Home » Archimedes archive » Acorn User » AU 1993-06.adf » !Render_Render » Manual
Manual
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
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File contents
Using Render and Compile
========================
Scenes to be rendered by Render are described by text files,
containing programs written in the Script Language. These files should
be stored in the 's' directory and Compiled and Rendered as described
in the help file for the Render application (accessed by the Acorn
User disc menu application).
The Script Language
===================
The Script language was designed to be as flexible as possible without
being unnecessarily complicated. Their are no line numbers, variables
or control structures and few commands; despite this, complicated
images can be generated by comparatively simple programs or scripts.
The best way to demonstrate the language is by example; the program
listed in the magazine (which is on this disc in the Examples.s
directory under the name 'blocks') shows the still life entitled
Blocks. It won't win any awards for beauty but it does demonstrate all
the commands available in the language.
A glance at the script file for Blocks shows the style of the
language. Commands are in lower case and can be separated by either a
newline, a comma or a space, and parameters are encloses in curled
brackets {}. Commands can be placed in virtually any order provided
all names have been previously defined. Some commands are nested
within each other and extend over many lines. The image space is
described in terms of cartesian coordinates, the scale of which can be
chosen arbitrarily; rotations are described in degrees about the x,y
and z axes, and these are sometimes called the pitch, yaw and roll
angles. Algebraic statements from Basic such as SIN() and COS() can be
used as well as numeric values.
The scene is described in terms of Objects. An Object is a user
defined command that describes a shape; both 'sphere {}' and 'box {}'
are Objects. When rendered an object is made out of a material or is
covered by a texture map.
A texture map can be a sprite of any mode and of any size but it must
have a palette; all the sprites used must be saved as a single file.
The command 'sprite {}' takes this filename as its parameter; in the
example sprites are taken from the file 'txtsprt'.
The command 'material {}' contains the definitions of the various
materials used in the scene. A material is defined by a name, which
can be of any length and can be upper or lower case, and by seven
parameters. Blocks uses four materials called 'plastic', 'red',
'green' and 'gold'. The first six parameters describe the reflection
of red, green and blue light, expressed on a scale of 0 to 1. The
first three refer to the diffuse reflected light, and the next three
to the specular reflected light. The final parameter is a power factor
and controls the distribution of the specular reflections; high
numbers produce a more shiny material. The description for 'plastic'
specifies a diffuse reflection of 0.2 for blue light and white
specular reflection of 0.8 distributed with a power factor of 10; this
gives a material that looks like a shiny, dark blue plastic.
The command 'define {}' not suprisingly defines an object. An object
is defined in terms of points and polygons. The first parameter that
follows the command is the name of the object.
The command 'point {}' defines the points within an object. Any number
of points can be grouped within the brackets and the command can be
used any number of times in an object; points are numbered from 0
inclusively from the start of the Object.
Polygons are defined by the command 'link {}'. They are formed by
linking up individual points in the object, for example 'link { flat 1
2 3 4}', forms a four sided polygon from points 1 to 4. The first
parameter defines whether the polygon is flat or curved, i.e. whether
normal or Phong shading is applied.
In looking at the definition of 'cube {}' you may notice the order of
some of the polygons is a little strange. This is because a polygon
should always be defined in a clockwise order from the outward face.
In the case of the example, all polygons will be defined facing out
from the centre of the cube so the points defining each face should
follow a clockwise direction when each side is viewed from the
outside. The cube consists of eight points linked together to form six
polygons.
Two other commands can be used in an object, namely 'shape {}' and
'surface {}'. These commands are used in 'sphere {}'. Using 'shape {}'
produces a set of points formed by a rotating a vector in a plane. The
first parameters set the number of points to generate and the centre
of the rotation, and the rest form two cartesian vectors that define
the plane. To define an approximate circle of radius 1 centred at
point (0,1,0), in the z plane, you would use the command:
���shape { 12 0,1,0 1,0,0 0,0,1}
as a shape of 12 sides is a fairly close approximation to a circle.
The command is quite powerful as any orientation of shape is possible;
in 'sphere {}' the command is used to define the 10 rings that form
the majority of the sphere.
The command 'surface {}' defines a set of polygons that cover a group
of points. The parameters define the following: whether the surface is
curved or flat, the start point for the surface, the width of the
surface in points, the height in points, and two boolean parameters
that control whether the surface should be joined across the width and
height. The points are taken to be arranged in rows across the width
of the surface; 'sphere {}' uses a surface of width 12, and height 10,
joined across the width to form the sphere.
