000047b0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
000047c0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50  |               P|
000047d0  61 67 65 20 37 0d 0a 0d  0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a     |age 7..........|
000047df

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