Home » Archimedes archive » Acorn User » AU 1996-Xmas.adf » Regulars » StarInfo/Rawle/!Elements/!Help
StarInfo/Rawle/!Elements/!Help
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Archimedes archive » Acorn User » AU 1996-Xmas.adf » Regulars |
| Filename: | StarInfo/Rawle/!Elements/!Help |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 10D3 bytes |
| Load address: | 0000 |
| Exec address: | 0000 |
File contents
ELEMENTS
Jonathan Rawle, January 1996
Instructions
------------
Clicking on the iconbar icon with the select button opens a window
containing the chemical elements in the familiar periodic table arrangement.
Clicking on an element with adjust will display the usual information about
that element (atomic number, symbol, name and relative atomic mass).
Clicking on an element with select opens a larger window containing element
data:
� Atomic number, name, symbol, relative atomic mass
� Atomic radius in picometres (pm)
� First ionisation energy (the energy needed to remove the outermost
electron from each of 1 mole of atoms is their gaseous state) in
kilojoules per mole (kJ mol��)
� Electronegativity (in Pauling's units)
� Principle oxidation numbers, and the corresponding ionic radii in
picometres (pm). (Some elements have only 1 oxidation state)
� Density in kilograms per cubic metre (kg m��) or grams per cubic
centimetre (g cm��) - see 'changing the units' below
� Specific heat capacity in Joules per kilogram per kelvin (J kg�� K��) or
Joules per gram per Kelvin (J g�� K��) (see below). It should be noted
that 1 J kg�� K�� = 1 J/kg�C
� The melting and boiling point in any of the 5 temperature scales (see
'changing the units') and the state at room temperature (25�C). Subl
denotes that the element sublimes (passes straight from solid to gaseous
state).
� The crystal structure of the element in its usual solid state
� How the element's name was derived, the date and country of discovery, and who discovered it
For some elements, data is unknown or unobtainable. In these cases a '-' is
displayed in the place of a number.
Some elements also have text and/or draw files associated with them, and
these can be accessed by clicking on the text and draw file icons
respectively. You may want to edit these files. If so, read the file 'Adding'
which is inside the !Elements application directory.
There are also icons labelled 'last element' and 'next element'. These take
you to the previous and next atomic numbers.
Clicking the menu button over the element data window allows you to type in
an element name, symbol or atomic number, and the data for that element will
then be displayed. (Only the first few letters of the name need be entered,
and the program will attempt to match it with an element name.)
The data window can also be opened at any time by clicking with adjust
(right hand button) on the iconbar icon.
***
Clicking menu over the periodic table displays a menu containing various
options. The first group of these allow different types of information to be
displayed on the periodic table. For example, selecting 'metals' updates the
periodic table to show which elements are metallic.
For the 'state' and 'year' options, there is a dialogue box, into which you
can type a value. Arrows appear on the periodic table, and also allow you to
change this value.
Selecting 'group numbers' and 'period numbers' displays these pieces of
information on the periodic table.
The option 'save status' saves every option on this menu to disc, so that
these options will be selected automatically when the program is started.
Iconbar menu
------------
Clicking menu over the iconbar icon displays another menu. From here, you
can open windows that allow you to:
� Calculate the molecular mass of a compound:
Enter the molecular formula in its usual form (there are no subscript
numbers, so use ordinary numbers, for example Ca3(PO4)2 for calcium
phosphate).
� Find the estimated amount of ionic character of a bond
� Display information about the different temperature scales
� Test your knowledge of element symbols and atomic numbers
� Change the units used in the program (see below)
It also contains the usual program info, and the 'quit' option.
Changing the units
------------------
The Units window, accessed through the iconbar menu, allows you to change the
units in which certain quantities are expressed (temperature, density and
specific heat capacity). Clicking on OK, instructs the program to use the
units selected in the window, and immediately updates all displays.
Clicking on Save also saves these units as the defaults to be used next time
the program is started.
