iTEM a

Home » Personal collection » Commodore disks » disk24b_geos_backup.d64 » iTEM a

iTEM a

This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.

Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.

Tape/disk:	Home » Personal collection » Commodore disks » disk24b_geos_backup.d64
Filename:	iTEM a
Read OK:	✔
File size:	4F9C bytes
Load address:	0000
Exec address:	0000

File contents

�Item A����������X ZPRG formatted GEOS file V1.0������������A����������������������������������Write Image V2.1geoWrite V2.1�*� ���.�.�.�݅ �( �>�1 59��
���.���. 9 �< �<`���
���"
��.��
�r�
���"
`�(@��1�ʎsA�ڢ9 V&����3J��!! L +]� �!.�!`!!1=�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������PPPPPPPPPPPXP______________________________
XXA comparison of straight and meander sections of a stream's channel to investigate to what extent they conform to textbook models.
X@______________________________

��BY[]
DOMINIC<FORD[]

X@Item A G.C.S.E. Geography Coursework.
��,PP� PPPPPP�!��ContentsN�
PP� PPPPPP�
N@Section PageN�

NIntroduction 3
Methods of Data Collection 7
Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis 12
Conclusion PP� PPPPPP�!��ContentsN�
PP� PPPPPP�
N@Section PageN�

NIntroduction 3
Methods of Data Collection 7
Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis 12
Conclusion 22
Appendix A: Bibliography 24

N@Figure Name Page
N
1 The Location of my Study 5
2 My float 8
3 Calculating bank gradient 10
4 Meander Cross-section 13
5 Straight Cross-section 14
6 Bank features on Meander sections 15
7 Meander section Bank Gradients 16
8 Straight section Bank Gradients 16
9 pH Graph 18
10 Straight Bed Sediment Graph 20
11 Meander Bed Sediment Graph 21�x4PPxPPPPPPP�5��IntroductionL�
PPxPPPPPPP�7
LThe aim of this project is to compare straight and meander sections of a stream, and investigate PPxPPPPPPP�5��IntroductionL�
PPxPPPPPPP�7
LThe aim of this project is to compare straight and meander sections of a stream, and investigate to what extent they conform to textbook models. The stream which I have chosen for this investigation is named Tanners Brook, and is situated to the east of Dorking in Surrey. Tanners Brook is a tributary of the river Mole, which is in turn a tributary of the river Thames, as shown in fig. 1 on the following page. Fig. 1 also shows a small scale view pof my areas of study.
Before carrying out this investigation, I have made a number of hypotheses about the trends which my data will show:

1. The thalweg will follow the deepest water along both straight and meander sections.
2. Straight river sections will have a semi-circular cross section, while meander sections will be deeper on the outside bend than the inside bend.
3. Sediment load will vary proportionally to stream velocity across the channels of both straight and meander sections. Total sediment load will be greater for straight sections than for meanders.
4. The stream's hydraulic radius will be higher for straight sections than for meander sections, and so the stream's efficiency will be greater for straight sections.
5. The outside bend of a meander will have a steep river cliff with an overhang or signs of recent collapse, while the inside bank will be less steep with much vegetation. Straight sections will have banks of equal gradient.
6. Sediment on the stream's bed on the inside bend of a meander will be graded into a slip-off slope, with small sediment close to the bank, and larger material closer to the centre, whereas on a straight section sediment will be largest at the centre of the stream, and graded to either side.
7. The pH of the river water will remain constant across the channels of both straight and meander sections, and also between the different cross-sections which are studied. This constant pH will approximately pH 8, which is a weak alkali.�PPxPPPPPPP�'LOne of the aims of my investigation is to prove or disprove my hypotheses. In order to do so, I will need to investigate several different features of the stream's channel. These are:

PPxPPPPPPP�- Velocity - Depth
- Sediment load of water - Water pH level
- Bank gradient - Vegetation levels on banks
- Bed sediment (size and roughness) - Hydraulic Radius�46PPPPPPPPPP�0L�X6PPPPPPPPPP�0 ��>PPPPPPPPPP�5PPPPPPPPPP�0L�X6PPPPPPPPPP�0 ��>PPPPPPPPPP�5��Methods of Data CollectionL
PPPPPPPPPP�7
I have already outlined the types of data required to investigate my hypotheses in the introPPPPPPPPPP�0 ��>PPPPPPPPPP�5��Methods of Data CollectionL
PPPPPPPPPP�7
I have already outlined the types of data required to investigate my hypotheses in the introduction. I shall now explain the metPPPPPPPPPP�5��Methods of Data CollectionL
PPPPPPPPPP�7
I have already outlined the types of data required to investigate my hypotheses in the introduction. I shall now explain the method which I used to collect each type of data. In a number of the surveys it was necessary for me to be able to measure precise distances across the stream. In the depth survey, for example, I needed to take a series of readings at regular intervals across the stream. In order to make this process easier, quicker, and more accurate, I laid a tape measure across the stream, and tied it at both ends. By doing so I ensured that inaccuracies were not caused by the tape measure slipping, and also ensured continuity throughout all of my surveys, as the tape measure remained in place throughout.

L�DepthL

Every 5cm (or 10cm in wider sections) along the horizontal tape measure, I dipped a ruler vertically down into the water, and read the depth of water. I was careful to ensure that I did not disturb the river bed when doing so, as much of the river's bed was deep layers of silt. Had I disturbed this silt, my readings would have been too deep, and so erroneous.

L�VelocityL

There are a number of methods of measuring stream velocity. By far the most accurate and reliable is the flow vane, which measures velocity by counting the number of revolutions of a propeller which is suspended in the water. Unfortunately a flow vane was not available for use in this investigation.
An alternative method for measuring stream velocity is to time how long it takes for a bouyant object, eg. a dog biscuit or cork, to travel for a set distance downstream. I originally intended to set this distance at 10m, but my initial tests showed that the velocity of Tanners Brook was so low that a distance of 1m provided better readings. I also found that this method only works well if there is minimal wind, as the dog biscuits tended to be driven more by the wind than the flow of the stream. At times the dog biscuit even travelled in the opposite direction to the flow of the stream!��@PPPPPPPPPP�'LIn order to minimise the effect of the force of the wind upon my readings, I made a special float which floated very low in the water, so as to PPPPPPPPPP�'LIn order to minimise the effect of the force of the wind upon my readings, I made a special float which floated very low in the water, so as to minimise the surface area above the water and so minimise the force exerted upon the float from the wind. Moreover I placed several paddles on the underside of the float, in order to maximise the force exerted on the float from the flow of the river. Fig. 2 shows a picture of my float.

PPPPPPPPPP�Fig. 2: My float.��HPPPPPPPPPP�7L�Bed Sediment SamplingL

Every 20cm across the stream's channel, three stones were selected from the stream's bed, and measured for size and roughness. If silt or leaf litter was found instead ofPPPPPPPPPP�7L�Bed Sediment SamplingL

Every 20cm across the stream's channel, three stones were selected from the stream's bed, and measured for size and roughness. If silt or leaf litter was found instead of a stone, simply "silt", or "twig" was recorded, as these cannot quantitatively be measured. Size was taken to be the length of the longest side of the stone, and roughness was simply measured by judging its texture on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 being smooth, 5 being very angular). For samples of silt, a roughness of 0 was recorded. The three sizes and roughnesses were then averaged and the roughness was rounded to the nearest whole number.

L�Stream Load MeasurementL

To measure the sediment load of the stream, water samples were taken from the stream, and passed through a coffee filter. I originally intended to pass several litres of water through the filter, and then to subtract the weight of an un-used paper from the weight of the filter, to obtain the weight of sediment collected. There was, however, very little sediment on the paper, and so I decided to use a visual scale, and look to see approximately how much sediment there was.

L�pH Measurement
L
PP88888888�7Two readings were taken for the pH of the water: one using an electronic pH measuring probe, and the other using litmus paper. The electronic probe was more accurate, giving readings to one decimal place, whereas the litmus paper only measured to the nearest whole number, and used a subjective colour scale. My initial tests using neutral de-ionised water, however, showed that at times the probe gave false readings, because the end of the probe had to be thoroughly washed in between readings to ensure that the tip was not still coated in the previous sample. The litmus tests acted as a backup check to ensure that the probe was giving an answer which was approximately correct, although were not actually used as evidence in this project for or against my hypotheses. In cases where the two readings were not similar, both were re-taken.� %LPP�PPPPPPP�'L�Bank GradientL

Before the bank gradient could be calculated, the horizontal distance between the top of the bank and the water's edge (x) and the diagonal distance down the PP�PPPPPPP�'L�Bank GradientL

Before the bank gradient could be calculated, the horizontal distance between the top of the bank and the water's edge (x) and the diagonal distance down the bank (y) had to be measured. A right-angled triangle could then be formed (see fig. 3), and using alternate angles it could be proven that the angle between the top of the bank and the horizontal is equal to the angle of elevation of the bank, and so that the two angles marked as theta on the diagram are equal. The value of the angle NqL, and so the angle of elevation of the bank could then be calculated using trigonometry:

PP�PPPPPPP� Cos NqL=LxL/LyL
Therefore: NqL=CosF-1L(LxL/LyL)

PP�PPPPPPP�'
PP�PPPPPPP�!�@Fig. 3: Measuring bank gradient�
�OPP�PPPPPPP�'L�Hydraulic RadiusL

The hydraulic radius of a stream is defined as the ratio between the cross-sectional area of the stream'sPP�PPPPPPP�'L�Hydraulic RadiusL

The hydraulic radius of a stream is defined as the ratio between the cross-sectional area of the stream's channel, and the wetted perimeter of the channel. The wetted perimeter is the surface of the bed and banks which is under-water. The greater the hydraulic radius, the lower the external friction acting on the water from the bed, and so the more efficient the stream is at transporting water. The hydraulis radius may be calculated using the following formula:

PP�PPPPPPP�Hydraulic Radius = L�Cross-sectional areaL
PP�PPPPPPP� Wetted Perimeter

PP�PPPPPPP�The cross-sectional area of the stream may be calculated by multiplying the mean depth of the water by the width of the stream's channel. The wetted perimeter may be measured by laying a measuring tape along the stream's bed, ensuring that it remains as close to the stream bed as possible.��XPPPPPPPPPP�%��Methods of Data PrPPPPPPPPPP�%��Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis�
L
PPPPPPPPPP�'L�1. Depth/Velocity RelationshipL

Figs. 4 and 5 show that the velocity was greatest in the deepest areas of water at both straight section A and meander section B, and so the thalweg roughly followed the deepest areas of water. This happens because the velocity of the water depends upon the efficiency of the stream at transporting water. The main factor which determines efficiency is friction, and the main source of friction to the stream is the bed. The most efficient, and so the fastest, areas of water will be those which are furthest from the bed, and so will usually be just below the surface of the deepest area of the stream. The fastest area is not actually on the surface, because here there is much friction from the air.
This trend in water velocity was only a very rough pattern, with only a slight difference in the readings, particularly for the meander. The stream's bed, on the other hand, has a clear pattern, which suggests that there should also a clear pattern in velocity. I believe that the reason for this was that this survey was performed in the summer months, when the stream had a very low discharge. In winter months, when the discharge of the stream is very high, the pattern in velocity would probably be very clear, thus making a very clear pattern in the cross-section.

L�2. Channel ShapeL

Fig. 5 shows us that for straight section A, the deepest water was roughly at the centre of the channel. This is because the centre is the furthest point from the two banks, which are a source of friction, and reduce efficiency. Because of the low friction at the centre, the fastest water flows here, and so most erosion occurs. The stream, therefore, erodes the deepest channel here. Fig. 4 shows us that meander section B had deeper water on the outside of the bend than the inside of the bend. This is because when the stream's channel changes direction, the water's momentum makes it continue in a straight line, and so move closer to the outside bank. It is only after the meander that the force of friction makes the thalweg move back to the centre of the channel.��XPPPPPPPPPP�7L�
�XPPPPPPPPPP�7PPPPPPPPPP�7L�
�XPPPPPPPPPP�7�^PPPPPPPPPP�7L�3. Bank GradientL

Fig. 7 on the next page shows that the gradient of the inside bank of meander B was much less than that of the outside bank. Fig. 6, PPPPPPPPPP�7�^PPPPPPPPPP�7L�3. Bank GradientL

Fig. 7 on the next page shows that the gradient of the inside bank of meander B was much less than that of the outside bank. Fig. 6, below, shows a photo of meander sectPPPPPPPPPP�7L�3. Bank GradientL

Fig. 7 on the next page shows that the gradient of the inside bank of meander B was much less than that of the outside bank. Fig. 6, below, shows a photo of meander section C. There are signs of recent collapse on the outside bank, as there are pieces of large sediment in the stream's channel beside the bank. This occurs because the velocity of the water by the outside bank is high, and so much erosion occurs. Slowly this erosion causes an overhang to form, and eventually this overhang becomes so large that the bank collapses. There is also evidence of a high vegetation level on the inside bank of the stream, where plants are growing on the fertile alluvium deposits from the stream. The stream deposits alluvium on the inside bank, because the velocity of the water beside the inside bank is low, and so the stream's competence by the bank is low. As a result, any sediment carried in the water is deposited.
Fig. 8 shows that the gradients of the two banks of straight section A were roughly equal. This was because the velocity of the water beside each bank was also roughly equal, and so the level of erosion was the same on both banks.

PPPPPPPPPP�4

PPPPPPPPPP�Fig. 6: Bank features on meander sections.�(^PPPPPPPPPP�6��ePPPPPPPPPP�7L�4. Hydraulic Radius comparisonL

I have calculated the hydraulic radius of straight section A to be 1.06m, and the hydraulic radius of meanPPPPPPPPPP�6��ePPPPPPPPPP�7L�4. Hydraulic Radius comparisonL

I have calculated the hydraulic radius of straight section A to be 1.06m, and the hydraulic radius of meander section B to be 1.00. This shows that the strPPPPPPPPPP�7L�4. Hydraulic Radius comparisonL

I have calculated the hydraulic radius of straight section A to be 1.06m, and the hydraulic radius of meander section B to be 1.00. This shows that the straight section was more efficient than the meander section, because it had less external friction. This was because the straight section had a greater volume than the meander section, relative to the wetted perimeter.

L�5. pHL

Fig. 9, on the following page, shows that there was little pattern in the pH readings for straight section D, but that the pH varied with velocity for meander section E. We would expect pH to remain constant across the stream's channel, because it depends purely upon sediment which is dissolved in the water. This type of sediment is not deposited if the velocity of the stream is reduced, and so should be distrubuted equally across the channel, causing a constant pH across the channel.
I believe that the reason for this pattern was that there was a crop field a little way up-stream from the meander section, where artificial fertilisers from the land may have entered the stream, altering its pH. When the stream left the field, the water close to the banks and bed quickly returned to its original pH, but the water at the centre of the stream, following the thalweg, had not yet mixed with the water from the banks, and so retained the pH which it had gained from the fertiliser. By the time the water reached the straight section, which was down-stream from the meander section, the water had mixed thoroughly, and lost the artificial pH from the fertiliser.
The pH of the straight section was generally greater than that of the meander section. This may have been because of changes in weather conditions between the two sessions when the pH data was collected. Both sections were, however, weakly alkaline, which is true of most un-polluted streams, because of alkaline material in the soil.��eP888888888�3 �YfP888888888�3 �6. P888888888�3 �YfP888888888�3 �6. Sediment Load

Fig. 10

�7. Bed Sediment

Fig. 11�}fP888888888�3N��fP888888888�3 ��fP888888888�3 �Conclusion

P888888888�3 �6. Sediment Load

Fig. 10

�7. Bed Sediment

Fig. 11�}fP888888888�3N��fP888888888�3 ��fP888888888�3 �Conclusion

�gP888888888�3 �P888888888�3N��fP888888888�3 ��fP888888888�3 �Conclusion

�gP888888888�3 �Appendix A: Bibliography �=�g@PPPPPPPPP@L"LA Comparison of Straight and MP888888888�3 ��fP888888888�3 �Conclusion

�gP888888888�3 �Appendix A: Bibliography �=�g@PPPPPPPPP@L"LA Comparison of Straight and Meander sections of a stream's channeP888888888�3 �Conclusion

�gP888888888�3 �Appendix A: Bibliography �=�g@PPPPPPPPP@L"LA Comparison of Straight and Meander sections of a stream's channel to investigate to what extent theyP888888888�3 �Appendix A: Bibliography

