Home » Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Electron_User » Electron_User_tape38a_acorn_eu_1992_september.wav » ECGinfo
ECGinfo
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Electron_User » Electron_User_tape38a_acorn_eu_1992_september.wav |
| Filename: | ECGinfo |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 3CF9 bytes |
| Load address: | 1900 |
| Exec address: | 192B |
Duplicates
There are 5 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:
- AEW website » bbc_pd » bbc_pd_5_25_discs_d-bbc140_D-BBC140.dsd » E.ECGinfo
- AEW website » headfirst » headfirst_5_25_discs_HeadFirst-PD-Disk-011_D-HD011.ssd » T.ECGinfo
- AEW website » mu » mu_5_25_discs_Micro_User_10_07_D-MU10_07.ssd » ECGinfo
- AEW website » mu » mu_Micro_User_10_07_MU10-7_B.uef » ECGinfo
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Electron_User » Electron_User_tape38a_acorn_eu_1992_september.wav » ECGinfo
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Electron_User » Electron_User_tape38b_acorn_eu_1992_september.wav » ECGinfo
File contents
�9R�p�q� ��|�s� �r� �p���r���s�q���`�� �� � � � ������ � ���� ���Ʃ� �����֩� ��+L[���� ��� �L[��8�(����� ������ L[��i(����i ����䥀��ݭ�����L[H�0h`h� ���� �����������������������` ��� � E C G Simulation ��� � E C G Simulation � ����� ��� by � ����� ���� C.J.Richardson. � � ��� ���� C.J.Richardson. � � �� ��� for � ���� ��� � �� �� ��� �� �� ���� ��� ��� � � �� ��� � � ��� ��취��� � � � ��� � � ���� � � � � ���� �� � � � � �� �� ������� �� ������ ������� �� ��������谰�� �������� �� ����������� � ������ �� �� �� �� � � � � �� �� � �� � �� ��� � �� � �� ��� ���������𦠠���������𦠠�����𦢒 ���꾃 � ���꾃 � �� � �� �Before explaining how the program �ECGSIM3�works I would like to try �to explain the reason for the ECG �and how it is taken. However I �will understand if you just bleep �over the first section and go �straight to the program info! �The heart is a hollow muscular �organ, situated retro sternally �( behind the breast bone ), �slightly to the left hand side � of the chest. �It's job is to pump blood around �the body distributing all the �ingredients neccessary for life. �Simplified, the heart can be seen �to operate in 2 stages: � Stage 1.�The Atria (2 chambers at �the top), fill up with �blood received from the �rest of the body and �contract to squeeze this �blood into the bottom 2 �chambers, the ventricles. �Stage 2.�The ventricles contract �and squeeze the blood out �to the rest of the body. �The electrocardiograph or �E.C.G is a representation �of the electrical activity �of the heart, normally �associated with muscle �contraction. That is heart � beat. � The ECG is generally � observed by connecting � electrodes to the skin � of the subject, sticky � pads or metal plates � and rubber straps. �Electrical activity is picked �up by an electrode and �displayed on an oscilloscope, �LCD screen and or printer. � Movement towards the � electrode is displayed � as an upward movement � on the screen, and � movement away from the � electrode is displayed � as a downward movement � on the screen. � The activity happens in a � particular order through � the heart. It starts in � The atria, goes to the � juction of the atria and � ventricles, waits a while � and then goes down the � centre of the heart into � the ventricles, where it � then spreads up the � outside. The muscle then � repolarises ready for the � next depolarisaton. This � repolarisation is also � seen on the ECG. � Electrodes can be placed anywhere � on the body. Twelve leads placed � on the legs, arms and chest give � an extremely good picture of the � happenings in the heart. However, � only 1 lead is needed to observe � the rhythms of the heart. Lead 2 � (II) is a commonly used lead. This � lead is placed in such a position � that it looks at the heart from � below, therefore as the heart � depolarises normally, across the � atria and down the centre (septum) � , movement on the ECG is upwards, �as the depolarisation spreads up � the outside of the ventricles, � the movement of the ECG is � downwards. � To interpret the ECG � it is best to split � it up into it's � component parts: �A small positive deflection, which is �called the P wave is the activity �associated with atrial contraction. �A short section of flat line which is �the delay allowing blood to flow from �atria to ventricles. This is known as �the PR interval. �A negative deflection as activity �passes through the septum, the Q wave. �A positive deflection as activity �passes down the septum, the R wave. �A negative deflection as activity �moves up the outside of the ventricles �, the S wave. �A flat line, the ST segment. �A positive deflection as the ventricles�repolarise, the T wave. Repolarisation�of the atria is hidden in the QRS�complex. �Very occasionally a further positive �deflection, the U wave. � Some of these waves may � be missing, there is not � always any great � significance to this. �The important points to note are: �1.