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!Fractal Interfaces Last updated 21/03/92
=================== ---------------------
This document describes the !Fractal interfaces and is provided for
programmers wanting to add their own routines to !Fractal. Fractal functions
can be programmed for !Fractal in ARM assembler, C or a mixture of both. To
use C contact Mike Curnow to obtain the necessary source. For ARM assembler
all the necessary material is provided, including FPlib and some complete
sample source skeletons to get you quickly under way.
To get the best from !Fractal you will need a C compiler - either Acorn's or
Beebug's. Assembler routines have access to a subset of the functionality of
C because BASIC's ARM assembler does not produce object files. Also writing
C routines for !Fractal is a lot easier than doing it in Assembler!
The first part of this document contains information relevant to ARM and C,
and is followed by language specific details. It is biased towards C because
this document is the central reference to !Fractal's internal operation.
To get your routine added permanently to !Fractal send the source and
program documentation to Mike Curnow. The source is necessary to enable the
routine to be re-compiled as !Fractal changes. You will receive full credit
for your work.
Overview
========
!Fractal provides the main Wimp interfaces and common processing routines.
Fractal specific functions need only be concerned with generating the image.
However optional interfaces are available to access the Wimp environment to
allow more sophisticated fractal routines to be developed.
In all cases it is essential to use only the provided interfaces and
material. If you require additional functionality and support contact Mike
Curnow so that the requirement can be reviewed and added to !Fractal. It is
also essential to make your routines as maintainable as possible by using
variables and symbolic definitions rather than hard coding values that may
need to be changed at a later date.
!Fractal drives function routines by notifying them of desktop events in a
simplified manner. A control block is used to pass data to and from
!Fractal.
Plotting
========
The main purpose of your routine is to generate an image. Images are always
in 256 colour mode, but may be of any size and x/y resolution (ie. any 256
colour mode). !Fractal provides image details to allow your routine cope
with this - do not however try to obtain mode variables yourself because the
image mode and screen modes can be different.
Your routine is not aware if it is plotting to the screen or to a sprite,
but it can use either direct memory access (the quickest) or the standard
VDU calls such as OS_Plot. The VDU calls not acceptable are MODE change,
palette change, etc. You should use the provided palette table to convert
your logical colour into a VDU colour (more info later).
When the plot_ded flag is on, you may plot until a menu mouse click is
detected or plotting is complete. Alternatively, and when plot_ded is off,
you must return to !Fractal at frequent intervals (say 1/20 second) to allow
desktop multi-tasking.
Zooming And Panning:
Where possible you should allow for zooming and re-positioning of your
image. !Fractal contains some support for this (define your function with
fZoom support), but your routine will need to handle the magnification and
offset. The x0,y0,w and h variables are assumed by !Fractal to represent the
following values:
______
| | \
| | h The units are whatever is relevant to your function
y0_|______| /
|<- w ->
x0
For functions such as Mandelbrots, zooming is handled by calculating the x &
y delta values for each screen pixel:
delta_x=w/im_w delta_y=h/im_h
where im_w and im_h are the width and height of the image in pixels.
For functions which use VDU plotting using OS_Units, the variables above
should be some imaginary internal plotting units. To convert your units to
OS_units the following scalars need to be calculated:
scalar_x=(initial w/w)*(im_osx/initial w) Nb. brackets not really
scalar_y=(initial h/h)*(im_osy/initial h) necessary
To plot a point you then use PLOT func,x*scalar_x,y*scalar_y where x & y
have been calculated by your program in internal units.
The easiest way to support panning is to define the graphics origin prior to
plotting. A suitable algorithm would be:
ORIGIN (initial x0-x0)*scalar_x,(initial y0-y0)*scalar_y
See the Sample assembler routine for an example of the above calculations.
By selecting appropriate units you can reduce the calculations to:
scalar_x=im_osx/w
scalar_y=im_osx/y
ORIGIN -x0*scalar_x,-y0*scalar_y
Using such calculations helps to provide mode independence.
X/Y Pixel Plotting: Mandelbrot type functions calculate the colour of each
individual pixel. To support this !Fractal provides a fast X/Y plotter which
calls your function for each pixel to be plotted. Full details are given
later.
Speed: where possible, provide speed ups. The Mandelbrot function for
example uses three different routines, depending on the current zoom level.
At lower zoom levels it uses integer arithmetic to speed up the generation
process.