.ZGiTEM a..........TGAGxGFPIz@prg FORMATTED geos FILE v1.0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@CU.....@A..A.AA....@a.....Q..Q..Q.....Q..Q..Q.....Q.....Q..Q.......GA@@..@@wRITE iMAGE v2.1@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@GEOwRITE v2.1@@@@A@.*@£@.B RN ......Q@..@O...N .( .>.1 59..J.B........ ]N Z9 .< .<....]M..."M.....J.R.]M..."M..(@.@.1.A..Sa...9 v&.]..B.B3CjH.B.A!A!IlCWI+D]D.I.A!A]F.A]H.A!A.A!A!A1A=@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@..N.D@..K@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBp@U@@@WxAp..............................MWxAxa COMPARISON OF STRAIGHT AND MEANDER SECTIONS OF A STREAM'S CHANNEL TO INVESTIGATE TO WHAT EXTENT THEY CONFORM TO TEXTBOOK MODELS.MWxA@..............................MMMW..@by[]Mdominic<ford[]MMMMWx@@iTEM a g.c.s.e. gEOGRAPHY cOURSEWORK.ML.A.,Qp@pB.@ BpBpBpBpBpBpB.@!@@@W.@.cONTENTSWn@.MQp@pB.@ BpBpBpBpBpBpB.@ @@@MWn@@sECTIONIIpAGEWn@.MMWn@@iNTRODUCTIONII3MmETHODS OF dATA cOLLECTIONI7MmETHODS OF dATA pRESENTATION AND aNALYSISI12McONCLUSIONIQp@pB.@ BpBpBpBpBpBpB.@!@@@W.@.cONTENTSWn@.MQp@pB.@ BpBpBpBpBpBpB.@ @@@MWn@@sECTIONIIpAGEWn@.MMWn@@iNTRODUCTIONII3MmETHODS OF dATA cOLLECTIONI7MmETHODS OF dATA pRESENTATION AND aNALYSISI12McONCLUSIONII22MaPPENDIX a: bIBLIOGRAPHYI24MMMWn@@fIGUREInAMEIpAGEMWn@@M1ItHE lOCATION OF MY sTUDYI5M2ImY FLOATI8M3IcALCULATING BANK GRADIENTI10M4ImEANDER cROSS-SECTIONI13M5IsTRAIGHT cROSS-SECTIONI14M6IbANK FEATURES ON mEANDER SECTIONSI15M7ImEANDER SECTION bANK gRADIENTSI16M8IsTRAIGHT SECTION bANK gRADIENTSI16M9IPh gRAPHI18M10IsTRAIGHT bED sEDIMENT gRAPHI20M11ImEANDER bED sEDIMENT gRAPHI21L.BX4Qp@pBXApBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@5@@@W.@.iNTRODUCTIONWl@.MQp@pBXApBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@MWl@@tHE AIM OF THIS PROJECT IS TO COMPARE STRAIGHT AND MEANDER SECTIONS OF A STREAM, AND INVESTIGATE Qp@pBXApBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@5@@@W.@.iNTRODUCTIONWl@.MQp@pBXApBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@MWl@@tHE AIM OF THIS PROJECT IS TO COMPARE STRAIGHT AND MEANDER SECTIONS OF A STREAM, AND INVESTIGATE TO WHAT EXTENT THEY CONFORM TO TEXTBOOK MODELS. tHE STREAM WHICH i HAVE CHOSEN FOR THIS INVESTIGATION IS NAMED tANNERS bROOK, AND IS SITUATED TO THE EAST OF dORKING IN sURREY. tANNERS bROOK IS A TRIBUTARY OF THE RIVER mOLE, WHICH IS IN TURN A TRIBUTARY OF THE RIVER tHAMES, AS SHOWN IN FIG. 1 ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE. fIG. 1 ALSO SHOWS A SMALL SCALE VIEW POF MY AREAS OF STUDY.MbEFORE CARRYING OUT THIS INVESTIGATION, i HAVE MADE A NUMBER OF HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE TRENDS WHICH MY DATA WILL SHOW:MM1. tHE THALWEG WILL FOLLOW THE DEEPEST WATER ALONG BOTH STRAIGHT AND MEANDER SECTIONS.M2. sTRAIGHT RIVER SECTIONS WILL HAVE A SEMI-CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION, WHILE MEANDER SECTIONS WILL BE DEEPER ON THE OUTSIDE BEND THAN THE INSIDE BEND.M3. sEDIMENT LOAD WILL VARY PROPORTIONALLY TO STREAM VELOCITY ACROSS THE CHANNELS OF BOTH STRAIGHT AND MEANDER SECTIONS. tOTAL SEDIMENT LOAD WILL BE GREATER FOR STRAIGHT SECTIONS THAN FOR MEANDERS.M4. tHE STREAM'S HYDRAULIC RADIUS WILL BE HIGHER FOR STRAIGHT SECTIONS THAN FOR MEANDER SECTIONS, AND SO THE STREAM'S EFFICIENCY WILL BE GREATER FOR STRAIGHT SECTIONS.M5. tHE OUTSIDE BEND OF A MEANDER WILL HAVE A STEEP RIVER CLIFF WITH AN OVERHANG OR SIGNS OF RECENT COLLAPSE, WHILE THE INSIDE BANK WILL BE LESS STEEP WITH MUCH VEGETATION. sTRAIGHT SECTIONS WILL HAVE BANKS OF EQUAL GRADIENT.M6. sEDIMENT ON THE STREAM'S BED ON THE INSIDE BEND OF A MEANDER WILL BE GRADED INTO A SLIP-OFF SLOPE, WITH SMALL SEDIMENT CLOSE TO THE BANK, AND LARGER MATERIAL CLOSER TO THE CENTRE, WHEREAS ON A STRAIGHT SECTION SEDIMENT WILL BE LARGEST AT THE CENTRE OF THE STREAM, AND GRADED TO EITHER SIDE.M7. tHE Ph OF THE RIVER WATER WILL REMAIN CONSTANT ACROSS THE CHANNELS OF BOTH STRAIGHT AND MEANDER SECTIONS, AND ALSO BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT CROSS-SECTIONS WHICH ARE STUDIED. tHIS CONSTANT Ph WILL APPROXIMATELY Ph 8, WHICH IS A WEAK ALKALI.L.CPQp@pBXApBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@Wl@@oNE OF THE AIMS OF MY INVESTIGATION IS TO PROVE OR DISPROVE MY HYPOTHESES. iN ORDER TO DO SO, i WILL NEED TO INVESTIGATE SEVERAL DIFFERENT FEATURES OF THE STREAM'S CHANNEL. tHESE ARE:MMQp@pBXApBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@D@@@- vELOCITYI- dEPTHM- sEDIMENT LOAD OF WATERI- wATER Ph LEVELM- bANK GRADIENTI- vEGETATION LEVELS ON BANKSM- bED SEDIMENT (SIZE AND ROUGHNESS)I- hYDRAULIC rADIUSL.D46Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@0@@@Wl@@L.Ex6Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@0@@@WI@@L.F.>Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@5@@@WQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@0@@@Wl@@L.Ex6Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@0@@@WI@@L.F.>Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@5@@@W.@.mETHODS OF dATA cOLLECTIONWl@@MQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Mi HAVE ALREADY OUTLINED THE TYPES OF DATA REQUIRED TO INVESTIGATE MY HYPOTHESES IN THE INTROQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@0@@@WI@@L.F.>Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@5@@@W.@.mETHODS OF dATA cOLLECTIONWl@@MQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Mi HAVE ALREADY OUTLINED THE TYPES OF DATA REQUIRED TO INVESTIGATE MY HYPOTHESES IN THE INTRODUCTION. i SHALL NOW EXPLAIN THE METQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@5@@@W.@.mETHODS OF dATA cOLLECTIONWl@@MQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Mi HAVE ALREADY OUTLINED THE TYPES OF DATA REQUIRED TO INVESTIGATE MY HYPOTHESES IN THE INTRODUCTION. i SHALL NOW EXPLAIN THE METHOD WHICH i USED TO COLLECT EACH TYPE OF DATA. iN A NUMBER OF THE SURVEYS IT WAS NECESSARY FOR ME TO BE ABLE TO MEASURE PRECISE DISTANCES ACROSS THE STREAM. iN THE DEPTH SURVEY, FOR EXAMPLE, i NEEDED TO TAKE A SERIES OF READINGS AT REGULAR INTERVALS ACROSS THE STREAM. iN ORDER TO MAKE THIS PROCESS EASIER, QUICKER, AND MORE ACCURATE, i LAID A TAPE MEASURE ACROSS THE STREAM, AND TIED IT AT BOTH ENDS. bY DOING SO i ENSURED THAT INACCURACIES WERE NOT CAUSED BY THE TAPE MEASURE SLIPPING, AND ALSO ENSURED CONTINUITY THROUGHOUT ALL OF MY SURVEYS, AS THE TAPE MEASURE REMAINED IN PLACE THROUGHOUT.MMWl@.dEPTHWl@@MMeVERY 5CM (OR 10CM IN WIDER SECTIONS) ALONG THE HORIZONTAL TAPE MEASURE, i DIPPED A RULER VERTICALLY DOWN INTO THE WATER, AND READ THE DEPTH OF WATER. i WAS CAREFUL TO ENSURE THAT i DID NOT DISTURB THE RIVER BED WHEN DOING SO, AS MUCH OF THE RIVER'S BED WAS DEEP LAYERS OF SILT. hAD i DISTURBED THIS SILT, MY READINGS WOULD HAVE BEEN TOO DEEP, AND SO ERRONEOUS.MMWl@.vELOCITYWl@@MMtHERE ARE A NUMBER OF METHODS OF MEASURING STREAM VELOCITY. bY FAR THE MOST ACCURATE AND RELIABLE IS THE FLOW VANE, WHICH MEASURES VELOCITY BY COUNTING THE NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS OF A PROPELLER WHICH IS SUSPENDED IN THE WATER. uNFORTUNATELY A FLOW VANE WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR USE IN THIS INVESTIGATION.MaN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING STREAM VELOCITY IS TO TIME HOW LONG IT TAKES FOR A BOUYANT OBJECT, EG. A DOG BISCUIT OR CORK, TO TRAVEL FOR A SET DISTANCE DOWNSTREAM. i ORIGINALLY INTENDED TO SET THIS DISTANCE AT 10M, BUT MY INITIAL TESTS SHOWED THAT THE VELOCITY OF tANNERS bROOK WAS SO LOW THAT A DISTANCE OF 1M PROVIDED BETTER READINGS. i ALSO FOUND THAT THIS METHOD ONLY WORKS WELL IF THERE IS MINIMAL WIND, AS THE DOG BISCUITS TENDED TO BE DRIVEN MORE BY THE WIND THAN THE FLOW OF THE STREAM. aT TIMES THE DOG BISCUIT EVEN TRAVELLED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE FLOW OF THE STREAM!L.G.@Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@Wl@@iN ORDER TO MINIMISE THE EFFECT OF THE FORCE OF THE WIND UPON MY READINGS, i MADE A SPECIAL FLOAT WHICH FLOATED VERY LOW IN THE WATER, SO AS TO Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@Wl@@iN ORDER TO MINIMISE THE EFFECT OF THE FORCE OF THE WIND UPON MY READINGS, i MADE A SPECIAL FLOAT WHICH FLOATED VERY LOW IN THE WATER, SO AS TO MINIMISE THE SURFACE AREA ABOVE THE WATER AND SO MINIMISE THE FORCE EXERTED UPON THE FLOAT FROM THE WIND. mOREOVER i PLACED SEVERAL PADDLES ON THE UNDERSIDE OF THE FLOAT, IN ORDER TO MAXIMISE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE FLOAT FROM THE FLOW OF THE RIVER. fIG. 2 SHOWS A PICTURE OF MY FLOAT.MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@V@@@fIG. 2: mY FLOAT.L.H.hQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@.bED sEDIMENT sAMPLINGWl@@MMeVERY 20CM ACROSS THE STREAM'S CHANNEL, THREE STONES WERE SELECTED FROM THE STREAM'S BED, AND MEASURED FOR SIZE AND ROUGHNESS. iF SILT OR LEAF LITTER WAS FOUND INSTEAD OFQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@.bED sEDIMENT sAMPLINGWl@@MMeVERY 20CM ACROSS THE STREAM'S CHANNEL, THREE STONES WERE SELECTED FROM THE STREAM'S BED, AND MEASURED FOR SIZE AND ROUGHNESS. iF SILT OR LEAF LITTER WAS FOUND INSTEAD OF A STONE, SIMPLY "SILT", OR "TWIG" WAS RECORDED, AS THESE CANNOT QUANTITATIVELY BE MEASURED. sIZE WAS TAKEN TO BE THE LENGTH OF THE LONGEST SIDE OF THE STONE, AND ROUGHNESS WAS SIMPLY MEASURED BY JUDGING ITS TEXTURE ON A SCALE OF 1 TO 5 (1 BEING SMOOTH, 5 BEING VERY ANGULAR). fOR SAMPLES OF SILT, A ROUGHNESS OF 0 WAS RECORDED. tHE THREE SIZES AND ROUGHNESSES WERE THEN AVERAGED AND THE ROUGHNESS WAS ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER.MMWl@.sTREAM lOAD mEASUREMENTWl@@MMtO MEASURE THE SEDIMENT LOAD OF THE STREAM, WATER SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM THE STREAM, AND PASSED THROUGH A COFFEE FILTER. i ORIGINALLY INTENDED TO PASS SEVERAL LITRES OF WATER THROUGH THE FILTER, AND THEN TO SUBTRACT THE WEIGHT OF AN UN-USED PAPER FROM THE WEIGHT OF THE FILTER, TO OBTAIN THE WEIGHT OF SEDIMENT COLLECTED. tHERE WAS, HOWEVER, VERY LITTLE SEDIMENT ON THE PAPER, AND SO i DECIDED TO USE A VISUAL SCALE, AND LOOK TO SEE APPROXIMATELY HOW MUCH SEDIMENT THERE WAS.MMWl@.Ph mEASUREMENTMWl@@MQp@pB8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@7@@@tWO READINGS WERE TAKEN FOR THE Ph OF THE WATER: ONE USING AN ELECTRONIC Ph MEASURING PROBE, AND THE OTHER USING LITMUS PAPER. tHE ELECTRONIC PROBE WAS MORE ACCURATE, GIVING READINGS TO ONE DECIMAL PLACE, WHEREAS THE LITMUS PAPER ONLY MEASURED TO THE NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER, AND USED A SUBJECTIVE COLOUR SCALE. mY INITIAL TESTS USING NEUTRAL DE-IONISED WATER, HOWEVER, SHOWED THAT AT TIMES THE PROBE GAVE FALSE READINGS, BECAUSE THE END OF THE PROBE HAD TO BE THOROUGHLY WASHED IN BETWEEN READINGS TO ENSURE THAT THE TIP WAS NOT STILL COATED IN THE PREVIOUS SAMPLE. tHE LITMUS TESTS ACTED AS A BACKUP CHECK TO ENSURE THAT THE PROBE WAS GIVING AN ANSWER WHICH WAS APPROXIMATELY CORRECT, ALTHOUGH WERE NOT ACTUALLY USED AS EVIDENCE IN THIS PROJECT FOR OR AGAINST MY HYPOTHESES. iN CASES WHERE THE TWO READINGS WERE NOT SIMILAR, BOTH WERE RE-TAKEN.L.I%lQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@Wl@.bANK gRADIENTWl@@MMbEFORE THE BANK GRADIENT COULD BE CALCULATED, THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TOP OF THE BANK AND THE WATER'S EDGE (X) AND THE DIAGONAL DISTANCE DOWN THE Qp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@Wl@.bANK gRADIENTWl@@MMbEFORE THE BANK GRADIENT COULD BE CALCULATED, THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TOP OF THE BANK AND THE WATER'S EDGE (X) AND THE DIAGONAL DISTANCE DOWN THE BANK (Y) HAD TO BE MEASURED. a RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE COULD THEN BE FORMED (SEE FIG. 3), AND USING ALTERNATE ANGLES IT COULD BE PROVEN THAT THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE TOP OF THE BANK AND THE HORIZONTAL IS EQUAL TO THE ANGLE OF ELEVATION OF THE BANK, AND SO THAT THE TWO ANGLES MARKED AS THETA ON THE DIAGRAM ARE EQUAL. tHE VALUE OF THE ANGLE WnG@QWl@@, AND SO THE ANGLE OF ELEVATION OF THE BANK COULD THEN BE CALCULATED USING TRIGONOMETRY:MMQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@D@@@IcOS WnG@QWl@@=Wl@DXWl@@/Wl@BYWl@@MtHEREFORE:IWnG@QWl@@=cOSWf@D-1Wl@@(Wl@DXWl@@/Wl@BYWl@@)MMQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@MQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@F@@@P!.@@fIG. 3: mEASURING BANK GRADIENTL.J.oQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@Wl@.hYDRAULIC rADIUSWl@@MMtHE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF A STREAM IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE STREAM'SQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@Wl@.hYDRAULIC rADIUSWl@@MMtHE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF A STREAM IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE STREAM'S CHANNEL, AND THE WETTED PERIMETER OF THE CHANNEL. tHE WETTED PERIMETER IS THE SURFACE OF THE BED AND BANKS WHICH IS UNDER-WATER. tHE GREATER THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS, THE LOWER THE EXTERNAL FRICTION ACTING ON THE WATER FROM THE BED, AND SO THE MORE EFFICIENT THE STREAM IS AT TRANSPORTING WATER. tHE HYDRAULIS RADIUS MAY BE CALCULATED USING THE FOLLOWING FORMULA:MMQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@C@@@hYDRAULIC rADIUS = Wl@.cROSS-SECTIONAL AREAWl@@MQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@@@@@I wETTED pERIMETERMMQp@pB.@pBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@G@@@tHE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE STREAM MAY BE CALCULATED BY MULTIPLYING THE MEAN DEPTH OF THE WATER BY THE WIDTH OF THE STREAM'S CHANNEL. tHE WETTED PERIMETER MAY BE MEASURED BY LAYING A MEASURING TAPE ALONG THE STREAM'S BED, ENSURING THAT IT REMAINS AS CLOSE TO THE STREAM BED AS POSSIBLE.L.K.xQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@%@@@W.@.mETHODS OF dATA pRQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@%@@@W.@.mETHODS OF dATA pRESENTATION AND aNALYSISW.@@MWl@@MQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@'@@@Wl@.1. dEPTH/vELOCITY rELATIONSHIPWl@@MMfIGS. 4 AND 5 SHOW THAT THE VELOCITY WAS GREATEST IN THE DEEPEST AREAS OF WATER AT BOTH STRAIGHT SECTION a AND MEANDER SECTION b, AND SO THE THALWEG ROUGHLY FOLLOWED THE DEEPEST AREAS OF WATER. tHIS HAPPENS BECAUSE THE VELOCITY OF THE WATER DEPENDS UPON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STREAM AT TRANSPORTING WATER. tHE MAIN FACTOR WHICH DETERMINES EFFICIENCY IS FRICTION, AND THE MAIN SOURCE OF FRICTION TO THE STREAM IS THE BED. tHE MOST EFFICIENT, AND SO THE FASTEST, AREAS OF WATER WILL BE THOSE WHICH ARE FURTHEST FROM THE BED, AND SO WILL USUALLY BE JUST BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE DEEPEST AREA OF THE STREAM. tHE FASTEST AREA IS NOT ACTUALLY ON THE SURFACE, BECAUSE HERE THERE IS MUCH FRICTION FROM THE AIR.MtHIS TREND IN WATER VELOCITY WAS ONLY A VERY ROUGH PATTERN, WITH ONLY A SLIGHT DIFFERENCE IN THE READINGS, PARTICULARLY FOR THE MEANDER. tHE STREAM'S BED, ON THE OTHER HAND, HAS A CLEAR PATTERN, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT THERE SHOULD ALSO A CLEAR PATTERN IN VELOCITY. i BELIEVE THAT THE REASON FOR THIS WAS THAT THIS SURVEY WAS PERFORMED IN THE SUMMER MONTHS, WHEN THE STREAM HAD A VERY LOW DISCHARGE. iN WINTER MONTHS, WHEN THE DISCHARGE OF THE STREAM IS VERY HIGH, THE PATTERN IN VELOCITY WOULD PROBABLY BE VERY CLEAR, THUS MAKING A VERY CLEAR PATTERN IN THE CROSS-SECTION.MMWl@.2. cHANNEL sHAPEWl@@MMfIG. 5 SHOWS US THAT FOR STRAIGHT SECTION a, THE DEEPEST WATER WAS ROUGHLY AT THE CENTRE OF THE CHANNEL. tHIS IS BECAUSE THE CENTRE IS THE FURTHEST POINT FROM THE TWO BANKS, WHICH ARE A SOURCE OF FRICTION, AND REDUCE EFFICIENCY. bECAUSE OF THE LOW FRICTION AT THE CENTRE, THE FASTEST WATER FLOWS HERE, AND SO MOST EROSION OCCURS. tHE STREAM, THEREFORE, ERODES THE DEEPEST CHANNEL HERE. fIG. 4 SHOWS US THAT MEANDER SECTION b HAD DEEPER WATER ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE BEND THAN THE INSIDE OF THE BEND. tHIS IS BECAUSE WHEN THE STREAM'S CHANNEL CHANGES DIRECTION, THE WATER'S MOMENTUM MAKES IT CONTINUE IN A STRAIGHT LINE, AND SO MOVE CLOSER TO THE OUTSIDE BANK. iT IS ONLY AFTER THE MEANDER THAT THE FORCE OF FRICTION MAKES THE THALWEG MOVE BACK TO THE CENTRE OF THE CHANNEL.L.L.xQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@@L.M.xQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@@L.M.xQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@L.NH.Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@.3. bANK gRADIENTWl@@MMfIG. 7 ON THE NEXT PAGE SHOWS THAT THE GRADIENT OF THE INSIDE BANK OF MEANDER b WAS MUCH LESS THAN THAT OF THE OUTSIDE BANK. fIG. 6, Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@L.NH.Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@.3. bANK gRADIENTWl@@MMfIG. 7 ON THE NEXT PAGE SHOWS THAT THE GRADIENT OF THE INSIDE BANK OF MEANDER b WAS MUCH LESS THAN THAT OF THE OUTSIDE BANK. fIG. 6, BELOW, SHOWS A PHOTO OF MEANDER SECTQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@.3. bANK gRADIENTWl@@MMfIG. 7 ON THE NEXT PAGE SHOWS THAT THE GRADIENT OF THE INSIDE BANK OF MEANDER b WAS MUCH LESS THAN THAT OF THE OUTSIDE BANK. fIG. 6, BELOW, SHOWS A PHOTO OF MEANDER SECTION c. tHERE ARE SIGNS OF RECENT COLLAPSE ON THE OUTSIDE BANK, AS THERE ARE PIECES OF LARGE SEDIMENT IN THE STREAM'S CHANNEL BESIDE THE BANK. tHIS OCCURS BECAUSE THE VELOCITY OF THE WATER BY THE OUTSIDE BANK IS HIGH, AND SO MUCH EROSION OCCURS. sLOWLY THIS EROSION CAUSES AN OVERHANG TO FORM, AND EVENTUALLY THIS OVERHANG BECOMES SO LARGE THAT THE BANK COLLAPSES. tHERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE OF A HIGH VEGETATION LEVEL ON THE INSIDE BANK OF THE STREAM, WHERE PLANTS ARE GROWING ON THE FERTILE ALLUVIUM DEPOSITS FROM THE STREAM. tHE STREAM DEPOSITS ALLUVIUM ON THE INSIDE BANK, BECAUSE THE VELOCITY OF THE WATER BESIDE THE INSIDE BANK IS LOW, AND SO THE STREAM'S COMPETENCE BY THE BANK IS LOW. aS A RESULT, ANY SEDIMENT CARRIED IN THE WATER IS DEPOSITED.MfIG. 8 SHOWS THAT THE GRADIENTS OF THE TWO BANKS OF STRAIGHT SECTION a WERE ROUGHLY EQUAL. tHIS WAS BECAUSE THE VELOCITY OF THE WATER BESIDE EACH BANK WAS ALSO ROUGHLY EQUAL, AND SO THE LEVEL OF EROSION WAS THE SAME ON BOTH BANKS.MMMMQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@4@@@MMMMMMMMMMMMMQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@V@@@fIG. 6: bANK FEATURES ON MEANDER SECTIONS.L.O(.Qp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@6@@@L.P.EQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@.4. hYDRAULIC rADIUS COMPARISONWl@@MMi HAVE CALCULATED THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF STRAIGHT SECTION a TO BE 1.06M, AND THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF MEANQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@6@@@L.P.EQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@.4. hYDRAULIC rADIUS COMPARISONWl@@MMi HAVE CALCULATED THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF STRAIGHT SECTION a TO BE 1.06M, AND THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF MEANDER SECTION b TO BE 1.00. tHIS SHOWS THAT THE STRQp@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB.@7@@@Wl@.4. hYDRAULIC rADIUS COMPARISONWl@@MMi HAVE CALCULATED THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF STRAIGHT SECTION a TO BE 1.06M, AND THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF MEANDER SECTION b TO BE 1.00. tHIS SHOWS THAT THE STRAIGHT SECTION WAS MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE MEANDER SECTION, BECAUSE IT HAD LESS EXTERNAL FRICTION. tHIS WAS BECAUSE THE STRAIGHT SECTION HAD A GREATER VOLUME THAN THE MEANDER SECTION, RELATIVE TO THE WETTED PERIMETER.MMWl@.5. PhWl@@MMfIG. 9, ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE, SHOWS THAT THERE WAS LITTLE PATTERN IN THE Ph READINGS FOR STRAIGHT SECTION d, BUT THAT THE Ph VARIED WITH VELOCITY FOR MEANDER SECTION e. wE WOULD EXPECT Ph TO REMAIN CONSTANT ACROSS THE STREAM'S CHANNEL, BECAUSE IT DEPENDS PURELY UPON SEDIMENT WHICH IS DISSOLVED IN THE WATER. tHIS TYPE OF SEDIMENT IS NOT DEPOSITED IF THE VELOCITY OF THE STREAM IS REDUCED, AND SO SHOULD BE DISTRUBUTED EQUALLY ACROSS THE CHANNEL, CAUSING A CONSTANT Ph ACROSS THE CHANNEL.Mi BELIEVE THAT THE REASON FOR THIS PATTERN WAS THAT THERE WAS A CROP FIELD A LITTLE WAY UP-STREAM FROM THE MEANDER SECTION, WHERE ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS FROM THE LAND MAY HAVE ENTERED THE STREAM, ALTERING ITS Ph. wHEN THE STREAM LEFT THE FIELD, THE WATER CLOSE TO THE BANKS AND BED QUICKLY RETURNED TO ITS ORIGINAL Ph, BUT THE WATER AT THE CENTRE OF THE STREAM, FOLLOWING THE THALWEG, HAD NOT YET MIXED WITH THE WATER FROM THE BANKS, AND SO RETAINED THE Ph WHICH IT HAD GAINED FROM THE FERTILISER. bY THE TIME THE WATER REACHED THE STRAIGHT SECTION, WHICH WAS DOWN-STREAM FROM THE MEANDER SECTION, THE WATER HAD MIXED THOROUGHLY, AND LOST THE ARTIFICIAL Ph FROM THE FERTILISER.MtHE Ph OF THE STRAIGHT SECTION WAS GENERALLY GREATER THAN THAT OF THE MEANDER SECTION. tHIS MAY HAVE BEEN BECAUSE OF CHANGES IN WEATHER CONDITIONS BETWEEN THE TWO SESSIONS WHEN THE Ph DATA WAS COLLECTED. bOTH SECTIONS WERE, HOWEVER, WEAKLY ALKALINE, WHICH IS TRUE OF MOST UN-POLLUTED STREAMS, BECAUSE OF ALKALINE MATERIAL IN THE SOIL.L.Q.EQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@@L.RyFQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.6. Qp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@@L.RyFQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.6. sEDIMENT lOADWI@@MMfIG. 10MMWI@.7. bED sEDIMENTWI@@MMfIG. 11L.S.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@Wn@@L.T.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@@L.U.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.cONCLUSIONWI@@MMQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.6. sEDIMENT lOADWI@@MMfIG. 10MMWI@.7. bED sEDIMENTWI@@MMfIG. 11L.S.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@Wn@@L.T.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@@L.U.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.cONCLUSIONWI@@MML.VUGQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.Qp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@Wn@@L.T.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@@L.U.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.cONCLUSIONWI@@MML.VUGQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.aPPENDIX a: bIBLIOGRAPHYWI@@@.=.GQ@@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB@@R@@@Wl@@"Wl@Pa cOMPARISON OF sTRAIGHT AND mQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@@L.U.FQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.cONCLUSIONWI@@MML.VUGQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.aPPENDIX a: bIBLIOGRAPHYWI@@@.=.GQ@@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB@@R@@@Wl@@"Wl@Pa cOMPARISON OF sTRAIGHT AND mEANDER SECTIONS OF A STREAM'S CHANNEQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.cONCLUSIONWI@@MML.VUGQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.aPPENDIX a: bIBLIOGRAPHYWI@@@.=.GQ@@pBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpB@@R@@@Wl@@"Wl@Pa cOMPARISON OF sTRAIGHT AND mEANDER SECTIONS OF A STREAM'S CHANNEL TO INVESTIGATE TO WHAT EXTENT THEYQp@8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A8A.@3@@@WI@.aPPENDIX a: bIBLIOGRAPHYWI@@@

