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26-09-88/T\SWR12
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
Tape/disk: | Home » CEEFAX disks » telesoftware9.adl |
Filename: | 26-09-88/T\SWR12 |
Read OK: | ✔ |
File size: | 3D64 bytes |
Load address: | 0000 |
Exec address: | FFFFFFFF |
Duplicates
There is 1 duplicate copy of this file in the archive:
- CEEFAX disks » telesoftware4.adl » 15-01-88/T\SWR12
- CEEFAX disks » telesoftware9.adl » 26-09-88/T\SWR12
File contents
Mastering Sideways ROM & RAM - Module 12 - Absolute workspace ------------------------------------------------------------- Private workspace is exclusive to the rom claiming it. Absolute workspace can also be claimed by paged roms. Absolute workspace, unlike private workspace, is a single block of memory which is shared between all the roms but is only allocated to one rom at a time. Absolute workspace can be claimed in user memory when it runs from &E00 to the highest address asked for by any of the roms. The Master computer can also claim the alternative paged memory absolute workspace. Claiming and using paged memory absolute workspace will be explained after dealing with user memory absolute workspace. In order to claim absolute workspace your SWR interpreter has to intercept the absolute workspace service call. To demonstrate the absolute workspace service call load the object code generated by the program TRACE into SWR and press the Break key (Ctrl+Break on the Master). A list of service calls similar to the one in figure 12.1 will be printed on the screen. Unless you use a BBC B with an Acorn 6502 Second Processor, Acorn DNFS and sideways ram in socket &0F your trace will be different from the one in figure 12.1, but in all BBC computers you will find service call 1, the absolute workspace claim, somewhere in the list. A=19 X=0F Y=FF SPOOL/EXEC file closure A=0F X=0F Y=FF Vectors claimed A=FF X=0F Y=FF Tube system main init. A=01 X=0F Y=0E Abs. workspace claim A=02 X=0F Y=17 Private workspace claim A=FE X=0F Y=FF Tube system post init. A=11 X=0F Y=1F Font implode/explode Acorn TUBE 6502 64K A=03 X=0F Y=08 Auto-boot Acorn DFS A=10 X=0F Y=EE SPOOL/EXEC file closure A=0F X=0F Y=30 Vectors claimed A=0A X=0F Y=D4 Claim static workspace BASIC > Figure 12.1 Service call trace after Break ------------------------------------------- In figure 12.1 you can see that the absolute workspace claim, service call 1, is made with Y=&0E. This indicates that no absolute workspace has yet been claimed. If the trace is run from a lower priority rom than the Acorn DFS rom then service call 1 is made with Y=&17 indicating that 9 pages of absolute workspace are claimed by the DFS. When service call 1 is made the Y register contains the current upper limit of the absolute workspace. This starts at &0E and each rom should compare the value in the Y register with the upper limit of absolute workspace required by the rom and, if necessary, increase it to the level required by the rom. Your software must never decrement the Y register when it intercepts either service call 1 or 2. In order to use the absolute workspace effectively it is necessary for your SWR program to claim private workspace as well. One reason for this is that your rom will need to keep a flag indicating whether or not it has control of the absolute workspace. This flag should be located in private workspace. It is also a good idea to keep a copy of any vital data from absolute workspace in private workspace where you can be sure that it will not be corrupted. If you intend to write SWR software that uses absolute workspace you should think of the absolute workspace as a temporary extension to the private workspace and not as a substitute for private workspace. When you want your rom to use the absolute workspace it has to issue service call &0A to inform the other roms of its intention. Service call &0A is issued by calling Osbyte &8F with X = service type and Y = argument for service. In this case make X=&0A and Y=&FF. The rom is then free to use the absolute workspace and the zero page locations from &B0 to &CF until its interpreter intercepts a service call &0A issued by another rom. The interpreter must intercept service call &0A which instructs it to release the absolute workspace to the rom issuing the call, usually the DFS. I have not written an example program which uses absolute workspace but I have included a outline program, ABSOL, which includes all the coding you need to write your own. ABSOL intercepts service call 1 to claim absolute workspace, service call 2 to claim private workspace, sevice call &0A to release absolute workspace, and service call 4 to recognise the new * command *STATIC. It uses the one-command interpreter (lines 570-780) used in the earlier modules of the course. The example program ABSOL ensures that at least one page of absolute workspace is available (lines 300-360) and claims one page of private workspace (lines 410-450). These are the minimum meaningful amounts if the program is to use absolute workspace. The program recognises service call &0A (lines 470-500). After recognising service call &0A the program would have to copy any vital data from absolute to private workspace and adjust a flag kept in private workspace to indicate that it no longer had control of the absolute workspace. When the interpreter recognises the new command *STATIC it issues service call &0A (lines 800-830) to inform the other roms that it intends to use the absolute workspace. When it has control of the absolute workspace it can also use the zero page locations from &B0 to &CF, but it must be prepared to give up control of both these zero page locations and the absolute workspace when the interpreter intercepts a service call &0A issued by another rom. Although using absolute workspace is fairly straightforward if you use this outline program, it is an unnecessary complication if you really don't need it. You will probably only need to use it if your program uses large amounts of data for a short time. 10 REM: ABSOL 20 MODE7 30 HIMEM=&3C00 40 DIM save 50 50 diff=&8000-HIMEM 60 address=&70 70 comvec=&F2 80 romnumber=&F4 90 workspace=&DF0 100 gsread=&FFC5 110 osbyte=&FFF4 120 oscli=&FFF7 130 FOR pass = 0 TO 2 STEP 2 140 P%=HIMEM 150 [ OPT pass 160 BRK 170 BRK 180 BRK 190 JMP service+diff 200 OPT FNequb(&82) 210 OPT FNequb((copyright+diff) MOD 256) 220 BRK 230 .title 240 OPT FNequs("STATIC") 250 .copyright 260 BRK 270 OPT FNequs("(C) Gordon Horsington 1987") 280 BRK 290 .service 300 CMP #1 310 BNE trytwo 320 CPY #&0F 330 BCS carryon 340 INY \ claim 1 page of abs. workspace 350 .carryon 360 RTS 370 .trytwo 380 PHA 390 CMP #2 400 BNE tryten 410 TYA 420 STA workspace,X 430 INY \ 256 bytes of private workspace 440 PLA 450 RTS 460 .tryten 470 CMP #&0A 480 BNE tryfour 490 \ Prepare to release 500 \ absolute workspace 510 .enough 520 PLA 530 RTS 540 .tryfour 550 CMP #4 560 BNE enough 570 TXA 580 PHA 590 TYA 600 PHA 610 LDX #&FF 620 .comloop 630 INX 640 LDA title+diff,X 650 BEQ found 660 LDA (comvec),Y 670 INY 680 CMP #ASC(".") 690 BEQ found 700 AND #&DF 710 CMP title+diff,X 720 BEQ comloop 730 PLA 740 TAY 750 PLA 760 TAX 770 PLA 780 RTS 790 .found 800 LDA #&8F 810 LDX #&0A \ service call &0A 820 LDY #&FF 830 JSR osbyte \ Claim absolute workspace 840 \ Use zero page from &B0 to &CF 850 \ and absolute workspace as well 860 \ as private workspace. 870 PLA 880 PLA 890 PLA 900 LDA #0 910 RTS 920 .lastbyte 930 ] 940 NEXT 950 INPUT'"Save filename? : "filename$ 960 IF filename$="" END 970 $save="SAVE "+filename$+" "+STR$~(HIMEM)+" "+STR$~(las tbyte)+" FFFF8000 FFFF8000" 980 X%=save MOD 256 990 Y%=save DIV 256 1000 *OPT1,2 1010 CALL oscli 1020 *OPT1,0 1030 END 1040 DEFFNequb(byte) 1050 ?P%=byte 1060 P%=P%+1 1070 =pass 1080 DEFFNequw(word) 1090 ?P%=word MOD 256 1100 P%?1=word DIV 256 1110 P%=P%+2 1120 =pass 1130 DEFFNequd(double) 1140 !P%=double 1150 P%=P%+4 1160 =pass 1170 DEFFNequs(string$) 1180 $P%=string$ 1190 P%=P%+LEN(string$) 1200 =pass In order to use the alternative paged memory absolute workspace on the Master computer it is necessary to intercept service call &23 instead of service call 1. Your program must not claim user memory absolute workspace as well as paged memory absolute workspace. Paged memory absolute workspace in the Master starts at &C000 and has an upper limit of &DBFF. The upper limit of the absolute workspace must not exceed &DBFF under any circumstances. If you intend to use paged memory absolute workspace the outline program ABSOL will need to be modified. The interpreter will no longer need to intercept service calls 1 and 2 but it will need to intercept service call &23 to claim paged memory absolute workspace and service calls &24 and &22 to claim paged memory private workspace. Suitable modifications for ABSOL are shown in figure 12.2 .service CMP #&23 \ paged absolute workspace claim? BNE try24 \ branch if no CPY #&C1 \ is 1 page already available? BCS carryon \ branch if yes INY \ claim 1 page of absolute workspace .carryon RTS .try24 CMP #&24 \ paged private workspace claim? BNE try22 \ branch if no INY \ request 1 page of private workspace RTS .try22 CMP #&22 \ paged private workspace claim? BNE try10 \ branch if no PHA \ store accumulator TYA \ most sig. byte of start address STA &DF0,X \ store start of private workspace PLA \ restore accumulator RTS .try10 Figure 12.2 Modificatins needed for the Master ---------------------------------------------- In Module 11 I explained how to switch the paged workspace memory in and out of the main memory map. It is necessary to use the same techniques described in Module 11 when using paged memory absolute workspace. Before attempting to read or write the contents of the paged memory absolute workspace, the SWR program must first set bit 3 of the paged memory select register at &FE34 to switch the paged memory into the main memory map. To set bit 3 of &FE34 load the accumulator with &08 (0000 1000 binary), OR the accumulator with the contents of &FE34 and store the accumulator in &FE34. To switch the paged memory absolute workspace out of the main memory map it is necessary to clear bit 3 of the paged memory select