An object can use any combination of these commands. The majority of
'sphere {}' is formed using 'shape {}' and 'surface {}' with the top
and bottom capped using two 'point {}' commands and 24 polygons formed
using 'link {}'. It is important two remember an Object must have no
unused points within it and no polygons occupying the same space.
Once defined an object can be placed in the scene. A defined object is
treated like a command; the first three parameters define the position
of the object in the scene. It is also possible to apply a number of
transformations to the object; 'scale {}' requires x, y and z scale
factors, and 'rotate {}' requires the pitch, yaw and roll angles. A
third command, 'transform {}', takes parameters corresponding to a 3
by 3 matrix and allows more complicated distortions. Any number of
transformations can be applied, allowing totally new shapes to be
formed from the same object.
The material an object is made from must also be specified within the
command; alternatively a texture map can be applied by using 'texture
{}'. The first parameter is the name of the sprite. The next three
parameters define the diffuse and specular reflection, and specular
distribution of the texture; a texture is considered to be of diffuse
reflection with a white specular component. The sprite must be mapped
onto all points in the object and points are mapped to in consecutive
order from point 0.
The command 'map {}' takes two parameters that describe where in the
sprite a point should be mapped; the sprite is taken to have a width
of 1 and height 1. The command 'fit {}' stretches the entire sprite
over a range of points, and the two parameters describe the width in
points and height in points over which the sprite should be fitted.
The main sphere is covered by the sprite 'screendump' mapped over the
sphere by the two commands. The sprite is mapped over the majority of
the sphere by 'fit {}'; the sphere consists of 10 rings and each ring
has 12 points, so 'fit {12 10}' is used. The two points that form the
top and bottom of the sphere are mapped with 'map {0.5 0}' and 'map
{0.5 1}', corresponding to the bottom and top centre of the sprite.
Before a scene can be plotted the positions of the observer and the
lights must be specified. The command 'light {}' describes the
lighting, and the command 'view {}' describes the postion and
orientation of the observer or camera. Lights are described by their
rotation and elevation in the scene; an elevation of 90 defines a
light overhead, and a rotation of 0 defines a light in front of the
observer. The first three parameters within 'view {}' described the
position of the observer and the last three correspond to the pitch,
yaw and roll angles, with values of 0 meaning directly ahead.
The brightness of the scene is controlled by 'ambient {}'. This
specifies the contribution of randomly reflected light, in terms of
the primary colours. The ambient illumination is usually very small;
too much ambient light and the scene will lose contrast and will
appear washed out.
The final output from the renderer is defined by 'display {}'. The
first parameter is the filename for the output sprite, the next
defines the resolution, and the others control the x and y scaling
factors of the scene and the size of the output sprite. The resolution
can be low, medium or high and corresponds to mode 13, 15 or 21; the
size of the sprite is defined in OS units, so a size of 1280 by 1024
is a full screen. The scaling factors control the final size of the
scene, and their size is determined by the size of the objects in the
scene.
Script files are best written in a text editor such as Edit. It is a
good idea to build up a library of commonly used objects such as
'sphere {}' or 'cube {}' which can be strung together when required.
Hopefully the language is flexible enough to do all that you require
from it and won't restrict the budding artist.
Compiling and Rendering
=======================
Once a script file is written it must be compiled before rendering can
take place. The applications provided allow scripts to be compiled and
rendered easily, but for the more advanced user, the programs can be
used from the command line; the actual executable programs are stored
inside the application directories !Compile and !Rend.
Four directories are required for compiling: 's' contains the script
file, 'v' contains the viewpoint data, 'd' contains the scene data,
and 't' contains the texture data.
The compiler can be called up by the command:
���*compile <filename> [ - s <size> ] [ -o <%> ] [ -t <%> ] [ -w]
The options following the command control the memory assignments for
the compiler: '-s' defines how much memory the compiler has free for
data, in kilobytes. Options '-o' and '-t' express, as a percentage,
how much of the memory is used to store objects and texture. The
default values are:
���*compile <filename> -s 320 -o 50 -t 0.1
In use the compiler will scan through the script, and if an error is
found it will report it and stop compiling. Once compilation has taken
place the data is saved and a wire-frame preview of the image is
drawn; this can be disabled with the '-w' option.
The compiler will only save view data and object data if they are
present in the script file; this allows you to alter the view point
without having to re-compile the whole scene, but no preview is drawn
if the compiled file contains only view or scene data.
The compiler is reasonably good at trapping errors in a script file
but some mistakes such as missing brackets or separators can crash the
compiler and renderer.