Colours and Palette: In 256 colour modes there are logical colours (as used
by GCOL + TINT) and physical colours (as stored on screen). !Fractal uses
physical colours in its palette handling. Thus colour 0 (black) means low or
not plottable, and 255 is high or maximum value. For functions such as
Mandelbrots the colour is the number of iterations used.
If you want physical colours 0-255 and use GCOL/TINT, then you should use the
provided palette translate table (field im.pall) to translate your colour
into the GCOL/TINT value. The table im.palp converts a logical colour number
into its physical equivalent, whilst im.prgb converts a number in BBGGRRTT
format to its physical equivalent.
---------------------------------------------------------
| Note: in the following notes NIY=Not Implemented Yet. |
---------------------------------------------------------
Function Definition
===================
Each fractal function is defined by the following function block.
mname (12 byte string): The unique name of the fractal function as shown in
the menu. RiscOS file naming conventions apply, ie
no spaces or periods etc.
fcall (4 byte pointer): Address of the function entry point.
ft (4 byte flags) : The function type. Flag settings are given below.
xyrtn (4 byte pointer): Address of your x/y plotter, if supported.
nvars (4 byte integer): Number of editable function variables. May be 0.
vsize (4 byte integer): Total size of variables from 0-3500 bytes.
wsize (4 byte integer): Size of work area required, if any
d (4 byte pointer): Address of work area provided by !Fractal
vars (AFG2 format) : 0 or more variables used to generate the image.
vname (array of 12 byte strings): Names of the editable variables.
The variables are stored with the sprite image. Editable variables are those
accessible from the Image->Data menu. The function may have other variables
which are not editable from this menu entry. The editable variables must
come first, followed by the rest. After this comes an array containing the
names of the variables as used in the Image->Data dialogue box.
AFG2 variables are stored word aligned as follows:
t: variable type - 3=float, 4=integer, 8=double, 128=string
a: array count. 0=none, >0 means this variable is repeated +a times, but
with only one AFG header. (Not supported for editable variables or
strings).
s: variable size excluding header, but including all array elements.
For strings this is the maximum string length. Strings should be
terminated with a zero byte.
d: the data itself, word aligned.
Function Types
--------------
These flags settings describe the function to !Fractal.
fZoom :Zoomable function. The variables x0,y0,w & h must be the first
4 variables of the function and must be type double (floating point). x0,y0
are the values of the bottom left of the screen, w=width and h=height. The
values themselves are dependent on the function. !Fractal will automatically
update these variables when a user zooms and pans around the image.
fInf :Infinite function. The function continues plotting until the user
selects Stop from the menu.
fnoclear:When on, the prior will not be cleared on a redraw. A function can
turn his on and off as required. This allows composite images to be created.
fxy :The function uses x/y pixel plotting. See the X/Y Plotting Driver
for full details.
fe.... flags enable the related !Fractal function call:
femenu :The function has it's own menu structure to be added to the main
menu.
fesprlod:The function will accept sprite file loads.
feptr :Wimp pointer entering/leaving window events are required by the
function. NIY
fekeyinp:Wimp key press events are supported by the function.
fedatald:Function can accept data load requests.
fedatwdw:Function has its own data entry window.
fdataerr: this bit is turned on by !Fractal when your data validation
routine has rejected user input as invalid, and prevents a re-draw being
performed until reset. This flag will be reset by !Fractal when the data is
corrected, or when Init/Init Zoom are pressed. If your routine resets the
data of its own accord, you should ensure this bit is cleared.
Function Calls
==============
Some calls are always made, others are only passed on if the event is
enabled. Associated with each call is a parameter block which is described
in the next section. However the first parameter is always a return code
used to return basic information, which YOU MUST SET TO 0 unless stated.
Other than setting the return code, simple functions only really need to
respond to the fplot (do a plot) and fdatachk (verify data input) calls. The
other functions provide additional facilities if you need them.
finit
-----
This call is made when !Fractal initialises and allows the function to
initialise itself. The Templates file is open for template loading;
heap_alloc may be called to request dynamic storage; loadfile may be called
to load assembler subroutines etc.
fselect
-------
This call is made when the function has been selected by the user, to enable
the creation of windows and any other initialisation.
fdeselect
---------
This call is made when the function has been de-selected by the user.
Windows should be deleted and any temporary memory freed.
fplotinit
---------
This call is made when a new image is about to be drawn. The screen/sprite
will have been cleared (unless fnoclear is set in the function definition),
and all VDU variables set to their defaults. The function should do any
pre-processing required, such as activating x/y plotting (see later) or set
the origin.
