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Biology/bio6
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron » Acornsoft_Educational.ADF |
| Filename: | Biology/bio6 |
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| File size: | 1826 bytes |
| Load address: | 1BF3 |
| Exec address: | 1BF3 |
Duplicates
There are 4 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_5_25_discs_Biology-Acornsoftib_HD-BIOL.dsd » bio6
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_tapes_Biology-Acornsoftib_Biology-IvanBerg_BE.uef » bio6
- Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron » Acornsoft_Educational.ADF » Biology/bio6
- Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » elk08 » acornsofte/Biology/bio6
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02a_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio6
File contents
1827
BIOLOGY 6
1 BLOOD AND CIRCULATION
Organisms too large to rely on
diffusion need a transport system.
A flowering plant has PHLOEM (food)
and XYLEM (water and salts).
Most animals have blood circulation.
#
2 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
1) TRANSPORT OF: OXYGEN
����������������
CARBON DIOXIDE
FOOD (glucose, amino
acids)
WASTE (urea)
HORMONES
HEAT
2) BODY DEFENCE: CLOTTING
����������������
ANTIBODIES
PHAGOCYTES
#
3 HEART
The mammal heart is two pairs of
muscular chambers with sets of valves.
The RIGHT side collects blood from the
veins and then pumps it to the lungs.
The LEFT side supplies the body.
A = ATRIUM
V = VENTRICLE
p
0
#
4 CIRCULATION
In mammals the circulation is DOUBLE:
blood is pumped through the heart
twice on each circuit, once to the
LUNGS, once to the ORGANS.
The ARTERIES carry blood under
pressure to the organs, the VEINS
carry it back to the heart.
����� BRAIN ���������������
� �
� LUNGS �
� � � �
����� HEART ���������������
� �
� ������������������
� � �
����� LIVER ���� GUT ������
� �
����� BODY ����������������
#
5 BLOOD CELLS
1) RED: Bi-concave discs, no nucleus,
red haemoglobin carries
oxygen, last 3 - 4 months.
2) PLATELETS: Involved in
blood-clotting.
3)
WHITE (LEUCOCYTES):
PHAGOCYTES
Engulf any
bacteria.
LYMPHOCYTES
Make antibodies.
p
1
#
6 GAS EXCHANGE
The need for oxygen increases with the
volume of an organism. Its ability to
get oxygen increases only in relation
to the surface area. Except in very
small/thin organisms, a special gas
exchange system is essential. This
must have a LARGE SURFACE AREA, be
kept MOIST and have a GOOD BLOOD
SUPPLY (except in insects).
#
7 MAMMALIAN LUNG
The mammalian lung is made up of tiny
ALVEOLI (air sacs).
Each has a rich blood supply.
Oxygen is able to
diffuse from the
alveoli to the
blood. Carbon
dioxide diffuses
from the blood to
the alveoli.
p
2
#
8 BREATHING
BREATHING MECHANISM
� INHALE � EXHALE
��������������������������������������
DIAPHRAGM MOVEMENT � DOWN � UP
� �
RIB CAGE MOVEMENT � UP/OUT � DOWN/IN
� �
THORACIC PRESSURE � DOWN � UP
� �
LUNGS �INFLATE � DEFLATE
AIR COMPOSITION
� INHALE � EXHALE
��������������������������������������
� �
% OXYGEN � 20 � 16
� �
% NITROGEN � 79 � 79
� �
% CARBON DIOXIDE � 0.04 � 4
� �
% WATER VAPOUR �VARIES � SATURATE
#
9 OTHER ANIMALS
FISH: Gas exchange at blood-rich gills
- each filament has many branches.
EARTHWORM: Mucus-covered skin acts as
gas exchanger. Damaged by
ultra-violet light.
FROG: 2 surfaces - skin and lungs,
both moist.
BIRD: Uses air sacs as reservoirs in
addition to lungs - double air flow.
INSECT: Network of tracheae/tracheoles
supplies tissues directly.