�Is the Rhythm regular or irregular? �2.�What is the rate? �3.�Are there P waves? � With every QRS complex? � Or QRS complex with every P wave? �4.�What is the PR interval? �5.�Are the QRS compexes wide? �6.�Is the ST segment iso electric � (does the flat line go back to � the same level as the other flat � lines?). �7.�Are the T waves of normal shape? �If you can answer all these questions �you can interpret an ECG and determine �if there is an arrhythmia, and if there�is, what it is caused by. There are �over 440 arrhythmias. This simulator �covers about 40 of those. Most are �variations on a theme. ��INSTRUCTIONS ��INSTRUCTIONS �The program adapts itself to run on�both the Master and model B. However�the model B version is slower than�the Master version. This means that�on the model B you cannot calculate�the rate by counting the number of�QRS complexes appearing in one minute. �However, the grid and hard copy options�are accurate on both versions. �This simulator emulates �lead II. There are two �sections to the program. �1. See all the arrhythmias. �2. Test your skills of � interpretation. �1. SEE ALL THE ARRHYTHMIAS. � Selected by pressing R from the � main menu. All the arrythmias � programmed are displayed in � turn. Press the spacebar to � display the next. �A description of the arrhythmia �appears in the top half of the �screen on two lines. The top �line is a full description. �When using the test skill �option, entering more than half �of this description will give �you one point. The description �below is an abbreviated one, �you must enter the whole of the �abbreviated description to �score. �There are a number of options �available which are summarised �on the screen. They are: � �D - Dump � Dump the current graphics window � to the printer. The default � window is the strip accross the � center of the screen. � The instruction is in line 280 � and is *GDUMP for Printmaster. � �W - Define window. � This is the *WINDOW option of � Printmaster it allows you to � change the graphics window � whilst the program is running. � The command is in line 290. � If you do not have a dump � program, don't use these options! �P - Prompt � A list of all the arrhythmia � descriptions is shown in the � bottom half of the screen. � The information is shown in � pages, press shift to see � the next page. This option � is intended to give a prompt � when using the interpret � option. �G - Grid � Place a grid onto the screen. � Paper printed from an ECG � travels at 25mm per second. � The paper is marked in 1mm � squares and heavier lines at � 5mm. Horizontal lines are � time, vertical lines are � electrical voltage. 1 small � square is .04 of a second. � A square made by the heavier � lines is 5mm and represents � .2 of a second. Two vertical � large squares represent 1mv. � This simulation ignores the � small squares and prints � just the 5mm squares. � Pressing G toggles whether a � grid is dumped to the printer � when option D is chosen. � The current state is � displayed after the word GRID � (after the option has been � used). The default is grid off. � You will notice that, on the � monitor, the boxes are not � square, however they are when � dumped. �When all the arrhythmias �have been displayed, you �are returned to the main �menu once more. �2.TEST YOUR SKILLS OF INTERPRETATION. �Selected by pressing I from the main � menu. �All the options described for option 1 �are available for this option. � One further point is that you will� notice 6 small vertical lines� above and below the two horizontal� lines on the display. These small� lines are markings representing� 25mm on the print out. Each mark� represents 1 second. It takes just� over 5 seconds for a wave to� appear on the right of the screen� and disappear off the left of the� screen on the master. � An arrhythmia is selected � at random and displayed. � When you have decided � what the arrhythmia is, � press the space bar. � Enter the description, � either the full shortened � description or at least � half of the long � description (any section, � but more than half the � number of letters). � An approximately correct answer � gains one point, an answer � matching the programs description � gains two points. Answering � incorrectly 4 times loses you � 1 point, tells you the answer and � goes on to another arrhythmia. � Your progress is summarised in the top� half of the screen with the total� number of attempts at interpreting,� the number of those attempts that the� program saw as correct and the number� of points awarded so far. � If you use the dump option from this � mode, the description of the � arrhythmia is garbled to avoid you � accidentally seeing the answer. �Oh, yes! I think it only fair to �mention that two of the rhythms �selected at random do not stay �the same. One attempts to � simulate an ill person. The � other just changes at random. � Try to interpret the former � before your patient goes into � asystole! Or get the Lignocaine � out before you need the Atropine! ��The PQRST complex. ��The PQRST complex. �[----R R interval-----] �R R � � �� �P �� �T� P �� �T� � �� � �� ��� �� � �� ��� �������𦠠���������������𦠠�� ���꾃 ^ ���꾠 � �Q�ꡃ iso electric �Q�� �S � line. �S �[---] [] �P R interval S T segment