register. To clear bit 3 of &FE34 load the accumulator with &F7 (1111 0111 binary), AND the accumulator with the contents of &FE34 and store the accumulator in &FE34. If you use the subroutines illustrated in figure 12.3 the paged memory can be switched in and out of the main memory map without altering any of the other bits in the paged memory select register. JSR pagein \ switch paged workspace in LDA &C000 \ Read first byte of absolute workspace JSR pageout \ switch paged workspace out . . . .pagein PHA LDA #8 \ 0000 1000 binary ORA &FE34 STA &FE34 \ set bit 3 of &FE34 PLA \ restore accumulator RTS .pageout PHA LDA #&F7 \ 1111 0111 binary AND &FE34 STA &FE34 \ clear bit 3 of &FE34 PLA \ restore accumulator RTS Figure 12.3 Reading paged absolute workspace on the Master. ----------------------------------------------------------- Figure 12.3 illustrates how the two subroutines, pagein and pageout, should be used to switch the paged memory in and out of the main memory map when reading the contents of the paged memory absolute workspace in the Master series computers. Unlike private workspace, absolute workspace always has a fixed start address and can be addressed directly. After switching the paged memory into the main memory map you must be very careful about using MOS subroutines because the bottom 7.25k of the MOS has been replaced with the paged memory. You would be wise not to use the MOS at all until it has been restored by calling pageout. The "legal" use of service call 1 has been explained above but a much more common "illegal" use is also made of this service call. Look again at figure 12.1, the list of service calls issued after pressing the Break key. Some of these calls, including service call 1, are always issued on the BBC B when the Break key is pressed and also when the computer is switched on. (Service call 1 is only issued on Ctrl-Break on the Master but service call &FE can be used instead because it is always issued when the Break key is pressed on the Master computer). Service call 1 or service call &FE can be intercepted to carry out almost any function required at reset if, and only if, all the registers are preserved. Imagine, for example, that you want the video interlace to stay switched off. Your SWR interpreter could intercept service call 1 (or &FE), push all the registers on the stack, switch off the interlace, pull all the registers back off the stack and return control to the MOS. This idea has been implemented in the program INTLACE. Load the object code generated by INTLACE into SWR, press the Break key and select Mode 6. The interlace will remain switched off until you select Mode 7 or press Ctrl+Break. It will switch back off when you next select one of the modes 0-6. This type of illegal use of service call 1 (or &FE) will be used again in Module 22 when designing the software for auto-booting rom cartridges is covered. It will be used then to ensure that the rom cartridge is always the language booted after a soft reset. 10 REM: INTLACE 20 MODE7 30 HIMEM=&3C00 40 DIM save 50 50 diff=&8000-HIMEM 60 osbyte=&FFF4 70 oscli=&FFF7 80 FOR pass = 0 TO 2 STEP 2 90 P%=HIMEM 100 [ OPT pass 110 BRK 120 BRK 130 BRK 140 JMP service+diff 150 OPT FNequb(&82) 160 OPT FNequb((copyright+diff) MOD 256) 170 BRK 180 OPT FNequs("INTERLACE") 190 .copyright 200 BRK 210 OPT FNequs("(C) Gordon Horsington 1987") 220 BRK 230 .service 240 CMP #&FE 250 BEQ autoboot 260 RTS 270 .autoboot 280 PHA 290 TXA 300 PHA 310 TYA 320 PHA 330 LDA #&90 340 LDX #&FF 350 LDY #1 360 JSR osbyte \ *TV255,1 370 PLA 380 TAY 390 PLA 400 TAX 410 PLA 420 RTS 430 .lastbyte 440 ] 450 NEXT 460 INPUT'"Save filename = "filename$ 470 IF filename$="" END 480 $save="SAVE "+filename$+" "+STR$~(HIMEM)+" "+STR$~(las tbyte)+" FFFF8000 FFFF8000" 490 X%=save MOD 256 500 Y%=save DIV 256 510 *OPT1,2 520 CALL oscli 530 *OPT1,0 540 END 550 DEFFNequb(byte) 560 ?P%=byte 570 P%=P%+1 580 =pass 590 DEFFNequw(word) 600 ?P%=word MOD 256 610 P%?1=word DIV 256 620 P%=P%+2 630 =pass 640 DEFFNequd(double) 650 !P%=double 660 P%=P%+4 670 =pass 680 DEFFNequs(string$) 690 $P%=string$ 700 P%=P%+LEN(string$) 710 =pass
00000000 4d 61 73 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 53 69 64 65 77 61 |Mastering Sidewa| 00000010 79 73 20 52 4f 4d 20 26 20 52 41 4d 20 2d 20 4d |ys ROM & RAM - M| 00000020 6f 64 75 6c 65 20 31 32 20 2d 20 41 62 73 6f 6c |odule 12 - Absol| 00000030 75 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 0d 2d 2d |ute workspace.--| 00000040 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------| * 00000070 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0d 20 20 50 |-----------.. P| 00000080 72 69 76 61 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 |rivate workspace| 00000090 20 69 73 20 65 78 63 6c 75 73 69 76 65 20 74 6f | is exclusive to| 000000a0 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6d 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 69 6e | the rom claimin| 000000b0 67 20 69 74 2e 20 41 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 0d 77 |g it. Absolute.w| 000000c0 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 |orkspace can als| 000000d0 6f 20 62 65 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 65 64 20 62 79 20 |o be claimed by | 000000e0 70 61 67 65 64 20 72 6f 6d 73 2e 20 41 62 73 6f |paged roms. Abso| 000000f0 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 2c 0d |lute workspace,.