#
10 RESPIRATION
Respiration is the release of energy
from food. This may need oxygen
(AEROBIC), or may not (ANAEROBIC).
Both methods produce high-energy
A.T.P.
This is then used to produce kinetic,
heat or other forms of energy.
#
11 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glucose is broken down by many enzymes
into PYRUVATE.
This may be converted to ETHANOL (in
yeast) or LACTATE (in mammals) or
passed into MITOCHONDRIA for aerobic
respiration.
���� LACTATE
�
GLUCOSE ��� PYRUVATE �������� ETHANOL
�
���� AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
#
12 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glucose is converted to PYRUVATE which
passes into MITOCHONDRIA.
Here further enzymes complete the
breakdown, using OXYGEN.
The products are CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER
and A.T.P.
GLUCOSE CARBON
(6C�H��O�) DIOXIDE (6CO�)
+ ��� +
OXYGEN (6O�) WATER (6H�O)
+
A.T.P.
#
T
#1
1
Which plant tissue transports:
(a) water?
(b) food?
2
~
XYLEM
~
PHLOEM
#2
4
(a) Mammal blood circulation is said
to be 'double' because blood
passes twice through the .....
(b) Blood from heart to organs is
carried in .....
2
~
HEART
~
ARTERIES
ARTERY
THE ARTERIES
#3
4
(a) Which organ must blood travelling
from the gut to the heart pass
through?
(b) All blood passes through the heart
and one other organ on every
circuit. Which organ?
2
~
LIVER
THE LIVER
~
LUNGS
LUNG
THE LUNG
THE LUNGS
#4
5
Which blood cells:
(a) carry oxygen?
(b) help clotting?
(c) make antibodies?
3
~
RED
RED BLOOD CELLS
~
PLATELET
PLATELETS
~
WHITE
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
LYMPHOCYTES
#5
3
(a) Name the blood vessels which
supply the lungs.
(b) Which heart chamber supplies the
body via the aorta?
2
~
PULMONARY
PULMONARY ARTERY
~
LEFT VENTRICLE
#6
7
What are air sacs in the lung called?
1
ALVEOLI
#7
8
When we breathe in, the diaphragm
moves:
(1) up and down.
(2) in.
(3) down and in.
(4) down.
Type 1, 2, 3 or 4.
1
^4
4
#8
8
When we breathe out, the rib cage
moves:
(1) up and down.
(2) in.
(3) down and in.
(4) down.
1
^4
3
#9
8
(a) What is the oxygen content of the
air we breathe out?
(b) Which gas is breathed out in much
larger amounts than it is inhaled?
2
~(in %) =
16
~
CARBON DIOXIDE
#10
9
What are the gas exchange tubes of
insects called?
1
TRACHEAE
#11
10
(a) What name is given to the release
of energy from food?
(b) Which bio-chemical is rich in
energy?
2
~
RESPIRATION
~
A.T.P.
ATP
#12
11
(a) Which bio-chemical is produced
anaerobically by mammals?
(b) Where in cells does aerobic
respiration take place?