00000000 f9 19 39 52 86 70 84 71 a9 13 20 f4 ff a2 04 a9 |..9R.p.q.. .....| 00000010 7c 85 73 a9 00 85 72 a0 00 b1 70 ea ea ea 91 72 ||.s...r...p....r| 00000020 c8 d0 f6 e6 73 e6 71 ca d0 ed 60 a9 0e a2 01 20 |....s.q...`.... | 00000030 f4 ff a9 0f a2 00 20 f4 ff a9 0c a2 01 20 f4 ff |...... ...... ..| 00000040 ad 00 19 85 80 ad 01 19 85 81 a9 16 20 ee ff a9 |............ ...| 00000050 07 20 ee ff a6 80 a4 81 20 04 19 a0 ff a2 c6 a9 |. ...... .......| 00000060 81 20 f4 ff c0 ff f0 10 a0 ff a2 d6 a9 81 20 f4 |. ............ .| 00000070 ff c0 ff f0 2b 4c 5b 19 a5 81 cd 01 19 d0 0a a5 |....+L[.........| 00000080 80 cd 00 19 d0 03 4c 5b 19 a5 80 38 e9 28 85 80 |......L[...8.(..| 00000090 a5 81 e9 00 85 81 a6 80 a4 81 20 04 19 4c 5b 19 |.......... ..L[.| 000000a0 a5 80 18 69 28 85 80 a5 81 69 00 85 81 cd 03 19 |...i(....i......| 000000b0 90 e4 a5 80 cd 02 19 90 dd ad 02 19 85 80 ad 03 |................| 000000c0 19 85 81 4c 5b 19 48 e9 1b 30 02 68 60 68 c9 0a |...L[.H..0.h`h..| 000000d0 d0 02 a9 8d c9 0b d0 02 a9 99 c9 0e d0 02 a9 9a |................| 000000e0 c9 0f d0 02 a9 9d c9 10 d0 02 a9 9e c9 19 d0 02 |................| 000000f0 a9 9f c9 1a d0 02 a9 9c 60 20 84 9d 83 20 8d 20 |........` ... . | 00000100 20 20 20 45 20 43 20 47 20 53 69 6d 75 6c 61 74 | E C G Simulat| 00000110 69 6f 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ion | 00000120 20 20 84 9d 83 20 8d 20 20 20 20 45 20 43 20 47 | ... . E C G| 00000130 20 53 69 6d 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 20 96 20 f8 | Simulation . .| 00000140 fc fc fc b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 9d 85 20 20 20 |.... ... | 00000150 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 79 20 20 20 20 | by | 00000160 20 20 20 20 96 20 20 ff a1 e0 fc fc fc b0 20 20 | . ....... | 00000170 20 20 84 9d 8d 83 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 2e 4a 2e | .... C.J.| 00000180 52 69 63 68 61 72 64 73 6f 6e 2e 20 96 20 20 bf |Richardson. . .| 00000190 20 aa f7 f0 b2 a5 20 20 20 20 84 9d 8d 83 20 20 | ..... .... | 000001a0 20 20 20 20 43 2e 4a 2e 52 69 63 68 61 72 64 73 | C.J.Richards| 000001b0 6f 6e 2e 20 96 20 20 fe 20 e8 f5 f0 f8 b4 20 20 |on. . . ..... | 000001c0 20 20 84 9d 85 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | ... | 000001d0 20 66 6f 72 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 96 20 20 ef | for . .| 000001e0 fd fe fd a4 eb b4 20 20 20 20 84 9d 96 20 20 20 |...... ... | 000001f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000200 20 20 20 20 96 20 20 20 a0 ea b5 20 a2 ff 20 20 | . ... .. | 00000210 20 20 91 9d 96 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 f8 ec | ... ..| 00000220 b0 20 20 b8 ec b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 aa |. ... .| 00000230 ad af a1 20 a0 a3 a0 20 20 20 83 9d 96 20 20 20 |... ... ... | 00000240 20 20 20 20 20 ea a1 20 eb 20 a0 b5 20 fa a0 f3 | .. . .. ...| 00000250 20 b4 20 20 20 a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . . | 00000260 20 20 92 9d 96 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a2 fd ec | ... ...| 00000270 b7 a8 a4 b5 e8 a1 20 fa 20 f7 20 20 20 a0 20 20 |...... . . . | 00000280 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 9d 96 20 20 20 | ... | 00000290 20 20 20 20 20 ea a1 20 eb 20 a0 b5 a0 ed 20 f5 | .. . .... .| 000002a0 20 fa 20 a0 20 a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . . . | 000002b0 20 20 85 9d 96 a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a2 ed f8 | .... ...| 000002c0 a7 20 20 ed f8 a7 20 fa 20 f5 20 a0 20 a0 a0 20 |. ... . . . .. | 000002d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 91 9d 20 20 20 20 | .. | 000002e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 000002f0 20 20 20 20 20 9d 96 bc ac ac ac ec 20 20 20 20 | ....... | 00000300 20 20 94 9d 20 20 20 20 20 20 97 9d 95 f0 f0 f0 | .. ......| 00000310 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 94 9d 96 b5 | ....| 00000320 a0 f0 a0 ea 20 20 20 20 20 20 94 9d 20 20 20 20 |.... .. | 00000330 20 20 97 9d 95 f5 b0 b8 b4 f6 e8 b0 b0 e0 a0 f8 | ..............| 00000340 e8 a4 fc 20 94 9d 96 b5 a0 a3 a0 ea 20 20 20 20 |... ........ | 00000350 20 20 94 9d 20 20 20 20 20 20 97 9d 95 f2 b5 ad | .. ......| 00000360 a5 a5 aa a0 af ae a2 ae aa 20 ad 20 94 9d 96 f5 |......... . ....