00000000 45 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 53 0a 4a 6f 6e 61 74 68 61 |ELEMENTS.Jonatha| 00000010 6e 20 52 61 77 6c 65 2c 20 4a 61 6e 75 61 72 79 |n Rawle, January| 00000020 20 31 39 39 36 0a 0a 0a 0a 49 6e 73 74 72 75 63 | 1996....Instruc| 00000030 74 69 6f 6e 73 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |tions.----------| 00000040 2d 2d 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 |--..Clicking on | 00000050 74 68 65 20 69 63 6f 6e 62 61 72 20 69 63 6f 6e |the iconbar icon| 00000060 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 | with the select| 00000070 20 62 75 74 74 6f 6e 20 6f 70 65 6e 73 20 61 20 | button opens a | 00000080 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 0a 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e |window.containin| 00000090 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 65 6d 69 63 61 6c 20 65 |g the chemical e| 000000a0 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 |lements in the f| 000000b0 61 6d 69 6c 69 61 72 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 |amiliar periodic| 000000c0 20 74 61 62 6c 65 20 61 72 72 61 6e 67 65 6d 65 | table arrangeme| 000000d0 6e 74 2e 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 |nt..Clicking on | 000000e0 61 6e 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 |an element with | 000000f0 61 64 6a 75 73 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 64 69 73 70 |adjust will disp| 00000100 6c 61 79 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 75 61 6c 20 69 6e |lay the usual in| 00000110 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 0a |formation about.| 00000120 74 68 61 74 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 28 61 74 |that element (at| 00000130 6f 6d 69 63 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 73 79 6d |omic number, sym| 00000140 62 6f 6c 2c 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 |bol, name and re| 00000150 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 61 74 6f 6d 69 63 20 6d 61 |lative atomic ma| 00000160 73 73 29 2e 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e |ss)..Clicking on| 00000170 20 61 6e 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 74 68 | an element with| 00000180 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 20 6f 70 65 6e 73 20 61 20 | select opens a | 00000190 6c 61 72 67 65 72 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 63 6f |larger window co| 000001a0 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 |ntaining element| 000001b0 0a 64 61 74 61 3a 0a 0a 8f 20 41 74 6f 6d 69 63 |.data:... Atomic| 000001c0 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 73 | number, name, s| 000001d0 79 6d 62 6f 6c 2c 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 |ymbol, relative | 000001e0 61 74 6f 6d 69 63 20 6d 61 73 73 0a 8f 20 41 74 |atomic mass.. At| 000001f0 6f 6d 69 63 20 72 61 64 69 75 73 20 69 6e 20 70 |omic radius in p| 00000200 69 63 6f 6d 65 74 72 65 73 20 28 70 6d 29 0a 8f |icometres (pm)..| 00000210 20 46 69 72 73 74 20 69 6f 6e 69 73 61 74 69 6f | First ionisatio| 00000220 6e 20 65 6e 65 72 67 79 20 28 74 68 65 20 65 6e |n energy (the en| 00000230 65 72 67 79 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 |ergy needed to r| 00000240 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 65 72 6d |emove the outerm| 00000250 6f 73 74 0a 20 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 20 66 |ost. electron f| 00000260 72 6f 6d 20 65 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 31 20 6d 6f |rom each of 1 mo| 00000270 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 61 74 6f 6d 73 20 69 73 20 74 |le of atoms is t| 00000280 68 65 69 72 20 67 61 73 65 6f 75 73 20 73 74 61 |heir gaseous sta| 00000290 74 65 29 20 69 6e 0a 20 20 6b 69 6c 6f 6a 6f 75 |te) in. kilojou| 000002a0 6c 65 73 20 70 65 72 20 6d 6f 6c 65 20 28 6b 4a |les per mole (kJ| 000002b0 20 6d 6f 6c 97 b9 29 0a 8f 20 45 6c 65 63 74 72 | mol..).. Electr| 000002c0 6f 6e 65 67 61 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 28 69 6e 20 |onegativity (in | 000002d0 50 61 75 6c 69 6e 67 27 73 20 75 6e 69 74 73 29 |Pauling's units)| 000002e0 0a 8f 20 50 72 69 6e 63 69 70 6c 65 20 6f 78 69 |.. Principle oxi| 000002f0 64 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2c 20 |dation numbers, | 00000300 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f |and the correspo| 00000310 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 69 6f 6e 69 63 20 72 61 64 69 |nding ionic radi| 00000320 69 20 69 6e 0a 20 20 70 69 63 6f 6d 65 74 72 65 |i in. picometre| 00000330 73 20 28 70 6d 29 2e 20 28 53 6f 6d 65 20 65 6c |s (pm). (Some el| 00000340 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 |ements have only| 00000350 20 31 20 6f 78 69 64 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 74 61 | 1 oxidation sta| 00000360 74 65 29 0a 8f 20 44 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 69 6e |te).. Density in| 00000370 20 6b 69 6c 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 70 65 72 20 63 | kilograms per c| 00000380 75 62 69 63 20 6d 65 74 72 65 20 28 6b 67 20 6d |ubic metre (kg m| 00000390 97 b3 29 20 6f 72 20 67 72 61 6d 73 20 70 65 72 |..) or grams per| 000003a0 20 63 75 62 69 63 0a 20 20 63 65 6e 74 69 6d 65 | cubic. centime| 000003b0 74 72 65 20 28 67 20 63 6d 97 b3 29 20 2d 20 73 |tre (g cm..) - s| 000003c0 65 65 20 27 63 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 |ee 'changing the| 000003d0 20 75 6e 69 74 73 27 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 0a 8f | units' below ..