2
~
LACTATE
~
MITOCHONDRIA
IN MITOCHONDRIA
e
00000000 31 38 32 37 0d 42 49 4f 4c 4f 47 59 20 36 0d 31 |1827.BIOLOGY 6.1| 00000010 20 42 4c 4f 4f 44 20 41 4e 44 20 43 49 52 43 55 | BLOOD AND CIRCU| 00000020 4c 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 4f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 |LATION.Organisms| 00000030 20 74 6f 6f 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 | too large to re| 00000040 6c 79 20 6f 6e 0d 0d 64 69 66 66 75 73 69 6f 6e |ly on..diffusion| 00000050 20 6e 65 65 64 20 61 20 74 72 61 6e 73 70 6f 72 | need a transpor| 00000060 74 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0d 41 20 66 6c 6f |t system...A flo| 00000070 77 65 72 69 6e 67 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 20 68 61 73 |wering plant has| 00000080 20 50 48 4c 4f 45 4d 20 28 66 6f 6f 64 29 0d 0d | PHLOEM (food)..| 00000090 61 6e 64 20 58 59 4c 45 4d 20 28 77 61 74 65 72 |and XYLEM (water| 000000a0 20 61 6e 64 20 73 61 6c 74 73 29 2e 0d 0d 4d 6f | and salts)...Mo| 000000b0 73 74 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 |st animals have | 000000c0 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 63 69 72 63 75 6c 61 74 69 6f |blood circulatio| 000000d0 6e 2e 0d 23 0d 32 20 46 55 4e 43 54 49 4f 4e 53 |n..#.2 FUNCTIONS| 000000e0 20 4f 46 20 42 4c 4f 4f 44 0d 31 29 20 54 52 41 | OF BLOOD.1) TRA| 000000f0 4e 53 50 4f 52 54 20 4f 46 3a 20 4f 58 59 47 45 |NSPORT OF: OXYGE| 00000100 4e 0d 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 |N...............| 00000110 91 91 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |... | 00000120 20 20 20 20 43 41 52 42 4f 4e 20 44 49 4f 58 49 | CARBON DIOXI| 00000130 44 45 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |DE.. | 00000140 20 20 20 20 20 46 4f 4f 44 20 28 67 6c 75 63 6f | FOOD (gluco| 00000150 73 65 2c 20 61 6d 69 6e 6f 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |se, amino.. | 00000160 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000170 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 63 69 64 73 29 0d 0d 20 20 | acids).. | 00000180 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 57 | W| 00000190 41 53 54 45 20 28 75 72 65 61 29 0d 0d 20 20 20 |ASTE (urea).. | 000001a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 48 4f | HO| 000001b0 52 4d 4f 4e 45 53 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |RMONES.. | 000001c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 48 45 41 54 0d 0d 32 | HEAT..2| 000001d0 29 20 42 4f 44 59 20 44 45 46 45 4e 43 45 3a 20 |) BODY DEFENCE: | 000001e0 43 4c 4f 54 54 49 4e 47 0d 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 |CLOTTING........| 000001f0 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.......... | 00000200 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 4e 54 49 42 | ANTIB| 00000210 4f 44 49 45 53 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ODIES.. | 00000220 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 48 41 47 4f 43 59 54 | PHAGOCYT| 00000230 45 53 0d 23 0d 33 20 48 45 41 52 54 0d 54 68 65 |ES.#.3 HEART.The| 00000240 20 6d 61 6d 6d 61 6c 20 68 65 61 72 74 20 69 73 | mammal heart is| 00000250 20 74 77 6f 20 70 61 69 72 73 20 6f 66 0d 0d 6d | two pairs of..m| 00000260 75 73 63 75 6c 61 72 20 63 68 61 6d 62 65 72 73 |uscular chambers| 00000270 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 65 74 73 20 6f 66 20 76 61 | with sets of va| 00000280 6c 76 65 73 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 52 49 47 48 54 |lves...The RIGHT| 00000290 20 73 69 64 65 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 73 20 62 | side collects b| 000002a0 6c 6f 6f 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 76 |lood from the..v| 000002b0 65 69 6e 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 