00000000  83 1a 07 49 74 65 6d 20  41 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0  |...Item A.......|
00000010  a0 a0 a0 14 07 01 07 58  07 06 10 09 5a 00 50 52  |.......X....Z.PR|
00000020  47 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74  74 65 64 20 47 45 4f 53  |G formatted GEOS|
00000030  20 66 69 6c 65 20 56 31  2e 30 00 00 00 00 00 00  | file V1.0......|
00000040  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
000000f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 03 15  |................|
00000100  bf ff ff ff 80 00 01 8f  ff 01 88 01 01 8b ff c1  |................|
00000110  8a 00 41 8a ff f1 8a 80  11 8a 8e 11 8a 80 11 8a  |..A.............|
00000120  bf 91 8a 80 11 8a 9f 11  8a 80 11 8a bf 91 8e 80  |................|
00000130  11 82 bf 91 83 80 11 80  80 11 80 ff f1 ff ff ff  |................|
00000140  83 07 01 00 00 ff ff 00  00 57 72 69 74 65 20 49  |.........Write I|
00000150  6d 61 67 65 20 56 32 2e  31 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |mage V2.1.......|
00000160  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000170  00 67 65 6f 57 72 69 74  65 20 20 20 20 56 32 2e  |.geoWrite    V2.|
00000180  31 00 00 00 00 01 00 80  2a 00 1c 00 f0 02 20 12  |1.......*..... .|
00000190  0e 20 b7 c1 cc 2e dd 2e  11 00 a9 2e 00 0f a9 dd  |. ..............|
000001a0  85 0e 20 f8 28 20 ab 3e  a0 31 20 35 39 8a d0 0a  |.. .( .>.1 59...|
000001b0  a0 02 8c c5 2e a0 7f 8c  c4 2e 20 1d 0e 20 1a 39  |.......... .. .9|
000001c0  20 e8 3c 20 a2 3c 60 a9  80 8d 1d 0d a9 88 8d 22  | .< .<`........"|
000001d0  0d ae c5 2e ca f0 0a a9  72 8d 1d 0d a9 87 8d 22  |........r......"|
000001e0  0d 60 8c 28 40 a2 00 c9  31 f0 01 ca 8e 73 41 a9  |.`.(@...1....sA.|
000001f0  da a2 39 20 56 26 ad 1d  85 c9 02 d0 02 33 03 4a  |..9 V&.......3.J|
00000200  08 fc 02 97 01 21 01 21  09 4c 03 17 09 2b 04 5d  |.....!.!.L...+.]|
00000210  04 ca 09 be 01 21 01 1d  06 2e 01 1d 08 b5 01 21  |.....!.........!|
00000220  01 60 01 21 01 21 01 31  01 3d 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  |.`.!.!.1.=......|
00000230  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  |................|
*
00000270  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 1f 0e  1f 04 00 ff 1f 0b 00 ff  |................|
00000280  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  |................|
*
000002f0  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  00 ff 11 50 00 50 02 50  |...........P.P.P|
00000300  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00000310  00 15 00 00 00 17 58 01  50 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f  |......X.P_______|
00000320  5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f  5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f  |________________|
00000330  5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 0d  17 58 01 58 41 20 63 6f  |_______..X.XA co|
00000340  6d 70 61 72 69 73 6f 6e  20 6f 66 20 73 74 72 61  |mparison of stra|
00000350  69 67 68 74 20 61 6e 64  20 6d 65 61 6e 64 65 72  |ight and meander|
00000360  20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e  73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 73  | sections of a s|
00000370  74 72 65 61 6d 27 73 20  63 68 61 6e 6e 65 6c 20  |tream's channel |
00000380  74 6f 20 69 6e 76 65 73  74 69 67 61 74 65 20 74  |to investigate t|
00000390  6f 20 77 68 61 74 20 65  78 74 65 6e 74 20 74 68  |o what extent th|
000003a0  65 79 20 63 6f 6e 66 6f  72 6d 20 74 6f 20 74 65  |ey conform to te|
000003b0  78 74 62 6f 6f 6b 20 6d  6f 64 65 6c 73 2e 0d 17  |xtbook models...|
000003c0  58 01 40 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f  5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f  |X.@_____________|
000003d0  5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f  5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f  |________________|
000003e0  5f 0d 0d 0d 17 9a fc 00  42 59 5b 5d 0d 44 4f 4d  |_.......BY[].DOM|
000003f0  49 4e 49 43 3c 46 4f 52  44 5b 5d 0d 0d 0d 0d 17  |INIC<FORD[].....|
00000400  58 00 40 49 74 65 6d 20  41 20 47 2e 43 2e 53 2e  |X.@Item A G.C.S.|
00000410  45 2e 20 47 65 6f 67 72  61 70 68 79 20 43 6f 75  |E. Geography Cou|
00000420  72 73 65 77 6f 72 6b 2e  0d 0c c2 01 87 2c 11 50  |rsework......,.P|
00000430  00 50 02 e0 00 20 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P... .P.P.P.P.P|
00000440  02 50 02 80 00 21 00 00  00 17 d8 00 c0 43 6f 6e  |.P...!.......Con|
00000450  74 65 6e 74 73 17 4e 00  c0 0d 11 50 00 50 02 e0  |tents.N....P.P..|
00000460  00 20 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 80  |. .P.P.P.P.P.P..|
00000470  00 20 00 00 00 0d 17 4e  00 40 53 65 63 74 69 6f  |. .....N.@Sectio|
00000480  6e 09 09 50 61 67 65 17  4e 00 c0 0d 0d 17 4e 00  |n..Page.N.....N.|
00000490  00 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75  63 74 69 6f 6e 09 09 33  |.Introduction..3|
000004a0  0d 4d 65 74 68 6f 64 73  20 6f 66 20 44 61 74 61  |.Methods of Data|
000004b0  20 43 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74  69 6f 6e 09 37 0d 4d 65  | Collection.7.Me|
000004c0  74 68 6f 64 73 20 6f 66  20 44 61 74 61 20 50 72  |thods of Data Pr|
000004d0  65 73 65 6e 74 61 74 69  6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 41  |esentation and A|
000004e0  6e 61 6c 79 73 69 73 09  31 32 0d 43 6f 6e 63 6c  |nalysis.12.Concl|
000004f0  75 73 69 6f 6e 09 11 50  00 50 02 e0 00 20 02 50  |usion..P.P... .P|
00000500  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 80 00 21 00 00  |.P.P.P.P.P...!..|
00000510  00 17 d8 00 c0 43 6f 6e  74 65 6e 74 73 17 4e 00  |.....Contents.N.|
00000520  c0 0d 11 50 00 50 02 e0  00 20 02 50 02 50 02 50  |...P.P... .P.P.P|
00000530  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 80  00 20 00 00 00 0d 17 4e  |.P.P.P... .....N|
00000540  00 40 53 65 63 74 69 6f  6e 09 09 50 61 67 65 17  |.@Section..Page.|
00000550  4e 00 c0 0d 0d 17 4e 00  00 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75  |N.....N..Introdu|
00000560  63 74 69 6f 6e 09 09 33  0d 4d 65 74 68 6f 64 73  |ction..3.Methods|
00000570  20 6f 66 20 44 61 74 61  20 43 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74  | of Data Collect|
00000580  69 6f 6e 09 37 0d 4d 65  74 68 6f 64 73 20 6f 66  |ion.7.Methods of|
00000590  20 44 61 74 61 20 50 72  65 73 65 6e 74 61 74 69  | Data Presentati|
000005a0  6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 41  6e 61 6c 79 73 69 73 09  |on and Analysis.|
000005b0  31 32 0d 43 6f 6e 63 6c  75 73 69 6f 6e 09 09 32  |12.Conclusion..2|
000005c0  32 0d 41 70 70 65 6e 64  69 78 20 41 3a 20 42 69  |2.Appendix A: Bi|
000005d0  62 6c 69 6f 67 72 61 70  68 79 09 32 34 0d 0d 0d  |bliography.24...|
000005e0  17 4e 00 40 46 69 67 75  72 65 09 4e 61 6d 65 09  |.N.@Figure.Name.|
000005f0  50 61 67 65 0d 17 4e 00  00 0d 31 09 54 68 65 20  |Page..N...1.The |
00000600  4c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e  20 6f 66 20 6d 79 20 53  |Location of my S|
00000610  74 75 64 79 09 35 0d 32  09 4d 79 20 66 6c 6f 61  |tudy.5.2.My floa|
00000620  74 09 38 0d 33 09 43 61  6c 63 75 6c 61 74 69 6e  |t.8.3.Calculatin|
00000630  67 20 62 61 6e 6b 20 67  72 61 64 69 65 6e 74 09  |g bank gradient.|
00000640  31 30 0d 34 09 4d 65 61  6e 64 65 72 20 43 72 6f  |10.4.Meander Cro|
00000650  73 73 2d 73 65 63 74 69  6f 6e 09 31 33 0d 35 09  |ss-section.13.5.|
00000660  53 74 72 61 69 67 68 74  20 43 72 6f 73 73 2d 73  |Straight Cross-s|
00000670  65 63 74 69 6f 6e 09 31  34 0d 36 09 42 61 6e 6b  |ection.14.6.Bank|
00000680  20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65  73 20 6f 6e 20 4d 65 61  | features on Mea|
00000690  6e 64 65 72 20 73 65 63  74 69 6f 6e 73 09 31 35  |nder sections.15|
000006a0  0d 37 09 4d 65 61 6e 64  65 72 20 73 65 63 74 69  |.7.Meander secti|
000006b0  6f 6e 20 42 61 6e 6b 20  47 72 61 64 69 65 6e 74  |on Bank Gradient|
000006c0  73 09 31 36 0d 38 09 53  74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20  |s.16.8.Straight |
000006d0  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  42 61 6e 6b 20 47 72 61  |section Bank Gra|
000006e0  64 69 65 6e 74 73 09 31  36 0d 39 09 70 48 20 47  |dients.16.9.pH G|
000006f0  72 61 70 68 09 31 38 0d  31 30 09 53 74 72 61 69  |raph.18.10.Strai|
00000700  67 68 74 20 42 65 64 20  53 65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74  |ght Bed Sediment|
00000710  20 47 72 61 70 68 09 32  30 0d 31 31 09 4d 65 61  | Graph.20.11.Mea|
00000720  6e 64 65 72 20 42 65 64  20 53 65 64 69 6d 65 6e  |nder Bed Sedimen|
00000730  74 20 47 72 61 70 68 09  32 31 0c c2 02 78 34 11  |t Graph.21...x4.|
00000740  50 00 50 02 78 01 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |P.P.x.P.P.P.P.P.|
00000750  50 02 50 02 80 00 35 00  00 00 17 d8 00 c0 49 6e  |P.P...5.......In|
00000760  74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69  6f 6e 17 4c 00 c0 0d 11  |troduction.L....|
00000770  50 00 50 02 78 01 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |P.P.x.P.P.P.P.P.|
00000780  50 02 50 02 80 00 37 00  00 00 0d 17 4c 00 00 54  |P.P...7.....L..T|
00000790  68 65 20 61 69 6d 20 6f  66 20 74 68 69 73 20 70  |he aim of this p|
000007a0  72 6f 6a 65 63 74 20 69  73 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d  |roject is to com|
000007b0  70 61 72 65 20 73 74 72  61 69 67 68 74 20 61 6e  |pare straight an|
000007c0  64 20 6d 65 61 6e 64 65  72 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f  |d meander sectio|
000007d0  6e 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20  73 74 72 65 61 6d 2c 20  |ns of a stream, |
000007e0  61 6e 64 20 69 6e 76 65  73 74 69 67 61 74 65 20  |and investigate |
000007f0  11 50 00 50 02 78 01 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.x.P.P.P.P.P|
00000800  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 35  00 00 00 17 d8 00 c0 49  |.P.P...5.......I|
00000810  6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74  69 6f 6e 17 4c 00 c0 0d  |ntroduction.L...|
00000820  11 50 00 50 02 78 01 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.x.P.P.P.P.P|
00000830  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 37  00 00 00 0d 17 4c 00 00  |.P.P...7.....L..|
00000840  54 68 65 20 61 69 6d 20  6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20  |The aim of this |
00000850  70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 20  69 73 20 74 6f 20 63 6f  |project is to co|
00000860  6d 70 61 72 65 20 73 74  72 61 69 67 68 74 20 61  |mpare straight a|
00000870  6e 64 20 6d 65 61 6e 64  65 72 20 73 65 63 74 69  |nd meander secti|
00000880  6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 61  20 73 74 72 65 61 6d 2c  |ons of a stream,|
00000890  20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 76  65 73 74 69 67 61 74 65  | and investigate|
000008a0  20 74 6f 20 77 68 61 74  20 65 78 74 65 6e 74 20  | to what extent |
000008b0  74 68 65 79 20 63 6f 6e  66 6f 72 6d 20 74 6f 20  |they conform to |
000008c0  74 65 78 74 62 6f 6f 6b  20 6d 6f 64 65 6c 73 2e  |textbook models.|
000008d0  20 54 68 65 20 73 74 72  65 61 6d 20 77 68 69 63  | The stream whic|
000008e0  68 20 49 20 68 61 76 65  20 63 68 6f 73 65 6e 20  |h I have chosen |
000008f0  66 6f 72 20 74 68 69 73  20 69 6e 76 65 73 74 69  |for this investi|
00000900  67 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69  73 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20  |gation is named |
00000910  54 61 6e 6e 65 72 73 20  42 72 6f 6f 6b 2c 20 61  |Tanners Brook, a|
00000920  6e 64 20 69 73 20 73 69  74 75 61 74 65 64 20 74  |nd is situated t|
00000930  6f 20 74 68 65 20 65 61  73 74 20 6f 66 20 44 6f  |o the east of Do|
00000940  72 6b 69 6e 67 20 69 6e  20 53 75 72 72 65 79 2e  |rking in Surrey.|
00000950  20 54 61 6e 6e 65 72 73  20 42 72 6f 6f 6b 20 69  | Tanners Brook i|
00000960  73 20 61 20 74 72 69 62  75 74 61 72 79 20 6f 66  |s a tributary of|
00000970  20 74 68 65 20 72 69 76  65 72 20 4d 6f 6c 65 2c  | the river Mole,|
00000980  20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69  73 20 69 6e 20 74 75 72  | which is in tur|
00000990  6e 20 61 20 74 72 69 62  75 74 61 72 79 20 6f 66  |n a tributary of|
000009a0  20 74 68 65 20 72 69 76  65 72 20 54 68 61 6d 65  | the river Thame|
000009b0  73 2c 20 61 73 20 73 68  6f 77 6e 20 69 6e 20 66  |s, as shown in f|
000009c0  69 67 2e 20 31 20 6f 6e  20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c  |ig. 1 on the fol|
000009d0  6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 70  61 67 65 2e 20 46 69 67  |lowing page. Fig|
000009e0  2e 20 31 20 61 6c 73 6f  20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 61  |. 1 also shows a|
000009f0  20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 73  63 61 6c 65 20 76 69 65  | small scale vie|
00000a00  77 20 70 6f 66 20 6d 79  20 61 72 65 61 73 20 6f  |w pof my areas o|
00000a10  66 20 73 74 75 64 79 2e  0d 42 65 66 6f 72 65 20  |f study..Before |
00000a20  63 61 72 72 79 69 6e 67  20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 69  |carrying out thi|
00000a30  73 20 69 6e 76 65 73 74  69 67 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c  |s investigation,|
00000a40  20 49 20 68 61 76 65 20  6d 61 64 65 20 61 20 6e  | I have made a n|
00000a50  75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66  20 68 79 70 6f 74 68 65  |umber of hypothe|
00000a60  73 65 73 20 61 62 6f 75  74 20 74 68 65 20 74 72  |ses about the tr|
00000a70  65 6e 64 73 20 77 68 69  63 68 20 6d 79 20 64 61  |ends which my da|
00000a80  74 61 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  73 68 6f 77 3a 0d 0d 31  |ta will show:..1|
00000a90  2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 68  61 6c 77 65 67 20 77 69  |. The thalweg wi|
00000aa0  6c 6c 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f  77 20 74 68 65 20 64 65  |ll follow the de|
00000ab0  65 70 65 73 74 20 77 61  74 65 72 20 61 6c 6f 6e  |epest water alon|
00000ac0  67 20 62 6f 74 68 20 73  74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20  |g both straight |
00000ad0  61 6e 64 20 6d 65 61 6e  64 65 72 20 73 65 63 74  |and meander sect|
00000ae0  69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 32 2e  20 53 74 72 61 69 67 68  |ions..2. Straigh|
00000af0  74 20 72 69 76 65 72 20  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73  |t river sections|
00000b00  20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61  76 65 20 61 20 73 65 6d  | will have a sem|
00000b10  69 2d 63 69 72 63 75 6c  61 72 20 63 72 6f 73 73  |i-circular cross|
00000b20  20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e  2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20  | section, while |
00000b30  6d 65 61 6e 64 65 72 20  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73  |meander sections|
00000b40  20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65  20 64 65 65 70 65 72 20  | will be deeper |
00000b50  6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f  75 74 73 69 64 65 20 62  |on the outside b|
00000b60  65 6e 64 20 74 68 61 6e  20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 73  |end than the ins|
00000b70  69 64 65 20 62 65 6e 64  2e 0d 33 2e 20 53 65 64  |ide bend..3. Sed|
00000b80  69 6d 65 6e 74 20 6c 6f  61 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20  |iment load will |
00000b90  76 61 72 79 20 70 72 6f  70 6f 72 74 69 6f 6e 61  |vary proportiona|
00000ba0  6c 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 73  74 72 65 61 6d 20 76 65  |lly to stream ve|
00000bb0  6c 6f 63 69 74 79 20 61  63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 68  |locity across th|
00000bc0  65 20 63 68 61 6e 6e 65  6c 73 20 6f 66 20 62 6f  |e channels of bo|
00000bd0  74 68 20 73 74 72 61 69  67 68 74 20 61 6e 64 20  |th straight and |
00000be0  6d 65 61 6e 64 65 72 20  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73  |meander sections|
00000bf0  2e 20 54 6f 74 61 6c 20  73 65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74  |. Total sediment|
00000c00  20 6c 6f 61 64 20 77 69  6c 6c 20 62 65 20 67 72  | load will be gr|
00000c10  65 61 74 65 72 20 66 6f  72 20 73 74 72 61 69 67  |eater for straig|
00000c20  68 74 20 73 65 63 74 69  6f 6e 73 20 74 68 61 6e  |ht sections than|
00000c30  20 66 6f 72 20 6d 65 61  6e 64 65 72 73 2e 0d 34  | for meanders..4|
00000c40  2e 20 54 68 65 20 73 74  72 65 61 6d 27 73 20 68  |. The stream's h|
00000c50  79 64 72 61 75 6c 69 63  20 72 61 64 69 75 73 20  |ydraulic radius |
00000c60  77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20  68 69 67 68 65 72 20 66  |will be higher f|
00000c70  6f 72 20 73 74 72 61 69  67 68 74 20 73 65 63 74  |or straight sect|
00000c80  69 6f 6e 73 20 74 68 61  6e 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 65  |ions than for me|
00000c90  61 6e 64 65 72 20 73 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20  |ander sections, |
00000ca0  61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 74  68 65 20 73 74 72 65 61  |and so the strea|
00000cb0  6d 27 73 20 65 66 66 69  63 69 65 6e 63 79 20 77  |m's efficiency w|
00000cc0  69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 67  72 65 61 74 65 72 20 66  |ill be greater f|
00000cd0  6f 72 20 73 74 72 61 69  67 68 74 20 73 65 63 74  |or straight sect|
00000ce0  69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 35 2e  20 54 68 65 20 6f 75 74  |ions..5. The out|
00000cf0  73 69 64 65 20 62 65 6e  64 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6d  |side bend of a m|
00000d00  65 61 6e 64 65 72 20 77  69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65  |eander will have|
00000d10  20 61 20 73 74 65 65 70  20 72 69 76 65 72 20 63  | a steep river c|
00000d20  6c 69 66 66 20 77 69 74  68 20 61 6e 20 6f 76 65  |liff with an ove|
00000d30  72 68 61 6e 67 20 6f 72  20 73 69 67 6e 73 20 6f  |rhang or signs o|
00000d40  66 20 72 65 63 65 6e 74  20 63 6f 6c 6c 61 70 73  |f recent collaps|
00000d50  65 2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65  20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 73  |e, while the ins|
00000d60  69 64 65 20 62 61 6e 6b  20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65  |ide bank will be|
00000d70  20 6c 65 73 73 20 73 74  65 65 70 20 77 69 74 68  | less steep with|
00000d80  20 6d 75 63 68 20 76 65  67 65 74 61 74 69 6f 6e  | much vegetation|
00000d90  2e 20 53 74 72 61 69 67  68 74 20 73 65 63 74 69  |. Straight secti|
00000da0  6f 6e 73 20 77 69 6c 6c  20 68 61 76 65 20 62 61  |ons will have ba|
00000db0  6e 6b 73 20 6f 66 20 65  71 75 61 6c 20 67 72 61  |nks of equal gra|
00000dc0  64 69 65 6e 74 2e 0d 36  2e 20 53 65 64 69 6d 65  |dient..6. Sedime|
00000dd0  6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  |nt on the stream|
00000de0  27 73 20 62 65 64 20 6f  6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e  |'s bed on the in|
00000df0  73 69 64 65 20 62 65 6e  64 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6d  |side bend of a m|
00000e00  65 61 6e 64 65 72 20 77  69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 67  |eander will be g|
00000e10  72 61 64 65 64 20 69 6e  74 6f 20 61 20 73 6c 69  |raded into a sli|
00000e20  70 2d 6f 66 66 20 73 6c  6f 70 65 2c 20 77 69 74  |p-off slope, wit|
00000e30  68 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20  73 65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74  |h small sediment|
00000e40  20 63 6c 6f 73 65 20 74  6f 20 74 68 65 20 62 61  | close to the ba|
00000e50  6e 6b 2c 20 61 6e 64 20  6c 61 72 67 65 72 20 6d  |nk, and larger m|
00000e60  61 74 65 72 69 61 6c 20  63 6c 6f 73 65 72 20 74  |aterial closer t|