If the plot_fp flag is on (in plot.flags) then you should use a floating
point routine rather than integer, if you provide both. This lets the user
control the accuracy. This is used by the Mandelbrot & Julia routines.
fplot
-----
This call is made repeatedly after fplotinit until the image is completed
unless x/y plotting is being used. Image completion is signalled by the
function setting the return code to -1. On the first call the program is
in dedicated mode which is maintained until the image is complete or the
user presses Adjust on the mouse. The function can either use OS_Mouse to
detect this event, or return to !Fractal which will perform the check.
When not in dedicated mode (plot_ded flag off) the function must return
every 1/20 second or so to allow desktop processing to continue. When
switching from dedicated to non-dedicated mode the fields plot_addr and
plot_base may be changed to reflect switching from the screen to a sprite,
so these fields must be re-accessed on each plot call.
This call is not made if the function uses x/y plotting.
fdatachk
--------
This call is made after the user has typed in new data variables or after
zooming. The function should verify the values and if not acceptable, either
return the address of an error message (in field errmsg) or correct the
value. Return with return code=0 for OK and return code=1 if 1 or more
values were invalid.
If your function has the fZoom flag set, !Fractal automatically checks that
the width and height are >0.
fdatainit
---------
This call is made when the user has requested the variables to be reset to
their inital (default) values. All function variables should be reset
accordingly, including zoom ones.
fmenuinit (only if femenu enabled)
---------
This call is made just prior to displaying the Wimp menu. The function
should build its sub-menu structure and return its address as the second
parameter, or return a handle of a window (dialogue box).
fmenuclick (only if femenu enabled)
----------
The user has clicked over a menu selection belonging to the function.
!Fractal passess the address of the integer array describing the menu
selection made as returned by the Wimp. The array has a size of 10 where
menu[0] refers to the top level of the menu structure and menu[1] will be
the first item from your menu structure.
Each array element contains the relative menu item number that was selected.
The list is terminated by an element containing -1. !Fractal makes a
pre-check for menu[1] not containing -1 (ie. no sub-menu selection made).
The function should carry out any processing required. Set a return code of
1 to force a re-plot.
fzoominit
---------
This call is made on pressing Init Zoom. All zoom variables should be reset
to their defaults.
fkeyinp (only if fekeyinp enabled)
-------
The user has pressed a key whilst the mouse was over a !Fractal window, and
!Fractal does not understand how to process this key. This call allows users
to navigate private data entry panels by the cursor keys etc. Set the return
code to 0 if the key was processed, or -1 if not understood.
See the IFS source for an example.
fdataload (only if fedatald enabled)
---------
The user has dragged a text file containing data for a function to !Fractal,
and !Fractal could not automatically process the file. !Fractal passes the
name of the file (in fname) to allow the function process it as required.
The first line of text files must contain the function name (mname).
See the IFS source for an example.
fhelp
-----
The !Help application has asked for help on a window and it is not a
!Fractal window. Your routine should check the window handle passed and
return a pointer to the id used within the <Frac$Dir>.helptext file to
describe this window. The id is the same as the 1st parameter on each line
of this file, the 2nd parameter is the icon number, and the 3rd is up to
200 characters of help text. See the IFS function for an example.
fxypos
------
To get the image x/y value for any particular point call xy_start. Event
fxypos will occur when the user presses select over the image. Only valid
for functions defined as zoomable. Mandelbrots use this to select the Julia
Real and Imaginary components. Set a return code of 1 to force a replot.
fwdwclick (only if femenu enabled)
---------
The user has clicked inside an unknown window/icon. The function should
inspect the passed window handle and icon number to see if it should process
it. On exit set the return code as follows:
-1 : window click un-recognised (ie. do nothing)
0 : window click processed
1 : force a re-plot of the fractal
2 : close the menu structure
See the IFS source for an example.
fdatasave
---------
A "Save As" operation for a function has completed. The full file name (in
fname) is passed to the function to enable the file to be saved. To enable
this process call the routine user_save to obtain the window handle of a
"Save As" dialogue box which you then place in the function's own submenu
structure. !Fractal automatically handles the dragging or click on the Ok
button, checks for a valid filename, and then issues the fdatasave call.
