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!AWApr94/Goodies/AppView/!Help
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Archimedes archive » Archimedes World » AW-1994-04-Disc1.adf » Disk1Apr94 |
| Filename: | !AWApr94/Goodies/AppView/!Help |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 40DD bytes |
| Load address: | 0000 |
| Exec address: | 0000 |
File contents
AppView
By T. Leonard
� Archimedes World.
AppView is a disassembler and debugger.
AppView supports the !Help application.
AppView allows you to watch the computer's memory and also to change it whilst programs are running. You may do this to desktop tasks, modules and the memory directly, and also to files.
In this help file hex (or the '&' prefix) have been used as abbreviations of hexadecimal, not base 6!
Introduction
============
If you have used disassemblers before, you can skip to the Main section.
The language that a computer understands directly is called machine code.
This is a series of numbers which the computer can process very quickly.
Each number represents a very simple instruction, such as put this number
at this location. Though the computer can read this language easily, to do
it yourself would be very time consuming and tedious.
Therefore to read machine code we use programs called disassemblers to
convert the numbers into strings of letters. This language is called
assembler. Eg: Machine code number : &E3A000C8
Assembly string : MOV R0,#&C8 (move into register 0 the
number &C8).
AppView is a program which allows you to disassemble machine code.
Using AppView
=============
Load up AppView and click on the AppView icon.
Now you can select a task.
For now, select AppView itself by clicking on its icon with the left hand
mouse button (Select).
A window will pop up with a disassembly of AppView.
Unless you are familiar with disassemblers, this may seem complete nonsense.
On the far right is the assembler string.
On the far left is the same instruction in machine code.
This is in base 16.
The base we usually use is decimal, base 10.
The base is, simply, the number of different values one number character can
assume.
We use base 10 and one character can have 10 values
(0123456789).
When we write the number ten we don't write a single symbol for 10,
but magnify the value of one by the base.
We show this by moving its position one place to the left.
In the same way a number character in base 16 can have 16 values
(0123456789ABCDEF).
Therefore, to write 17 in base 16 would be &11
(The & is the sign used for base 16).
Why do we use base 10?
The apparent reason is that we have ten fingers, as far as I can see.
There doesn't seem to be any other reason.
Computers and calculators use base 2.
This is because two figures can be easily represented with pulses of
electricity. A pulse for 1, no pulse for 0.
To count 0,1,2,3,4 in base 2 (binary) would be 0,1,10,11,100.
Binary numbers are therefore often very long.
Base 2 can easily be converted to base 16, since 4 figures of binary fit
into 1 figure of hexadecimal (base 16) exactly.
This is why base 16 is often used.
The number of 'bits' a computer uses is the number of figures of binary
it can cope with in one go. The Archimedes is 32 bit, so it can move 32
digits around in one go.
Binary is very simple, but how do you show negative numbers?
The system used is called two's complement. In a negative number all the
binary bits of the positive number are inverted and one is added.
One is added so that when a number is added to its negative it sums to zero (The leftmost overflow bit is ignored).
So +4 in binary is 00000100
and -4 is 11111100. (two carry overs when 1 is added to 011)
Adding then works correctly. Eg: -4+5=1 11111100
Here I have used 8 bits to save space. +00000101
--------
overflow (1) 00000001 = decimal 1.
--------
You can tell if a number is negative by looking at the leftmost (highest)
bit. If it is 1 then the number is negative. Since four binary digits go
into 1 hexadecimal digit, the highest base 16 digit will be greater than
or equal to 8 (in binary 8 is 1000, top bit set).
Main section
============
Once AppView is loaded you can view a task by:
- selecting View Task from AppView's main menu
(the one you get by clicking Menu over its icon).
- if nothing else is loaded in AppView you may also use View Task by
clicking on its icon with Select or Adjust.
The pointer will change into an arrow with APP written below it.
Click Select on any window or icon belonging to the task you wish to view.
Any other button aborts.
Note: You cannot look at module tasks in this way
(to see which these are, select Task display from the Task Manager).
Looking at modules is explained later.
To load a file:
- drag the file to AppView's icon
(or any of its windows except the List window).
A disassembly of the object will pop up in a window.
On the far left is a number in hex.
This is the value at the location you are looking at.
Next are four letters.
This is the textual form of the same value.
Next is the address in hex that you are looking at.
Lastly is the disassembly of the value.
The Main Menu
=============
This is the menu you get by clicking Menu over the AppView icon.
Info - shows information about AppView itself.