00000e70  6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 65  6e 74 72 65 2c 20 77 68  |o the centre, wh|
00000e80  65 72 65 61 73 20 6f 6e  20 61 20 73 74 72 61 69  |ereas on a strai|
00000e90  67 68 74 20 73 65 63 74  69 6f 6e 20 73 65 64 69  |ght section sedi|
00000ea0  6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 6c  6c 20 62 65 20 6c 61 72  |ment will be lar|
00000eb0  67 65 73 74 20 61 74 20  74 68 65 20 63 65 6e 74  |gest at the cent|
00000ec0  72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  |re of the stream|
00000ed0  2c 20 61 6e 64 20 67 72  61 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20  |, and graded to |
00000ee0  65 69 74 68 65 72 20 73  69 64 65 2e 0d 37 2e 20  |either side..7. |
00000ef0  54 68 65 20 70 48 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 72 69  |The pH of the ri|
00000f00  76 65 72 20 77 61 74 65  72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72  |ver water will r|
00000f10  65 6d 61 69 6e 20 63 6f  6e 73 74 61 6e 74 20 61  |emain constant a|
00000f20  63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 68  65 20 63 68 61 6e 6e 65  |cross the channe|
00000f30  6c 73 20 6f 66 20 62 6f  74 68 20 73 74 72 61 69  |ls of both strai|
00000f40  67 68 74 20 61 6e 64 20  6d 65 61 6e 64 65 72 20  |ght and meander |
00000f50  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73  2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c  |sections, and al|
00000f60  73 6f 20 62 65 74 77 65  65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64  |so between the d|
00000f70  69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74  20 63 72 6f 73 73 2d 73  |ifferent cross-s|
00000f80  65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20  77 68 69 63 68 20 61 72  |ections which ar|
00000f90  65 20 73 74 75 64 69 65  64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20  |e studied. This |
00000fa0  63 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74  20 70 48 20 77 69 6c 6c  |constant pH will|
00000fb0  20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 69  6d 61 74 65 6c 79 20 70  | approximately p|
00000fc0  48 20 38 2c 20 77 68 69  63 68 20 69 73 20 61 20  |H 8, which is a |
00000fd0  77 65 61 6b 20 61 6c 6b  61 6c 69 2e 0c c2 03 10  |weak alkali.....|
00000fe0  11 50 00 50 02 78 01 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.x.P.P.P.P.P|
00000ff0  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 27  00 00 00 17 4c 00 00 4f  |.P.P...'....L..O|
00001000  6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68  65 20 61 69 6d 73 20 6f  |ne of the aims o|
00001010  66 20 6d 79 20 69 6e 76  65 73 74 69 67 61 74 69  |f my investigati|
00001020  6f 6e 20 69 73 20 74 6f  20 70 72 6f 76 65 20 6f  |on is to prove o|
00001030  72 20 64 69 73 70 72 6f  76 65 20 6d 79 20 68 79  |r disprove my hy|
00001040  70 6f 74 68 65 73 65 73  2e 20 49 6e 20 6f 72 64  |potheses. In ord|
00001050  65 72 20 74 6f 20 64 6f  20 73 6f 2c 20 49 20 77  |er to do so, I w|
00001060  69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64  20 74 6f 20 69 6e 76 65  |ill need to inve|
00001070  73 74 69 67 61 74 65 20  73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20  |stigate several |
00001080  64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e  74 20 66 65 61 74 75 72  |different featur|
00001090  65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  |es of the stream|
000010a0  27 73 20 63 68 61 6e 6e  65 6c 2e 20 54 68 65 73  |'s channel. Thes|
000010b0  65 20 61 72 65 3a 0d 0d  11 50 00 50 02 78 01 50  |e are:...P.P.x.P|
000010c0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 04  |.P.P.P.P.P.P....|
000010d0  00 00 00 2d 20 56 65 6c  6f 63 69 74 79 09 2d 20  |...- Velocity.- |
000010e0  44 65 70 74 68 0d 2d 20  53 65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74  |Depth.- Sediment|
000010f0  20 6c 6f 61 64 20 6f 66  20 77 61 74 65 72 09 2d  | load of water.-|
00001100  20 57 61 74 65 72 20 70  48 20 6c 65 76 65 6c 0d  | Water pH level.|
00001110  2d 20 42 61 6e 6b 20 67  72 61 64 69 65 6e 74 09  |- Bank gradient.|
00001120  2d 20 56 65 67 65 74 61  74 69 6f 6e 20 6c 65 76  |- Vegetation lev|
00001130  65 6c 73 20 6f 6e 20 62  61 6e 6b 73 0d 2d 20 42  |els on banks.- B|
00001140  65 64 20 73 65 64 69 6d  65 6e 74 20 28 73 69 7a  |ed sediment (siz|
00001150  65 20 61 6e 64 20 72 6f  75 67 68 6e 65 73 73 29  |e and roughness)|
00001160  09 2d 20 48 79 64 72 61  75 6c 69 63 20 52 61 64  |.- Hydraulic Rad|
00001170  69 75 73 0c c2 04 34 36  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  |ius...46.P.P.P.P|
00001180  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 30  |.P.P.P.P.P.P...0|
00001190  00 00 00 17 4c 00 00 0c  c2 05 58 36 11 50 00 50  |....L.....X6.P.P|
000011a0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
000011b0  02 80 00 30 00 00 00 17  09 00 00 0c c2 06 97 3e  |...0...........>|
000011c0  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
000011d0  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 35  00 00 00 17 11 50 00 50  |.P.P...5.....P.P|
000011e0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
000011f0  02 80 00 30 00 00 00 17  4c 00 00 0c c2 05 58 36  |...0....L.....X6|
00001200  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00001210  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 30  00 00 00 17 09 00 00 0c  |.P.P...0........|
00001220  c2 06 97 3e 11 50 00 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |...>.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00001230  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 80 00 35 00 00 00 17  |.P.P.P.P...5....|
00001240  d8 00 c0 4d 65 74 68 6f  64 73 20 6f 66 20 44 61  |...Methods of Da|
00001250  74 61 20 43 6f 6c 6c 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 17 4c 00  |ta Collection.L.|
00001260  00 0d 11 50 00 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |...P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00001270  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 80  00 37 00 00 00 0d 49 20  |.P.P.P...7....I |
00001280  68 61 76 65 20 61 6c 72  65 61 64 79 20 6f 75 74  |have already out|
00001290  6c 69 6e 65 64 20 74 68  65 20 74 79 70 65 73 20  |lined the types |
000012a0  6f 66 20 64 61 74 61 20  72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64  |of data required|
000012b0  20 74 6f 20 69 6e 76 65  73 74 69 67 61 74 65 20  | to investigate |
000012c0  6d 79 20 68 79 70 6f 74  68 65 73 65 73 20 69 6e  |my hypotheses in|
000012d0  20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 74  72 6f 11 50 00 50 02 50  | the intro.P.P.P|
000012e0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 80  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P..|
000012f0  00 30 00 00 00 17 09 00  00 0c c2 06 97 3e 11 50  |.0...........>.P|
00001300  00 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00001310  02 50 02 80 00 35 00 00  00 17 d8 00 c0 4d 65 74  |.P...5.......Met|
00001320  68 6f 64 73 20 6f 66 20  44 61 74 61 20 43 6f 6c  |hods of Data Col|
00001330  6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 17  4c 00 00 0d 11 50 00 50  |lection.L....P.P|
00001340  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00001350  02 80 00 37 00 00 00 0d  49 20 68 61 76 65 20 61  |...7....I have a|
00001360  6c 72 65 61 64 79 20 6f  75 74 6c 69 6e 65 64 20  |lready outlined |
00001370  74 68 65 20 74 79 70 65  73 20 6f 66 20 64 61 74  |the types of dat|
00001380  61 20 72 65 71 75 69 72  65 64 20 74 6f 20 69 6e  |a required to in|
00001390  76 65 73 74 69 67 61 74  65 20 6d 79 20 68 79 70  |vestigate my hyp|
000013a0  6f 74 68 65 73 65 73 20  69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69  |otheses in the i|
000013b0  6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74  69 6f 6e 2e 20 49 20 73  |ntroduction. I s|
000013c0  68 61 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 77  20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e  |hall now explain|
000013d0  20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 74  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  | the met.P.P.P.P|
000013e0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 35  |.P.P.P.P.P.P...5|
000013f0  00 00 00 17 d8 00 c0 4d  65 74 68 6f 64 73 20 6f  |.......Methods o|
00001400  66 20 44 61 74 61 20 43  6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 6f  |f Data Collectio|
00001410  6e 17 4c 00 00 0d 11 50  00 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |n.L....P.P.P.P.P|
00001420  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 80 00 37 00 00  |.P.P.P.P.P...7..|
00001430  00 0d 49 20 68 61 76 65  20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79  |..I have already|
00001440  20 6f 75 74 6c 69 6e 65  64 20 74 68 65 20 74 79  | outlined the ty|
00001450  70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 64  61 74 61 20 72 65 71 75  |pes of data requ|
00001460  69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20  69 6e 76 65 73 74 69 67  |ired to investig|
00001470  61 74 65 20 6d 79 20 68  79 70 6f 74 68 65 73 65  |ate my hypothese|
00001480  73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65  20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75  |s in the introdu|
00001490  63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 49  20 73 68 61 6c 6c 20 6e  |ction. I shall n|
000014a0  6f 77 20 65 78 70 6c 61  69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d  |ow explain the m|
000014b0  65 74 68 6f 64 20 77 68  69 63 68 20 49 20 75 73  |ethod which I us|
000014c0  65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 6f  6c 6c 65 63 74 20 65 61  |ed to collect ea|
000014d0  63 68 20 74 79 70 65 20  6f 66 20 64 61 74 61 2e  |ch type of data.|
000014e0  20 49 6e 20 61 20 6e 75  6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20  | In a number of |
000014f0  74 68 65 20 73 75 72 76  65 79 73 20 69 74 20 77  |the surveys it w|
00001500  61 73 20 6e 65 63 65 73  73 61 72 79 20 66 6f 72  |as necessary for|
00001510  20 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 62  65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74  | me to be able t|
00001520  6f 20 6d 65 61 73 75 72  65 20 70 72 65 63 69 73  |o measure precis|
00001530  65 20 64 69 73 74 61 6e  63 65 73 20 61 63 72 6f  |e distances acro|
00001540  73 73 20 74 68 65 20 73  74 72 65 61 6d 2e 20 49  |ss the stream. I|
00001550  6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 65  70 74 68 20 73 75 72 76  |n the depth surv|
00001560  65 79 2c 20 66 6f 72 20  65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c  |ey, for example,|
00001570  20 49 20 6e 65 65 64 65  64 20 74 6f 20 74 61 6b  | I needed to tak|
00001580  65 20 61 20 73 65 72 69  65 73 20 6f 66 20 72 65  |e a series of re|
00001590  61 64 69 6e 67 73 20 61  74 20 72 65 67 75 6c 61  |adings at regula|
000015a0  72 20 69 6e 74 65 72 76  61 6c 73 20 61 63 72 6f  |r intervals acro|
000015b0  73 73 20 74 68 65 20 73  74 72 65 61 6d 2e 20 49  |ss the stream. I|
000015c0  6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20  74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20  |n order to make |
000015d0  74 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f  63 65 73 73 20 65 61 73  |this process eas|
000015e0  69 65 72 2c 20 71 75 69  63 6b 65 72 2c 20 61 6e  |ier, quicker, an|
000015f0  64 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 61  63 63 75 72 61 74 65 2c  |d more accurate,|
00001600  20 49 20 6c 61 69 64 20  61 20 74 61 70 65 20 6d  | I laid a tape m|
00001610  65 61 73 75 72 65 20 61  63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 68  |easure across th|
00001620  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 69  |e stream, and ti|
00001630  65 64 20 69 74 20 61 74  20 62 6f 74 68 20 65 6e  |ed it at both en|
00001640  64 73 2e 20 42 79 20 64  6f 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 20  |ds. By doing so |
00001650  49 20 65 6e 73 75 72 65  64 20 74 68 61 74 20 69  |I ensured that i|
00001660  6e 61 63 63 75 72 61 63  69 65 73 20 77 65 72 65  |naccuracies were|
00001670  20 6e 6f 74 20 63 61 75  73 65 64 20 62 79 20 74  | not caused by t|
00001680  68 65 20 74 61 70 65 20  6d 65 61 73 75 72 65 20  |he tape measure |
00001690  73 6c 69 70 70 69 6e 67  2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c  |slipping, and al|
000016a0  73 6f 20 65 6e 73 75 72  65 64 20 63 6f 6e 74 69  |so ensured conti|
000016b0  6e 75 69 74 79 20 74 68  72 6f 75 67 68 6f 75 74  |nuity throughout|
000016c0  20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20  6d 79 20 73 75 72 76 65  | all of my surve|
000016d0  79 73 2c 20 61 73 20 74  68 65 20 74 61 70 65 20  |ys, as the tape |
000016e0  6d 65 61 73 75 72 65 20  72 65 6d 61 69 6e 65 64  |measure remained|
000016f0  20 69 6e 20 70 6c 61 63  65 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67  | in place throug|
00001700  68 6f 75 74 2e 0d 0d 17  4c 00 c0 44 65 70 74 68  |hout....L..Depth|
00001710  17 4c 00 00 0d 0d 45 76  65 72 79 20 35 63 6d 20  |.L....Every 5cm |
00001720  28 6f 72 20 31 30 63 6d  20 69 6e 20 77 69 64 65  |(or 10cm in wide|
00001730  72 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f  6e 73 29 20 61 6c 6f 6e  |r sections) alon|
00001740  67 20 74 68 65 20 68 6f  72 69 7a 6f 6e 74 61 6c  |g the horizontal|
00001750  20 74 61 70 65 20 6d 65  61 73 75 72 65 2c 20 49  | tape measure, I|
00001760  20 64 69 70 70 65 64 20  61 20 72 75 6c 65 72 20  | dipped a ruler |
00001770  76 65 72 74 69 63 61 6c  6c 79 20 64 6f 77 6e 20  |vertically down |
00001780  69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65  20 77 61 74 65 72 2c 20  |into the water, |
00001790  61 6e 64 20 72 65 61 64  20 74 68 65 20 64 65 70  |and read the dep|
000017a0  74 68 20 6f 66 20 77 61  74 65 72 2e 20 49 20 77  |th of water. I w|
000017b0  61 73 20 63 61 72 65 66  75 6c 20 74 6f 20 65 6e  |as careful to en|
000017c0  73 75 72 65 20 74 68 61  74 20 49 20 64 69 64 20  |sure that I did |
000017d0  6e 6f 74 20 64 69 73 74  75 72 62 20 74 68 65 20  |not disturb the |
000017e0  72 69 76 65 72 20 62 65  64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 64  |river bed when d|
000017f0  6f 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 2c  20 61 73 20 6d 75 63 68  |oing so, as much|
00001800  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  72 69 76 65 72 27 73 20  | of the river's |
00001810  62 65 64 20 77 61 73 20  64 65 65 70 20 6c 61 79  |bed was deep lay|
00001820  65 72 73 20 6f 66 20 73  69 6c 74 2e 20 48 61 64  |ers of silt. Had|
00001830  20 49 20 64 69 73 74 75  72 62 65 64 20 74 68 69  | I disturbed thi|
00001840  73 20 73 69 6c 74 2c 20  6d 79 20 72 65 61 64 69  |s silt, my readi|
00001850  6e 67 73 20 77 6f 75 6c  64 20 68 61 76 65 20 62  |ngs would have b|
00001860  65 65 6e 20 74 6f 6f 20  64 65 65 70 2c 20 61 6e  |een too deep, an|
00001870  64 20 73 6f 20 65 72 72  6f 6e 65 6f 75 73 2e 0d  |d so erroneous..|
00001880  0d 17 4c 00 c0 56 65 6c  6f 63 69 74 79 17 4c 00  |..L..Velocity.L.|
00001890  00 0d 0d 54 68 65 72 65  20 61 72 65 20 61 20 6e  |...There are a n|
000018a0  75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66  20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 73  |umber of methods|
000018b0  20 6f 66 20 6d 65 61 73  75 72 69 6e 67 20 73 74  | of measuring st|
000018c0  72 65 61 6d 20 76 65 6c  6f 63 69 74 79 2e 20 42  |ream velocity. B|
000018d0  79 20 66 61 72 20 74 68  65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 61  |y far the most a|
000018e0  63 63 75 72 61 74 65 20  61 6e 64 20 72 65 6c 69  |ccurate and reli|
000018f0  61 62 6c 65 20 69 73 20  74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 77  |able is the flow|
00001900  20 76 61 6e 65 2c 20 77  68 69 63 68 20 6d 65 61  | vane, which mea|
00001910  73 75 72 65 73 20 76 65  6c 6f 63 69 74 79 20 62  |sures velocity b|
00001920  79 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 69  6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6e  |y counting the n|
00001930  75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66  20 72 65 76 6f 6c 75 74  |umber of revolut|
00001940  69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 20  61 20 70 72 6f 70 65 6c  |ions of a propel|
00001950  6c 65 72 20 77 68 69 63  68 20 69 73 20 73 75 73  |ler which is sus|
00001960  70 65 6e 64 65 64 20 69  6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 61  |pended in the wa|
00001970  74 65 72 2e 20 55 6e 66  6f 72 74 75 6e 61 74 65  |ter. Unfortunate|
00001980  6c 79 20 61 20 66 6c 6f  77 20 76 61 6e 65 20 77  |ly a flow vane w|
00001990  61 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61  76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65  |as not available|
000019a0  20 66 6f 72 20 75 73 65  20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73  | for use in this|
000019b0  20 69 6e 76 65 73 74 69  67 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d  | investigation..|
000019c0  41 6e 20 61 6c 74 65 72  6e 61 74 69 76 65 20 6d  |An alternative m|
000019d0  65 74 68 6f 64 20 66 6f  72 20 6d 65 61 73 75 72  |ethod for measur|
000019e0  69 6e 67 20 73 74 72 65  61 6d 20 76 65 6c 6f 63  |ing stream veloc|
000019f0  69 74 79 20 69 73 20 74  6f 20 74 69 6d 65 20 68  |ity is to time h|
00001a00  6f 77 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20  69 74 20 74 61 6b 65 73  |ow long it takes|
00001a10  20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 62  6f 75 79 61 6e 74 20 6f  | for a bouyant o|
00001a20  62 6a 65 63 74 2c 20 65  67 2e 20 61 20 64 6f 67  |bject, eg. a dog|
00001a30  20 62 69 73 63 75 69 74  20 6f 72 20 63 6f 72 6b  | biscuit or cork|
00001a40  2c 20 74 6f 20 74 72 61  76 65 6c 20 66 6f 72 20  |, to travel for |
00001a50  61 20 73 65 74 20 64 69  73 74 61 6e 63 65 20 64  |a set distance d|
00001a60  6f 77 6e 73 74 72 65 61  6d 2e 20 49 20 6f 72 69  |ownstream. I ori|
00001a70  67 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20  69 6e 74 65 6e 64 65 64  |ginally intended|
00001a80  20 74 6f 20 73 65 74 20  74 68 69 73 20 64 69 73  | to set this dis|
00001a90  74 61 6e 63 65 20 61 74  20 31 30 6d 2c 20 62 75  |tance at 10m, bu|
00001aa0  74 20 6d 79 20 69 6e 69  74 69 61 6c 20 74 65 73  |t my initial tes|
00001ab0  74 73 20 73 68 6f 77 65  64 20 74 68 61 74 20 74  |ts showed that t|
00001ac0  68 65 20 76 65 6c 6f 63  69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 54  |he velocity of T|
00001ad0  61 6e 6e 65 72 73 20 42  72 6f 6f 6b 20 77 61 73  |anners Brook was|
00001ae0  20 73 6f 20 6c 6f 77 20  74 68 61 74 20 61 20 64  | so low that a d|
00001af0  69 73 74 61 6e 63 65 20  6f 66 20 31 6d 20 70 72  |istance of 1m pr|
00001b00  6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 62  65 74 74 65 72 20 72 65  |ovided better re|
00001b10  61 64 69 6e 67 73 2e 20  49 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 66  |adings. I also f|
00001b20  6f 75 6e 64 20 74 68 61  74 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d  |ound that this m|
00001b30  65 74 68 6f 64 20 6f 6e  6c 79 20 77 6f 72 6b 73  |ethod only works|
00001b40  20 77 65 6c 6c 20 69 66  20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69  | well if there i|
00001b50  73 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 61  6c 20 77 69 6e 64 2c 20  |s minimal wind, |
00001b60  61 73 20 74 68 65 20 64  6f 67 20 62 69 73 63 75  |as the dog biscu|
00001b70  69 74 73 20 74 65 6e 64  65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65  |its tended to be|
00001b80  20 64 72 69 76 65 6e 20  6d 6f 72 65 20 62 79 20  | driven more by |