Typically the data will be saved in text format to allow re-loading by the
fdataload operation. See the IFS source for an example.
fnewrotation & fnewelevation
----------------------------
These function calls are made when the user has clicked on the rotation and
elevation adjust icons. !Fractal passes the new angle to the function so
that it can update it's own copy if interested. The function can also
override the value - for instance to prevent the elevation going below
0-degrees - by updating the passed angle. Note that there are 4 function
calls available to get and set these angles at other times. See threed.c for
usage of these calls.
fdatawdw (only if fedatwdw enabled)
--------
The user has clicked on the numbers tool icon. This call is made to allow
the function open its data entry window instead of the Image->Data window.
The screen co-ordinates of the top left corner are passed as a suggested
opening position. See ifs.c for an example.
fsubmenu
--------
A submenu is to be opened because the menu item has the wimp_MSUBLINKMSG
flag set. This allows functions to dynamically create their own windows. The
function should return the submenu pointer or a window handle. See c.ifs for
an example.
fspriteload (only if fesprlod set)
-----------
A sprite file containing sprites in a 256 colour mode has been dragged onto
a !Fractal window. The filename is passed - use the fsprite_load function to
load the file. See the Fault function.
Function Parameters
===================
When a function is called, it is passed 2 parameters:
1) an integer containing the function call number. You should always refer
to these by the symbolic names above. (in R0 for assembler routines).
2) the address of the function control block (in R1 for assembler).
The layout of function control blocks is dependent on the function. The
first parameter is always an integer (retc) that is used to pass back a
return code to !Fractal. Return codes are documented in the Function Call
section.
Nb. The data types refer to the names used in C. * after the data type means
a pointer to that type of data.
finit: No additional information passed.
fselect: No additional information passed.
fdeselect: No additional information passed.
fplotinit and fplot: The following information is passed:
-------------------
integer x,y: The current image co-ordinates in pixels. On fplotinit x=0 and
y=max. y co-ord-1, ie. the top left corner of the image. These values should
be updated by x/y plotting functions as they procede.
char * addr: current plot address. The function can update this value as
it procedes. On fplotinit the value is the same as base. When switching from
screen to sprite !Fractal will set this address based on the current x/y
value. Thus functions which use direct image addressing should not be
affected therefore by the switch.
char * base: the address of the start of the image. This may be the screen
or a sprite. The size of the image in bytes=image width*height in pixels.
This value may switch from screen to sprite when exiting dedicated mode
plotting.
integer flags:
plot_ded : will be on when in dedicated plotting mode.
plot_fp : is on if the user requested use of floating point arithmetic if
available.
plot_zoom: this is a zoom redraw request, ie. redraw last image but with
new co-ords. This flag is for functions that pick random values
to tell them to use the previous values, not re-choose them.
char * errmsg: if your plot routine needs to end with an error message,
place the address of the zero-terminated message text in this field. Do not
use Wimp_ReportError, since the error box will become part of the image!
The image information control block follows. These values are for reference
and will not change during plotting.
integer w,h: image width and height in pixels.
integer mode: image screen mode number.
integer reserved.
integer osx,osy: image width and height in OS units.
integer xf,yf: The pixel to OS unit multipliers.
integer reserved.
char * pall: Address of a 256 byte block for converting a colour number into
its logical equivalent. This is for routines that use colour 0 as low and
colour 255 as high (such as mandelbrots). The table should be used to
convert a calculated colour number (from 0 to 255) into a GCOL value (bits
0-5) and TINT value (bits 6-7). ie to set the GCOL value use the palette
value AND &3F, and for TINT use palette AND &C0.
integer xfs, yfs: The shift factor to convert pixels to OS units.
char * palp: Address of a 256 byte table to convert a RiscOS logical colour
number to its physical equivalent. Remember that RiscOS logical colours are
composed of TTBBGGRR.
char * prgb: Address of a 256 byte table to convert a number in the form
BBGGRRTT to its physical equivalent. fdatachk -------- char * errmsg: On
exit set this to the address of a null terminated string explaining the
reason why a data variable is invalid.
fdatainit & fzoominit : No additional information passed.