70 75 |eins and then pu| 000002c0 6d 70 73 20 69 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6c 75 |mps it to the lu| 000002d0 6e 67 73 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 4c 45 46 54 20 73 |ngs...The LEFT s| 000002e0 69 64 65 20 73 75 70 70 6c 69 65 73 20 74 68 65 |ide supplies the| 000002f0 20 62 6f 64 79 2e 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 41 20 3d 20 | body.......A = | 00000300 41 54 52 49 55 4d 0d 0d 0d 56 20 3d 20 56 45 4e |ATRIUM...V = VEN| 00000310 54 52 49 43 4c 45 0d 70 0d 30 0d 23 0d 34 20 43 |TRICLE.p.0.#.4 C| 00000320 49 52 43 55 4c 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 49 6e 20 6d 61 |IRCULATION.In ma| 00000330 6d 6d 61 6c 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 69 72 63 75 6c |mmals the circul| 00000340 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 44 4f 55 42 4c 45 3a |ation is DOUBLE:| 00000350 0d 0d 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 69 73 20 70 75 6d 70 65 |..blood is pumpe| 00000360 64 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 68 65 |d through the he| 00000370 61 72 74 0d 0d 74 77 69 63 65 20 6f 6e 20 65 61 |art..twice on ea| 00000380 63 68 20 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 2c 20 6f 6e 63 65 |ch circuit, once| 00000390 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 4c 55 4e 47 53 2c 20 | to the..LUNGS, | 000003a0 6f 6e 63 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 4f 52 47 41 |once to the ORGA| 000003b0 4e 53 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 41 52 54 45 52 49 45 |NS...The ARTERIE| 000003c0 53 20 63 61 72 72 79 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 75 6e |S carry blood un| 000003d0 64 65 72 0d 0d 70 72 65 73 73 75 72 65 20 74 6f |der..pressure to| 000003e0 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 73 2c 20 74 68 65 | the organs, the| 000003f0 20 56 45 49 4e 53 0d 0d 63 61 72 72 79 20 69 74 | VEINS..carry it| 00000400 20 62 61 63 6b 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 65 61 | back to the hea| 00000410 72 74 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 8a 91 91 91 97 20 42 52 |rt... ..... BR| 00000420 41 49 4e 20 97 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 |AIN ............| 00000430 91 91 8c 0d 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.... . | 00000440 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000450 20 90 0d 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 4c 55 4e 47 | .. . LUNG| 00000460 53 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |S | 00000470 90 0d 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 94 20 20 20 95 |.. . . .| 00000480 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 | .| 00000490 0d 20 20 20 90 91 91 91 96 20 48 45 41 52 54 20 |. ..... HEART | 000004a0 96 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 0d |................| 000004b0 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 000004c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 | .. | 000004d0 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 8a 91 91 91 91 | . .....| 000004e0 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 0d 20 20 |.............. | 000004f0 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 95 20 20 20 20 20 | . . | 00000500 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 | .. | 00000510 90 91 91 91 97 20 4c 49 56 45 52 20 97 91 91 91 |..... LIVER ....| 00000520 20 47 55 54 20 97 91 91 91 91 90 0d 20 20 20 90 | GUT ....... .| 00000530 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000540 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 9c 91 | .. ..| 00000550 91 91 97 20 42 4f 44 59 20 97 91 91 91 91 91 91 |... BODY .......| 00000560 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 8e 0d 23 0d 35 20 42 4c |..........