00001b90  74 68 65 20 77 69 6e 64  20 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68  |the wind than th|
00001ba0  65 20 66 6c 6f 77 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 73 74  |e flow of the st|
00001bb0  72 65 61 6d 2e 20 41 74  20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 74  |ream. At times t|
00001bc0  68 65 20 64 6f 67 20 62  69 73 63 75 69 74 20 65  |he dog biscuit e|
00001bd0  76 65 6e 20 74 72 61 76  65 6c 6c 65 64 20 69 6e  |ven travelled in|
00001be0  20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 70  6f 73 69 74 65 20 64 69  | the opposite di|
00001bf0  72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66  |rection to the f|
00001c00  6c 6f 77 20 6f 66 20 74  68 65 20 73 74 72 65 61  |low of the strea|
00001c10  6d 21 0c c2 07 ad 40 11  50 00 50 02 50 02 50 02  |m!....@.P.P.P.P.|
00001c20  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 80 00 27 00  |P.P.P.P.P.P...'.|
00001c30  00 00 17 4c 00 00 49 6e  20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74  |...L..In order t|
00001c40  6f 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 69  73 65 20 74 68 65 20 65  |o minimise the e|
00001c50  66 66 65 63 74 20 6f 66  20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72  |ffect of the for|
00001c60  63 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68  65 20 77 69 6e 64 20 75  |ce of the wind u|
00001c70  70 6f 6e 20 6d 79 20 72  65 61 64 69 6e 67 73 2c  |pon my readings,|
00001c80  20 49 20 6d 61 64 65 20  61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61  | I made a specia|
00001c90  6c 20 66 6c 6f 61 74 20  77 68 69 63 68 20 66 6c  |l float which fl|
00001ca0  6f 61 74 65 64 20 76 65  72 79 20 6c 6f 77 20 69  |oated very low i|
00001cb0  6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 61  74 65 72 2c 20 73 6f 20  |n the water, so |
00001cc0  61 73 20 74 6f 20 11 50  00 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |as to .P.P.P.P.P|
00001cd0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 80 00 27 00 00  |.P.P.P.P.P...'..|
00001ce0  00 17 4c 00 00 49 6e 20  6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f  |..L..In order to|
00001cf0  20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 69 73  65 20 74 68 65 20 65 66  | minimise the ef|
00001d00  66 65 63 74 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 63  |fect of the forc|
00001d10  65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  20 77 69 6e 64 20 75 70  |e of the wind up|
00001d20  6f 6e 20 6d 79 20 72 65  61 64 69 6e 67 73 2c 20  |on my readings, |
00001d30  49 20 6d 61 64 65 20 61  20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c  |I made a special|
00001d40  20 66 6c 6f 61 74 20 77  68 69 63 68 20 66 6c 6f  | float which flo|
00001d50  61 74 65 64 20 76 65 72  79 20 6c 6f 77 20 69 6e  |ated very low in|
00001d60  20 74 68 65 20 77 61 74  65 72 2c 20 73 6f 20 61  | the water, so a|
00001d70  73 20 74 6f 20 6d 69 6e  69 6d 69 73 65 20 74 68  |s to minimise th|
00001d80  65 20 73 75 72 66 61 63  65 20 61 72 65 61 20 61  |e surface area a|
00001d90  62 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65  20 77 61 74 65 72 20 61  |bove the water a|
00001da0  6e 64 20 73 6f 20 6d 69  6e 69 6d 69 73 65 20 74  |nd so minimise t|
00001db0  68 65 20 66 6f 72 63 65  20 65 78 65 72 74 65 64  |he force exerted|
00001dc0  20 75 70 6f 6e 20 74 68  65 20 66 6c 6f 61 74 20  | upon the float |
00001dd0  66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65  20 77 69 6e 64 2e 20 4d  |from the wind. M|
00001de0  6f 72 65 6f 76 65 72 20  49 20 70 6c 61 63 65 64  |oreover I placed|
00001df0  20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c  20 70 61 64 64 6c 65 73  | several paddles|
00001e00  20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20  75 6e 64 65 72 73 69 64  | on the undersid|
00001e10  65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  20 66 6c 6f 61 74 2c 20  |e of the float, |
00001e20  69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72  20 74 6f 20 6d 61 78 69  |in order to maxi|
00001e30  6d 69 73 65 20 74 68 65  20 66 6f 72 63 65 20 65  |mise the force e|
00001e40  78 65 72 74 65 64 20 6f  6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c  |xerted on the fl|
00001e50  6f 61 74 20 66 72 6f 6d  20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f  |oat from the flo|
00001e60  77 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  20 72 69 76 65 72 2e 20  |w of the river. |
00001e70  46 69 67 2e 20 32 20 73  68 6f 77 73 20 61 20 70  |Fig. 2 shows a p|
00001e80  69 63 74 75 72 65 20 6f  66 20 6d 79 20 66 6c 6f  |icture of my flo|
00001e90  61 74 2e 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d  0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d  |at..............|
00001ea0  0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d  0d 0d 0d 11 50 00 50 02  |............P.P.|
00001eb0  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.|
00001ec0  80 00 16 00 00 00 46 69  67 2e 20 32 3a 20 4d 79  |......Fig. 2: My|
00001ed0  20 66 6c 6f 61 74 2e 0c  c2 08 cb 48 11 50 00 50  | float.....H.P.P|
00001ee0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00001ef0  02 80 00 37 00 00 00 17  4c 00 c0 42 65 64 20 53  |...7....L..Bed S|
00001f00  65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74 20  53 61 6d 70 6c 69 6e 67  |ediment Sampling|
00001f10  17 4c 00 00 0d 0d 45 76  65 72 79 20 32 30 63 6d  |.L....Every 20cm|
00001f20  20 61 63 72 6f 73 73 20  74 68 65 20 73 74 72 65  | across the stre|
00001f30  61 6d 27 73 20 63 68 61  6e 6e 65 6c 2c 20 74 68  |am's channel, th|
00001f40  72 65 65 20 73 74 6f 6e  65 73 20 77 65 72 65 20  |ree stones were |
00001f50  73 65 6c 65 63 74 65 64  20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68  |selected from th|
00001f60  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  27 73 20 62 65 64 2c 20  |e stream's bed, |
00001f70  61 6e 64 20 6d 65 61 73  75 72 65 64 20 66 6f 72  |and measured for|
00001f80  20 73 69 7a 65 20 61 6e  64 20 72 6f 75 67 68 6e  | size and roughn|
00001f90  65 73 73 2e 20 49 66 20  73 69 6c 74 20 6f 72 20  |ess. If silt or |
00001fa0  6c 65 61 66 20 6c 69 74  74 65 72 20 77 61 73 20  |leaf litter was |
00001fb0  66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e  73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66  |found instead of|
00001fc0  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00001fd0  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 37  00 00 00 17 4c 00 c0 42  |.P.P...7....L..B|
00001fe0  65 64 20 53 65 64 69 6d  65 6e 74 20 53 61 6d 70  |ed Sediment Samp|
00001ff0  6c 69 6e 67 17 4c 00 00  0d 0d 45 76 65 72 79 20  |ling.L....Every |
00002000  32 30 63 6d 20 61 63 72  6f 73 73 20 74 68 65 20  |20cm across the |
00002010  73 74 72 65 61 6d 27 73  20 63 68 61 6e 6e 65 6c  |stream's channel|
00002020  2c 20 74 68 72 65 65 20  73 74 6f 6e 65 73 20 77  |, three stones w|
00002030  65 72 65 20 73 65 6c 65  63 74 65 64 20 66 72 6f  |ere selected fro|
00002040  6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 74  72 65 61 6d 27 73 20 62  |m the stream's b|
00002050  65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20  6d 65 61 73 75 72 65 64  |ed, and measured|
00002060  20 66 6f 72 20 73 69 7a  65 20 61 6e 64 20 72 6f  | for size and ro|
00002070  75 67 68 6e 65 73 73 2e  20 49 66 20 73 69 6c 74  |ughness. If silt|
00002080  20 6f 72 20 6c 65 61 66  20 6c 69 74 74 65 72 20  | or leaf litter |
00002090  77 61 73 20 66 6f 75 6e  64 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61  |was found instea|
000020a0  64 20 6f 66 20 61 20 73  74 6f 6e 65 2c 20 73 69  |d of a stone, si|
000020b0  6d 70 6c 79 20 22 73 69  6c 74 22 2c 20 6f 72 20  |mply "silt", or |
000020c0  22 74 77 69 67 22 20 77  61 73 20 72 65 63 6f 72  |"twig" was recor|
000020d0  64 65 64 2c 20 61 73 20  74 68 65 73 65 20 63 61  |ded, as these ca|
000020e0  6e 6e 6f 74 20 71 75 61  6e 74 69 74 61 74 69 76  |nnot quantitativ|
000020f0  65 6c 79 20 62 65 20 6d  65 61 73 75 72 65 64 2e  |ely be measured.|
00002100  20 53 69 7a 65 20 77 61  73 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 20  | Size was taken |
00002110  74 6f 20 62 65 20 74 68  65 20 6c 65 6e 67 74 68  |to be the length|
00002120  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  6c 6f 6e 67 65 73 74 20  | of the longest |
00002130  73 69 64 65 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 73 74 6f 6e  |side of the ston|
00002140  65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 72  6f 75 67 68 6e 65 73 73  |e, and roughness|
00002150  20 77 61 73 20 73 69 6d  70 6c 79 20 6d 65 61 73  | was simply meas|
00002160  75 72 65 64 20 62 79 20  6a 75 64 67 69 6e 67 20  |ured by judging |
00002170  69 74 73 20 74 65 78 74  75 72 65 20 6f 6e 20 61  |its texture on a|
00002180  20 73 63 61 6c 65 20 6f  66 20 31 20 74 6f 20 35  | scale of 1 to 5|
00002190  20 28 31 20 62 65 69 6e  67 20 73 6d 6f 6f 74 68  | (1 being smooth|
000021a0  2c 20 35 20 62 65 69 6e  67 20 76 65 72 79 20 61  |, 5 being very a|
000021b0  6e 67 75 6c 61 72 29 2e  20 46 6f 72 20 73 61 6d  |ngular). For sam|
000021c0  70 6c 65 73 20 6f 66 20  73 69 6c 74 2c 20 61 20  |ples of silt, a |
000021d0  72 6f 75 67 68 6e 65 73  73 20 6f 66 20 30 20 77  |roughness of 0 w|
000021e0  61 73 20 72 65 63 6f 72  64 65 64 2e 20 54 68 65  |as recorded. The|
000021f0  20 74 68 72 65 65 20 73  69 7a 65 73 20 61 6e 64  | three sizes and|
00002200  20 72 6f 75 67 68 6e 65  73 73 65 73 20 77 65 72  | roughnesses wer|
00002210  65 20 74 68 65 6e 20 61  76 65 72 61 67 65 64 20  |e then averaged |
00002220  61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20  72 6f 75 67 68 6e 65 73  |and the roughnes|
00002230  73 20 77 61 73 20 72 6f  75 6e 64 65 64 20 74 6f  |s was rounded to|
00002240  20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 61  72 65 73 74 20 77 68 6f  | the nearest who|
00002250  6c 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65  72 2e 0d 0d 17 4c 00 c0  |le number....L..|
00002260  53 74 72 65 61 6d 20 4c  6f 61 64 20 4d 65 61 73  |Stream Load Meas|
00002270  75 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 17  4c 00 00 0d 0d 54 6f 20  |urement.L....To |
00002280  6d 65 61 73 75 72 65 20  74 68 65 20 73 65 64 69  |measure the sedi|
00002290  6d 65 6e 74 20 6c 6f 61  64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65  |ment load of the|
000022a0  20 73 74 72 65 61 6d 2c  20 77 61 74 65 72 20 73  | stream, water s|
000022b0  61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 77  65 72 65 20 74 61 6b 65  |amples were take|
000022c0  6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74  68 65 20 73 74 72 65 61  |n from the strea|
000022d0  6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 70  61 73 73 65 64 20 74 68  |m, and passed th|
000022e0  72 6f 75 67 68 20 61 20  63 6f 66 66 65 65 20 66  |rough a coffee f|
000022f0  69 6c 74 65 72 2e 20 49  20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61  |ilter. I origina|
00002300  6c 6c 79 20 69 6e 74 65  6e 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20  |lly intended to |
00002310  70 61 73 73 20 73 65 76  65 72 61 6c 20 6c 69 74  |pass several lit|
00002320  72 65 73 20 6f 66 20 77  61 74 65 72 20 74 68 72  |res of water thr|
00002330  6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65  20 66 69 6c 74 65 72 2c  |ough the filter,|
00002340  20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65  6e 20 74 6f 20 73 75 62  | and then to sub|
00002350  74 72 61 63 74 20 74 68  65 20 77 65 69 67 68 74  |tract the weight|
00002360  20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 75  6e 2d 75 73 65 64 20 70  | of an un-used p|
00002370  61 70 65 72 20 66 72 6f  6d 20 74 68 65 20 77 65  |aper from the we|
00002380  69 67 68 74 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 74  |ight of the filt|
00002390  65 72 2c 20 74 6f 20 6f  62 74 61 69 6e 20 74 68  |er, to obtain th|
000023a0  65 20 77 65 69 67 68 74  20 6f 66 20 73 65 64 69  |e weight of sedi|
000023b0  6d 65 6e 74 20 63 6f 6c  6c 65 63 74 65 64 2e 20  |ment collected. |
000023c0  54 68 65 72 65 20 77 61  73 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 76  |There was, howev|
000023d0  65 72 2c 20 76 65 72 79  20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20  |er, very little |
000023e0  73 65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74  20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20  |sediment on the |
000023f0  70 61 70 65 72 2c 20 61  6e 64 20 73 6f 20 49 20  |paper, and so I |
00002400  64 65 63 69 64 65 64 20  74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 61  |decided to use a|
00002410  20 76 69 73 75 61 6c 20  73 63 61 6c 65 2c 20 61  | visual scale, a|
00002420  6e 64 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20  74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 61  |nd look to see a|
00002430  70 70 72 6f 78 69 6d 61  74 65 6c 79 20 68 6f 77  |pproximately how|
00002440  20 6d 75 63 68 20 73 65  64 69 6d 65 6e 74 20 74  | much sediment t|
00002450  68 65 72 65 20 77 61 73  2e 0d 0d 17 4c 00 c0 70  |here was....L..p|
00002460  48 20 4d 65 61 73 75 72  65 6d 65 6e 74 0d 17 4c  |H Measurement..L|
00002470  00 00 0d 11 50 00 50 02  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  |....P.P.8.8.8.8.|
00002480  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  80 00 37 00 00 00 54 77  |8.8.8.8...7...Tw|
00002490  6f 20 72 65 61 64 69 6e  67 73 20 77 65 72 65 20  |o readings were |
000024a0  74 61 6b 65 6e 20 66 6f  72 20 74 68 65 20 70 48  |taken for the pH|
000024b0  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  77 61 74 65 72 3a 20 6f  | of the water: o|
000024c0  6e 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67  20 61 6e 20 65 6c 65 63  |ne using an elec|
000024d0  74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 70  48 20 6d 65 61 73 75 72  |tronic pH measur|
000024e0  69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f 62  65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74  |ing probe, and t|
000024f0  68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72  20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 6c  |he other using l|
00002500  69 74 6d 75 73 20 70 61  70 65 72 2e 20 54 68 65  |itmus paper. The|
00002510  20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f  6e 69 63 20 70 72 6f 62  | electronic prob|
00002520  65 20 77 61 73 20 6d 6f  72 65 20 61 63 63 75 72  |e was more accur|
00002530  61 74 65 2c 20 67 69 76  69 6e 67 20 72 65 61 64  |ate, giving read|
00002540  69 6e 67 73 20 74 6f 20  6f 6e 65 20 64 65 63 69  |ings to one deci|
00002550  6d 61 6c 20 70 6c 61 63  65 2c 20 77 68 65 72 65  |mal place, where|
00002560  61 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c  69 74 6d 75 73 20 70 61  |as the litmus pa|
00002570  70 65 72 20 6f 6e 6c 79  20 6d 65 61 73 75 72 65  |per only measure|
00002580  64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65  20 6e 65 61 72 65 73 74  |d to the nearest|
00002590  20 77 68 6f 6c 65 20 6e  75 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 61  | whole number, a|
000025a0  6e 64 20 75 73 65 64 20  61 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63  |nd used a subjec|
000025b0  74 69 76 65 20 63 6f 6c  6f 75 72 20 73 63 61 6c  |tive colour scal|
000025c0  65 2e 20 4d 79 20 69 6e  69 74 69 61 6c 20 74 65  |e. My initial te|
000025d0  73 74 73 20 75 73 69 6e  67 20 6e 65 75 74 72 61  |sts using neutra|
000025e0  6c 20 64 65 2d 69 6f 6e  69 73 65 64 20 77 61 74  |l de-ionised wat|
000025f0  65 72 2c 20 68 6f 77 65  76 65 72 2c 20 73 68 6f  |er, however, sho|
00002600  77 65 64 20 74 68 61 74  20 61 74 20 74 69 6d 65  |wed that at time|
00002610  73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72  6f 62 65 20 67 61 76 65  |s the probe gave|
00002620  20 66 61 6c 73 65 20 72  65 61 64 69 6e 67 73 2c  | false readings,|
00002630  20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65  20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64  | because the end|
00002640  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  70 72 6f 62 65 20 68 61  | of the probe ha|
00002650  64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20  74 68 6f 72 6f 75 67 68  |d to be thorough|
00002660  6c 79 20 77 61 73 68 65  64 20 69 6e 20 62 65 74  |ly washed in bet|
00002670  77 65 65 6e 20 72 65 61  64 69 6e 67 73 20 74 6f  |ween readings to|
00002680  20 65 6e 73 75 72 65 20  74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65  | ensure that the|
00002690  20 74 69 70 20 77 61 73  20 6e 6f 74 20 73 74 69  | tip was not sti|
000026a0  6c 6c 20 63 6f 61 74 65  64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65  |ll coated in the|
000026b0  20 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75  73 20 73 61 6d 70 6c 65  | previous sample|
000026c0  2e 20 54 68 65 20 6c 69  74 6d 75 73 20 74 65 73  |. The litmus tes|
000026d0  74 73 20 61 63 74 65 64  20 61 73 20 61 20 62 61  |ts acted as a ba|
000026e0  63 6b 75 70 20 63 68 65  63 6b 20 74 6f 20 65 6e  |ckup check to en|
000026f0  73 75 72 65 20 74 68 61  74 20 74 68 65 20 70 72  |sure that the pr|
00002700  6f 62 65 20 77 61 73 20  67 69 76 69 6e 67 20 61  |obe was giving a|
00002710  6e 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72  20 77 68 69 63 68 20 77  |n answer which w|
00002720  61 73 20 61 70 70 72 6f  78 69 6d 61 74 65 6c 79  |as approximately|
00002730  20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74  2c 20 61 6c 74 68 6f 75  | correct, althou|
00002740  67 68 20 77 65 72 65 20  6e 6f 74 20 61 63 74 75  |gh were not actu|
00002750  61 6c 6c 79 20 75 73 65  64 20 61 73 20 65 76 69  |ally used as evi|
00002760  64 65 6e 63 65 20 69 6e  20 74 68 69 73 20 70 72  |dence in this pr|
00002770  6f 6a 65 63 74 20 66 6f  72 20 6f 72 20 61 67 61  |oject for or aga|
00002780  69 6e 73 74 20 6d 79 20  68 79 70 6f 74 68 65 73  |inst my hypothes|
00002790  65 73 2e 20 49 6e 20 63  61 73 65 73 20 77 68 65  |es. In cases whe|
000027a0  72 65 20 74 68 65 20 74  77 6f 20 72 65 61 64 69  |re the two readi|
000027b0  6e 67 73 20 77 65 72 65  20 6e 6f 74 20 73 69 6d  |ngs were not sim|
000027c0  69 6c 61 72 2c 20 62 6f  74 68 20 77 65 72 65 20  |ilar, both were |
000027d0  72 65 2d 74 61 6b 65 6e  2e 0c c2 09 25 4c 11 50  |re-taken....%L.P|
000027e0  00 50 02 e0 00 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P...P.P.P.P.P.P|
000027f0  02 50 02 80 00 27 00 00  00 17 4c 00 c0 42 61 6e  |.P...'....L..Ban|
00002800  6b 20 47 72 61 64 69 65  6e 74 17 4c 00 00 0d 0d  |k Gradient.L....|
00002810  42 65 66 6f 72 65 20 74  68 65 20 62 61 6e 6b 20  |Before the bank |
00002820  67 72 61 64 69 65 6e 74  20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 62  |gradient could b|
00002830  65 20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c  61 74 65 64 2c 20 74 68  |e calculated, th|
00002840  65 20 68 6f 72 69 7a 6f  6e 74 61 6c 20 64 69 73  |e horizontal dis|
00002850  74 61 6e 63 65 20 62 65  74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68  |tance between th|
00002860  65 20 74 6f 70 20 6f 66  20 74 68 65 20 62 61 6e  |e top of the ban|
00002870  6b 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68  65 20 77 61 74 65 72 27  |k and the water'|
00002880  73 20 65 64 67 65 20 28  78 29 20 61 6e 64 20 74  |s edge (x) and t|
00002890  68 65 20 64 69 61 67 6f  6e 61 6c 20 64 69 73 74  |he diagonal dist|
000028a0  61 6e 63 65 20 64 6f 77  6e 20 74 68 65 20 11 50  |ance down the .P|