---------------------
fmenuinit
---------
wimp_menuptr fmenu: The function should set this to the address of a Wimp
menu control block or a window handle.
fmenuclick
----------
integer menu[10]: An array of numbers, terminated by -1, describing the menu
selection made. The first part of a function's submenu will be element
menu[1]. A value of 0 means the 1st entry in a sub-menu.
fkeyinp
-------
wimp_caretstr * c: The address of the caret information returned by the
wimp.
integer key: The extended ASCII code of the key pressed. See the PRM for the
codes used for cursor, function keys etc.
fxypos
------
double x,y: the x & y value (in function units) where the user clicked the
mouse.
fwdwclick
---------
wimp_mousestr mouse: The wimp pointer information at the time of the click.
fdataload & fspriteload:
-----------------------
string * fname: Address of the full path name of the file to be loaded or
saved.
fnewrotation & fnewelevation:
----------------------------
integer angle: the new rotation or elevation angle. The called function may
alter this value to keep it within it's supported range.
fdatawdw:
--------
wimp_box box: x0 and y1 are set to the co-ordinates for the top left of the
data panel.
fhelp:
-----
wimp_mouse mouse: the mouse details as passed by the !Help application. The
window handle (+12) is the main point of interest.
char * id: Set this to the address of the window id name as used in the
helptext file.
fsubmenu:
--------
wimp_menustr *ptr: the submenu pointer from the original menu structure. On
return set this to the menu pointer or window handle to be opened. Set it to
0 if you use the itemlist_create function to open a window (see c.ifs).
integer x,y: the mouse co-ords for the new menu/window.
integer menu[10]: An array as for a menu click. See fmenuclick.
Work Area
---------
The work area addressed by the 'd' field of the function definition is a
scratch pad for the function. It is shared amongst functions so don't use it
for permanent data such as templates. Whilst a function remains selected it
has exclusive use of this area and is a good place for menu structures etc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
X/Y Plotting Details
--------------------
If you implement a function where you colour each pixel dependent on the
current x/y value, where your x/y values are mapped onto a pixel, then
implementing X/Y plotting should simplify coding and provide better
performance.
Definition: you must define your function with fZoom, and therefore with x0,
y0, width and height as the 1st four parameters (see Plotting section for
the meaning of these). Also you must define your function with the fxy flag.
Initialisation: When !Fractal makes the fplotinit call, you tell !Fractal 2
things.
1) Address of your plot routine - by placing its address in your function's
xyrtn field.
2) Type of input values. The x & y data values must be in double format in
your function definition. When your plot routine is called !Fractal will
supply the current x/y value to be generated. The x/y values passed can be
in two formats:
double - by setting plot_dbl flag on in plot_flag
fast float - by setting plot_ffp flag on in plot_flag
integer - by setting plot_int27 on in plot_flag. Your routine should use
the 27 bit fixed point assembler arithmetic functions described later.
Plotting: !Fractal calls your plot function passing the current x & y as the
first two parameters. ie for plot_int27 & plot_ffp functions, R0=x and R1=y
on entry, where x and y are not the pixel x/y, but the values required by
your function. Your function must return a value (in R0 for assembler
functions) which will be used to set the pixel colour.
Notes: !Fractal does not step through the pixel x/y's in sequence. There is
no need to plot the colour yourself - just return its value.
For assembler x/y plotters there is no need to save the registers except R13
and R14 if you want to use them. Assembler programmers are advised to take a
close look at the supplied SampManJul source for a fully implemented version
of the necessary code, or SampNewton for a float version. If you use
plot_dbl in assembler the following notes apply:
1) F0 is in R0/R1, & F1 in R2/R3 (this is Acorn's standard, not mine!).
2) Float registers F4-F7 MUST be saved if you use them (Acorn again!), and
restored on exit.
Sample entry code for a plot_dbl function therefore is:
.plot
ADR R4,save where save is a 32 byte area
STMIA R4,{R0-R3} store F0, F1
FNfp("LDFD F0,save") get F0
FNfp("LDFD F1,save+8") get F1
FNfp("STFD F4,save") save floats
FNfp("STFD F5,save+8")
FNfp("STFD F6,save+16")
FNfp("STFD F7,save+24")
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Programming In C
================
All the materials are provided in the separate FracSource directory. The
source code and make files are provided in the c directory, header files in
the h directory, and pre-compiled routines in the o directory. The Make exec
and the associated makefile will need editing to match your own C set up. It
is assumed that you have a directory containing all the C material in the
Acorn supplied directories. You should therefore only need to change the
variable C$Path within 'Make' to point to this directory. To compile, simply
double click on the Make file.