Tools - leads to the tools menu.
Colours - opens the colours window.
List - opens the list window.
View Task - allows you to select a new task to view.
Clear - resets AppView and clears the current object.
Quit - quits AppView.
The Tools sub-menu
==================
Show - Leads to Pointer and Registers. Pointer opens a window showing
the window handle, icon handle, and ESG (Exclusive Selection
Group) of the icon under the pointer. Registers shows the
registers dumped by OS_BreakPt. Details later.
Grab - Leads to Task which copies the selected task into AppView's
memory whole. Appview then treats it independently as a file.
System grabs the machine's memory from 0 to &8000.
Modules - Opens the modules window (described later).
Lose Caret - Turns off the caret.
This is useful if you want to use a hotkey,
but the task with the caret is claiming all key presses.
OSCLI - Executes the command. Like the Task Manager's 'New task'.
Memory - Grabs a certain area of the machine's memory. The default values do the same as Grab System. To use, enter the start
address to grab and the amount to grab. Then click OK or press
Return to grab it.
The Colours Window
==================
Colours allows you to set which colours will be used in the view window.
Click on one of the colours in the palette to select it.
A different palette is used for each of the four types.
When you select a colour the view window will change to show the effect,
if it is open.
To save the colours, click on Save.
These will be used in future whenever you use the program.
You can resave them as many times as you like.
The next entry is List. This opens up the list window.
The List Window
===============
The list is a set of items.
These are addresses in the object.
The list is independent of the object.
Killing the object will not kill the list.
The list may be saved in the normal way.
To load a list drag it to the list window.
Items may be added by entering them in the Add sub-menu.
Clicking on the Add entry itself will add the selected address.
The addresses are sorted into order. Clicking Menu over the list window will
bring up the list menu:
Misc - Leads to the misc menu.
Save - Allows you to save the list.
Add - Adds an address to the list.
Clear - Clears the whole list.
To add an address to the list, follow the Add arrow.
Type in the new address
Press Return or click over it
As with all keyboard input in AppView the standard keys can be used,
eg Ctrl-U to clear the entry box.
As with all number input in AppView (Add, Goto, Search, Etc...) the entry
can be any number or sum, and all the numbers in the entry can be in any
base.
To use a different base for a number, the format is <base>_<number>, where
<base> is a base from 2 to 36 and <number> is a number in that base.
e.g. 36_ZZ5 = 46,625 ( 35 x 36^2 + 35 x 36^1 + 5 x 36^0 )
System variables may also be used. Eg: &8000+<Test$Number>*2_1011.
& can be used for base 16.
All items in the list are shown in base 16.
To clear the list follow the Clear arrow and select Yes.
In the list window:
Click Select on an address will select it in the view window.
Click Adjust will remove it from the list.
The AppView Icon
================
Click select to refresh the view window and bring it to the front.
Click adjust to refresh it and leave it where it is.
The View Window
===============
The address currently selected will be highlighted. You can move the bar
while AppView has the input focus using the up and down arrows.
Clicking Select over a line will select it.
Clicking Adjust will pop up the Change window with the address you clicked
on in it.
The view menu has Misc as the first entry.
Info - gives info on AppView.
ObjectInfo - gives details of the object you are viewing.
Colours - opens the colours window.
If you have not yet selected an object, the ObjectInfo item will be shaded.
The ObjectInfo Window
=====================
Changed - Has the Change feature been used?
Type - TASK for tasks or the FileType for files.
Name - Task name for tasks or the pathname for files
Base - The base address.
Size - The total size of the object shown as bytes in hex and
kilobytes (K) in decimal.
The Save sub-menu
=================
Object - saves the entire file or task's memory as is.
Text - will go through and save any text it finds.
Disassembly- will save a disassembly of the object. Unknown instructions are
replaced with EQUDs.
To RAM - allows you to save the object to the machine's memory directly.
The To RAM save box
===================
Type in the address to save to and the amount to save. You will be asked to
confirm. When you bring up the menu, the address to save to is set to the
current base address and the length is the current length. When you do the
save the base address is updated to the one you used, but the length is
unaltered.
DO NOT save to &8000 to save for tasks. Tasks are updated as you change
them. If you save to &8000, AppView will save to its own &8000, which will
corrupt the whole program!
The Search Window
=================
Use search to find data in the object. Select the type of search you want:
Byte - a number one byte long. There are four of these per line in
the View window.
Word - a number one word long. Each line in the view window is one
word.