000028b0  00 50 02 e0 00 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P...P.P.P.P.P.P|
000028c0  02 50 02 80 00 27 00 00  00 17 4c 00 c0 42 61 6e  |.P...'....L..Ban|
000028d0  6b 20 47 72 61 64 69 65  6e 74 17 4c 00 00 0d 0d  |k Gradient.L....|
000028e0  42 65 66 6f 72 65 20 74  68 65 20 62 61 6e 6b 20  |Before the bank |
000028f0  67 72 61 64 69 65 6e 74  20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 62  |gradient could b|
00002900  65 20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c  61 74 65 64 2c 20 74 68  |e calculated, th|
00002910  65 20 68 6f 72 69 7a 6f  6e 74 61 6c 20 64 69 73  |e horizontal dis|
00002920  74 61 6e 63 65 20 62 65  74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68  |tance between th|
00002930  65 20 74 6f 70 20 6f 66  20 74 68 65 20 62 61 6e  |e top of the ban|
00002940  6b 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68  65 20 77 61 74 65 72 27  |k and the water'|
00002950  73 20 65 64 67 65 20 28  78 29 20 61 6e 64 20 74  |s edge (x) and t|
00002960  68 65 20 64 69 61 67 6f  6e 61 6c 20 64 69 73 74  |he diagonal dist|
00002970  61 6e 63 65 20 64 6f 77  6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 61  |ance down the ba|
00002980  6e 6b 20 28 79 29 20 68  61 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65  |nk (y) had to be|
00002990  20 6d 65 61 73 75 72 65  64 2e 20 41 20 72 69 67  | measured. A rig|
000029a0  68 74 2d 61 6e 67 6c 65  64 20 74 72 69 61 6e 67  |ht-angled triang|
000029b0  6c 65 20 63 6f 75 6c 64  20 74 68 65 6e 20 62 65  |le could then be|
000029c0  20 66 6f 72 6d 65 64 20  28 73 65 65 20 66 69 67  | formed (see fig|
000029d0  2e 20 33 29 2c 20 61 6e  64 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20  |. 3), and using |
000029e0  61 6c 74 65 72 6e 61 74  65 20 61 6e 67 6c 65 73  |alternate angles|
000029f0  20 69 74 20 63 6f 75 6c  64 20 62 65 20 70 72 6f  | it could be pro|
00002a00  76 65 6e 20 74 68 61 74  20 74 68 65 20 61 6e 67  |ven that the ang|
00002a10  6c 65 20 62 65 74 77 65  65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74  |le between the t|
00002a20  6f 70 20 6f 66 20 74 68  65 20 62 61 6e 6b 20 61  |op of the bank a|
00002a30  6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 68  6f 72 69 7a 6f 6e 74 61  |nd the horizonta|
00002a40  6c 20 69 73 20 65 71 75  61 6c 20 74 6f 20 74 68  |l is equal to th|
00002a50  65 20 61 6e 67 6c 65 20  6f 66 20 65 6c 65 76 61  |e angle of eleva|
00002a60  74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 62 61 6e 6b  |tion of the bank|
00002a70  2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f  20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68  |, and so that th|
00002a80  65 20 74 77 6f 20 61 6e  67 6c 65 73 20 6d 61 72  |e two angles mar|
00002a90  6b 65 64 20 61 73 20 74  68 65 74 61 20 6f 6e 20  |ked as theta on |
00002aa0  74 68 65 20 64 69 61 67  72 61 6d 20 61 72 65 20  |the diagram are |
00002ab0  65 71 75 61 6c 2e 20 54  68 65 20 76 61 6c 75 65  |equal. The value|
00002ac0  20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20  61 6e 67 6c 65 20 17 4e  | of the angle .N|
00002ad0  07 00 71 17 4c 00 00 2c  20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20  |..q.L.., and so |
00002ae0  74 68 65 20 61 6e 67 6c  65 20 6f 66 20 65 6c 65  |the angle of ele|
00002af0  76 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 62 61  |vation of the ba|
00002b00  6e 6b 20 63 6f 75 6c 64  20 74 68 65 6e 20 62 65  |nk could then be|
00002b10  20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61  74 65 64 20 75 73 69 6e  | calculated usin|
00002b20  67 20 74 72 69 67 6f 6e  6f 6d 65 74 72 79 3a 0d  |g trigonometry:.|
00002b30  0d 11 50 00 50 02 e0 00  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |..P.P...P.P.P.P.|
00002b40  50 02 50 02 50 02 80 00  04 00 00 00 09 43 6f 73  |P.P.P........Cos|
00002b50  20 17 4e 07 00 71 17 4c  00 00 3d 17 4c 00 04 78  | .N..q.L..=.L..x|
00002b60  17 4c 00 00 2f 17 4c 00  02 79 17 4c 00 00 0d 54  |.L../.L..y.L...T|
00002b70  68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65  3a 09 17 4e 07 00 71 17  |herefore:..N..q.|
00002b80  4c 00 00 3d 43 6f 73 17  46 00 04 2d 31 17 4c 00  |L..=Cos.F..-1.L.|
00002b90  00 28 17 4c 00 04 78 17  4c 00 00 2f 17 4c 00 02  |.(.L..x.L../.L..|
00002ba0  79 17 4c 00 00 29 0d 0d  11 50 00 50 02 e0 00 50  |y.L..)...P.P...P|
00002bb0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 27  |.P.P.P.P.P.P...'|
00002bc0  00 00 00 0d 11 50 00 50  02 e0 00 50 02 50 02 50  |.....P.P...P.P.P|
00002bd0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 80 00 06 00 00 00 10  |.P.P.P.P........|
00002be0  21 90 00 40 46 69 67 2e  20 33 3a 20 4d 65 61 73  |!..@Fig. 3: Meas|
00002bf0  75 72 69 6e 67 20 62 61  6e 6b 20 67 72 61 64 69  |uring bank gradi|
00002c00  65 6e 74 0c c2 0a ec 4f  11 50 00 50 02 e0 00 50  |ent....O.P.P...P|
00002c10  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 27  |.P.P.P.P.P.P...'|
00002c20  00 00 00 17 4c 00 c0 48  79 64 72 61 75 6c 69 63  |....L..Hydraulic|
00002c30  20 52 61 64 69 75 73 17  4c 00 00 0d 0d 54 68 65  | Radius.L....The|
00002c40  20 68 79 64 72 61 75 6c  69 63 20 72 61 64 69 75  | hydraulic radiu|
00002c50  73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 73  74 72 65 61 6d 20 69 73  |s of a stream is|
00002c60  20 64 65 66 69 6e 65 64  20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20  | defined as the |
00002c70  72 61 74 69 6f 20 62 65  74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68  |ratio between th|
00002c80  65 20 63 72 6f 73 73 2d  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 61  |e cross-sectiona|
00002c90  6c 20 61 72 65 61 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 73 74  |l area of the st|
00002ca0  72 65 61 6d 27 73 11 50  00 50 02 e0 00 50 02 50  |ream's.P.P...P.P|
00002cb0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 80 00 27 00 00  |.P.P.P.P.P...'..|
00002cc0  00 17 4c 00 c0 48 79 64  72 61 75 6c 69 63 20 52  |..L..Hydraulic R|
00002cd0  61 64 69 75 73 17 4c 00  00 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 68  |adius.L....The h|
00002ce0  79 64 72 61 75 6c 69 63  20 72 61 64 69 75 73 20  |ydraulic radius |
00002cf0  6f 66 20 61 20 73 74 72  65 61 6d 20 69 73 20 64  |of a stream is d|
00002d00  65 66 69 6e 65 64 20 61  73 20 74 68 65 20 72 61  |efined as the ra|
00002d10  74 69 6f 20 62 65 74 77  65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20  |tio between the |
00002d20  63 72 6f 73 73 2d 73 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20  |cross-sectional |
00002d30  61 72 65 61 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 73 74 72 65  |area of the stre|
00002d40  61 6d 27 73 20 63 68 61  6e 6e 65 6c 2c 20 61 6e  |am's channel, an|
00002d50  64 20 74 68 65 20 77 65  74 74 65 64 20 70 65 72  |d the wetted per|
00002d60  69 6d 65 74 65 72 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 63 68  |imeter of the ch|
00002d70  61 6e 6e 65 6c 2e 20 54  68 65 20 77 65 74 74 65  |annel. The wette|
00002d80  64 20 70 65 72 69 6d 65  74 65 72 20 69 73 20 74  |d perimeter is t|
00002d90  68 65 20 73 75 72 66 61  63 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68  |he surface of th|
00002da0  65 20 62 65 64 20 61 6e  64 20 62 61 6e 6b 73 20  |e bed and banks |
00002db0  77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73  20 75 6e 64 65 72 2d 77  |which is under-w|
00002dc0  61 74 65 72 2e 20 54 68  65 20 67 72 65 61 74 65  |ater. The greate|
00002dd0  72 20 74 68 65 20 68 79  64 72 61 75 6c 69 63 20  |r the hydraulic |
00002de0  72 61 64 69 75 73 2c 20  74 68 65 20 6c 6f 77 65  |radius, the lowe|
00002df0  72 20 74 68 65 20 65 78  74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 66  |r the external f|
00002e00  72 69 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  61 63 74 69 6e 67 20 6f  |riction acting o|
00002e10  6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 61  74 65 72 20 66 72 6f 6d  |n the water from|
00002e20  20 74 68 65 20 62 65 64  2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f  | the bed, and so|
00002e30  20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 72  65 20 65 66 66 69 63 69  | the more effici|
00002e40  65 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20  73 74 72 65 61 6d 20 69  |ent the stream i|
00002e50  73 20 61 74 20 74 72 61  6e 73 70 6f 72 74 69 6e  |s at transportin|
00002e60  67 20 77 61 74 65 72 2e  20 54 68 65 20 68 79 64  |g water. The hyd|
00002e70  72 61 75 6c 69 73 20 72  61 64 69 75 73 20 6d 61  |raulis radius ma|
00002e80  79 20 62 65 20 63 61 6c  63 75 6c 61 74 65 64 20  |y be calculated |
00002e90  75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68  65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77  |using the follow|
00002ea0  69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 6d  75 6c 61 3a 0d 0d 11 50  |ing formula:...P|
00002eb0  00 50 02 e0 00 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P...P.P.P.P.P.P|
00002ec0  02 50 02 80 00 03 00 00  00 48 79 64 72 61 75 6c  |.P.......Hydraul|
00002ed0  69 63 20 52 61 64 69 75  73 20 3d 20 17 4c 00 80  |ic Radius = .L..|
00002ee0  43 72 6f 73 73 2d 73 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20  |Cross-sectional |
00002ef0  61 72 65 61 17 4c 00 00  0d 11 50 00 50 02 e0 00  |area.L....P.P...|
00002f00  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 80 00  |P.P.P.P.P.P.P...|
00002f10  00 00 00 00 09 20 20 20  20 57 65 74 74 65 64 20  |.....    Wetted |
00002f20  50 65 72 69 6d 65 74 65  72 0d 0d 11 50 00 50 02  |Perimeter...P.P.|
00002f30  e0 00 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |..P.P.P.P.P.P.P.|
00002f40  80 00 07 00 00 00 54 68  65 20 63 72 6f 73 73 2d  |......The cross-|
00002f50  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 61  6c 20 61 72 65 61 20 6f  |sectional area o|
00002f60  66 20 74 68 65 20 73 74  72 65 61 6d 20 6d 61 79  |f the stream may|
00002f70  20 62 65 20 63 61 6c 63  75 6c 61 74 65 64 20 62  | be calculated b|
00002f80  79 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 70  6c 79 69 6e 67 20 74 68  |y multiplying th|
00002f90  65 20 6d 65 61 6e 20 64  65 70 74 68 20 6f 66 20  |e mean depth of |
00002fa0  74 68 65 20 77 61 74 65  72 20 62 79 20 74 68 65  |the water by the|
00002fb0  20 77 69 64 74 68 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 73 74  | width of the st|
00002fc0  72 65 61 6d 27 73 20 63  68 61 6e 6e 65 6c 2e 20  |ream's channel. |
00002fd0  54 68 65 20 77 65 74 74  65 64 20 70 65 72 69 6d  |The wetted perim|
00002fe0  65 74 65 72 20 6d 61 79  20 62 65 20 6d 65 61 73  |eter may be meas|
00002ff0  75 72 65 64 20 62 79 20  6c 61 79 69 6e 67 20 61  |ured by laying a|
00003000  20 6d 65 61 73 75 72 69  6e 67 20 74 61 70 65 20  | measuring tape |
00003010  61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 68  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  |along the stream|
00003020  27 73 20 62 65 64 2c 20  65 6e 73 75 72 69 6e 67  |'s bed, ensuring|
00003030  20 74 68 61 74 20 69 74  20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 73  | that it remains|
00003040  20 61 73 20 63 6c 6f 73  65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65  | as close to the|
00003050  20 73 74 72 65 61 6d 20  62 65 64 20 61 73 20 70  | stream bed as p|
00003060  6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 2e  0c c2 0b 9d 58 11 50 00  |ossible.....X.P.|
00003070  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.|
00003080  50 02 80 00 25 00 00 00  17 d8 00 c0 4d 65 74 68  |P...%.......Meth|
00003090  6f 64 73 20 6f 66 20 44  61 74 61 20 50 72 11 50  |ods of Data Pr.P|
000030a0  00 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
000030b0  02 50 02 80 00 25 00 00  00 17 d8 00 c0 4d 65 74  |.P...%.......Met|
000030c0  68 6f 64 73 20 6f 66 20  44 61 74 61 20 50 72 65  |hods of Data Pre|
000030d0  73 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f  6e 20 61 6e 64 20 41 6e  |sentation and An|
000030e0  61 6c 79 73 69 73 17 d8  00 00 0d 17 4c 00 00 0d  |alysis......L...|
000030f0  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00003100  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 27  00 00 00 17 4c 00 c0 31  |.P.P...'....L..1|
00003110  2e 20 44 65 70 74 68 2f  56 65 6c 6f 63 69 74 79  |. Depth/Velocity|
00003120  20 52 65 6c 61 74 69 6f  6e 73 68 69 70 17 4c 00  | Relationship.L.|
00003130  00 0d 0d 46 69 67 73 2e  20 34 20 61 6e 64 20 35  |...Figs. 4 and 5|
00003140  20 73 68 6f 77 20 74 68  61 74 20 74 68 65 20 76  | show that the v|
00003150  65 6c 6f 63 69 74 79 20  77 61 73 20 67 72 65 61  |elocity was grea|
00003160  74 65 73 74 20 69 6e 20  74 68 65 20 64 65 65 70  |test in the deep|
00003170  65 73 74 20 61 72 65 61  73 20 6f 66 20 77 61 74  |est areas of wat|
00003180  65 72 20 61 74 20 62 6f  74 68 20 73 74 72 61 69  |er at both strai|
00003190  67 68 74 20 73 65 63 74  69 6f 6e 20 41 20 61 6e  |ght section A an|
000031a0  64 20 6d 65 61 6e 64 65  72 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f  |d meander sectio|
000031b0  6e 20 42 2c 20 61 6e 64  20 73 6f 20 74 68 65 20  |n B, and so the |
000031c0  74 68 61 6c 77 65 67 20  72 6f 75 67 68 6c 79 20  |thalweg roughly |
000031d0  66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64  20 74 68 65 20 64 65 65  |followed the dee|
000031e0  70 65 73 74 20 61 72 65  61 73 20 6f 66 20 77 61  |pest areas of wa|
000031f0  74 65 72 2e 20 54 68 69  73 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e  |ter. This happen|
00003200  73 20 62 65 63 61 75 73  65 20 74 68 65 20 76 65  |s because the ve|
00003210  6c 6f 63 69 74 79 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 77 61  |locity of the wa|
00003220  74 65 72 20 64 65 70 65  6e 64 73 20 75 70 6f 6e  |ter depends upon|
00003230  20 74 68 65 20 65 66 66  69 63 69 65 6e 63 79 20  | the efficiency |
00003240  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73  74 72 65 61 6d 20 61 74  |of the stream at|
00003250  20 74 72 61 6e 73 70 6f  72 74 69 6e 67 20 77 61  | transporting wa|
00003260  74 65 72 2e 20 54 68 65  20 6d 61 69 6e 20 66 61  |ter. The main fa|
00003270  63 74 6f 72 20 77 68 69  63 68 20 64 65 74 65 72  |ctor which deter|
00003280  6d 69 6e 65 73 20 65 66  66 69 63 69 65 6e 63 79  |mines efficiency|
00003290  20 69 73 20 66 72 69 63  74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e  | is friction, an|
000032a0  64 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61  69 6e 20 73 6f 75 72 63  |d the main sourc|
000032b0  65 20 6f 66 20 66 72 69  63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f  |e of friction to|
000032c0  20 74 68 65 20 73 74 72  65 61 6d 20 69 73 20 74  | the stream is t|
000032d0  68 65 20 62 65 64 2e 20  54 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74  |he bed. The most|
000032e0  20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65  6e 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20  | efficient, and |
000032f0  73 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66  61 73 74 65 73 74 2c 20  |so the fastest, |
00003300  61 72 65 61 73 20 6f 66  20 77 61 74 65 72 20 77  |areas of water w|
00003310  69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 74  68 6f 73 65 20 77 68 69  |ill be those whi|
00003320  63 68 20 61 72 65 20 66  75 72 74 68 65 73 74 20  |ch are furthest |
00003330  66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65  20 62 65 64 2c 20 61 6e  |from the bed, an|
00003340  64 20 73 6f 20 77 69 6c  6c 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c  |d so will usuall|
00003350  79 20 62 65 20 6a 75 73  74 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20  |y be just below |
00003360  74 68 65 20 73 75 72 66  61 63 65 20 6f 66 20 74  |the surface of t|
00003370  68 65 20 64 65 65 70 65  73 74 20 61 72 65 61 20  |he deepest area |
00003380  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73  74 72 65 61 6d 2e 20 54  |of the stream. T|
00003390  68 65 20 66 61 73 74 65  73 74 20 61 72 65 61 20  |he fastest area |
000033a0  69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61  63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20  |is not actually |
000033b0  6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73  75 72 66 61 63 65 2c 20  |on the surface, |
000033c0  62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20  68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65  |because here the|
000033d0  72 65 20 69 73 20 6d 75  63 68 20 66 72 69 63 74  |re is much frict|
000033e0  69 6f 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d  20 74 68 65 20 61 69 72  |ion from the air|
000033f0  2e 0d 54 68 69 73 20 74  72 65 6e 64 20 69 6e 20  |..This trend in |
00003400  77 61 74 65 72 20 76 65  6c 6f 63 69 74 79 20 77  |water velocity w|
00003410  61 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20  61 20 76 65 72 79 20 72  |as only a very r|
00003420  6f 75 67 68 20 70 61 74  74 65 72 6e 2c 20 77 69  |ough pattern, wi|
00003430  74 68 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20  61 20 73 6c 69 67 68 74  |th only a slight|
00003440  20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65  6e 63 65 20 69 6e 20 74  | difference in t|
00003450  68 65 20 72 65 61 64 69  6e 67 73 2c 20 70 61 72  |he readings, par|
00003460  74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 6c  79 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68  |ticularly for th|
00003470  65 20 6d 65 61 6e 64 65  72 2e 20 54 68 65 20 73  |e meander. The s|
00003480  74 72 65 61 6d 27 73 20  62 65 64 2c 20 6f 6e 20  |tream's bed, on |
00003490  74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65  72 20 68 61 6e 64 2c 20  |the other hand, |
000034a0  68 61 73 20 61 20 63 6c  65 61 72 20 70 61 74 74  |has a clear patt|
000034b0  65 72 6e 2c 20 77 68 69  63 68 20 73 75 67 67 65  |ern, which sugge|
000034c0  73 74 73 20 74 68 61 74  20 74 68 65 72 65 20 73  |sts that there s|
000034d0  68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c  73 6f 20 61 20 63 6c 65  |hould also a cle|
000034e0  61 72 20 70 61 74 74 65  72 6e 20 69 6e 20 76 65  |ar pattern in ve|
000034f0  6c 6f 63 69 74 79 2e 20  49 20 62 65 6c 69 65 76  |locity. I believ|
00003500  65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74  68 65 20 72 65 61 73 6f  |e that the reaso|
00003510  6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68  69 73 20 77 61 73 20 74  |n for this was t|
00003520  68 61 74 20 74 68 69 73  20 73 75 72 76 65 79 20  |hat this survey |
00003530  77 61 73 20 70 65 72 66  6f 72 6d 65 64 20 69 6e  |was performed in|
00003540  20 74 68 65 20 73 75 6d  6d 65 72 20 6d 6f 6e 74  | the summer mont|
00003550  68 73 2c 20 77 68 65 6e  20 74 68 65 20 73 74 72  |hs, when the str|
00003560  65 61 6d 20 68 61 64 20  61 20 76 65 72 79 20 6c  |eam had a very l|
00003570  6f 77 20 64 69 73 63 68  61 72 67 65 2e 20 49 6e  |ow discharge. In|
00003580  20 77 69 6e 74 65 72 20  6d 6f 6e 74 68 73 2c 20  | winter months, |
00003590  77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65  20 64 69 73 63 68 61 72  |when the dischar|
000035a0  67 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  |ge of the stream|
000035b0  20 69 73 20 76 65 72 79  20 68 69 67 68 2c 20 74  | is very high, t|
000035c0  68 65 20 70 61 74 74 65  72 6e 20 69 6e 20 76 65  |he pattern in ve|
000035d0  6c 6f 63 69 74 79 20 77  6f 75 6c 64 20 70 72 6f  |locity would pro|
000035e0  62 61 62 6c 79 20 62 65  20 76 65 72 79 20 63 6c  |bably be very cl|
000035f0  65 61 72 2c 20 74 68 75  73 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67  |ear, thus making|
00003600  20 61 20 76 65 72 79 20  63 6c 65 61 72 20 70 61  | a very clear pa|