#.5 BL| 00000570 4f 4f 44 20 43 45 4c 4c 53 0d 31 29 20 52 45 44 |OOD CELLS.1) RED| 00000580 3a 20 42 69 2d 63 6f 6e 63 61 76 65 20 64 69 73 |: Bi-concave dis| 00000590 63 73 2c 20 6e 6f 20 6e 75 63 6c 65 75 73 2c 0d |cs, no nucleus,.| 000005a0 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 65 64 20 68 61 65 |. red hae| 000005b0 6d 6f 67 6c 6f 62 69 6e 20 63 61 72 72 69 65 73 |moglobin carries| 000005c0 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 78 79 67 65 6e |.. oxygen| 000005d0 2c 20 6c 61 73 74 20 33 20 2d 20 34 20 6d 6f 6e |, last 3 - 4 mon| 000005e0 74 68 73 2e 0d 0d 32 29 20 50 4c 41 54 45 4c 45 |ths...2) PLATELE| 000005f0 54 53 3a 20 49 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 64 20 69 6e 0d |TS: Involved in.| 00000600 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 |. b| 00000610 6c 6f 6f 64 2d 63 6c 6f 74 74 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0d |lood-clotting...| 00000620 0d 33 29 20 0d 0d 57 48 49 54 45 20 28 4c 45 55 |.3) ..WHITE (LEU| 00000630 43 4f 43 59 54 45 53 29 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 50 48 |COCYTES):.. PH| 00000640 41 47 4f 43 59 54 45 53 0d 0d 20 20 20 45 6e 67 |AGOCYTES.. Eng| 00000650 75 6c 66 20 61 6e 79 0d 0d 20 20 20 62 61 63 74 |ulf any.. bact| 00000660 65 72 69 61 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 4c 59 4d 50 48 4f |eria... LYMPHO| 00000670 43 59 54 45 53 0d 0d 20 20 20 4d 61 6b 65 20 61 |CYTES.. Make a| 00000680 6e 74 69 62 6f 64 69 65 73 2e 0d 70 0d 31 0d 23 |ntibodies..p.1.#| 00000690 0d 36 20 47 41 53 20 45 58 43 48 41 4e 47 45 0d |.6 GAS EXCHANGE.| 000006a0 54 68 65 20 6e 65 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 6f 78 79 |The need for oxy| 000006b0 67 65 6e 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 73 65 73 20 77 69 |gen increases wi| 000006c0 74 68 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 20 6f |th the..volume o| 000006d0 66 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d 2e 20 49 |f an organism. I| 000006e0 74 73 20 61 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 74 6f 0d 0d 67 |ts ability to..g| 000006f0 65 74 20 6f 78 79 67 65 6e 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 |et oxygen increa| 00000700 73 65 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 72 65 6c 61 |ses only in rela| 00000710 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0d 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 72 |tion..to the sur| 00000720 66 61 63 65 20 61 72 65 61 2e 20 45 78 63 65 70 |face area. Excep| 00000730 74 20 69 6e 20 76 65 72 79 0d 0d 73 6d 61 6c 6c |t in very..small| 00000740 2f 74 68 69 6e 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 2c |/thin organisms,| 00000750 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 67 61 73 0d 0d | a special gas..| 00000760 65 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 |exchange system | 00000770 69 73 20 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 2e 20 54 68 |is essential. Th| 00000780 69 73 0d 0d 6d 75 73 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 |is..must have a | 00000790 4c 41 52 47 45 20 53 55 52 46 41 43 45 20 41 52 |LARGE SURFACE AR| 000007a0 45 41 2c 20 62 65 0d 0d 6b 65 70 74 20 4d 4f 49 |EA, be..kept MOI| 000007b0 53 54 20 61 6e 64 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 47 4f |ST and have a GO| 000007c0 4f 44 20 42 4c 4f 4f 44 0d 0d 53 55 50 50 4c 59 |OD BLOOD..SUPPLY| 000007d0 20 28 65 78 63 65 70 74 20 69 6e 20 69 6e 73 65 | (except in inse| 000007e0 63 74 73 29 2e 0d 23 0d 37 20 4d 41 4d 4d 41 4c |cts)..#.7 MAMMAL| 000007f0 49 41 4e 20 4c 55 4e 47 0d 54 68 65 20 6d 61 6d |IAN LUNG.The mam| 00000800 6d 61 6c 69 61 6e 20 6c 75 6e 67 20 69 73 20 6d |malian lung is m| 00000810 61 64 65 20 75 70 20 6f 66 20 74 69 6e 79 0d 0d |ade up of tiny..