| 00000370 f0 ff f0 fa 20 20 20 20 20 20 94 9d 20 20 20 20 |.... .. | 00000380 20 20 97 9d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 00000390 20 20 20 20 94 9d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 000003a0 20 20 94 9d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 000003b0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000440 20 92 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b4 20 20 20 20 20 | . . | 00000450 20 20 92 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b4 20 20 20 20 | . . | 00000460 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000470 20 92 fd 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 00000480 20 20 92 fd 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 00000490 20 92 20 20 20 a0 b0 20 a0 20 ff a0 20 a0 b8 e4 | . .. . .. ...| 000004a0 a0 20 92 20 20 20 a0 b0 20 a0 20 ff a0 20 a0 b8 |. . .. . .. ..| 000004b0 e4 a0 20 20 20 20 20 a0 b0 92 e0 f0 f0 a6 a2 e4 |.. .........| 000004c0 b0 e8 eb a0 f0 a6 a0 a0 a9 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 a6 a2 |................| 000004d0 e4 b0 e8 eb a0 f0 a6 a0 a0 a9 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 a6 |................| 000004e0 a2 92 20 20 20 20 20 a0 a2 a6 ea be 83 20 20 20 |.. ...... | 000004f0 20 20 92 20 20 20 20 20 a0 a2 a6 ea be 83 20 20 | . ...... | 00000500 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 92 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 00000510 20 92 ea a1 20 20 20 20 20 20 92 20 20 20 20 20 | ... . | 00000520 20 20 92 ea a1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | ... | 00000530 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000550 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 42 65 66 | .Bef| 00000560 6f 72 65 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 68 |ore explaining h| 00000570 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 20 |ow the program | 00000580 20 20 20 20 82 45 43 47 53 49 4d 33 81 77 6f 72 | .ECGSIM3.wor| 00000590 6b 73 20 49 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 |ks I would like | 000005a0 74 6f 20 74 72 79 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 74 6f 20 |to try .to | 000005b0 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 61 73 |explain the reas| 000005c0 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 45 43 47 20 20 |on for the ECG | 000005d0 20 20 20 20 81 61 6e 64 20 68 6f 77 20 69 74 20 | .and how it | 000005e0 69 73 20 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 2e 20 20 48 6f 77 65 |is taken. Howe| 000005f0 76 65 72 20 20 49 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 77 69 6c |ver I .wil| 00000600 6c 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 6e 64 20 69 66 20 |l understand if | 00000610 79 6f 75 20 6a 75 73 74 20 62 6c 65 65 70 20 20 |you just bleep | 00000620 20 20 20 20 81 6f 76 65 72 20 20 74 68 65 20 66 | .over the f| 00000630 69 72 73 74 20 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 20 61 |irst section a| 00000640 6e 64 20 20 67 6f 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 73 74 72 |nd go .str| 00000650 61 69 67 68 74 20 20 74 6f 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 |aight to the | 00000660 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 20 69 6e 66 6f 21 20 20 |program info! | 00000670 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000690 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 82 54 68 | .Th| 000006a0 65 20 68 65 61 72 74 20 69 73 20 61 20 68 6f 6c |e heart is a hol| 000006b0 6c 6f 77 20 20 6d 75 73 63 75 6c 61 72 20 20 20 |low muscular | 000006c0 20 20 20 20 20 82 6f 72 67 61 6e 2c 20 73 69 74 | .organ, sit| 000006d0 75 61 74 65 64 20 72 65 74 72 6f 20 73 74 65 72 |uated retro ster| 000006e0 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 82 28 20 |nally .( | 000006f0 62 65 68 69 6e 64 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 62 72 |behind the br| 00000700 65 61 73 74 20 20 62 6f 6e 65 20 29 2c 20 20 20 |east bone ), | 00000710 20 20 20 20 20 82 73 6c 69 67 68 74 6c 79 20 74 | .slightly t| 00000720 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 66 74 20 20 68 61 6e 64 |o the left hand| 00000730 20 73 69 64 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 82 20 20 | side . | 00000740 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 | of the ch| 00000750 65 73 74 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |est. | 00000760 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000780 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 83 49 74 27 | .It'| 00000790 73 20 6a 6f 62 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 70 75 6d 70 |s job is to pump| 000007a0 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 20 20 | blood around | 000007b0 20 20 20 20 83 74 68 65 20 20 62 6f 64 79 20 20 | .the body | 000007c0 