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ECGinfo

This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.

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Tape/disk: Home » Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Electron_User » Electron_User_tape38a_acorn_eu_1992_september.wav
Filename: ECGinfo
Read OK:
File size: 3CF9 bytes
Load address: 1900
Exec address: 192B
Duplicates

There are 5 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:

File contents
�9R�p�q� ��|�s��r��p���r���s�q���`�� �� �� ������� � ���� ���Ʃ� �����֩� ��+L[����
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���������������������������` ��� �    E C G Simulation               ��� �    E C G Simulation  � �����      ���             by        �  �����    ����      C.J.Richardson. �  � ���    ����      C.J.Richardson. �  � ��    ���            for        �  ����    ���                       �   �� ��    ���         ��  ��         ���� ���   ���        � � �� ��� �   �            ���        ��취��� � �   �            ���        � � ���� � � � �            ����       ��  � � � � ��           ��                         �������      ��      ������            �������      ��      ��������谰�� ��������      ��      ���򵭥�������� � ������      ��      ��                ��            ��                                                                                                                                                             �        �       �        �                     ��               ��             �   �� � �� ��� �   �� � �� ���     ���������𦠠���������𦠠�����𦢒     ���꾃     �     ���꾃           �       ��      �       ��                                                       �Before explaining how the program      �ECGSIM3�works I would like to try      �to explain the reason for the ECG      �and how it is  taken.  However  I      �will understand if you just bleep      �over  the first  section  and  go      �straight  to  the  program  info!                                               �The heart is a hollow  muscular        �organ, situated retro sternally        �( behind   the  breast  bone ),        �slightly to the left  hand side        �         of the chest.                                                        �It's job is to pump blood around       �the  body  distributing  all the       �ingredients neccessary for life.                                               �Simplified, the heart can be seen      �to operate in 2 stages:                                                        � Stage 1.�The Atria (2 chambers  at              �the  top),  fill  up with              �blood received  from  the              �rest  of  the   body  and              �contract to squeeze  this              �blood into the  bottom  2              �chambers, the ventricles.                                             �Stage 2.�The  ventricles   contract             �and squeeze the blood  out             �to the rest of the body.                                                                                     �The  electrocardiograph or             �E.C.G is a  representation             �of the electrical activity             �of  the   heart,  normally             �associated   with   muscle             �contraction. That is heart             �           beat.                                                               �       The  ECG is  generally          �       observed by connecting          �       electrodes to the skin          �       of the subject, sticky          �       pads  or  metal plates          �       and rubber straps.                                                                                           �Electrical activity is picked          �up   by   an  electrode   and          �displayed on an oscilloscope,          �LCD screen  and  or  printer.                                                  �         Movement  towards  the        �         electrode is displayed        �         as an  upward movement        �         on  the   screen,  and        �         movement away from the        �         electrode is displayed        �         as a downward movement        �             on the screen.                                                    � The activity happens in a             � particular order  through             � the heart. It  starts  in             � The atria,  goes  to  the             � juction of the atria  and             � ventricles, waits a while             � and then  goes  down  the             � centre of the heart  into             � the ventricles, where  it             � then   spreads   up   the             � outside. The muscle  then             � repolarises ready for the             � next depolarisaton.  This             � repolarisation  is  also              � seen on the ECG.                                                              �  Electrodes  can be placed anywhere    � on the  body. Twelve  leads placed    � on the  legs, arms  and chest give   �  an  extremely good  picture of the    � happenings  in the heart. However,    � only 1 lead  is needed to  observe    � the rhythms of the  heart.  Lead 2    � (II) is a commonly used lead. This    � lead is placed in  such a position    � that  it looks at the  heart  from    � below,   therefore  as  the  heart   �  depolarises  normally,  across the    � atria and down the centre (septum)   �  , movement on the ECG is  upwards,     �as the depolarisation  spreads  up    � the  outside  of  the  ventricles,    � the  movement   of   the  ECG   is    �            downwards.                                                                                                �        To interpret the ECG           �        it is best  to split           �        it   up   into  it's           �          component parts:                                                     �A small positive deflection, which is  �called  the  P  wave  is the activity  �associated with atrial contraction.                                            �A short section of flat line which is  �the delay allowing blood to flow from  �atria to ventricles. This is known as  �the PR interval.                                                               �A  negative  deflection  as  activity  �passes through the septum, the Q wave.                                         �A  positive  deflection  as  activity  �passes down the septum, the R wave.                                            �A  negative  deflection  as  activity  �moves up the outside of the ventricles �, the S wave.                                                                  �A flat line, the ST segment.                                                   �A positive deflection as the ventricles�repolarise, the T  wave. Repolarisation�of the  atria  is  hidden in  the   QRS�complex.                                                                       �Very occasionally a further positive   �deflection, the U wave.                                                        �          Some of these waves  may     �          be missing, there is not     �          always     any     great     �          significance to this.                                                �The important points to note are:      �1.�Is the Rhythm regular or irregular? �2.�What is the rate?                   �3.�Are there P waves?                  �   With every QRS complex?             �   Or QRS complex with every P wave?   �4.�What is the PR interval?            �5.�Are the QRS compexes wide?          �6.�Is the ST segment iso electric      �   (does the flat line go back to      �   the same level as the other flat    �   lines?).                            �7.�Are the T waves of normal shape?                                            �If you  can answer all these questions �you can interpret an ECG and determine �if there is an arrhythmia, and if there�is, what it  is  caused  by. There are �over 440 arrhythmias.  This  simulator �covers about  40  of  those.  Most are �variations on a theme.                                                                                                                                                   ��INSTRUCTIONS                          ��INSTRUCTIONS                                                        �The  program  adapts  itself  to run on�both the Master  and  model B.  However�the  model B  version  is  slower  than�the Master  version.  This  means  that�on  the  model B you  cannot  calculate�the rate  by  counting  the  number  of�QRS complexes appearing in one minute. �However, the grid and hard copy options�are accurate on both versions.                                                        �This simulator emulates                �lead II. There  are two                �sections to the program.                                                     �1. See all the arrhythmias.            �2. Test   your  skills  of             �   interpretation.                                                        �1. SEE ALL THE ARRHYTHMIAS.                                                    � Selected by pressing R from the       � main menu. All  the  arrythmias       � programmed  are   displayed  in       � turn.  Press  the  spacebar  to       � display the next.                                                             �A description of the arrhythmia        �appears  in the top half of the        �screen on two  lines.  The  top        �line  is  a  full  description.        �When  using  the   test   skill        �option, entering more than half        �of this description  will  give        �you one point. The  description        �below  is  an  abbreviated one,        �you must enter the whole of the        �abbreviated   description    to        �score.                                                                         �There are a number  of options         �available which are summarised         �on the screen. They are:                                                       � �D - Dump                             �      Dump the current graphics window �      to  the  printer.  The   default �      window is the strip accross  the �      center of the screen.            �      The instruction is  in line  280 �      and is *GDUMP for Printmaster.                                           � �W - Define window.                   �      This is the *WINDOW  option  of  �      Printmaster it  allows  you  to  �      change  the   graphics   window  �      whilst the program  is  running. �      The command is in line 290.      �      If  you  do  not  have  a  dump  �      program, don't use these options!                                          �P - Prompt                             �    A list of all the arrhythmia       �    descriptions is shown in the       �    bottom half of  the  screen.       �    The information is shown  in       �    pages,  press  shift  to see       �    the next page.  This  option       �    is intended to give a prompt       �    when  using  the   interpret       �    option.                                                                    �G - Grid                               �    Place a grid onto the screen.      �    Paper printed  from  an  ECG       �    travels at  25mm  per second.      �    The paper is  marked  in 1mm       �    squares and heavier lines at       �    5mm.  Horizontal  lines  are       �    time,  vertical   lines  are       �    electrical voltage. 1  small       �    square is  .04  of a  second.      �    A square made by the heavier       �    lines is 5mm and  represents       �   .2 of a second. Two  vertical       �    large squares represent 1mv.       �    This simulation ignores  the       �    small  squares   and  prints       �    just  the 5mm squares.             �    Pressing G toggles whether a       �    grid is dumped to the printer      �    when   option  D  is  chosen.      �    The current       state    is      �    displayed after the word GRID      �    (after  the  option  has been      �    used). The default is grid off.    �    You will notice  that, on the      �    monitor,  the  boxes  are not      �    square, however they are when      �    dumped.                                                                                                          �When all  the arrhythmias              �have been displayed,  you              �are returned to the  main              �menu once more.                                                                                                                                                �2.TEST YOUR SKILLS OF INTERPRETATION.                                          �Selected by pressing I from the main   �               menu.                                                           �All the options described for option 1 �are available for this option.                                                 �     One further point is that you will�     notice  6  small   vertical  lines�     above and below the two horizontal�     lines  on the display. These small�     lines  are  markings  representing�     25mm on  the  print out. Each mark�     represents 1 second. It takes just�     over  5  seconds  for  a  wave  to�     appear  on the right of the screen�     and disappear  off the left of the�     screen on the master.                                                                                             � An arrhythmia is selected             � at random  and  displayed.            � When  you  have   decided             � what the   arrhythmia  is,            � press   the   space   bar.            � Enter  the    description,            � either the full shortened             � description  or at  least             � half   of   the      long             � description (any section,             � but more  than  half  the             � number of letters).                                                           �     An  approximately  correct answer �     gains one    point,    an  answer �     matching the programs description �     gains  two   points.    Answering �     incorrectly  4  times  loses  you �     1 point, tells you the answer and �     goes on to another arrhythmia.                                            � Your progress is summarised in the top� half  of  the  screen  with  the total� number  of  attempts  at interpreting,� the number  of those attempts that the� program  saw as correct and the number� of points  awarded so far.                                                    � If you use the dump option from this  � mode,  the  description    of    the  � arrhythmia  is  garbled to avoid you  � accidentally seeing the answer.                                                �Oh, yes! I think it only fair to       �mention  that two of the rhythms       �selected at random  do  not stay       �the same.   One    attempts   to      � simulate  an  ill   person.  The      � other  just changes   at  random.     � Try  to   interpret  the  former      � before your  patient  goes  into      � asystole! Or get the  Lignocaine      � out before you need the Atropine!                                                                                                                                   ��The PQRST complex.                    ��The PQRST complex.                                                                                                      �[----R R interval-----]                �R                      R       �        �                     ��           �P  ��  �T�             P  ��  �T�  �   �� � �� ���           �� � �� ��� �������𦠠���������������𦠠��     ���꾃        ^        ���꾠     �     �Q�ꡃ   iso electric  �Q��              �S    �   line.        �S          �[---]                        []        �P R interval            S T segment 
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00000140  fc fc fc b0 20 20 20 20  20 20 84 9d 85 20 20 20  |....      ...   |
00000150  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 62 79 20 20 20 20  |          by    |
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00000170  20 20 84 9d 8d 83 20 20  20 20 20 20 43 2e 4a 2e  |  ....      C.J.|
00000180  52 69 63 68 61 72 64 73  6f 6e 2e 20 96 20 20 bf  |Richardson. .  .|
00000190  20 aa f7 f0 b2 a5 20 20  20 20 84 9d 8d 83 20 20  | .....    ....  |
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*
00000440  20 92 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 b4 20 20 20 20 20  | .        .     |
00000450  20 20 92 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 b4 20 20 20 20  |  .        .    |
00000460  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
00000470  20 92 fd 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  | ..             |
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*
00000550  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 81 42 65 66  |            .Bef|
00000560  6f 72 65 20 65 78 70 6c  61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 68  |ore explaining h|
00000570  6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 70  72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 20  |ow the program  |
00000580  20 20 20 20 82 45 43 47  53 49 4d 33 81 77 6f 72  |    .ECGSIM3.wor|
00000590  6b 73 20 49 20 77 6f 75  6c 64 20 6c 69 6b 65 20  |ks I would like |
000005a0  74 6f 20 74 72 79 20 20  20 20 20 20 81 74 6f 20  |to try      .to |
000005b0  65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 20  74 68 65 20 72 65 61 73  |explain the reas|
000005c0  6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74  68 65 20 45 43 47 20 20  |on for the ECG  |
000005d0  20 20 20 20 81 61 6e 64  20 68 6f 77 20 69 74 20  |    .and how it |
000005e0  69 73 20 20 74 61 6b 65  6e 2e 20 20 48 6f 77 65  |is  taken.  Howe|
000005f0  76 65 72 20 20 49 20 20  20 20 20 20 81 77 69 6c  |ver  I      .wil|
00000600  6c 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73  74 61 6e 64 20 69 66 20  |l understand if |
00000610  79 6f 75 20 6a 75 73 74  20 62 6c 65 65 70 20 20  |you just bleep  |
00000620  20 20 20 20 81 6f 76 65  72 20 20 74 68 65 20 66  |    .over  the f|
00000630  69 72 73 74 20 20 73 65  63 74 69 6f 6e 20 20 61  |irst  section  a|
00000640  6e 64 20 20 67 6f 20 20  20 20 20 20 81 73 74 72  |nd  go      .str|
00000650  61 69 67 68 74 20 20 74  6f 20 20 74 68 65 20 20  |aight  to  the  |
00000660  70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20  20 69 6e 66 6f 21 20 20  |program  info!  |
00000670  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00000690  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 82 54 68  |             .Th|
000006a0  65 20 68 65 61 72 74 20  69 73 20 61 20 68 6f 6c  |e heart is a hol|
000006b0  6c 6f 77 20 20 6d 75 73  63 75 6c 61 72 20 20 20  |low  muscular   |
000006c0  20 20 20 20 20 82 6f 72  67 61 6e 2c 20 73 69 74  |     .organ, sit|
000006d0  75 61 74 65 64 20 72 65  74 72 6f 20 73 74 65 72  |uated retro ster|
000006e0  6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 82 28 20  |nally        .( |