Floppy Disc Owners: If you only have a single floppy disc then you'll need
to create a RAM drive of around 600k to contain the C libraries since you
can't get C plus the source onto a 800k disk. The RAM disk should contain
clib, library and Risc_OSLib from your C disks. You could set up a disk with
these directories all together (Acorn spread them over disks 1 and 2 in C
release 3) and copy it to RAM at the start of your Fractal programming
session. Don't be tempted to put the Fractal source onto RAM - sooner or
later you'll lose your updates!
The source code for fractal and other internal functions is not supplied so
as to allow me to maintain overall control of this application since I am
continuously updating it. If you need additional functionality added, then
please write to me with your request.
Adding Your Code and Making Changes
-----------------------------------
It will be easiest for you to add your code either as a separate c file, or
if the routine is short, to the general file called c.function1/c.function2.
The various field names documented in the previous sections are all
contained in the header h.Fractal. If you must make changes to existing code
could you please mark your changes with leading and trailing comments so
that I can readily spot it. This will allow me to merge your changes into
the master source. Unmarked code will not get implemented.
When adding a new routine you need to add it to c.funclist. Firstly add the
name of the fractal definition to the array fracs, add an extern fdefn ...
prior to this, and increment the variable nfunc.
You may use the functions in fractal.h and fcommon.h - see other functions
for examples of their usage.
Fast Float Support
------------------
The functions in fp.h provide fast float arithmetic. Data must be of type
fp_num - the '.i' is used when passing data to the functions, and '.f' when
performing normal float arithmetic.
Debugging
---------
!Fractal traps all abends, and provides an environment allowing simple
debugging. If you want to use Acorn's ASD then you need to supply -asd on
Fractal's run statement. This will suppress the error trapping so that ASD
will gain control.
NOTE: if an error occurs during plotting (fplot or fplotinit) it is
ESSENTIAL to issue a mode command (ie. *Echo <22><n>) prior to quitting ASD.
Failure to do so will hang the machine (which is why !Fractal traps all
errors!). You might like to set up a small exec file to do this.
Background Information
----------------------
You will notice that I have decided to use "wimp.h" rather than the more
powerful routines in win.h and wimpt.h. This arose partly because of my
familiarity with the Wimp from ARM programming, and because I was alarmed at
the size of code generated by the other routines.
The c.MbrotJulia file is a good place to start to see how other functions
have been implemented, since it uses a wide variety of facilities, including
links to Assembler integer processing routines. The IFS and L-System
source contain more advanced routines, including a lot of wimp handling.
Please try to keep your routines free from compilation warning messages. My
knowledge of C is self taught so I apologise for any crass misuses of the
language. I have tried to keep the code as structured and clean as possible,
and I hope you will try the same since we will need to read each others
source. I am always open to suggestions for improvement (though getting me
to admit I was wrong can be tricky at times!).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Programming In ARM Assembler
============================
Assembler fractal routines are loaded by !Fractal at start up. Each module
can contain one or more fractal functions. You are provided with the
necessary symbolic definitions to define and access the data passed to your
program. There are also some functions that can be called to control the
operation of !Fractal itself.
All the necessary BASIC libraries and sample programs are provided in the
Asm directory. The Asm.sample does not draw a fractal, but illustrates the
use of zooming, along with the basic support code required. You are advised
to take a copy of Sample and use that as the basis of your routine.
Alternatively use the SampManJul source which is a fully working version of
a Mandelbrot and Julia plotter and contains most of the functions described
below. It uses the x/y plotting functions and is a good place to start if
you want to play around with Mandelbrot functions.
Asm.SampNewton illustrates the use of the FPELIB (fast 32 bit floating
point), and is a fully working version of the main Newton routine.
When you have assembled your routine into <Frac$Dir>, you need to modify the
!Fractal !Run file to load your program. More than one program can be
loaded, just specify -a progname repeatedly as follows:
RUN <Frac$Dir>.Fractal -a Sample
The following comments go with the sample source.
LIBRARY "<Frac$Dir>.Asm.Fraclib":PROCfracvars
This library contains all the necessary symbolic definitions as described
earlier in this document. You should use these symbolic names at all times
to enable support of future releases of !Fractal which are likely to alter
the control block offsets etc. Also in the library are functions which
assemble a local copy of a control block. The necessary data can be copied
to these areas (at fplotinit or fplot time) and then referenced directly in
the program, which allows instructions of the form LDR R4,varname instead of
LDR R4,[R1,#varname]. Calling PROCfracvars defines all the necessary
variables for your program. It may be best to produce a printed listing of
the source of Fraclib.