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6e 67 20 20 61 6c |distributing al| 000007d0 6c 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 83 69 6e 67 |l the .ing| 000007e0 72 65 64 69 65 6e 74 73 20 6e 65 63 63 65 73 73 |redients neccess| 000007f0 61 72 79 20 66 6f 72 20 6c 69 66 65 2e 20 20 20 |ary for life. | 00000800 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000820 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 69 6d | .Sim| 00000830 70 6c 69 66 69 65 64 2c 20 74 68 65 20 68 65 61 |plified, the hea| 00000840 72 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65 65 6e 20 20 |rt can be seen | 00000850 20 20 20 20 84 74 6f 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 65 20 | .to operate | 00000860 69 6e 20 32 20 73 74 61 67 65 73 3a 20 20 20 20 |in 2 stages: | 00000870 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 000008a0 20 20 20 20 85 20 53 74 61 67 65 20 31 2e 86 54 | . Stage 1..T| 000008b0 68 65 20 41 74 72 69 61 20 28 32 20 63 68 61 6d |he Atria (2 cham| 000008c0 62 65 72 73 20 20 61 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |bers at | 000008d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 74 68 65 20 20 74 6f 70 29 | .the top)| 000008e0 2c 20 20 66 69 6c 6c 20 20 75 70 20 77 69 74 68 |, fill up with| 000008f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 62 | .b| 00000900 6c 6f 6f 64 20 72 65 63 65 69 76 65 64 20 20 66 |lood received f| 00000910 72 6f 6d 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |rom the | 00000920 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 72 65 73 74 20 20 6f 66 20 | .rest of | 00000930 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 62 6f 64 79 20 20 61 6e 64 | the body and| 00000940 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 63 | .c| 00000950 6f 6e 74 72 61 63 74 20 74 6f 20 73 71 75 65 65 |ontract to squee| 00000960 7a 65 20 20 74 68 69 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ze this | 00000970 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 69 6e 74 | .blood int| 00000980 6f 20 74 68 65 20 20 62 6f 74 74 6f 6d 20 20 32 |o the bottom 2| 00000990 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 63 | .c| 000009a0 68 61 6d 62 65 72 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 76 65 6e |hambers, the ven| 000009b0 74 72 69 63 6c 65 73 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |tricles. | 000009c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 000009e0 20 20 20 20 20 85 53 74 61 67 65 20 32 2e 86 54 | .Stage 2..T| 000009f0 68 65 20 20 76 65 6e 74 72 69 63 6c 65 73 20 20 |he ventricles | 00000a00 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 61 63 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | contract | 00000a10 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 61 6e 64 20 73 71 75 65 65 | .and squee| 00000a20 7a 65 20 74 68 65 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 20 6f 75 |ze the blood ou| 00000a30 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 74 |t .t| 00000a40 6f 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |o the rest of th| 00000a50 65 20 62 6f 64 79 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e body. | 00000a60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000aa0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 54 68 65 | .The| 00000ab0 20 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 63 61 72 64 69 6f 67 | electrocardiog| 00000ac0 72 61 70 68 20 6f 72 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |raph or | 00000ad0 20 20 20 20 81 45 2e 43 2e 47 20 69 73 20 61 20 | .E.C.G is a | 00000ae0 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 | representation | 00000af0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 6f 66 20 | .of | 00000b00 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 69 63 61 6c 20 61 |the electrical a| 00000b10 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ctivity | 00000b20 20 20 20 20 81 6f 66 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 68 | .of the h| 00000b30 65 61 72 74 2c 20 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 20 |eart, normally | 00000b40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 61 73 73 | .ass| 00000b50 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 20 |ociated with | 00000b60 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | muscle | 00000b70 20 20 20 20 81 63 6f 6e 74 72 61 63 74 69 6f 6e | .contraction| 00000b80 2e 20 54 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 68 65 61 72 74 20 |. That is heart | 00000b90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 20 20 20 | . | 00000ba0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 65 61 74 2e 20 20 20 | beat. | 00000bb0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000be0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 82 20 20 20 | . | 00000bf0 