| 00000100 75 6e 6c 69 6b 65 20 70 72 69 76 61 74 65 20 77 |unlike private w| 00000110 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 2c 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 |orkspace, is a s| 00000120 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 20 6f 66 20 6d |ingle block of m| 00000130 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 73 |emory which is s| 00000140 68 61 72 65 64 0d 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 61 6c |hared.between al| 00000150 6c 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6d 73 20 62 75 74 20 69 |l the roms but i| 00000160 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 61 6c 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 |s only allocated| 00000170 20 74 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 72 6f 6d 20 61 74 20 61 | to one rom at a| 00000180 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 0d 0d 20 20 41 62 73 6f 6c 75 | time... Absolu| 00000190 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 63 61 6e |te workspace can| 000001a0 20 62 65 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 65 64 20 69 6e 20 75 | be claimed in u| 000001b0 73 65 72 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 77 68 65 6e 20 |ser memory when | 000001c0 69 74 20 72 75 6e 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 0d 26 45 30 |it runs from.&E0| 000001d0 30 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 69 67 68 65 73 74 |0 to the highest| 000001e0 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 20 61 73 6b 65 64 20 66 | address asked f| 000001f0 6f 72 20 62 79 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |or by any of the| 00000200 20 72 6f 6d 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 4d 61 73 74 65 | roms. The Maste| 00000210 72 0d 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 61 |r.computer can a| 00000220 6c 73 6f 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 20 74 68 65 20 61 6c |lso claim the al| 00000230 74 65 72 6e 61 74 69 76 65 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 |ternative paged | 00000240 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 0d |memory absolute.| 00000250 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 2e 20 43 6c 61 69 6d |workspace. Claim| 00000260 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 70 61 |ing and using pa| 00000270 67 65 64 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 61 62 73 6f 6c |ged memory absol| 00000280 75 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 77 69 |ute workspace wi| 00000290 6c 6c 20 62 65 0d 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 65 64 20 |ll be.explained | 000002a0 61 66 74 65 72 20 64 65 61 6c 69 6e 67 20 77 69 |after dealing wi| 000002b0 74 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 61 |th user memory a| 000002c0 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 |bsolute workspac| 000002d0 65 2e 0d 0d 20 20 49 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 |e... In order t| 000002e0 6f 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 |o claim absolute| 000002f0 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 | workspace your | 00000300 53 57 52 20 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 74 65 72 20 |SWR interpreter | 00000310 68 61 73 20 74 6f 0d 69 6e 74 65 72 63 65 70 74 |has to.intercept| 00000320 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f | the absolute wo| 00000330 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 |rkspace service | 00000340 63 61 6c 6c 2e 20 54 6f 20 64 65 6d 6f 6e 73 74 |call. To demonst| 00000350 72 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 0d 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 |rate the.absolut| 00000360 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 73 65 72 76 |e workspace serv| 00000370 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 74 68 |ice call load th| 00000380 65 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 63 6f 64 65 20 67 65 |e object code ge| 00000390 6e 65 72 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 0d 70 |nerated by the.p| 000003a0 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 54 52 41 43 45 20 69 6e 74 |rogram TRACE int| 000003b0 6f 20 53 57 52 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 |o SWR and press | 000003c0 74 68 65 20 42 72 65 61 6b 20 6b 65 79 20 28 43 |the Break key (C| 000003d0 74 72 6c 2b 42 72 65 61 6b 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 |trl+Break on the| 000003e0 0d 4d 61 73 74 65 72 29 2e 20 41 20 6c 69 73 74 |.Master). A list| 000003f0 20 6f 66 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c | of service call| 00000400 73 