00003610  74 74 65 72 6e 20 69 6e  20 74 68 65 20 63 72 6f  |ttern in the cro|
00003620  73 73 2d 73 65 63 74 69  6f 6e 2e 0d 0d 17 4c 00  |ss-section....L.|
00003630  c0 32 2e 20 43 68 61 6e  6e 65 6c 20 53 68 61 70  |.2. Channel Shap|
00003640  65 17 4c 00 00 0d 0d 46  69 67 2e 20 35 20 73 68  |e.L....Fig. 5 sh|
00003650  6f 77 73 20 75 73 20 74  68 61 74 20 66 6f 72 20  |ows us that for |
00003660  73 74 72 61 69 67 68 74  20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e  |straight section|
00003670  20 41 2c 20 74 68 65 20  64 65 65 70 65 73 74 20  | A, the deepest |
00003680  77 61 74 65 72 20 77 61  73 20 72 6f 75 67 68 6c  |water was roughl|
00003690  79 20 61 74 20 74 68 65  20 63 65 6e 74 72 65 20  |y at the centre |
000036a0  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63  68 61 6e 6e 65 6c 2e 20  |of the channel. |
000036b0  54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20  62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20  |This is because |
000036c0  74 68 65 20 63 65 6e 74  72 65 20 69 73 20 74 68  |the centre is th|
000036d0  65 20 66 75 72 74 68 65  73 74 20 70 6f 69 6e 74  |e furthest point|
000036e0  20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68  65 20 74 77 6f 20 62 61  | from the two ba|
000036f0  6e 6b 73 2c 20 77 68 69  63 68 20 61 72 65 20 61  |nks, which are a|
00003700  20 73 6f 75 72 63 65 20  6f 66 20 66 72 69 63 74  | source of frict|
00003710  69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64  20 72 65 64 75 63 65 20  |ion, and reduce |
00003720  65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e  63 79 2e 20 42 65 63 61  |efficiency. Beca|
00003730  75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74  68 65 20 6c 6f 77 20 66  |use of the low f|
00003740  72 69 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  61 74 20 74 68 65 20 63  |riction at the c|
00003750  65 6e 74 72 65 2c 20 74  68 65 20 66 61 73 74 65  |entre, the faste|
00003760  73 74 20 77 61 74 65 72  20 66 6c 6f 77 73 20 68  |st water flows h|
00003770  65 72 65 2c 20 61 6e 64  20 73 6f 20 6d 6f 73 74  |ere, and so most|
00003780  20 65 72 6f 73 69 6f 6e  20 6f 63 63 75 72 73 2e  | erosion occurs.|
00003790  20 54 68 65 20 73 74 72  65 61 6d 2c 20 74 68 65  | The stream, the|
000037a0  72 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20  65 72 6f 64 65 73 20 74  |refore, erodes t|
000037b0  68 65 20 64 65 65 70 65  73 74 20 63 68 61 6e 6e  |he deepest chann|
000037c0  65 6c 20 68 65 72 65 2e  20 46 69 67 2e 20 34 20  |el here. Fig. 4 |
000037d0  73 68 6f 77 73 20 75 73  20 74 68 61 74 20 6d 65  |shows us that me|
000037e0  61 6e 64 65 72 20 73 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 20 42 20  |ander section B |
000037f0  68 61 64 20 64 65 65 70  65 72 20 77 61 74 65 72  |had deeper water|
00003800  20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20  6f 75 74 73 69 64 65 20  | on the outside |
00003810  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 62  65 6e 64 20 74 68 61 6e  |of the bend than|
00003820  20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 73  69 64 65 20 6f 66 20 74  | the inside of t|
00003830  68 65 20 62 65 6e 64 2e  20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73  |he bend. This is|
00003840  20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65  20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68  | because when th|
00003850  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  27 73 20 63 68 61 6e 6e  |e stream's chann|
00003860  65 6c 20 63 68 61 6e 67  65 73 20 64 69 72 65 63  |el changes direc|
00003870  74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 74 68  65 20 77 61 74 65 72 27  |tion, the water'|
00003880  73 20 6d 6f 6d 65 6e 74  75 6d 20 6d 61 6b 65 73  |s momentum makes|
00003890  20 69 74 20 63 6f 6e 74  69 6e 75 65 20 69 6e 20  | it continue in |
000038a0  61 20 73 74 72 61 69 67  68 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c  |a straight line,|
000038b0  20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20  6d 6f 76 65 20 63 6c 6f  | and so move clo|
000038c0  73 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74  68 65 20 6f 75 74 73 69  |ser to the outsi|
000038d0  64 65 20 62 61 6e 6b 2e  20 49 74 20 69 73 20 6f  |de bank. It is o|
000038e0  6e 6c 79 20 61 66 74 65  72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65  |nly after the me|
000038f0  61 6e 64 65 72 20 74 68  61 74 20 74 68 65 20 66  |ander that the f|
00003900  6f 72 63 65 20 6f 66 20  66 72 69 63 74 69 6f 6e  |orce of friction|
00003910  20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 74  68 65 20 74 68 61 6c 77  | makes the thalw|
00003920  65 67 20 6d 6f 76 65 20  62 61 63 6b 20 74 6f 20  |eg move back to |
00003930  74 68 65 20 63 65 6e 74  72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68  |the centre of th|
00003940  65 20 63 68 61 6e 6e 65  6c 2e 0c c2 0c c1 58 11  |e channel.....X.|
00003950  50 00 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.|
00003960  50 02 50 02 80 00 37 00  00 00 17 4c 00 00 0c c2  |P.P...7....L....|
00003970  0d e1 58 11 50 00 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |..X.P.P.P.P.P.P.|
00003980  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  80 00 37 00 11 50 00 50  |P.P.P.P...7..P.P|
00003990  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
000039a0  02 80 00 37 00 00 00 17  4c 00 00 0c c2 0d e1 58  |...7....L......X|
000039b0  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
000039c0  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 37  00 00 00 0c c2 0e 08 5e  |.P.P...7.......^|
000039d0  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
000039e0  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 37  00 00 00 17 4c 00 c0 33  |.P.P...7....L..3|
000039f0  2e 20 42 61 6e 6b 20 47  72 61 64 69 65 6e 74 17  |. Bank Gradient.|
00003a00  4c 00 00 0d 0d 46 69 67  2e 20 37 20 6f 6e 20 74  |L....Fig. 7 on t|
00003a10  68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20  70 61 67 65 20 73 68 6f  |he next page sho|
00003a20  77 73 20 74 68 61 74 20  74 68 65 20 67 72 61 64  |ws that the grad|
00003a30  69 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 69 6e 73 69  |ient of the insi|
00003a40  64 65 20 62 61 6e 6b 20  6f 66 20 6d 65 61 6e 64  |de bank of meand|
00003a50  65 72 20 42 20 77 61 73  20 6d 75 63 68 20 6c 65  |er B was much le|
00003a60  73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20  74 68 61 74 20 6f 66 20  |ss than that of |
00003a70  74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 73  69 64 65 20 62 61 6e 6b  |the outside bank|
00003a80  2e 20 46 69 67 2e 20 36  2c 20 11 50 00 50 02 50  |. Fig. 6, .P.P.P|
00003a90  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 80  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P..|
00003aa0  00 37 00 00 00 0c c2 0e  08 5e 11 50 00 50 02 50  |.7.......^.P.P.P|
00003ab0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 80  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P..|
00003ac0  00 37 00 00 00 17 4c 00  c0 33 2e 20 42 61 6e 6b  |.7....L..3. Bank|
00003ad0  20 47 72 61 64 69 65 6e  74 17 4c 00 00 0d 0d 46  | Gradient.L....F|
00003ae0  69 67 2e 20 37 20 6f 6e  20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78  |ig. 7 on the nex|
00003af0  74 20 70 61 67 65 20 73  68 6f 77 73 20 74 68 61  |t page shows tha|
00003b00  74 20 74 68 65 20 67 72  61 64 69 65 6e 74 20 6f  |t the gradient o|
00003b10  66 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e  73 69 64 65 20 62 61 6e  |f the inside ban|
00003b20  6b 20 6f 66 20 6d 65 61  6e 64 65 72 20 42 20 77  |k of meander B w|
00003b30  61 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20  6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 61  |as much less tha|
00003b40  6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75  |n that of the ou|
00003b50  74 73 69 64 65 20 62 61  6e 6b 2e 20 46 69 67 2e  |tside bank. Fig.|
00003b60  20 36 2c 20 62 65 6c 6f  77 2c 20 73 68 6f 77 73  | 6, below, shows|
00003b70  20 61 20 70 68 6f 74 6f  20 6f 66 20 6d 65 61 6e  | a photo of mean|
00003b80  64 65 72 20 73 65 63 74  11 50 00 50 02 50 02 50  |der sect.P.P.P.P|
00003b90  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 80 00 37  |.P.P.P.P.P.P...7|
00003ba0  00 00 00 17 4c 00 c0 33  2e 20 42 61 6e 6b 20 47  |....L..3. Bank G|
00003bb0  72 61 64 69 65 6e 74 17  4c 00 00 0d 0d 46 69 67  |radient.L....Fig|
00003bc0  2e 20 37 20 6f 6e 20 74  68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20  |. 7 on the next |
00003bd0  70 61 67 65 20 73 68 6f  77 73 20 74 68 61 74 20  |page shows that |
00003be0  74 68 65 20 67 72 61 64  69 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20  |the gradient of |
00003bf0  74 68 65 20 69 6e 73 69  64 65 20 62 61 6e 6b 20  |the inside bank |
00003c00  6f 66 20 6d 65 61 6e 64  65 72 20 42 20 77 61 73  |of meander B was|
00003c10  20 6d 75 63 68 20 6c 65  73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20  | much less than |
00003c20  74 68 61 74 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 73  |that of the outs|
00003c30  69 64 65 20 62 61 6e 6b  2e 20 46 69 67 2e 20 36  |ide bank. Fig. 6|
00003c40  2c 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 2c  20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 61  |, below, shows a|
00003c50  20 70 68 6f 74 6f 20 6f  66 20 6d 65 61 6e 64 65  | photo of meande|
00003c60  72 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f  6e 20 43 2e 20 54 68 65  |r section C. The|
00003c70  72 65 20 61 72 65 20 73  69 67 6e 73 20 6f 66 20  |re are signs of |
00003c80  72 65 63 65 6e 74 20 63  6f 6c 6c 61 70 73 65 20  |recent collapse |
00003c90  6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f  75 74 73 69 64 65 20 62  |on the outside b|
00003ca0  61 6e 6b 2c 20 61 73 20  74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72  |ank, as there ar|
00003cb0  65 20 70 69 65 63 65 73  20 6f 66 20 6c 61 72 67  |e pieces of larg|
00003cc0  65 20 73 65 64 69 6d 65  6e 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68  |e sediment in th|
00003cd0  65 20 73 74 72 65 61 6d  27 73 20 63 68 61 6e 6e  |e stream's chann|
00003ce0  65 6c 20 62 65 73 69 64  65 20 74 68 65 20 62 61  |el beside the ba|
00003cf0  6e 6b 2e 20 54 68 69 73  20 6f 63 63 75 72 73 20  |nk. This occurs |
00003d00  62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20  74 68 65 20 76 65 6c 6f  |because the velo|
00003d10  63 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20  74 68 65 20 77 61 74 65  |city of the wate|
00003d20  72 20 62 79 20 74 68 65  20 6f 75 74 73 69 64 65  |r by the outside|
00003d30  20 62 61 6e 6b 20 69 73  20 68 69 67 68 2c 20 61  | bank is high, a|
00003d40  6e 64 20 73 6f 20 6d 75  63 68 20 65 72 6f 73 69  |nd so much erosi|
00003d50  6f 6e 20 6f 63 63 75 72  73 2e 20 53 6c 6f 77 6c  |on occurs. Slowl|
00003d60  79 20 74 68 69 73 20 65  72 6f 73 69 6f 6e 20 63  |y this erosion c|
00003d70  61 75 73 65 73 20 61 6e  20 6f 76 65 72 68 61 6e  |auses an overhan|
00003d80  67 20 74 6f 20 66 6f 72  6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 65  |g to form, and e|
00003d90  76 65 6e 74 75 61 6c 6c  79 20 74 68 69 73 20 6f  |ventually this o|
00003da0  76 65 72 68 61 6e 67 20  62 65 63 6f 6d 65 73 20  |verhang becomes |
00003db0  73 6f 20 6c 61 72 67 65  20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68  |so large that th|
00003dc0  65 20 62 61 6e 6b 20 63  6f 6c 6c 61 70 73 65 73  |e bank collapses|
00003dd0  2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 20  69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20  |. There is also |
00003de0  65 76 69 64 65 6e 63 65  20 6f 66 20 61 20 68 69  |evidence of a hi|
00003df0  67 68 20 76 65 67 65 74  61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6c 65  |gh vegetation le|
00003e00  76 65 6c 20 6f 6e 20 74  68 65 20 69 6e 73 69 64  |vel on the insid|
00003e10  65 20 62 61 6e 6b 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 73 74  |e bank of the st|
00003e20  72 65 61 6d 2c 20 77 68  65 72 65 20 70 6c 61 6e  |ream, where plan|
00003e30  74 73 20 61 72 65 20 67  72 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 6f  |ts are growing o|
00003e40  6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 65  72 74 69 6c 65 20 61 6c  |n the fertile al|
00003e50  6c 75 76 69 75 6d 20 64  65 70 6f 73 69 74 73 20  |luvium deposits |
00003e60  66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65  20 73 74 72 65 61 6d 2e  |from the stream.|
00003e70  20 54 68 65 20 73 74 72  65 61 6d 20 64 65 70 6f  | The stream depo|
00003e80  73 69 74 73 20 61 6c 6c  75 76 69 75 6d 20 6f 6e  |sits alluvium on|
00003e90  20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 73  69 64 65 20 62 61 6e 6b  | the inside bank|
00003ea0  2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73  65 20 74 68 65 20 76 65  |, because the ve|
00003eb0  6c 6f 63 69 74 79 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 77 61  |locity of the wa|
00003ec0  74 65 72 20 62 65 73 69  64 65 20 74 68 65 20 69  |ter beside the i|
00003ed0  6e 73 69 64 65 20 62 61  6e 6b 20 69 73 20 6c 6f  |nside bank is lo|
00003ee0  77 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73  6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 74  |w, and so the st|
00003ef0  72 65 61 6d 27 73 20 63  6f 6d 70 65 74 65 6e 63  |ream's competenc|
00003f00  65 20 62 79 20 74 68 65  20 62 61 6e 6b 20 69 73  |e by the bank is|
00003f10  20 6c 6f 77 2e 20 41 73  20 61 20 72 65 73 75 6c  | low. As a resul|
00003f20  74 2c 20 61 6e 79 20 73  65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74 20  |t, any sediment |
00003f30  63 61 72 72 69 65 64 20  69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77  |carried in the w|
00003f40  61 74 65 72 20 69 73 20  64 65 70 6f 73 69 74 65  |ater is deposite|
00003f50  64 2e 0d 46 69 67 2e 20  38 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20  |d..Fig. 8 shows |
00003f60  74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65  20 67 72 61 64 69 65 6e  |that the gradien|
00003f70  74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68  65 20 74 77 6f 20 62 61  |ts of the two ba|
00003f80  6e 6b 73 20 6f 66 20 73  74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20  |nks of straight |
00003f90  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  41 20 77 65 72 65 20 72  |section A were r|
00003fa0  6f 75 67 68 6c 79 20 65  71 75 61 6c 2e 20 54 68  |oughly equal. Th|
00003fb0  69 73 20 77 61 73 20 62  65 63 61 75 73 65 20 74  |is was because t|
00003fc0  68 65 20 76 65 6c 6f 63  69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 74  |he velocity of t|
00003fd0  68 65 20 77 61 74 65 72  20 62 65 73 69 64 65 20  |he water beside |
00003fe0  65 61 63 68 20 62 61 6e  6b 20 77 61 73 20 61 6c  |each bank was al|
00003ff0  73 6f 20 72 6f 75 67 68  6c 79 20 65 71 75 61 6c  |so roughly equal|
00004000  2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f  20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 76  |, and so the lev|
00004010  65 6c 20 6f 66 20 65 72  6f 73 69 6f 6e 20 77 61  |el of erosion wa|
00004020  73 20 74 68 65 20 73 61  6d 65 20 6f 6e 20 62 6f  |s the same on bo|
00004030  74 68 20 62 61 6e 6b 73  2e 0d 0d 0d 0d 11 50 00  |th banks......P.|
00004040  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.|
00004050  50 02 80 00 34 00 00 00  0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d  |P...4...........|
00004060  0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 11 50 00  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |......P.P.P.P.P.|
00004070  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 80 00 16 00 00 00  |P.P.P.P.P.......|
00004080  46 69 67 2e 20 36 3a 20  42 61 6e 6b 20 66 65 61  |Fig. 6: Bank fea|
00004090  74 75 72 65 73 20 6f 6e  20 6d 65 61 6e 64 65 72  |tures on meander|
000040a0  20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e  73 2e 0c c2 0f 28 5e 11  | sections....(^.|
000040b0  50 00 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.|
000040c0  50 02 50 02 80 00 36 00  00 00 0c c2 10 d2 65 11  |P.P...6.......e.|
000040d0  50 00 50 02 50 02 50 02  50 02 50 02 50 02 50 02  |P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.|
000040e0  50 02 50 02 80 00 37 00  00 00 17 4c 00 c0 34 2e  |P.P...7....L..4.|
000040f0  20 48 79 64 72 61 75 6c  69 63 20 52 61 64 69 75  | Hydraulic Radiu|
00004100  73 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 72  69 73 6f 6e 17 4c 00 00  |s comparison.L..|
00004110  0d 0d 49 20 68 61 76 65  20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61  |..I have calcula|
00004120  74 65 64 20 74 68 65 20  68 79 64 72 61 75 6c 69  |ted the hydrauli|
00004130  63 20 72 61 64 69 75 73  20 6f 66 20 73 74 72 61  |c radius of stra|
00004140  69 67 68 74 20 73 65 63  74 69 6f 6e 20 41 20 74  |ight section A t|
00004150  6f 20 62 65 20 31 2e 30  36 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20  |o be 1.06m, and |
00004160  74 68 65 20 68 79 64 72  61 75 6c 69 63 20 72 61  |the hydraulic ra|
00004170  64 69 75 73 20 6f 66 20  6d 65 61 6e 11 50 00 50  |dius of mean.P.P|
00004180  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00004190  02 80 00 36 00 00 00 0c  c2 10 d2 65 11 50 00 50  |...6.......e.P.P|
000041a0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
000041b0  02 80 00 37 00 00 00 17  4c 00 c0 34 2e 20 48 79  |...7....L..4. Hy|
000041c0  64 72 61 75 6c 69 63 20  52 61 64 69 75 73 20 63  |draulic Radius c|
000041d0  6f 6d 70 61 72 69 73 6f  6e 17 4c 00 00 0d 0d 49  |omparison.L....I|
000041e0  20 68 61 76 65 20 63 61  6c 63 75 6c 61 74 65 64  | have calculated|
000041f0  20 74 68 65 20 68 79 64  72 61 75 6c 69 63 20 72  | the hydraulic r|
00004200  61 64 69 75 73 20 6f 66  20 73 74 72 61 69 67 68  |adius of straigh|
00004210  74 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f  6e 20 41 20 74 6f 20 62  |t section A to b|
00004220  65 20 31 2e 30 36 6d 2c  20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65  |e 1.06m, and the|
00004230  20 68 79 64 72 61 75 6c  69 63 20 72 61 64 69 75  | hydraulic radiu|
00004240  73 20 6f 66 20 6d 65 61  6e 64 65 72 20 73 65 63  |s of meander sec|
00004250  74 69 6f 6e 20 42 20 74  6f 20 62 65 20 31 2e 30  |tion B to be 1.0|
00004260  30 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20  73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 68  |0. This shows th|
00004270  61 74 20 74 68 65 20 73  74 72 11 50 00 50 02 50  |at the str.P.P.P|
00004280  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 80  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P..|
00004290  00 37 00 00 00 17 4c 00  c0 34 2e 20 48 79 64 72  |.7....L..4. Hydr|
000042a0  61 75 6c 69 63 20 52 61  64 69 75 73 20 63 6f 6d  |aulic Radius com|
000042b0  70 61 72 69 73 6f 6e 17  4c 00 00 0d 0d 49 20 68  |parison.L....I h|
000042c0  61 76 65 20 63 61 6c 63  75 6c 61 74 65 64 20 74  |ave calculated t|
000042d0  68 65 20 68 79 64 72 61  75 6c 69 63 20 72 61 64  |he hydraulic rad|
000042e0  69 75 73 20 6f 66 20 73  74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20  |ius of straight |
000042f0  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  41 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20  |section A to be |
00004300  31 2e 30 36 6d 2c 20 61  6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 68  |1.06m, and the h|
00004310  79 64 72 61 75 6c 69 63  20 72 61 64 69 75 73 20  |ydraulic radius |
00004320  6f 66 20 6d 65 61 6e 64  65 72 20 73 65 63 74 69  |of meander secti|