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 20 45 43 47 20 69 73 20 | The ECG is | 00000c00 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 20 20 20 20 20 | generally | 00000c10 20 20 20 20 82 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 62 73 65 | . obse| 00000c20 72 76 65 64 20 62 79 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 |rved by connecti| 00000c30 6e 67 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 82 20 20 20 |ng . | 00000c40 20 20 20 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 64 65 73 20 74 | electrodes t| 00000c50 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 6b 69 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 |o the skin | 00000c60 20 20 20 20 82 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 66 20 74 | . of t| 00000c70 68 65 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63 74 2c 20 73 74 69 63 |he subject, stic| 00000c80 6b 79 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 82 20 20 20 |ky . | 00000c90 20 20 20 20 70 61 64 73 20 20 6f 72 20 20 6d 65 | pads or me| 00000ca0 74 61 6c 20 70 6c 61 74 65 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 |tal plates | 00000cb0 20 20 20 20 82 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 6e 64 20 | . and | 00000cc0 72 75 62 62 65 72 20 73 74 72 61 70 73 2e 20 20 |rubber straps. | 00000cd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000d20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 83 45 6c 65 63 74 72 | .Electr| 00000d30 69 63 61 6c 20 61 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 69 73 |ical activity is| 00000d40 20 70 69 63 6b 65 64 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | picked | 00000d50 20 83 75 70 20 20 20 62 79 20 20 20 61 6e 20 20 | .up by an | 00000d60 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 64 65 20 20 20 61 6e 64 20 |electrode and | 00000d70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 83 64 69 73 70 6c 61 | .displa| 00000d80 79 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 61 6e 20 6f 73 63 69 6c 6c |yed on an oscill| 00000d90 6f 73 63 6f 70 65 2c 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |oscope, | 00000da0 20 83 4c 43 44 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 20 61 6e | .LCD screen an| 00000db0 64 20 20 6f 72 20 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 2e 20 |d or printer. | 00000dc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000df0 20 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4d 6f 76 65 6d | . Movem| 00000e00 65 6e 74 20 20 74 6f 77 61 72 64 73 20 20 74 68 |ent towards th| 00000e10 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e . | 00000e20 20 20 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 64 65 20 69 73 20 | electrode is | 00000e30 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |displayed | 00000e40 20 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 73 20 61 6e | . as an| 00000e50 20 20 75 70 77 61 72 64 20 6d 6f 76 65 6d 65 6e | upward movemen| 00000e60 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 |t . | 00000e70 20 20 20 6f 6e 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 73 63 72 | on the scr| 00000e80 65 65 6e 2c 20 20 61 6e 64 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |een, and | 00000e90 20 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 6f 76 65 6d | . movem| 00000ea0 65 6e 74 20 61 77 61 79 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 |ent away from th| 00000eb0 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e . | 00000ec0 20 20 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 64 65 20 69 73 20 | electrode is | 00000ed0 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |displayed | 00000ee0 20 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 73 20 61 20 | . as a | 00000ef0 64 6f 77 6e 77 61 72 64 20 6d 6f 76 65 6d 65 6e |downward movemen| 00000f00 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 |t . | 00000f10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 | on the sc| 00000f20 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |reen. | 00000f30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00000f50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 54 68 65 20 61 | . The a| 00000f60 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e 73 20 |ctivity happens | 00000f70 69 6e 20 61 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |in a | 00000f80 20 85 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 6f 72 | . particular or| 00000f90 64 65 72 20 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 20 20 20 |der through | 00000fa0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 74 68 65 20 68 | . the h| 00000fb0 65 61 72 74 2e 20 49 74 20 20 73 74 61 72 74 73 |eart. It starts| 00000fc0 20 20 69 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | in | 00000fd0 20 85 20 54 68 65 20 61 74 72 69 61 2c 20 20 67 | . The atria, g| 00000fe0 6f 65 73 20 20 74 6f 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 20 |oes to the | 00000ff0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 6a 75 63 74 69 | . jucti| 00001000 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 74 72 69 61 20 |on of the atria | 00001010 20 61 6e 64 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | and | 00001020 20 85 20 76 65 6e 74 72 69 63 6c 65 73 2c 20 77 | . ventricles, w| 00001030 61 69 74 73 20 61 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 20 20 20 |aits a while | 00001040 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | . and t| 00001050 68 65 6e 20 20 67 6f 65 73 20 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 |hen goes down | 00001060 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | the | 00001070 20 85 20 63 65 6e 74 72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | . centre of the| 00001080 20 68 65 61 72 74 20 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 20 20 20 | heart into | 00001090 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 74 68 65 20 76 | . the v| 000010a0 65 6e 74 72 69 63 6c 65 73 2c 20 77 68 65 72 65 |entricles, where| 000010b0 20 20 69 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | it | 000010c0 20 85 20 74 68 65 6e 20 20 20 73 70 72 65 61 64 | . then spread| 000010d0 73 20 20 20 75 70 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 20 |s up the | 000010e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 6f 75 74 73 69 | . outsi| 000010f0 64 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6d 75 73 63 6c 65 20 20 |de. The muscle | 00001100 74 68 65 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |then | 00001110 20 85 20 72 65 70 6f 6c 61 72 69 73 65 73 20 72 | . repolarises r| 00001120 65 61 64 79 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 20 |eady for the | 00001130 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 6e 65 78 74 20 | . next | 00001140 64 65 70 6f 6c 61 72 69 73 61 74 6f 6e 2e 20 20 |depolarisaton. | 00001150 54 68 69 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |This | 00001160 20 85 20 72 65 70 6f 6c 61 72 69 73 61 74 69 6f | . repolarisatio| 00001170 6e 20 20 69 73 20 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 20 20 20 20 |n is also | 00001180 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 73 65 65 6e 20 | . seen | 00001190 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 45 43 47 2e 20 20 20 20 20 |on the ECG. | 000011a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 000011d0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 86 20 20 45 6c 65 63 | . 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O| 00003170 6e 65 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 |ne further point| 00003180 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c | is that you wil| 00003190 6c 86 20 20 20 20 20 6e 6f 74 69 63 65 20 20 36 |l. notice 6| 000031a0 20 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 20 20 76 65 72 74 69 63 | small vertic| 000031b0 61 6c 20 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 86 20 20 20 20 20 61 |al lines. a| 000031c0 62 6f 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 74 |bove and below t| 000031d0 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 68 6f 72 69 7a 6f 6e 74 61 |he two horizonta| 000031e0 6c 86 20 20 20 20 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 20 6f 6e |l. lines on| 000031f0 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 2e 20 54 68 | the display. 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A| 00003580 6e 20 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 69 6d 61 74 65 6c 79 |n approximately| 00003590 20 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 | correct answer| 000035a0 20 82 20 20 20 20 20 67 61 69 6e 73 20 6f 6e 65 | . gains one| 000035b0 20 20 20 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 2c 20 20 20 20 61 6e | point, an| 000035c0 20 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 82 20 20 20 20 20 6d | answer . m| 000035d0 61 74 63 68 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 |atching the prog| 000035e0 72 61 6d 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e |rams description| 000035f0 20 82 20 20 20 20 20 67 61 69 6e 73 20 20 74 77 | . gains tw| 00003600 6f 20 20 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 73 2e 20 20 20 20 41 |o points. 