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 |s similar to the| 00000410 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 31 | one in figure 1| 00000420 32 2e 31 0d 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 70 72 69 6e |2.1.will be prin| 00000430 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 |ted on the scree| 00000440 6e 2e 20 55 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 |n. Unless you us| 00000450 65 20 61 20 42 42 43 20 42 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 |e a BBC B with a| 00000460 6e 20 41 63 6f 72 6e 0d 36 35 30 32 20 53 65 63 |n Acorn.6502 Sec| 00000470 6f 6e 64 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 2c 20 41 |ond Processor, A| 00000480 63 6f 72 6e 20 44 4e 46 53 20 61 6e 64 20 73 69 |corn DNFS and si| 00000490 64 65 77 61 79 73 20 72 61 6d 20 69 6e 20 73 6f |deways ram in so| 000004a0 63 6b 65 74 20 26 30 46 20 79 6f 75 72 0d 74 72 |cket &0F your.tr| 000004b0 61 63 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 64 69 66 66 |ace will be diff| 000004c0 65 72 65 6e 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6f |erent from the o| 000004d0 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 31 32 2e |ne in figure 12.| 000004e0 31 2c 20 62 75 74 20 69 6e 20 61 6c 6c 20 42 42 |1, but in all BB| 000004f0 43 0d 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 73 20 79 6f 75 20 |C.computers you | 00000500 77 69 6c 6c 20 66 69 6e 64 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 |will find servic| 00000510 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 31 2c 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 |e call 1, the ab| 00000520 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 |solute workspace| 00000530 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 2c 0d 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 65 72 | claim,.somewher| 00000540 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 73 74 2e 0d 0d |e in the list...| 00000550 0d 0d 0d 20 41 3d 31 39 20 58 3d 30 46 20 59 3d |... A=19 X=0F Y=| 00000560 46 46 20 53 50 4f 4f 4c 2f 45 58 45 43 20 66 69 |FF SPOOL/EXEC fi| 00000570 6c 65 20 63 6c 6f 73 75 72 65 0d 20 41 3d 30 46 |le closure. A=0F| 00000580 20 58 3d 30 46 20 59 3d 46 46 20 56 65 63 74 6f | X=0F Y=FF Vecto| 00000590 72 73 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 65 64 0d 20 41 3d 46 46 |rs claimed. A=FF| 000005a0 20 58 3d 30 46 20 59 3d 46 46 20 54 75 62 65 20 | X=0F Y=FF Tube | 000005b0 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 69 6e 69 74 |system main init| 000005c0 2e 0d 20 41 3d 30 31 20 58 3d 30 46 20 59 3d 30 |.. A=01 X=0F Y=0| 000005d0 45 20 41 62 73 2e 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 |E Abs. workspace| 000005e0 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 0d 20 41 3d 30 32 20 58 3d 30 | claim. A=02 X=0| 000005f0 46 20 59 3d 31 37 20 50 72 69 76 61 74 65 20 77 |F Y=17 Private w| 00000600 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 0d 20 |orkspace claim. | 00000610 41 3d 46 45 20 58 3d 30 46 20 59 3d 46 46 20 54 |A=FE X=0F Y=FF T| 00000620 75 62 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 70 6f 73 74 20 |ube system post | 00000630 69 6e 69 74 2e 0d 20 41 3d 31 31 20 58 3d 30 46 |init.. A=11 X=0F| 00000640 20 59 3d 31 46 20 46 6f 6e 74 20 69 6d 70 6c 6f | Y=1F Font implo| 00000650 64 65 2f 65 78 70 6c 6f 64 65 0d 0d 41 63 6f 72 |de/explode..Acor| 00000660 6e 20 54 55 42 45 20 36 35 30 32 20 36 34 4b 0d |n TUBE 6502 64K.| 00000670 0d 20 41 3d 30 33 20 58 3d 30 46 20 59 3d 30 38 |. A=03 X=0F Y=08| 00000680 20 41 75 74 6f 2d 62 6f 6f 74 0d 41 63 6f 72 6e | Auto-boot.Acorn| 00000690 20 44 46 53 0d 0d 20 41 3d 31 30 20 58 3d 30 46 | DFS.. A=10 X=0F| 000006a0 20 59 3d 45 45 20 53 50 4f 4f 4c 2f 45 58 45 43 | Y=EE SPOOL/EXEC| 000006b0 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6c 6f 73 75 72 65 0d 20 41 | file closure. A| 000006c0 3d 30 46 20 58 3d 30 46 20 59 3d 33 30 20 56 65 |=0F X=0F Y=30 Ve| 000006d0 63 74 6f 72 73 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 65 64 0d 20 41 |ctors claimed. A| 000006e0 3d 30 41 20 58 3d 30 46 20 59 3d 44 34 20 43 6c |=0A X=0F Y=D4 Cl| 000006f0 61 69 6d 20 73 74 61 74 69 63 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 |aim static works| 00000700 70 61 63 65 0d 42 41 53 49 43 0d 0d 3e 0d 0d 46 |pace.BASIC..>..F| 00000710 69 67 75 72 65 20 31 32 2e 31 20 20 53 65 72 76 |igure 12.1 Serv| 00000720 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 74 72 61 63 65 20 61 |ice call trace a| 00000730 66 74 65 72 20 42 72 65 61 6b 0d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |fter Break.