LIBRARY "<Frac$Dir>.Asm.FPlib":PROCfpinit
This library provides support for assembling floating point instructions,
which will be required to provide zooming support. See the FP_Doc file for
full information.
FOR asm=4 TO 7 STEP 3
P%=0:O%=code%
[OPT asm
It is necessary to use offset assembly from location 0 because your program
is loaded dynamically. Also FPLib requires the use of the variable asm.
FNfrachdr
This must be the first assembler statement. It defines a value which is
checked when !Fractal loads your program to ensure your program has been
assembled against the correct release of Fraclib - if it does not match then
your routine needs re-assembling against Fraclib.
DCD sample Points to a FNfracfunc
DCD -1 End of function pointers
Next, declare pointers to all of the fractal functions within this module,
and terminate the list with -1.
.sample FNfracfunc("name",entry_pt,fractal_type,xyrtn,no. of vars,var.
size,work_size)
This statement defines a fractal function, and is normally placed just
preceding the function code itself.
entry_pt is a label of the calling point of your program.
fractal_type is the various bit settings to desribe the function - use the
symbolic names described earlier.
xyrtn is the address of your x/y plotter. Normally this is set to 0 in the
definition, and set during fplotinit processing.
no. of vars defines the number of editable variables, and var. size the
total size of these. These variables must come next.
work_size : set this to the amount of working storage area required. The
address of this area will be at sample+fdefn_d.
.varstart
FNafg2var(variable type,array size,variable length): variable data
.varend
Sample uses the .varstart and .varend labels to delimit the program
variables so that their size can be calculated by the assembler. Use
FNafg2var to define the variable type and size. Variable types are AFG_int
(integer), AFG_flt (short float), AFG_dbl (double float), AFG_str (zero
terminated string).
FNvarname(" name")
Use this function to define the names of the variables. This function
ensures the names are only 1-11 characters, zero-terminated and padded to 12
bytes.
.entry_point
FNfenter
This must be the 1st statement of your fractal function. It performs
essential linkage to Fractal.
; R0=Fractal Event, R1=Address of Data, R13=descending stack.
On entry to your program R0 contains the fractal event number - use the
symbolic names to decode. R1 contains the address of the fractal event
control block. To access the data pointed to by R1 use instructions of the
form:
LDR R2,[R1,#plot_im_osx]
An area of memory from R10-512 to R13 is available as temporary workspace,
guaranteed to be at least 256 bytes, but typically what ever is left from
the initial Wimpslot in !Run (so increase this if you need more).
.exit_point
FNfexit
This function is used to exit back to Fractal. Do not try MOV PC,R14.
FNfinterface
Place this function at the end of your module to define the necessary
interface routines.
SYS "OS_File",10,"<Frac$Dir>.Sample",&FFA,,code%,O%
This saves the assembled code as a relocatable module (though it is not
eligible for the RMA) in the !Fractal library.
Other FracLib Functions
-----------------------
FracLib contains other functions which may be of use to assembler programs,
such as integer arithmetic. Please feel free to contribute your own
functions to this library by sending your Fraclib (with suitable
documentation) along with your fractal routine, back to Mike Curnow.
fxystart: call this routine to start the fxypos event described earlier.
Your function must support zooming (fZoom flag on). When the user clicks
over the fractal image, event fxypos is reported to your program, passing
the x & y values (double format) at that point.
eg. BL fxystart
fnewfunc: call this routine to switch to a new function. R0 must point to a
zero terminated fractal function name (as in the menu). Mandelbrot's use
this to switch to their corresponding Julia set.
eg. ADR R0,funcname ; address function
BL fnewfunc ; perform switch
FNfexit
.funcname EQUS "Next func"+CHR$0
Note: functions such as FNfiminfoasm are to be placed directly inside
assembler code.
FNfiminfoasm Assembles a local copy of the Iminfo control block
FNfplotasm Assembles a local copy of the fplot/fplotinit control block
FNfmenu_hdr(title$,width%)
FNfmenu_item(item$,submenu%,flag%)
These assemble a simple WIMP menu structure.
title$ : Menu title, 1-12 characters
width% : Maximum width of title or item names, in the range 1-12
item$ : Name of the menu item, 1-12 characters.
submenu% : -1 if no submenu or a window handle for a dialogue box
flag% : use the symbol LAST to declare the last menu item.