String - a string of letters. If Case is on then the case of the letters
is important, otherwise it is ignored. Toggle case with Ctrl-A.
Mnemonic - the first part of the disassembly.
SWI - a Swi command.
You may cycle through these using Ctrl-T.
The mnemonic search is case sensitive and space insensitive. It will match
as many letters as you use so, for example, to find:
MOV with any condition use "MOV"
MOV with equal use "MOVEQ"
You can also search for whole instructions, eg "MOV R0,#&C8".
This is also useful if you can only remember the first part of a swi, eg
"SWI OS_ReadMonoton" (for OS_ReadMonotonicTime).
Note: This search, unlike the swi search, will not ignore the X, so
the above example would not find XOS_ReadMonotonicTime.
Enter the data to search for in the white icon.
Condition toggles the condition options. These are:
Equal to - Find the data in the object equal to your supplied data.
Not Equal - Find the data not equal to your data.
Less than - Find the number less than yours.
Greater than - Find the number greater than yours.
These can be cycled with Ctrl-E.
Less than and Greater than are only available for Byte and Word searches.
List toggles the list options.
New List - will clear the list before searching.
Merge - will add all found addresses to the list.
Only search - will check all the addresses in the list and remove any that
don't agree with the search setup.
These can be cycled with Ctrl-N.
List Search will begin the search using the list. (or press Ctrl-S)
First will find the first address that fits the search. (or press Return)
Next will find the next address that fits. (or Down Arrow)
After a First or Next search the message icon will show the address found
and the address found will be selected in the view window.
After a New List search the number of items found is displayed.
After a Merge search the number of items added is displayed.
After an Only search the number of items removed is displayed.
Goto
====
This function will select the specified address and jump to it.
You may press F5 to use goto.
Start - Goto the start (you can also press Home).
Base+ - Will goto the base address + the address you enter.
<address> - Will goto the address entered.
The Change Window
=================
This can also be used by clicking Adjust over the view window.
It allows you to change data in the object. Select what sort of data you
would like to change (Byte,Word,Swi,String,Mnemonic - see Search for
details). Cycle with Ctrl-T.
For bytes or words select:
Put - Replace old data with your value.
Add - Increment old data by your value.
Take - Take your value from old data.
Cycle with Ctrl-P.
As with search, numbers may be expressions.
Click on Go or press Return to change the address in the Address box.
Click on Use List or press Ctrl-L to change all addresses in the list.
Put your value in the second white box, and the address to use (for a Go
change) in the top box. If Confirm is selected the program will check
with you first. It can be toggled with Ctrl-C.
Only using Change on tasks writes the data to them. All others simply
edit a copy in AppView's memory and must then be saved back.
Mnemonic Change
===============
Type into the white box below the address the instruction to assemble.
Eg: MOVEQS R0,R1
AppView has a slightly limited assembler and will not check the
instructions very much, eg: MOV R21,R2 will assemble MOV R11,R2.
To assemble ADR type instructions you will have to use:
ADD Rd,PC,#<offset from PC>, or SUB for negative instructions.
The Edit Menu
=============
Branch - Select and goto the address that the branch instruction now
selected in the view window points to, if a branch instruction
is selected. (Also Ctrl-B)
Return - This will jump back from the last branch. (Also Ctrl-R)
You may return up to 39 times in a row.
Change - This will open the change window with the selected address.
(Also Ctrl-C)
GotoBar - Jump to the selected address (highlight bar).
(Also Ctrl-G)
Update - Reload the data from the task and refresh the view window.
(Also Ctrl-U)
The Set Menu
============
Base - Set the base address (files only).
Length - Set the length (files only).
FileType - Set the filetype (files or apps).
Filetypes must be THREE digits long.
The Modules Window
==================
Click select or adjust over a module name to open a window showing the
module's entry points and length.
The menu has three entries:
Info - shows information about AppView.
'module' - leads to the Action menu.
Update - updates the module list.
The Action Menu
===============
Grab - Copy the module into AppView to disassemble it.
SWI list - Open a window showing the module's swis.
Info - Open the module info window.
Desktop - Perform *WimpTask <module>:Desktop_<module>
ie. restart module tasks which have been quit but not killed.
Kill - RMKill the module.
The Registers Window
====================
Shows the contents of the latest register dump performed with OS_BreakPt.
'Stored At' shows where the register dump area is in memory. Flags shows
which processor flags are set. Address shows the address in the PC without
the flags. Update reloads the data.