-----| 00000740 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------| * 00000760 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0d 0d 0d 20 20 49 6e 20 66 |------.... In f| 00000770 69 67 75 72 65 20 31 32 2e 31 20 79 6f 75 20 63 |igure 12.1 you c| 00000780 61 6e 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 |an see that the | 00000790 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 |absolute workspa| 000007a0 63 65 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 2c 0d 73 65 72 76 69 63 |ce claim,.servic| 000007b0 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 31 2c 20 69 73 20 6d 61 64 |e call 1, is mad| 000007c0 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 59 3d 26 30 45 2e 20 54 68 |e with Y=&0E. Th| 000007d0 69 73 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 61 |is indicates tha| 000007e0 74 20 6e 6f 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 0d 77 6f |t no absolute.wo| 000007f0 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 68 61 73 20 79 65 74 20 |rkspace has yet | 00000800 62 65 65 6e 20 63 6c 61 69 6d 65 64 2e 20 49 66 |been claimed. If| 00000810 20 74 68 65 20 74 72 61 63 65 20 69 73 20 72 75 | the trace is ru| 00000820 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 6c 6f 77 65 72 0d 70 |n from a lower.p| 00000830 72 69 6f 72 69 74 79 20 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 61 6e |riority rom than| 00000840 20 74 68 65 20 41 63 6f 72 6e 20 44 46 53 20 72 | the Acorn DFS r| 00000850 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 6e 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 |om then service | 00000860 63 61 6c 6c 20 31 20 69 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 77 |call 1 is made w| 00000870 69 74 68 0d 59 3d 26 31 37 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 |ith.Y=&17 indica| 00000880 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 39 20 70 61 67 65 |ting that 9 page| 00000890 73 20 6f 66 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f |s of absolute wo| 000008a0 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 61 72 65 20 63 6c 61 69 |rkspace are clai| 000008b0 6d 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 0d 44 46 53 2e 0d |med by the.DFS..| 000008c0 0d 20 20 57 68 65 6e 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 |. 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BNE | 00002670 74 72 79 31 30 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 62 72 61 6e |try10 \ bran| 00002680 63 68 20 69 66 20 6e 6f 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ch if no. | 00002690 20 50 48 41 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c | PHA \| 000026a0 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 | store accumulat| 000026b0 6f 72 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 59 41 20 20 |or. TYA | 000026c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 | \ most | 000026d0 73 69 67 2e 20 62 79 74 65 20 6f 66 20 73 74 61 |sig. byte of sta| 000026e0 72 74 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |rt address. | 000026f0 20 20 20 53 54 41 20 26 44 46 30 2c 58 20 20 20 | STA &DF0,X | 00002700 20 5c 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 6f | \ store start o| 00002710 66 20 70 72 69 76 61 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 |f private worksp| 00002720 61 63 65 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 4c 41 20 |ace. PLA | 00002730 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 72 65 73 74 | \ rest| 00002740 6f 72 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 0d |ore accumulator.| 00002750 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 54 53 0d 2e 74 72 79 | RTS..try| 00002760 31 30 0d 0d 0d 46 69 67 75 72 65 20 31 32 2e 32 |10...Figure 12.2| 00002770 20 4d 6f 64 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6e 73 20 6e 65 | Modificatins ne| 00002780 65 64 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 73 |eded for the Mas| 00002790 74 65 72 0d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |ter.------------| 000027a0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------| * 000027c0 2d 2d 0d 0d 0d 20 20 49 6e 20 4d 6f 64 75 6c 65 |--... In Module| 000027d0 20 31 31 20 49 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 65 64 20 | 11 I explained | 000027e0 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 74 68 |how to switch th| 000027f0 65 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 |e paged workspac| 00002800 65 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 69 6e 0d 61 6e 64 20 |e memory in.and | 00002810 6f 75 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 |out of the main | 00002820 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 6d 61 70 2e 20 49 74 20 69 |memory map. It i| 00002830 73 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 20 74 6f 20 75 |s necessary to u| 00002840 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 0d 74 65 63 68 |se the same.tech| 00002850 6e 69 71 75 65 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 |niques described| 00002860 20 69 6e 20 4d 6f 64 75 6c 65 20 31 31 20 77 68 | in Module 11 wh| 00002870 65 6e 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 6d |en using paged m| 00002880 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 0d 77 |emory absolute.w| 00002890 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 2e 0d 0d 20 20 42 65 66 |orkspace... Bef| 000028a0 6f 72 65 20 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 69 6e 67 20 