| 000003e0 20 53 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 20 68 65 61 74 20 63 | Specific heat c| 000003f0 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 20 69 6e 20 4a 6f 75 6c 65 |apacity in Joule| 00000400 73 20 70 65 72 20 6b 69 6c 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 70 |s per kilogram p| 00000410 65 72 20 6b 65 6c 76 69 6e 20 28 4a 20 6b 67 97 |er kelvin (J kg.| 00000420 b9 20 4b 97 b9 29 20 6f 72 0a 20 20 4a 6f 75 6c |. K..) or. Joul| 00000430 65 73 20 70 65 72 20 67 72 61 6d 20 70 65 72 20 |es per gram per | 00000440 4b 65 6c 76 69 6e 20 28 4a 20 67 97 b9 20 4b 97 |Kelvin (J g.. K.| 00000450 b9 29 20 28 73 65 65 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 29 2e 20 |.) (see below). | 00000460 49 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 6e 6f 74 |It should be not| 00000470 65 64 0a 20 20 74 68 61 74 20 20 31 20 4a 20 6b |ed. that 1 J k| 00000480 67 97 b9 20 4b 97 b9 20 3d 20 20 31 20 4a 2f 6b |g.. K.. = 1 J/k| 00000490 67 b0 43 0a 8f 20 54 68 65 20 6d 65 6c 74 69 6e |g.C.. The meltin| 000004a0 67 20 61 6e 64 20 62 6f 69 6c 69 6e 67 20 70 6f |g and boiling po| 000004b0 69 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |int in any of th| 000004c0 65 20 35 20 74 65 6d 70 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 20 |e 5 temperature | 000004d0 73 63 61 6c 65 73 20 28 73 65 65 0a 20 20 27 63 |scales (see. 'c| 000004e0 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 69 74 |hanging the unit| 000004f0 73 27 29 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 74 |s') and the stat| 00000500 65 20 61 74 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 74 65 6d 70 65 72 |e at room temper| 00000510 61 74 75 72 65 20 28 32 35 b0 43 29 2e 20 53 75 |ature (25.C). Su| 00000520 62 6c 0a 20 20 64 65 6e 6f 74 65 73 20 74 68 61 |bl. denotes tha| 00000530 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 73 75 |t the element su| 00000540 62 6c 69 6d 65 73 20 28 70 61 73 73 65 73 20 73 |blimes (passes s| 00000550 74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 73 6f 6c |traight from sol| 00000560 69 64 20 74 6f 20 67 61 73 65 6f 75 73 20 0a 20 |id to gaseous . | 00000570 20 73 74 61 74 65 29 2e 0a 8f 20 54 68 65 20 63 | state)... The c| 00000580 72 79 73 74 61 6c 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 |rystal structure| 00000590 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 | of the element | 000005a0 69 6e 20 69 74 73 20 75 73 75 61 6c 20 73 6f 6c |in its usual sol| 000005b0 69 64 20 73 74 61 74 65 20 20 0a 8f 20 48 6f 77 |id state .. How| 000005c0 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 27 73 20 6e | the element's n| 000005d0 61 6d 65 20 77 61 73 20 64 65 72 69 76 65 64 2c |ame was derived,| 000005e0 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f | the date and co| 000005f0 75 6e 74 72 79 20 6f 66 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 |untry of discove| 00000600 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 20 20 77 68 6f 20 64 69 |ry, and who di| 00000610 73 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64 20 69 74 0a 0a 46 6f 72 |scovered it..For| 00000620 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 2c 20 | some elements, | 00000630 64 61 74 61 20 69 73 20 75 6e 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 |data is unknown | 00000640 6f 72 20 75 6e 6f 62 74 61 69 6e 61 62 6c 65 2e |or unobtainable.| 00000650 20 49 6e 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 63 61 73 65 73 20 | In these cases | 00000660 61 20 27 2d 27 20 69 73 20 0a 64 69 73 70 6c 61 |a '-' is .displa| 00000670 79 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 63 65 |yed in the place| 00000680 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2e 0a 0a 53 | of a number...S| 00000690 6f 6d 65 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 61 6c 73 |ome elements als| 000006a0 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 61 6e 64 2f |o have text and/| 000006b0 6f 72 20 64 72 61 77 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 73 |or draw files as| 000006c0 73 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 |sociated with th| 000006d0 65 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 0a 74 68 65 73 65 20 63 61 |em, and.these ca| 000006e0 6e 20 62 65 