00000000 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000020 41 70 70 56 69 65 77 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |AppView. | 00000030 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000040 20 20 20 20 20 42 79 20 54 2e 20 4c 65 6f 6e 61 | By T. Leona| 00000050 72 64 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |rd. | 00000060 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a9 20 41 | . A| 00000070 72 63 68 69 6d 65 64 65 73 20 57 6f 72 6c 64 2e |rchimedes World.| 00000080 0a 0a 41 70 70 56 69 65 77 20 69 73 20 61 20 64 |..AppView is a d| 00000090 69 73 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 |isassembler and | 000000a0 64 65 62 75 67 67 65 72 2e 0a 0a 41 70 70 56 69 |debugger...AppVi| 000000b0 65 77 20 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 |ew supports the | 000000c0 21 48 65 6c 70 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f |!Help applicatio| 000000d0 6e 2e 0a 0a 41 70 70 56 69 65 77 20 61 6c 6c 6f |n...AppView allo| 000000e0 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 77 61 74 63 68 20 |ws you to watch | 000000f0 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 27 73 20 6d |the computer's m| 00000100 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 74 |emory and also t| 00000110 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 69 74 20 77 68 69 6c |o change it whil| 00000120 73 74 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 72 65 20 |st programs are | 00000130 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 |running. You may| 00000140 20 64 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 74 6f 20 64 65 73 6b | do this to desk| 00000150 74 6f 70 20 74 61 73 6b 73 2c 20 6d 6f 64 75 6c |top tasks, modul| 00000160 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 |es and the memor| 00000170 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 |y directly, and | 00000180 61 6c 73 6f 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 0a 0a |also to files...| 00000190 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 68 65 6c 70 20 66 69 6c |In this help fil| 000001a0 65 20 68 65 78 20 28 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 27 26 |e hex (or the '&| 000001b0 27 20 70 72 65 66 69 78 29 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 |' prefix) have b| 000001c0 65 65 6e 20 75 73 65 64 20 61 73 20 61 62 62 72 |een used as abbr| 000001d0 65 76 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 68 65 78 |eviations of hex| 000001e0 61 64 65 63 69 6d 61 6c 2c 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 61 |adecimal, not ba| 000001f0 73 65 20 36 21 0a 0a 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 |se 6!..Introduct| 00000200 69 6f 6e 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |ion.============| 00000210 0a 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 75 73 65 |.If you have use| 00000220 64 20 64 69 73 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 73 20 |d disassemblers | 00000230 62 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 |before, you can | 00000240 73 6b 69 70 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 69 6e |skip to the Main| 00000250 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 6c | section...The l| 00000260 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 63 |anguage that a c| 00000270 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 |omputer understa| 00000280 6e 64 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 20 69 73 20 |nds directly is | 00000290 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 63 |called machine c| 000002a0 6f 64 65 2e 0a 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 |ode..This is a s| 000002b0 65 72 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 |eries of numbers| 000002c0 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 | which the compu| 000002d0 74 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 |ter can process | 000002e0 76 65 72 79 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 2e 0a 45 61 |very quickly..Ea| 000002f0 63 68 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 |ch number repres| 00000300 65 6e 74 73 20 61 20 76 65 72 79 20 73 69 6d 70 |ents a very simp| 00000310 6c 65 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 |le instruction, | 00000320 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 70 75 74 20 74 68 69 73 |such as put this| 00000330 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 0a 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 | number.at this | 00000340 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 54 68 6f 75 67 68 |location. Though| 00000350 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 63 61 | the computer ca| 00000360 6e 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 69 73 20 6c 61 6e 67 |n read this lang| 00000370 75 61 67 65 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 2c 20 74 6f 20 |uage easily, to | 00000380 64 6f 0a 69 74 20 79 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 20 77 |do.it yourself w| 00000390 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 74 69 6d |ould be very tim| 000003a0 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 75 6d 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 |e consuming and | 000003b0 74 65 64 69 6f 75 73 2e 0a 54 68 65 72 65 66 6f |tedious..Therefo| 000003c0 72 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 61 64 20 6d 61 63 68 69 |re to read machi| 000003d0 6e 65 20 63 6f 64 65 20 77 65 20 75 73 65 20 70 |ne code we use p| 000003e0 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 64 |rograms called d| 000003f0 69 73 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 73 20 74 6f 0a |isassemblers to.