74 |ore attempting t| 000028b0 6f 20 72 65 61 64 20 6f 72 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 |o read or write | 000028c0 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 |the contents of | 000028d0 74 68 65 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 |the paged memory| 000028e0 0d 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 |.absolute worksp| 000028f0 61 63 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 53 57 52 20 70 72 6f |ace, the SWR pro| 00002900 67 72 61 6d 20 6d 75 73 74 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 |gram must first | 00002910 73 65 74 20 62 69 74 20 33 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |set bit 3 of the| 00002920 20 70 61 67 65 64 0d 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 73 65 | paged.memory se| 00002930 6c 65 63 74 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 61 74 |lect register at| 00002940 20 26 46 45 33 34 20 74 6f 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 | &FE34 to switch| 00002950 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 | the paged memor| 00002960 79 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 0d 6d 61 69 6e 20 |y into the.main | 00002970 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 6d 61 70 2e 20 54 6f 20 73 |memory map. To s| 00002980 65 74 20 62 69 74 20 33 20 6f 66 20 26 46 45 33 |et bit 3 of &FE3| 00002990 34 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d |4 load the accum| 000029a0 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 26 30 38 0d |ulator with &08.| 000029b0 28 30 30 30 30 20 31 30 30 30 20 62 69 6e 61 72 |(0000 1000 binar| 000029c0 79 29 2c 20 4f 52 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d |y), OR the accum| 000029d0 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 |ulator with the | 000029e0 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 26 46 45 33 |contents of &FE3| 000029f0 34 20 61 6e 64 0d 73 74 6f 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 |4 and.store the | 00002a00 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 26 |accumulator in &| 00002a10 46 45 33 34 2e 0d 0d 20 20 54 6f 20 73 77 69 74 |FE34... 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To clear b| 00002ab0 69 74 20 33 20 6f 66 20 26 46 45 33 34 20 6c 6f |it 3 of &FE34 lo| 00002ac0 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 |ad the accumulat| 00002ad0 6f 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 26 46 37 20 28 31 31 31 |or with &F7 (111| 00002ae0 31 0d 30 31 31 31 20 62 69 6e 61 72 79 29 2c 20 |1.0111 binary), | 00002af0 41 4e 44 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 |AND the accumula| 00002b00 74 6f 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e |tor with the con| 00002b10 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 26 46 45 33 34 20 61 |tents of &FE34 a| 00002b20 6e 64 20 73 74 6f 72 65 0d 74 68 65 20 61 63 63 |nd store.the acc| 00002b30 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 26 46 45 33 |umulator in &FE3| 00002b40 34 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 |4. If you use th| 00002b50 65 20 73 75 62 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 20 69 6c |e subroutines il| 00002b60 6c 75 73 74 72 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 0d 66 69 67 |lustrated in.fig| 00002b70 75 72 65 20 31 32 2e 33 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 67 |ure 12.3 the pag| 00002b80 65 64 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 |ed memory can be| 00002b90 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 64 | switched in and| 00002ba0 20 6f 75 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e | out of the main| 00002bb0 0d 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 6d 61 70 20 77 69 74 68 |.memory map with| 00002bc0 6f 75 74 20 61 6c 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 79 |out altering any| 00002bd0 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 62 69 | of the other bi| 00002be0 74 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 |ts in the paged | 00002bf0 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 0d 73 65 6c 65 63 74 20 72 65 |memory.select re| 00002c00 67 69 73 74 65 72 2e 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |gister...... | 00002c10 20 20 20 20 20 4a 53 52 20 70 61 67 65 69 6e 20 | JSR pagein | 00002c20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 70 61 | \ switch pa| 00002c30 67 65 64 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 69 6e |ged workspace in| 00002c40 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4c 44 41 20 26 43 |. LDA &C| 00002c50 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 52 65 61 64 |000 \ Read| 00002c60 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 79 74 65 20 6f 66 20 61 | first byte of a| 00002c70 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 |bsolute workspac| 00002c80 65 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4a 53 52 20 70 |e. JSR p| 00002c90 61 67 65 6f 75 74 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 73 77 69 |ageout \ swi| 00002ca0 74 63 68 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 |tch paged worksp| 00002cb0 61 63 65 20 6f 75 74 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ace out. | 00002cc0 20 20 2e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 0d | .. ..