00004330  6f 6e 20 42 20 74 6f 20  62 65 20 31 2e 30 30 2e  |on B to be 1.00.|
00004340  20 54 68 69 73 20 73 68  6f 77 73 20 74 68 61 74  | This shows that|
00004350  20 74 68 65 20 73 74 72  61 69 67 68 74 20 73 65  | the straight se|
00004360  63 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 61  73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65  |ction was more e|
00004370  66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74  20 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68  |fficient than th|
00004380  65 20 6d 65 61 6e 64 65  72 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f  |e meander sectio|
00004390  6e 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75  73 65 20 69 74 20 68 61  |n, because it ha|
000043a0  64 20 6c 65 73 73 20 65  78 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20  |d less external |
000043b0  66 72 69 63 74 69 6f 6e  2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 77  |friction. This w|
000043c0  61 73 20 62 65 63 61 75  73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73  |as because the s|
000043d0  74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  |traight section |
000043e0  68 61 64 20 61 20 67 72  65 61 74 65 72 20 76 6f  |had a greater vo|
000043f0  6c 75 6d 65 20 74 68 61  6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65  |lume than the me|
00004400  61 6e 64 65 72 20 73 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 72  |ander section, r|
00004410  65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20  74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 77  |elative to the w|
00004420  65 74 74 65 64 20 70 65  72 69 6d 65 74 65 72 2e  |etted perimeter.|
00004430  0d 0d 17 4c 00 c0 35 2e  20 70 48 17 4c 00 00 0d  |...L..5. pH.L...|
00004440  0d 46 69 67 2e 20 39 2c  20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20  |.Fig. 9, on the |
00004450  66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e  67 20 70 61 67 65 2c 20  |following page, |
00004460  73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 68  61 74 20 74 68 65 72 65  |shows that there|
00004470  20 77 61 73 20 6c 69 74  74 6c 65 20 70 61 74 74  | was little patt|
00004480  65 72 6e 20 69 6e 20 74  68 65 20 70 48 20 72 65  |ern in the pH re|
00004490  61 64 69 6e 67 73 20 66  6f 72 20 73 74 72 61 69  |adings for strai|
000044a0  67 68 74 20 73 65 63 74  69 6f 6e 20 44 2c 20 62  |ght section D, b|
000044b0  75 74 20 74 68 61 74 20  74 68 65 20 70 48 20 76  |ut that the pH v|
000044c0  61 72 69 65 64 20 77 69  74 68 20 76 65 6c 6f 63  |aried with veloc|
000044d0  69 74 79 20 66 6f 72 20  6d 65 61 6e 64 65 72 20  |ity for meander |
000044e0  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  45 2e 20 57 65 20 77 6f  |section E. We wo|
000044f0  75 6c 64 20 65 78 70 65  63 74 20 70 48 20 74 6f  |uld expect pH to|
00004500  20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 20  63 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74  | remain constant|
00004510  20 61 63 72 6f 73 73 20  74 68 65 20 73 74 72 65  | across the stre|
00004520  61 6d 27 73 20 63 68 61  6e 6e 65 6c 2c 20 62 65  |am's channel, be|
00004530  63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74  20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 73  |cause it depends|
00004540  20 70 75 72 65 6c 79 20  75 70 6f 6e 20 73 65 64  | purely upon sed|
00004550  69 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 68  69 63 68 20 69 73 20 64  |iment which is d|
00004560  69 73 73 6f 6c 76 65 64  20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20  |issolved in the |
00004570  77 61 74 65 72 2e 20 54  68 69 73 20 74 79 70 65  |water. This type|
00004580  20 6f 66 20 73 65 64 69  6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20  | of sediment is |
00004590  6e 6f 74 20 64 65 70 6f  73 69 74 65 64 20 69 66  |not deposited if|
000045a0  20 74 68 65 20 76 65 6c  6f 63 69 74 79 20 6f 66  | the velocity of|
000045b0  20 74 68 65 20 73 74 72  65 61 6d 20 69 73 20 72  | the stream is r|
000045c0  65 64 75 63 65 64 2c 20  61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 73  |educed, and so s|
000045d0  68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65  20 64 69 73 74 72 75 62  |hould be distrub|
000045e0  75 74 65 64 20 65 71 75  61 6c 6c 79 20 61 63 72  |uted equally acr|
000045f0  6f 73 73 20 74 68 65 20  63 68 61 6e 6e 65 6c 2c  |oss the channel,|
00004600  20 63 61 75 73 69 6e 67  20 61 20 63 6f 6e 73 74  | causing a const|
00004610  61 6e 74 20 70 48 20 61  63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 68  |ant pH across th|
00004620  65 20 63 68 61 6e 6e 65  6c 2e 0d 49 20 62 65 6c  |e channel..I bel|
00004630  69 65 76 65 20 74 68 61  74 20 74 68 65 20 72 65  |ieve that the re|
00004640  61 73 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72  20 74 68 69 73 20 70 61  |ason for this pa|
00004650  74 74 65 72 6e 20 77 61  73 20 74 68 61 74 20 74  |ttern was that t|
00004660  68 65 72 65 20 77 61 73  20 61 20 63 72 6f 70 20  |here was a crop |
00004670  66 69 65 6c 64 20 61 20  6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 77  |field a little w|
00004680  61 79 20 75 70 2d 73 74  72 65 61 6d 20 66 72 6f  |ay up-stream fro|
00004690  6d 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65  61 6e 64 65 72 20 73 65  |m the meander se|
000046a0  63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 77  68 65 72 65 20 61 72 74  |ction, where art|
000046b0  69 66 69 63 69 61 6c 20  66 65 72 74 69 6c 69 73  |ificial fertilis|
000046c0  65 72 73 20 66 72 6f 6d  20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 6e  |ers from the lan|
000046d0  64 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61  76 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72  |d may have enter|
000046e0  65 64 20 74 68 65 20 73  74 72 65 61 6d 2c 20 61  |ed the stream, a|
000046f0  6c 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20  69 74 73 20 70 48 2e 20  |ltering its pH. |
00004700  57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65  20 73 74 72 65 61 6d 20  |When the stream |
00004710  6c 65 66 74 20 74 68 65  20 66 69 65 6c 64 2c 20  |left the field, |
00004720  74 68 65 20 77 61 74 65  72 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 20  |the water close |
00004730  74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 62  61 6e 6b 73 20 61 6e 64  |to the banks and|
00004740  20 62 65 64 20 71 75 69  63 6b 6c 79 20 72 65 74  | bed quickly ret|
00004750  75 72 6e 65 64 20 74 6f  20 69 74 73 20 6f 72 69  |urned to its ori|
00004760  67 69 6e 61 6c 20 70 48  2c 20 62 75 74 20 74 68  |ginal pH, but th|
00004770  65 20 77 61 74 65 72 20  61 74 20 74 68 65 20 63  |e water at the c|
00004780  65 6e 74 72 65 20 6f 66  20 74 68 65 20 73 74 72  |entre of the str|
00004790  65 61 6d 2c 20 66 6f 6c  6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 74  |eam, following t|
000047a0  68 65 20 74 68 61 6c 77  65 67 2c 20 68 61 64 20  |he thalweg, had |
000047b0  6e 6f 74 20 79 65 74 20  6d 69 78 65 64 20 77 69  |not yet mixed wi|
000047c0  74 68 20 74 68 65 20 77  61 74 65 72 20 66 72 6f  |th the water fro|
000047d0  6d 20 74 68 65 20 62 61  6e 6b 73 2c 20 61 6e 64  |m the banks, and|
000047e0  20 73 6f 20 72 65 74 61  69 6e 65 64 20 74 68 65  | so retained the|
000047f0  20 70 48 20 77 68 69 63  68 20 69 74 20 68 61 64  | pH which it had|
00004800  20 67 61 69 6e 65 64 20  66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65  | gained from the|
00004810  20 66 65 72 74 69 6c 69  73 65 72 2e 20 42 79 20  | fertiliser. By |
00004820  74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65  20 74 68 65 20 77 61 74  |the time the wat|
00004830  65 72 20 72 65 61 63 68  65 64 20 74 68 65 20 73  |er reached the s|
00004840  74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c  |traight section,|
00004850  20 77 68 69 63 68 20 77  61 73 20 64 6f 77 6e 2d  | which was down-|
00004860  73 74 72 65 61 6d 20 66  72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20  |stream from the |
00004870  6d 65 61 6e 64 65 72 20  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c  |meander section,|
00004880  20 74 68 65 20 77 61 74  65 72 20 68 61 64 20 6d  | the water had m|
00004890  69 78 65 64 20 74 68 6f  72 6f 75 67 68 6c 79 2c  |ixed thoroughly,|
000048a0  20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 73  74 20 74 68 65 20 61 72  | and lost the ar|
000048b0  74 69 66 69 63 69 61 6c  20 70 48 20 66 72 6f 6d  |tificial pH from|
000048c0  20 74 68 65 20 66 65 72  74 69 6c 69 73 65 72 2e  | the fertiliser.|
000048d0  0d 54 68 65 20 70 48 20  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73  |.The pH of the s|
000048e0  74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20  73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20  |traight section |
000048f0  77 61 73 20 67 65 6e 65  72 61 6c 6c 79 20 67 72  |was generally gr|
00004900  65 61 74 65 72 20 74 68  61 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20  |eater than that |
00004910  6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d  65 61 6e 64 65 72 20 73  |of the meander s|
00004920  65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20  54 68 69 73 20 6d 61 79  |ection. This may|
00004930  20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65  65 6e 20 62 65 63 61 75  | have been becau|
00004940  73 65 20 6f 66 20 63 68  61 6e 67 65 73 20 69 6e  |se of changes in|
00004950  20 77 65 61 74 68 65 72  20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69  | weather conditi|
00004960  6f 6e 73 20 62 65 74 77  65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20  |ons between the |
00004970  74 77 6f 20 73 65 73 73  69 6f 6e 73 20 77 68 65  |two sessions whe|
00004980  6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 48  20 64 61 74 61 20 77 61  |n the pH data wa|
00004990  73 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63  74 65 64 2e 20 42 6f 74  |s collected. Bot|
000049a0  68 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f  6e 73 20 77 65 72 65 2c  |h sections were,|
000049b0  20 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72  2c 20 77 65 61 6b 6c 79  | however, weakly|
000049c0  20 61 6c 6b 61 6c 69 6e  65 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68  | alkaline, which|
000049d0  20 69 73 20 74 72 75 65  20 6f 66 20 6d 6f 73 74  | is true of most|
000049e0  20 75 6e 2d 70 6f 6c 6c  75 74 65 64 20 73 74 72  | un-polluted str|
000049f0  65 61 6d 73 2c 20 62 65  63 61 75 73 65 20 6f 66  |eams, because of|
00004a00  20 61 6c 6b 61 6c 69 6e  65 20 6d 61 74 65 72 69  | alkaline materi|
00004a10  61 6c 20 69 6e 20 74 68  65 20 73 6f 69 6c 2e 0c  |al in the soil..|
00004a20  c2 11 f6 65 11 50 00 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |...e.P.8.8.8.8.8|
00004a30  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 80 00 33 00 00 00 17  |.8.8.8.8...3....|
00004a40  09 00 00 0c c2 12 59 66  11 50 00 38 01 38 01 38  |......Yf.P.8.8.8|
00004a50  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 80 00 33  |.8.8.8.8.8.8...3|
00004a60  00 00 00 17 09 00 c0 36  2e 20 11 50 00 38 01 38  |.......6. .P.8.8|
00004a70  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 80  |.8.8.8.8.8.8.8..|
00004a80  00 33 00 00 00 17 09 00  00 0c c2 12 59 66 11 50  |.3..........Yf.P|
00004a90  00 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |.8.8.8.8.8.8.8.8|
00004aa0  01 38 01 80 00 33 00 00  00 17 09 00 c0 36 2e 20  |.8...3.......6. |
00004ab0  53 65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74  20 4c 6f 61 64 17 09 00  |Sediment Load...|
00004ac0  00 0d 0d 46 69 67 2e 20  31 30 0d 0d 17 09 00 c0  |...Fig. 10......|
00004ad0  37 2e 20 42 65 64 20 53  65 64 69 6d 65 6e 74 17  |7. Bed Sediment.|
00004ae0  09 00 00 0d 0d 46 69 67  2e 20 31 31 0c c2 13 7d  |.....Fig. 11...}|
00004af0  66 11 50 00 38 01 38 01  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  |f.P.8.8.8.8.8.8.|
00004b00  38 01 38 01 38 01 80 00  33 00 00 00 17 4e 00 00  |8.8.8...3....N..|
00004b10  0c c2 14 a1 66 11 50 00  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  |....f.P.8.8.8.8.|
00004b20  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  38 01 80 00 33 00 00 00  |8.8.8.8.8...3...|
00004b30  17 09 00 00 0c c2 15 d5  66 11 50 00 38 01 38 01  |........f.P.8.8.|
00004b40  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  38 01 38 01 38 01 80 00  |8.8.8.8.8.8.8...|
00004b50  33 00 00 00 17 09 00 c0  43 6f 6e 63 6c 75 73 69  |3.......Conclusi|
00004b60  6f 6e 17 09 00 00 0d 0d  11 50 00 38 01 38 01 38  |on.......P.8.8.8|
00004b70  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 80 00 33  |.8.8.8.8.8.8...3|
00004b80  00 00 00 17 09 00 c0 36  2e 20 53 65 64 69 6d 65  |.......6. Sedime|
00004b90  6e 74 20 4c 6f 61 64 17  09 00 00 0d 0d 46 69 67  |nt Load......Fig|
00004ba0  2e 20 31 30 0d 0d 17 09  00 c0 37 2e 20 42 65 64  |. 10......7. Bed|
00004bb0  20 53 65 64 69 6d 65 6e  74 17 09 00 00 0d 0d 46  | Sediment......F|
00004bc0  69 67 2e 20 31 31 0c c2  13 7d 66 11 50 00 38 01  |ig. 11...}f.P.8.|
00004bd0  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  |8.8.8.8.8.8.8.8.|
00004be0  80 00 33 00 00 00 17 4e  00 00 0c c2 14 a1 66 11  |..3....N......f.|
00004bf0  50 00 38 01 38 01 38 01  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  |P.8.8.8.8.8.8.8.|
00004c00  38 01 38 01 80 00 33 00  00 00 17 09 00 00 0c c2  |8.8...3.........|
00004c10  15 d5 66 11 50 00 38 01  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  |..f.P.8.8.8.8.8.|
00004c20  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  80 00 33 00 00 00 17 09  |8.8.8.8...3.....|
00004c30  00 c0 43 6f 6e 63 6c 75  73 69 6f 6e 17 09 00 00  |..Conclusion....|
00004c40  0d 0d 0c c2 16 15 67 11  50 00 38 01 38 01 38 01  |......g.P.8.8.8.|
00004c50  38 01 38 01 38 01 38 01  38 01 38 01 80 00 33 00  |8.8.8.8.8.8...3.|
00004c60  00 00 17 09 00 c0 11 50  00 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |.......P.8.8.8.8|
00004c70  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 80 00 33 00 00  |.8.8.8.8.8...3..|
00004c80  00 17 4e 00 00 0c c2 14  a1 66 11 50 00 38 01 38  |..N......f.P.8.8|
00004c90  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 80  |.8.8.8.8.8.8.8..|
00004ca0  00 33 00 00 00 17 09 00  00 0c c2 15 d5 66 11 50  |.3...........f.P|
00004cb0  00 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |.8.8.8.8.8.8.8.8|
00004cc0  01 38 01 80 00 33 00 00  00 17 09 00 c0 43 6f 6e  |.8...3.......Con|
00004cd0  63 6c 75 73 69 6f 6e 17  09 00 00 0d 0d 0c c2 16  |clusion.........|
00004ce0  15 67 11 50 00 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |.g.P.8.8.8.8.8.8|
00004cf0  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 80  00 33 00 00 00 17 09 00  |.8.8.8...3......|
00004d00  c0 41 70 70 65 6e 64 69  78 20 41 3a 20 42 69 62  |.Appendix A: Bib|
00004d10  6c 69 6f 67 72 61 70 68  79 17 09 00 00 00 c2 3d  |liography......=|
00004d20  dc 67 11 40 00 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.g.@.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00004d30  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 40  00 12 00 00 00 17 4c 00  |.P.P.P.@......L.|
00004d40  00 22 17 4c 00 10 41 20  43 6f 6d 70 61 72 69 73  |.".L..A Comparis|
00004d50  6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 53 74  72 61 69 67 68 74 20 61  |on of Straight a|
00004d60  6e 64 20 4d 11 50 00 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |nd M.P.8.8.8.8.8|
00004d70  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 80 00 33 00 00 00 17  |.8.8.8.8...3....|
00004d80  09 00 00 0c c2 15 d5 66  11 50 00 38 01 38 01 38  |.......f.P.8.8.8|
00004d90  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 80 00 33  |.8.8.8.8.8.8...3|
00004da0  00 00 00 17 09 00 c0 43  6f 6e 63 6c 75 73 69 6f  |.......Conclusio|
00004db0  6e 17 09 00 00 0d 0d 0c  c2 16 15 67 11 50 00 38  |n..........g.P.8|
00004dc0  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |.8.8.8.8.8.8.8.8|
00004dd0  01 80 00 33 00 00 00 17  09 00 c0 41 70 70 65 6e  |...3.......Appen|
00004de0  64 69 78 20 41 3a 20 42  69 62 6c 69 6f 67 72 61  |dix A: Bibliogra|
00004df0  70 68 79 17 09 00 00 00  c2 3d dc 67 11 40 00 50  |phy......=.g.@.P|
00004e00  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |.P.P.P.P.P.P.P.P|
00004e10  02 40 00 12 00 00 00 17  4c 00 00 22 17 4c 00 10  |.@......L..".L..|
00004e20  41 20 43 6f 6d 70 61 72  69 73 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20  |A Comparison of |
00004e30  53 74 72 61 69 67 68 74  20 61 6e 64 20 4d 65 61  |Straight and Mea|
00004e40  6e 64 65 72 20 73 65 63  74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66  |nder sections of|
00004e50  20 61 20 73 74 72 65 61  6d 27 73 20 63 68 61 6e  | a stream's chan|
00004e60  6e 65 11 50 00 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |ne.P.8.8.8.8.8.8|
00004e70  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 80  00 33 00 00 00 17 09 00  |.8.8.8...3......|
00004e80  c0 43 6f 6e 63 6c 75 73  69 6f 6e 17 09 00 00 0d  |.Conclusion.....|
00004e90  0d 0c c2 16 15 67 11 50  00 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |.....g.P.8.8.8.8|
00004ea0  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 80 00 33 00 00  |.8.8.8.8.8...3..|
00004eb0  00 17 09 00 c0 41 70 70  65 6e 64 69 78 20 41 3a  |.....Appendix A:|
00004ec0  20 42 69 62 6c 69 6f 67  72 61 70 68 79 17 09 00  | Bibliography...|
00004ed0  00 00 c2 3d dc 67 11 40  00 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  |...=.g.@.P.P.P.P|
00004ee0  02 50 02 50 02 50 02 50  02 50 02 40 00 12 00 00  |.P.P.P.P.P.@....|
00004ef0  00 17 4c 00 00 22 17 4c  00 10 41 20 43 6f 6d 70  |..L..".L..A Comp|
00004f00  61 72 69 73 6f 6e 20 6f  66 20 53 74 72 61 69 67  |arison of Straig|
00004f10  68 74 20 61 6e 64 20 4d  65 61 6e 64 65 72 20 73  |ht and Meander s|
00004f20  65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20  6f 66 20 61 20 73 74 72  |ections of a str|
00004f30  65 61 6d 27 73 20 63 68  61 6e 6e 65 6c 20 74 6f  |eam's channel to|
00004f40  20 69 6e 76 65 73 74 69  67 61 74 65 20 74 6f 20  | investigate to |
00004f50  77 68 61 74 20 65 78 74  65 6e 74 20 74 68 65 79  |what extent they|
00004f60  11 50 00 38 01 38 01 38  01 38 01 38 01 38 01 38  |.P.8.8.8.8.8.8.8|
00004f70  01 38 01 38 01 80 00 33  00 00 00 17 09 00 c0 41  |.8.8...3.......A|
00004f80  70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20  41 3a 20 42 69 62 6c 69  |ppendix A: Bibli|
00004f90  6f 67 72 61 70 68 79 17  09 00 00 00              |ography.....|
00004f9c

	

�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

ZOZKZA[I[E[L[A£J£M£D]N]F]O]D]K.Q.F.H.O.D.K.@.G@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@..N.D@..K@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.@.

00000000  1a 0f 1a 0b 1a 01 1b 09  1b 05 1b 0c 1b 01 1c 0a  |................|
00000010  1c 0d 1c 04 1d 0e 1d 06  1d 0f 1d 04 1d 0b 1e 11  |................|
00000020  1e 06 1e 08 1e 0f 1e 04  1e 0b 1e 00 1e 07 00 ff  |................|
00000030  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  |................|
*
00000070  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  00 ff 1f 0e 1f 04 00 ff  |................|
00000080  1f 0b 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  |................|
00000090  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  |................|
*
000000f0  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff  00 ff 00 ff 00 ff        |..............|
000000fe

Our privacy policy is here.
Last updated: 28 Jul 2024, 23:31 UTC
Website designed by .