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 65 64 20 62 79 |n be accessed by| 000006f0 20 63 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 | clicking on the| 00000700 20 74 65 78 74 20 61 6e 64 20 64 72 61 77 20 66 | text and draw f| 00000710 69 6c 65 20 69 63 6f 6e 73 0a 72 65 73 70 65 63 |ile icons.respec| 00000720 74 69 76 65 6c 79 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 |tively. You may | 00000730 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 65 64 69 74 20 74 68 65 |want to edit the| 00000740 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 49 66 20 73 6f 2c |se files. If so,| 00000750 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 27 | read the file '| 00000760 41 64 64 69 6e 67 27 0a 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 |Adding'.which is| 00000770 20 69 6e 73 69 64 65 20 74 68 65 20 21 45 6c 65 | inside the !Ele| 00000780 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f |ments applicatio| 00000790 6e 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0a 54 68 65 |n directory..The| 000007a0 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 69 63 6f 6e |re are also icon| 000007b0 73 20 6c 61 62 65 6c 6c 65 64 20 27 6c 61 73 74 |s labelled 'last| 000007c0 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 27 20 61 6e 64 20 27 6e | element' and 'n| 000007d0 65 78 74 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 27 2e 20 54 68 |ext element'. Th| 000007e0 65 73 65 20 74 61 6b 65 20 0a 79 6f 75 20 74 6f |ese take .you to| 000007f0 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20 61 6e | the previous an| 00000800 64 20 6e 65 78 74 20 61 74 6f 6d 69 63 20 6e 75 |d next atomic nu| 00000810 6d 62 65 72 73 2e 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 |mbers...Clicking| 00000820 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 62 75 74 74 6f 6e | the menu button| 00000830 20 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e | over the elemen| 00000840 74 20 64 61 74 61 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 61 6c |t data window al| 00000850 6c 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 |lows you to type| 00000860 20 69 6e 0a 61 6e 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6e | in.an element n| 00000870 61 6d 65 2c 20 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c 20 6f 72 20 61 |ame, symbol or a| 00000880 74 6f 6d 69 63 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 61 6e |tomic number, an| 00000890 64 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 66 6f 72 20 74 |d the data for t| 000008a0 68 61 74 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 6c 6c |hat element will| 000008b0 0a 74 68 65 6e 20 62 65 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 |.then be display| 000008c0 65 64 2e 20 28 4f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 |ed. (Only the fi| 000008d0 72 73 74 20 66 65 77 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 |rst few letters | 000008e0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6e 65 65 64 |of the name need| 000008f0 20 62 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 2c 0a 61 6e 64 | be entered,.and| 00000900 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 69 6c | the program wil| 00000910 6c 20 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 74 |l attempt to mat| 00000920 63 68 20 69 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 65 6c |ch it with an el| 00000930 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 29 0a 0a 54 68 |ement name.)..Th| 00000940 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 63 61 |e data window ca| 00000950 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 20 6f 70 65 6e 65 64 |n also be opened| 00000960 20 61 74 20 61 6e 79 20 74 69 6d 65 20 62 79 20 | at any time by | 00000970 63 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 64 |clicking with ad| 00000980 6a 75 73 74 0a 28 72 69 67 68 74 20 68 61 6e 64 |just.(right hand| 00000990 20 62 75 74 74 6f 6e 29 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | button) on the | 000009a0 69 63 6f 6e 62 61 72 20 69 63 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 20 |iconbar icon... | 000009b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 000009d0 20 20 20 20 20 2a 2a 2a 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 | ***..Clicki| 000009e0 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 |ng menu over the| 000009f0 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 20 74 61 62 6c 65 20 | periodic table | 00000a00 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 |displays a menu | 00000a10 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 76 61 72 69 6f |containing vario| 00000a20 75 73 0a 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 |us.options. The | 00000a30 66 69 72 73 74 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 6f 66 20 74 |first group of t| 00000a40 68 65 73 65 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 64 69 66 66 65 |hese allow diffe| 00000a50 72 65 6e 74 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 69 6e |rent types of in| 00000a60 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 62 65 0a |formation to be.