000006f0  62 65 68 69 6e 64 20 20  20 74 68 65 20 20 62 72  |behind   the  br|
00000700  65 61 73 74 20 20 62 6f  6e 65 20 29 2c 20 20 20  |east  bone ),   |
00000710  20 20 20 20 20 82 73 6c  69 67 68 74 6c 79 20 74  |     .slightly t|
00000720  6f 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65  66 74 20 20 68 61 6e 64  |o the left  hand|
00000730  20 73 69 64 65 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 82 20 20  | side        .  |
00000740  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 63 68  |       of the ch|
00000750  65 73 74 2e 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |est.            |
00000760  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00000780  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 83 49 74 27  |            .It'|
00000790  73 20 6a 6f 62 20 69 73  20 74 6f 20 70 75 6d 70  |s job is to pump|
000007a0  20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 61  72 6f 75 6e 64 20 20 20  | blood around   |
000007b0  20 20 20 20 83 74 68 65  20 20 62 6f 64 79 20 20  |    .the  body  |
000007c0  64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75  74 69 6e 67 20 20 61 6c  |distributing  al|
000007d0  6c 20 74 68 65 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 83 69 6e 67  |l the       .ing|
000007e0  72 65 64 69 65 6e 74 73  20 6e 65 63 63 65 73 73  |redients neccess|
000007f0  61 72 79 20 66 6f 72 20  6c 69 66 65 2e 20 20 20  |ary for life.   |
00000800  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00000820  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 84 53 69 6d  |            .Sim|
00000830  70 6c 69 66 69 65 64 2c  20 74 68 65 20 68 65 61  |plified, the hea|
00000840  72 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62  65 20 73 65 65 6e 20 20  |rt can be seen  |
00000850  20 20 20 20 84 74 6f 20  6f 70 65 72 61 74 65 20  |    .to operate |
00000860  69 6e 20 32 20 73 74 61  67 65 73 3a 20 20 20 20  |in 2 stages:    |
00000870  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
000008a0  20 20 20 20 85 20 53 74  61 67 65 20 31 2e 86 54  |    . Stage 1..T|
000008b0  68 65 20 41 74 72 69 61  20 28 32 20 63 68 61 6d  |he Atria (2 cham|
000008c0  62 65 72 73 20 20 61 74  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |bers  at        |
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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00001af0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00001b10  20 85 54 68 65 20 69 6d  70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20  | .The important |
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00001b40  74 68 65 20 52 68 79 74  68 6d 20 72 65 67 75 6c  |the Rhythm regul|
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00001b60  20 81 32 2e 85 57 68 61  74 20 69 73 20 74 68 65  | .2..What is the|
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00001b80  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 81 33 2e 85 41 72 65  |         .3..Are|
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00001ba0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
00001bb0  20 85 20 20 20 57 69 74  68 20 65 76 65 72 79 20  | .   With every |
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00001bf0  20 65 76 65 72 79 20 50  20 77 61 76 65 3f 20 20  | every P wave?  |
00001c00  20 81 34 2e 85 57 68 61  74 20 69 73 20 74 68 65  | .4..What is the|
00001c10  20 50 52 20 69 6e 74 65  72 76 61 6c 3f 20 20 20  | PR interval?   |
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00001c50  20 81 36 2e 85 49 73 20  74 68 65 20 53 54 20 73  | .6..Is the ST s|
00001c60  65 67 6d 65 6e 74 20 69  73 6f 20 65 6c 65 63 74  |egment iso elect|
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00001c90  20 67 6f 20 62 61 63 6b  20 74 6f 20 20 20 20 20  | go back to     |
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00001ce0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
00001cf0  20 81 37 2e 85 41 72 65  20 74 68 65 20 54 20 77  | .7..Are the T w|
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00001d10  68 61 70 65 3f 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |hape?           |
00001d20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00001d40  20 86 49 66 20 79 6f 75  20 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6e  | .If you  can an|
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00001d80  43 47 20 61 6e 64 20 64  65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65  |CG and determine|
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00001dd0  64 20 20 62 79 2e 20 54  68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65  |d  by. There are|
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*
00001ed0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 8d 82 49 4e 53  |           ..INS|
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00001f00  20 20 20 8d 83 49 4e 53  54 52 55 43 54 49 4f 4e  |   ..INSTRUCTION|
00001f10  53 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |S               |
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*
00001f40  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 83 54 68 65 20 20 70  |         .The  p|
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*
000020e0  81 54 68 69 73 20 73 69  6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20  |.This simulator |
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*
00002170  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 82 31  |              .1|
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000021f0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |                |
*
00002210  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 83 31 2e 20 53 45 45  |         .1. SEE|
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*
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*
00002350  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 85 41 20 64 65 73 63  |         .A desc|
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*
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*
00002600  20 81 20 82 44 20 2d 20  44 75 6d 70 20 20 20 20  | . .D - Dump    |
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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00003cf9
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ECGinfo.m4
ECGinfo.m5