27 Bit Fixed Point Functions
----------------------------
These functions support the multiplication of numbers which have 27 binary
places, that is numbers in the format: sign bit, 4 bit whole number, an
imaginary binary point followed by 27 bits. This provides support for
numbers in the range +/- 16 with 8 decimal places but still using integer
arithmetic (which is much faster than the floating point emulator). For
multiplying you should make a pre-check to ensure the result does not exceed
16.
To get numbers into this format use : DCD float<<27
Numbers in this format can be added and subtracted using the normal ADD and
SUB instructions. Alternatively, use the following FP instructions:
MOV R0,#1<<27 Get multiplier
FNfp("FLT F0,R0") To FP format
FNfp("LDFD F1,x") Get x value
FNfp("MUFD F2,F1,F0") multiply by 1<<27
FNfp("FIX R1,F2") R1=x in integer format to 27 binary places
FNm32_27(Rd,Rn,Rm,work) Rd=Rn*Rm
Calculates Rd=Rn*Rm to 27 binary place accuracy.
Rd, Rn and Rm MUST be different registers and not a work register. This
function requires the use of 4 work registers numbered from work to work+3.
Setting work to 11 will use R11,R12,R13,R14 which are often 'free' in maths
routines - just remember to save & restore R13 & R14 or your program will
crash terribly!
FNsqr32_27(Rd,Rm,wk1,wk2) Rd=Rm*Rm
This squares a number, and is faster than FNm32_27. wk1 and wk2 are 2 work
registers.
FNm16_27(Rd,Rn,Rm,work) Rd=Rn*Rm
This is a high speed version of FNm32_27 which performs the calculation to
13 binary place accuracy (4 decimal places). Rd,Rn and Rm MUST be different
registers. Rn & Rm can also be a work register in which case they will be
corrupted. This function uses two work registers - work & work+1.
FNsqr16_27(Rd,Rm,wk1) Rd=Rm*Rm
This squares a number, and is faster than FNm16_27. wk1 is a work register.
FNdivfp(Rd,Rn,Rm,work,places) Rd=Rn/Rm
This divides 2 numbers. work specifies the 1st of four work registers. Rd,Rn
and Rm MUST be different registers. places is the number of binary places in
the source number eg. 27 for compatibility with the above functions. There
is no check for overflow, whilst dividing by 0 is the same as dividing by 1.
FPELib
------
You can use these functions instead of normal floating point instructions to
get much needed speed improvement (the FPE isn't any faster in Assembler!).
See Asm.SampNewton for an example of usage.
Assembler Notes
===============
R13 should be preserved at all times, and must be valid when calling the
interface routines.
To get started it is adviseable to transfer a ready working program. Keep it
simple at first, ie. just handle the fplot call to build an image. It is
likely you will have to remove hard coded image size values (number of x/y
pixels) and use the passed values. Also you will probably have to convert
some BASIC code that performs initial set up of values into FP assembler.
Addresses: statements of the form .address DCD label
will only assemble a relative address, that is the offset from the start of
the module, due to the use of offset assembly. One way to overcome this
problem is to use the following code instead:
ADR R0,pointer real address of pointer
LDR R1,pointer offset to location required
ADD R0,R0,R1 real address of location required
.pointer DCD label-P% offset to location "label"
Alternatively you could calculate the real address of the start of your
module, then add this value to all pointer constants during finit
processing.
Debugging
---------
Debugging assembler is never easy. Those with access to C can use the
supplied ASD (symbolic debugger) to help - see the C section for notes.
!Fractal provides facilities to assist in debugging assembler programs.
-debug
Specify this as the 1st option on the fractal run statement in !Run. At
start up time a file called Debug_Info will be written in the !Fractal
directory. It will contain the addresses of all loaded files, fractal
function definitions and entry points.
!Fractal will always trap all errors and display an error box allowing you
to cancel or to enter a debug environment (click Cancel).
If you click Cancel !Fractal displays the error message and the registers at
the time of abend. Note that the PC/R15 is usually 2 instructions past the
one that failed, or 1 if a FP instruction was in error. You can enter any OS
commands at the prompt - typically these would be MEMORY and MEMORYI to
check out your program and data areas. Enter a null line to exit back to the
desktop - you will get C's interpretation of events at this point.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mike Curnow
30 Bowen Drive,
West Dulwich
London
SE21 8PN
081-670-8818 after 7pm
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*
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00009ac0 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a |===============.|
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*
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0000a3c0 0a 57 65 73 74 20 44 75 6c 77 69 63 68 0a 4c 6f |.West Dulwich.Lo|
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0000a3f5 
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