| 00000a70 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 |displayed on the| 00000a80 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 20 74 61 62 6c 65 2e | periodic table.| 00000a90 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 73 65 | For example, se| 00000aa0 6c 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 27 6d 65 74 61 6c 73 27 |lecting 'metals'| 00000ab0 20 75 70 64 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 65 0a 70 65 72 | updates the.per| 00000ac0 69 6f 64 69 63 20 74 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 73 |iodic table to s| 00000ad0 68 6f 77 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e |how which elemen| 00000ae0 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 6c 69 63 2e |ts are metallic.| 00000af0 20 0a 46 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 27 73 74 61 74 65 | .For the 'state| 00000b00 27 20 61 6e 64 20 27 79 65 61 72 27 20 6f 70 74 |' and 'year' opt| 00000b10 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 |ions, there is a| 00000b20 20 64 69 61 6c 6f 67 75 65 20 62 6f 78 2c 20 69 | dialogue box, i| 00000b30 6e 74 6f 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 0a 63 61 |nto which you.ca| 00000b40 6e 20 74 79 70 65 20 61 20 76 61 6c 75 65 2e 20 |n type a value. | 00000b50 41 72 72 6f 77 73 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 6f 6e |Arrows appear on| 00000b60 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 20 74 61 | the periodic ta| 00000b70 62 6c 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 6c |ble, and also al| 00000b80 6c 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 0a 63 68 61 6e 67 |low you to.chang| 00000b90 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 76 61 6c 75 65 2e 0a 0a 53 |e this value...S| 00000ba0 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 27 67 72 6f 75 70 20 |electing 'group | 00000bb0 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 27 20 61 6e 64 20 27 70 65 |numbers' and 'pe| 00000bc0 72 69 6f 64 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 27 20 64 69 |riod numbers' di| 00000bd0 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 70 69 65 |splays these pie| 00000be0 63 65 73 20 6f 66 0a 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 |ces of.informati| 00000bf0 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 |on on the period| 00000c00 69 63 20 74 61 62 6c 65 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 6f |ic table...The o| 00000c10 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 27 73 61 76 65 20 73 74 61 74 |ption 'save stat| 00000c20 75 73 27 20 73 61 76 65 73 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 |us' saves every | 00000c30 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d |option on this m| 00000c40 65 6e 75 20 74 6f 20 64 69 73 63 2c 20 73 6f 20 |enu to disc, so | 00000c50 74 68 61 74 0a 74 68 65 73 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f |that.these optio| 00000c60 6e 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 |ns will be selec| 00000c70 74 65 64 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c |ted automaticall| 00000c80 79 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 |y when the progr| 00000c90 61 6d 20 69 73 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 2e 0a 0a |am is started...| 00000ca0 0a 49 63 6f 6e 62 61 72 20 6d 65 6e 75 0a 2d 2d |.Iconbar menu.--| 00000cb0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 43 6c 69 63 |----------..Clic| 00000cc0 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 6f 76 65 72 20 74 |king menu over t| 00000cd0 68 65 20 69 63 6f 6e 62 61 72 20 69 63 6f 6e 20 |he iconbar icon | 00000ce0 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 |displays another| 00000cf0 20 6d 65 6e 75 2e 20 46 72 6f 6d 20 68 65 72 65 | menu. From here| 00000d00 2c 20 79 6f 75 0a 63 61 6e 20 6f 70 65 6e 20 77 |, you.can open w| 00000d10 69 6e 64 6f 77 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 6f |indows that allo| 00000d20 77 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 3a 0a 0a 8f 20 43 61 6c |w you to:... Cal| 00000d30 63 75 6c 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 |culate the molec| 00000d40 75 6c 61 72 20 6d 61 73 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 63 |ular mass of a c| 00000d50 6f 6d 70 6f 75 6e 64 3a 0a 20 20 20 45 6e 74 65 |ompound:. Ente| 00000d60 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 61 72 20 |r the molecular | 00000d70 66 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 20 69 6e 20 69 74 73 20 75 |formula in its u| 00000d80 73 75 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 28 74 68 65 72 65 |sual form (there| 00000d90 