| 00000820 0d 41 4c 56 45 4f 4c 49 20 28 61 69 72 20 73 61 |.ALVEOLI (air sa| 00000830 63 73 29 2e 0d 0d 0d 45 61 63 68 20 68 61 73 20 |cs)....Each has | 00000840 61 20 72 69 63 68 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 73 75 70 |a rich blood sup| 00000850 70 6c 79 2e 0d 0d 4f 78 79 67 65 6e 20 69 73 20 |ply...Oxygen is | 00000860 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 0d 0d 64 69 66 66 75 73 65 |able to..diffuse| 00000870 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 61 6c 76 65 6f | from the..alveo| 00000880 6c 69 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 62 6c 6f 6f 64 |li to the..blood| 00000890 2e 20 43 61 72 62 6f 6e 0d 0d 64 69 6f 78 69 64 |. Carbon..dioxid| 000008a0 65 20 64 69 66 66 75 73 65 73 0d 0d 66 72 6f 6d |e diffuses..from| 000008b0 20 74 68 65 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 74 6f 0d 0d 74 | the blood to..t| 000008c0 68 65 20 61 6c 76 65 6f 6c 69 2e 0d 70 0d 32 0d |he alveoli..p.2.| 000008d0 23 0d 38 20 42 52 45 41 54 48 49 4e 47 0d 42 52 |#.8 BREATHING.BR| 000008e0 45 41 54 48 49 4e 47 20 4d 45 43 48 41 4e 49 53 |EATHING MECHANIS| 000008f0 4d 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |M... | 00000900 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 49 4e 48 41 4c 45 20 | . INHALE | 00000910 90 20 20 45 58 48 41 4c 45 0d 91 91 91 91 91 91 |. EXHALE.......| 00000920 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 |................| 00000930 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 |................| 00000940 0d 44 49 41 50 48 52 41 47 4d 20 4d 4f 56 45 4d |.DIAPHRAGM MOVEM| 00000950 45 4e 54 20 90 20 20 44 4f 57 4e 20 20 90 20 20 |ENT . DOWN . | 00000960 20 20 55 50 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | UP. | 00000970 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 00000980 20 90 0d 52 49 42 20 43 41 47 45 20 4d 4f 56 45 | ..RIB CAGE MOVE| 00000990 4d 45 4e 54 20 20 90 20 55 50 2f 4f 55 54 20 90 |MENT . UP/OUT .| 000009a0 20 20 44 4f 57 4e 2f 49 4e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | DOWN/IN. | 000009b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 | . | 000009c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 54 48 4f 52 41 43 49 43 | ..THORACIC| 000009d0 20 50 52 45 53 53 55 52 45 20 20 90 20 20 44 4f | PRESSURE . DO| 000009e0 57 4e 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 55 50 0d 20 20 20 20 |WN . UP. | 000009f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 | .| 00000a00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 4c 55 4e 47 53 20 | ..LUNGS | 00000a10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 49 4e | .IN| 00000a20 46 4c 41 54 45 20 90 20 20 44 45 46 4c 41 54 45 |FLATE . DEFLATE| 00000a30 0d 0d 41 49 52 20 43 4f 4d 50 4f 53 49 54 49 4f |..AIR COMPOSITIO| 00000a40 4e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |N. | 00000a50 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 49 4e 48 41 4c 45 20 90 20 | . INHALE . | 00000a60 20 45 58 48 41 4c 45 0d 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 | EXHALE.........| 00000a70 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 91 91 91 91 |................| 00000a80 91 91 91 91 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 0d 20 |............... | 00000a90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000aa0 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 25 20 4f | . ..% O| 00000ab0 58 59 47 45 4e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |XYGEN | 00000ac0 90 20 20 20 32 30 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 31 36 |. 20 . 16| 00000ad0 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | 00000ae0 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 25 | . ..