Finally the compiled script file is rendered by the renderer by:
���*render <filename>
Both the compiler and the renderer require the Floating Point Emulator
to be installed. They also require the file 'code' to be present in
the CSD.
00000000 55 73 69 6e 67 20 52 65 6e 64 65 72 20 61 6e 64 |Using Render and|
00000010 20 43 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | Compile.=======|
00000020 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |================|
00000030 3d 0a 0a 53 63 65 6e 65 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 |=..Scenes to be |
00000040 72 65 6e 64 65 72 65 64 20 62 79 20 52 65 6e 64 |rendered by Rend|
00000050 65 72 20 61 72 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 |er are described|
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000000a0 67 65 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 |ge. These files |
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000000e0 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 52 65 6e 64 65 72 65 64 20 |ed and Rendered |
000000f0 61 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 0a 69 6e 20 |as described.in |
00000100 74 68 65 20 68 65 6c 70 20 66 69 6c 65 20 66 6f |the help file fo|
00000110 72 20 74 68 65 20 52 65 6e 64 65 72 20 61 70 70 |r the Render app|
00000120 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 28 61 63 63 65 73 73 |lication (access|
00000130 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 41 63 6f 72 6e 0a |ed by the Acorn.|
00000140 55 73 65 72 20 64 69 73 63 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 61 |User disc menu a|
00000150 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 29 2e 0a 0a 54 68 |pplication)...Th|
00000160 65 20 53 63 72 69 70 74 20 4c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 |e Script Languag|
00000170 65 0a 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |e.==============|
00000180 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 53 63 72 69 70 |=====..The Scrip|
00000190 74 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 20 77 61 73 20 64 |t language was d|
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00000330 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 27 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 27 |he name 'blocks'|
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00000940 73 65 76 65 6e 0a 70 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 73 |seven.parameters|
00000950 2e 20 42 6c 6f 63 6b 73 20 75 73 65 73 20 66 6f |. Blocks uses fo|
00000960 75 72 20 6d 61 74 65 72 69 61 6c 73 20 63 61 6c |ur materials cal|
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00000980 72 65 64 27 2c 0a 27 67 72 65 65 6e 27 20 61 6e |red',.'green' an|
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00002ae0 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6f 6e |file contains on|
00002af0 6c 79 20 76 69 65 77 20 6f 72 20 73 63 65 6e 65 |ly view or scene|
00002b00 20 64 61 74 61 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 | data...The comp|
00002b10 69 6c 65 72 20 69 73 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 61 62 |iler is reasonab|
00002b20 6c 79 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 61 74 20 74 72 61 70 70 |ly good at trapp|
00002b30 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 |ing errors in a |
00002b40 73 63 72 69 70 74 20 66 69 6c 65 0a 62 75 74 20 |script file.but |
00002b50 73 6f 6d 65 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 73 20 73 75 |some mistakes su|
00002b60 63 68 20 61 73 20 6d 69 73 73 69 6e 67 20 62 72 |ch as missing br|
00002b70 61 63 6b 65 74 73 20 6f 72 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 |ackets or separa|
00002b80 74 6f 72 73 20 63 61 6e 20 63 72 61 73 68 20 74 |tors can crash t|
00002b90 68 65 0a 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 |he.compiler and |
00002ba0 72 65 6e 64 65 72 65 72 2e 0a 0a 46 69 6e 61 6c |renderer...Final|
00002bb0 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 64 20 |ly the compiled |
00002bc0 73 63 72 69 70 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 72 |script file is r|
00002bd0 65 6e 64 65 72 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 72 |endered by the r|
00002be0 65 6e 64 65 72 65 72 20 62 79 3a 0a a0 a0 a0 2a |enderer by:....*|
00002bf0 72 65 6e 64 65 72 20 3c 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 |render <filename|
00002c00 3e 0a 0a 42 6f 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 |>..Both the comp|
00002c10 69 6c 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 6e |iler and the ren|
00002c20 64 65 72 65 72 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 74 68 |derer require th|
00002c30 65 20 46 6c 6f 61 74 69 6e 67 20 50 6f 69 6e 74 |e Floating Point|
00002c40 20 45 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 0a 74 6f 20 62 65 20 | Emulator.to be |
00002c50 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 65 64 2e 20 54 68 65 79 20 |installed. They |
00002c60 61 6c 73 6f 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 74 68 65 |also require the|
00002c70 20 66 69 6c 65 20 27 63 6f 64 65 27 20 74 6f 20 | file 'code' to |
00002c80 62 65 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 0a 74 68 |be present in.th|
00002c90 65 20 43 53 44 2e 0a |e CSD..|
00002c97 
.