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I think it o| 000038b0 6e 6c 79 20 66 61 69 72 20 74 6f 20 20 20 20 20 |nly fair to | 000038c0 20 20 85 6d 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 20 20 74 68 61 74 | .mention that| 000038d0 20 74 77 6f 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 72 68 79 74 | two of the rhyt| 000038e0 68 6d 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 73 65 6c 65 63 |hms .selec| 000038f0 74 65 64 20 61 74 20 72 61 6e 64 6f 6d 20 20 64 |ted at random d| 00003900 6f 20 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 74 61 79 20 20 20 20 20 |o not stay | 00003910 20 20 85 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 2e 20 20 20 4f | .the same. O| 00003920 6e 65 20 20 20 20 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 73 20 20 |ne attempts | 00003930 20 74 6f 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 73 69 6d 75 6c | to . simul| 00003940 61 74 65 20 20 61 6e 20 20 69 6c 6c 20 20 20 70 |ate an ill p| 00003950 65 72 73 6f 6e 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 20 20 20 20 |erson. The | 00003960 20 85 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 20 6a 75 73 74 20 63 | . other just c| 00003970 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 20 20 61 74 20 20 72 61 6e |hanges at ran| 00003980 64 6f 6d 2e 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 54 72 79 20 20 |dom. . Try | 00003990 74 6f 20 20 20 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 74 20 20 |to interpret | 000039a0 74 68 65 20 20 66 6f 72 6d 65 72 20 20 20 20 20 |the former | 000039b0 20 85 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 20 | . before your | 000039c0 70 61 74 69 65 6e 74 20 20 67 6f 65 73 20 20 69 |patient goes i| 000039d0 6e 74 6f 20 20 20 20 20 20 85 20 61 73 79 73 74 |nto . asyst| 000039e0 6f 6c 65 21 20 4f 72 20 67 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 |ole! Or get the | 000039f0 20 4c 69 67 6e 6f 63 61 69 6e 65 20 20 20 20 20 | Lignocaine | 00003a00 20 85 20 6f 75 74 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 79 6f | . out before yo| 00003a10 75 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 41 74 72 6f 70 |u need the Atrop| 00003a20 69 6e 65 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ine! | 00003a30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00003aa0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 8d 83 54 68 65 20 50 51 52 | ..The PQR| 00003ab0 53 54 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 78 2e 20 20 20 20 20 |ST complex. | 00003ac0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 8d | .| 00003ad0 82 54 68 65 20 50 51 52 53 54 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c |.The PQRST compl| 00003ae0 65 78 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ex. | 00003af0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | * 00003b40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 83 5b 2d 2d 2d 2d 52 | .[----R| 00003b50 20 52 20 69 6e 74 65 72 76 61 6c 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | R interval-----| 00003b60 5d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |] | 00003b70 20 81 52 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .R | 00003b80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 20 20 20 20 20 20 | R | 00003b90 20 92 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b4 20 20 20 20 20 | . . | 00003ba0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00003bb0 92 b4 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 50 20 |.. .P | 00003bc0 20 92 fd 20 20 81 54 a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. .T. | 00003bd0 20 20 20 20 20 50 20 20 92 fd 20 20 81 54 a0 20 | P .. .T. | 00003be0 20 92 20 20 20 a0 b0 20 a0 20 ff a0 20 a0 b8 e4 | . .. . .. ...| 00003bf0 a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a0 b0 20 a0 |. .. .| 00003c00 20 ff a0 20 a0 b8 e4 a0 20 92 e0 f0 f0 a6 a2 e4 | .. .... .......| 00003c10 b0 e8 eb a0 f0 a6 a0 a0 a9 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 |................| 00003c20 f0 f0 f0 f0 a6 a2 e4 b0 e8 eb a0 f0 a6 a0 a0 a9 |................| 00003c30 f0 92 20 20 20 20 20 a0 a2 a6 ea be 83 20 20 20 |.. ...... | 00003c40 20 20 20 20 20 5e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 92 a2 | ^ ..| 00003c50 a6 ea be a0 20 20 20 20 20 92 20 20 20 20 20 81 |.... . .| 00003c60 51 92 ea a1 83 20 20 20 69 73 6f 20 65 6c 65 63 |Q.... iso elec| 00003c70 74 72 69 63 20 20 81 51 92 ea a1 20 20 20 20 20 |tric .Q... | 00003c80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 81 53 20 20 20 20 83 | .S .| 00003c90 20 20 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | line. | 00003ca0 81 53 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 83 5b 2d 2d |.S .[--| 00003cb0 2d 5d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |-] | 00003cc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5b 5d 20 20 20 20 | [] | 00003cd0 20 20 20 20 83 50 20 52 20 69 6e 74 65 72 76 61 | .P R interva| 00003ce0 6c 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 20 54 |l S T| 00003cf0 20 73 65 67 6d 65 6e 74 20 | segment | 00003cf9
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