%| 00000af0 20 4e 49 54 52 4f 47 45 4e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | NITROGEN | 00000b00 20 20 90 20 20 20 37 39 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 | . 79 . | 00000b10 37 39 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |79. | 00000b20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 | . .| 00000b30 0d 25 20 43 41 52 42 4f 4e 20 44 49 4f 58 49 44 |.% CARBON DIOXID| 00000b40 45 20 20 20 90 20 30 2e 30 34 20 20 20 90 20 20 |E . 0.04 . | 00000b50 20 20 20 34 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 4. | 00000b60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 00000b70 20 90 0d 25 20 57 41 54 45 52 20 56 41 50 4f 55 | ..% WATER VAPOU| 00000b80 52 20 20 20 20 20 90 56 41 52 49 45 53 20 20 90 |R .VARIES .| 00000b90 20 53 41 54 55 52 41 54 45 0d 23 0d 39 20 4f 54 | SATURATE.#.9 OT| 00000ba0 48 45 52 20 41 4e 49 4d 41 4c 53 0d 46 49 53 48 |HER ANIMALS.FISH| 00000bb0 3a 20 47 61 73 20 65 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 |: Gas exchange a| 00000bc0 74 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 2d 72 69 63 68 20 67 69 6c |t blood-rich gil| 00000bd0 6c 73 0d 0d 2d 20 65 61 63 68 20 66 69 6c 61 6d |ls..- each filam| 00000be0 65 6e 74 20 68 61 73 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 62 72 61 |ent has many bra| 00000bf0 6e 63 68 65 73 2e 0d 0d 45 41 52 54 48 57 4f 52 |nches...EARTHWOR| 00000c00 4d 3a 20 4d 75 63 75 73 2d 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64 |M: Mucus-covered| 00000c10 20 73 6b 69 6e 20 61 63 74 73 20 61 73 0d 0d 67 | skin acts as..g| 00000c20 61 73 20 65 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 72 2e 20 44 61 |as exchanger. Da| 00000c30 6d 61 67 65 64 20 62 79 20 0d 0d 75 6c 74 72 61 |maged by ..ultra| 00000c40 2d 76 69 6f 6c 65 74 20 6c 69 67 68 74 2e 0d 0d |-violet light...| 00000c50 46 52 4f 47 3a 20 32 20 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 73 |FROG: 2 surfaces| 00000c60 20 2d 20 73 6b 69 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 75 6e 67 | - skin and lung| 00000c70 73 2c 0d 0d 62 6f 74 68 20 6d 6f 69 73 74 2e 0d |s,..both moist..| 00000c80 0d 42 49 52 44 3a 20 55 73 65 73 20 61 69 72 20 |.BIRD: Uses air | 00000c90 73 61 63 73 20 61 73 20 72 65 73 65 72 76 6f 69 |sacs as reservoi| 00000ca0 72 73 20 69 6e 0d 0d 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 |rs in..addition | 00000cb0 74 6f 20 6c 75 6e 67 73 20 2d 20 64 6f 75 62 6c |to lungs - doubl| 00000cc0 65 20 61 69 72 20 66 6c 6f 77 2e 0d 0d 49 4e 53 |e air flow...INS| 00000cd0 45 43 54 3a 20 4e 65 74 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f 66 20 |ECT: Network of | 00000ce0 74 72 61 63 68 65 61 65 2f 74 72 61 63 68 65 6f |tracheae/tracheo| 00000cf0 6c 65 73 0d 0d 73 75 70 70 6c 69 65 73 20 74 69 |les..supplies ti| 00000d00 73 73 75 65 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 2e 0d |ssues directly..| 00000d10 23 0d 31 30 20 52 45 53 50 49 52 41 54 49 4f 4e |#.10 RESPIRATION| 00000d20 0d 52 65 73 70 69 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 |.Respiration is | 00000d30 74 68 65 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 20 6f 66 20 65 |the release of e| 00000d40 6e 65 72 67 79 0d 0d 66 72 6f 6d 20 66 6f 6f 64 |nergy..from food| 00000d50 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 65 65 64 20 |. This may need | 00000d60 6f 78 79 67 65 6e 0d 0d 28 41 45 52 4f 42 49 43 |oxygen..(AEROBIC| 00000d70 29 2c 20 6f 72 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 28 41 |), or may not (A| 00000d80 4e 41 45 52 4f 42 49 43 29 2e 0d 0d 42 6f 74 68 |NAEROBIC)...Both| 00000d90 20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 73 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 | methods produce| 00000da0 20 68 69 67 68 2d 65 6e 65 72 67 79 0d 0d 41 2e | high-energy..A.