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 20 73 75 62 73 63 72 69 70 | are no subscrip| 00000da0 74 20 0a 20 20 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2c 20 73 |t . numbers, s| 00000db0 6f 20 75 73 65 20 6f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 20 6e |o use ordinary n| 00000dc0 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d |umbers, for exam| 00000dd0 70 6c 65 20 43 61 33 28 50 4f 34 29 32 20 66 6f |ple Ca3(PO4)2 fo| 00000de0 72 20 63 61 6c 63 69 75 6d 0a 20 20 20 70 68 6f |r calcium. pho| 00000df0 73 70 68 61 74 65 29 2e 0a 8f 20 46 69 6e 64 20 |sphate)... Find | 00000e00 74 68 65 20 65 73 74 69 6d 61 74 65 64 20 61 6d |the estimated am| 00000e10 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 69 6f 6e 69 63 20 63 68 |ount of ionic ch| 00000e20 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 6f 66 20 61 20 62 6f 6e |aracter of a bon| 00000e30 64 0a 8f 20 44 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 69 6e 66 6f |d.. Display info| 00000e40 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 |rmation about th| 00000e50 65 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 65 6d 70 |e different temp| 00000e60 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 20 73 63 61 6c 65 73 0a 8f |erature scales..| 00000e70 20 54 65 73 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6b 6e 6f 77 6c | Test your knowl| 00000e80 65 64 67 65 20 6f 66 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 |edge of element | 00000e90 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 61 74 6f 6d |symbols and atom| 00000ea0 69 63 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 0a 8f 20 43 68 61 |ic numbers.. Cha| 00000eb0 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 69 74 73 20 75 73 |nge the units us| 00000ec0 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 |ed in the progra| 00000ed0 6d 20 28 73 65 65 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 29 0a 0a 49 |m (see below)..I| 00000ee0 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 |t also contains | 00000ef0 74 68 65 20 75 73 75 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 |the usual progra| 00000f00 6d 20 69 6e 66 6f 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 |m info, and the | 00000f10 27 71 75 69 74 27 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a |'quit' option...| 00000f20 0a 43 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e |.Changing the un| 00000f30 69 74 73 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |its.------------| 00000f40 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 55 6e 69 74 |------..The Unit| 00000f50 73 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2c 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 |s window, access| 00000f60 65 64 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 69 |ed through the i| 00000f70 63 6f 6e 62 61 72 20 6d 65 6e 75 2c 20 61 6c 6c |conbar menu, all| 00000f80 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 |ows you to chang| 00000f90 65 20 74 68 65 0a 75 6e 69 74 73 20 69 6e 20 77 |e the.units in w| 00000fa0 68 69 63 68 20 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 20 71 75 61 |hich certain qua| 00000fb0 6e 74 69 74 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 65 78 70 72 |ntities are expr| 00000fc0 65 73 73 65 64 20 28 74 65 6d 70 65 72 61 74 75 |essed (temperatu| 00000fd0 72 65 2c 20 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 61 6e 64 0a |re, density and.| 00000fe0 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 20 68 65 61 74 20 63 61 |specific heat ca| 00000ff0 70 61 63 69 74 79 29 2e 20 43 6c 69 63 6b 69 6e |pacity). Clickin| 00001000 67 20 6f 6e 20 4f 4b 2c 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 |g on OK, instruc| 00001010 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 74 |ts the program t| 00001020 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 0a 75 6e 69 74 73 20 |o use the.units | 00001030 73 65 6c 65 63 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |selected in the | 00001040 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6d 6d 65 |window, and imme| 00001050 64 69 61 74 65 6c 79 20 75 70 64 61 74 65 73 20 |diately updates | 00001060 61 6c 6c 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 2e 0a 43 6c |all displays..Cl| 00001070 69 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 53 61 76 65 20 61 |icking on Save a| 00001080 6c 73 6f 20 73 61 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 |lso saves these | 00001090 75 6e 69 74 73 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 66 |units as the def| 000010a0 61 75 6c 74 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 |aults to be used| 000010b0 20 6e 65 78 74 20 74 69 6d 65 0a 74 68 65 20 70 | next time.the p| 000010c0 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 |rogram is starte| 000010d0 64 2e 0a |d..| 000010d3
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