| 00000400 63 6f 6e 76 65 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 |convert the numb| 00000410 65 72 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 73 |ers into strings| 00000420 20 6f 66 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 2e 20 54 68 69 | of letters. Thi| 00000430 73 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 20 69 73 20 63 61 |s language is ca| 00000440 6c 6c 65 64 0a 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 2e 20 |lled.assembler. | 00000450 45 67 3a 20 4d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 63 6f 64 65 |Eg: Machine code| 00000460 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 3a 20 26 45 33 41 30 30 | number : &E3A00| 00000470 30 43 38 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |0C8. | 00000480 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 79 20 | Assembly | 00000490 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 3a 20 4d 4f 56 20 52 30 2c |string : MOV R0,| 000004a0 23 26 43 38 20 28 6d 6f 76 65 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 |#&C8 (move into | 000004b0 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 30 20 74 68 65 0a 20 |register 0 the. | 000004c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 000004f0 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 26 43 38 29 2e 0a 0a 41 | number &C8)...A| 00000500 70 70 56 69 65 77 20 69 73 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 |ppView is a prog| 00000510 72 61 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 |ram which allows| 00000520 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 64 69 73 61 73 73 65 6d | you to disassem| 00000530 62 6c 65 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 63 6f 64 65 |ble machine code| 00000540 2e 0a 0a 55 73 69 6e 67 20 41 70 70 56 69 65 77 |...Using AppView| 00000550 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 4c |.=============.L| 00000560 6f 61 64 20 75 70 20 41 70 70 56 69 65 77 20 61 |oad up AppView a| 00000570 6e 64 20 63 6c 69 63 6b 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |nd click on the | 00000580 41 70 70 56 69 65 77 20 69 63 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a 4e |AppView icon...N| 00000590 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 65 6c 65 63 |ow you can selec| 000005a0 74 20 61 20 74 61 73 6b 2e 0a 46 6f 72 20 6e 6f |t a task..For no| 000005b0 77 2c 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 20 41 70 70 56 69 65 |w, select AppVie| 000005c0 77 20 69 74 73 65 6c 66 20 62 79 20 63 6c 69 63 |w itself by clic| 000005d0 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 69 74 73 20 69 63 6f 6e |king on its icon| 000005e0 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 66 74 20 68 | with the left h| 000005f0 61 6e 64 0a 6d 6f 75 73 65 20 62 75 74 74 6f 6e |and.mouse button| 00000600 20 28 53 65 6c 65 63 74 29 2e 0a 41 20 77 69 6e | (Select)..A win| 00000610 64 6f 77 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 6f 70 20 75 70 20 |dow will pop up | 00000620 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 64 69 73 61 73 73 65 6d 62 |with a disassemb| 00000630 6c 79 20 6f 66 20 41 70 70 56 69 65 77 2e 0a 55 |ly of AppView..U| 00000640 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 66 61 |nless you are fa| 00000650 6d 69 6c 69 61 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 69 73 61 |miliar with disa| 00000660 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 73 2c 20 74 68 69 73 20 |ssemblers, this | 00000670 6d 61 79 20 73 65 65 6d 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 |may seem complet| 00000680 65 20 6e 6f 6e 73 65 6e 73 65 2e 0a 0a 4f 6e 20 |e nonsense...On | 00000690 74 68 65 20 66 61 72 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 69 73 |the far right is| 000006a0 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 20 73 | the assembler s| 000006b0 74 72 69 6e 67 2e 0a 4f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 61 |tring..On the fa| 000006c0 72 20 6c 65 66 74 20 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 |r left is the s| 000006d0 61 6d 65 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 |ame instruction | 000006e0 69 6e 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 63 6f 64 65 2e |in machine code.| 000006f0 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 62 61 73 |..This is in bas| 00000700 65 20 31 36 2e 0a 54 68 65 20 62 61 73 65 20 77 |e 16..The base w| 00000710 65 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 75 73 65 20 69 73 |e usually use is| 00000720 20 64 65 63 69 6d 61 6c 2c 20 62 61 73 65 20 31 | decimal, base 1| 00000730 30 2e 0a 54 68 65 20 62 61 73 65 20 69 73 2c 20 |0..The base is, | 00000740 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 |simply, the numb| 00000750 65 72 20 6f 66 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 |er of different | 00000760 76 61 6c 75 65 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 |values one numbe| 00000770 72 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 63 61 6e 0a |r character can.| 00000780 61 73 73 75 6d 65 2e 0a 0a 57 65 20 75 73 65 20 |assume...We use | 00000790 62 61 73 65 20 31 30 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e 65 20 |base 10 and one 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