| 00000db0 54 2e 50 2e 0d 0d 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 |T.P...This is th| 00000dc0 65 6e 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 64 75 |en used to produ| 00000dd0 63 65 20 6b 69 6e 65 74 69 63 2c 0d 0d 68 65 61 |ce kinetic,..hea| 00000de0 74 20 6f 72 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 66 6f 72 6d 73 |t or other forms| 00000df0 20 6f 66 20 65 6e 65 72 67 79 2e 0d 23 0d 31 31 | of energy..#.11| 00000e00 20 41 4e 41 45 52 4f 42 49 43 20 52 45 53 50 49 | ANAEROBIC RESPI| 00000e10 52 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 47 6c 75 63 6f 73 65 20 69 |RATION.Glucose i| 00000e20 73 20 62 72 6f 6b 65 6e 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 62 79 |s broken down by| 00000e30 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 65 6e 7a 79 6d 65 73 0d 0d 69 | many enzymes..i| 00000e40 6e 74 6f 20 50 59 52 55 56 41 54 45 2e 0d 0d 54 |nto PYRUVATE...T| 00000e50 68 69 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 |his may be conve| 00000e60 72 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 45 54 48 41 4e 4f 4c 20 |rted to ETHANOL | 00000e70 28 69 6e 0d 0d 79 65 61 73 74 29 20 6f 72 20 4c |(in..yeast) or L| 00000e80 41 43 54 41 54 45 20 28 69 6e 20 6d 61 6d 6d 61 |ACTATE (in mamma| 00000e90 6c 73 29 20 6f 72 0d 0d 70 61 73 73 65 64 20 69 |ls) or..passed i| 00000ea0 6e 74 6f 20 4d 49 54 4f 43 48 4f 4e 44 52 49 41 |nto MITOCHONDRIA| 00000eb0 20 66 6f 72 20 61 65 72 6f 62 69 63 0d 0d 72 65 | for aerobic..re| 00000ec0 73 70 69 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |spiration... | 00000ed0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000ee0 20 20 20 20 20 8a 91 91 96 20 4c 41 43 54 41 54 | .... LACTAT| 00000ef0 45 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |E. | 00000f00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 47 4c 55 | ..GLU| 00000f10 43 4f 53 45 20 91 91 91 20 50 59 52 55 56 41 54 |COSE ... PYRUVAT| 00000f20 45 20 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 96 20 45 54 48 41 4e |E ........ ETHAN| 00000f30 4f 4c 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |OL. | 00000f40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 | .. | 00000f50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000f60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 9c 91 91 96 20 41 45 52 4f | .... 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69 6e 20 |inhaled?.2.~(in | 00001680 25 29 20 3d 0d 31 36 0d 7e 0d 43 41 52 42 4f 4e |%) =.16.~.CARBON| 00001690 20 44 49 4f 58 49 44 45 0d 23 31 30 0d 39 0d 57 | DIOXIDE.#10.9.W| 000016a0 68 61 74 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 73 20 |hat are the gas | 000016b0 65 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 75 62 65 73 20 6f |exchange tubes o| 000016c0 66 0d 0d 69 6e 73 65 63 74 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 |f..insects calle| 000016d0 64 3f 0d 31 0d 54 52 41 43 48 45 41 45 0d 23 31 |d?.1.TRACHEAE.#1| 000016e0 31 0d 31 30 0d 28 61 29 20 57 68 61 74 20 6e 61 |1.10.(a) What na| 000016f0 6d 65 20 69 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 |me is given to t| 00001700 68 65 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |he release.. | 00001710 6f 66 20 65 6e 65 72 67 79 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 66 |of energy from f| 00001720 6f 6f 64 3f 0d 0d 28 62 29 20 57 68 69 63 68 20 |ood?..(b) Which | 00001730 62 69 6f 2d 63 68 65 6d 69 63 61 6c 20 69 73 20 |bio-chemical is | 00001740 72 69 63 68 20 69 6e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 65 6e 65 |rich 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Biology/bio6.m0
Biology/bio6.m1
Biology/bio6.m2
Biology/bio6.m4
Biology/bio6.m5
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