| 00002cd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 0d 2e 70 61 67 | ...pag| 00002ce0 65 69 6e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 48 41 |ein. PHA| 00002cf0 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4c 44 41 20 23 38 |. LDA #8| 00002d00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 30 30 30 30 | \ 0000| 00002d10 20 31 30 30 30 20 62 69 6e 61 72 79 0d 20 20 20 | 1000 binary. | 00002d20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4f 52 41 20 26 46 45 33 34 0d | ORA &FE34.| 00002d30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 54 41 20 26 46 45 | STA &FE| 00002d40 33 34 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 73 65 74 20 62 |34 \ set b| 00002d50 69 74 20 33 20 6f 66 20 26 46 45 33 34 0d 20 20 |it 3 of &FE34. | 00002d60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 4c 41 20 20 20 20 20 20 | PLA | 00002d70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 65 | \ restore| 00002d80 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 0d 20 20 20 | accumulator. | 00002d90 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 54 53 0d 2e 70 61 67 65 6f | RTS..pageo| 00002da0 75 74 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 48 41 0d |ut. PHA.| 00002db0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4c 44 41 20 23 26 46 | LDA #&F| 00002dc0 37 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 31 31 31 31 20 |7 \ 1111 | 00002dd0 30 31 31 31 20 62 69 6e 61 72 79 0d 20 20 20 20 |0111 binary. | 00002de0 20 20 20 20 20 41 4e 44 20 26 46 45 33 34 0d 20 | AND &FE34. | 00002df0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 54 41 20 26 46 45 33 | STA &FE3| 00002e00 34 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 63 6c 65 61 72 20 |4 \ clear | 00002e10 62 69 74 20 33 20 6f 66 20 26 46 45 33 34 0d 20 |bit 3 of &FE34. | 00002e20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 4c 41 20 20 20 20 20 | PLA | 00002e30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 | \ restor| 00002e40 65 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 0d 20 20 |e accumulator. | 00002e50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 54 53 0d 0d 0d 46 69 67 | RTS...Fig| 00002e60 75 72 65 20 31 32 2e 33 20 20 52 65 61 64 69 6e |ure 12.3 Readin| 00002e70 67 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 |g paged absolute| 00002e80 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 | workspace on th| 00002e90 65 20 4d 61 73 74 65 72 2e 0d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |e Master..------| 00002ea0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------| * 00002ed0 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0d 20 20 46 69 67 75 72 65 20 |-----.. Figure | 00002ee0 31 32 2e 33 20 69 6c 6c 75 73 74 72 61 74 65 73 |12.3 illustrates| 00002ef0 20 68 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 73 75 62 | how the two sub| 00002f00 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 70 61 67 65 69 6e |routines, pagein| 00002f10 20 61 6e 64 20 70 61 67 65 6f 75 74 2c 0d 73 68 | and pageout,.sh| 00002f20 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |ould be used to | 00002f30 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 67 65 64 |switch the paged| 00002f40 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 6f | memory in and o| 00002f50 75 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 0d 6d |ut of the main.m| 00002f60 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 6d 61 70 20 77 68 65 6e 20 72 |emory map when r| 00002f70 65 61 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 |eading the conte| 00002f80 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 67 65 64 |nts of the paged| 00002f90 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 | memory absolute| 00002fa0 0d 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 |.workspace in th| 00002fb0 65 20 4d 61 73 74 65 72 20 73 65 72 69 65 73 20 |e Master series | 00002fc0 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 73 2e 20 55 6e 6c 69 6b |computers. Unlik| 00002fd0 65 20 70 72 69 76 61 74 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 |e private worksp| 00002fe0 61 63 65 2c 0d 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 77 6f |ace,.absolute wo| 00002ff0 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 68 |rkspace always h| 00003000 61 73 20 61 20 66 69 78 65 64 20 73 74 61 72 74 |as a fixed start| 00003010 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 20 61 6e 64 20 63 61 6e | address and can| 00003020 20 62 65 0d 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 65 64 20 64 69 | be.addressed di| 00003030 72 65 63 74 6c 79 2e 0d 0d 20 20 41 66 74 65 72 |rectly... After| 00003040 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 70 | switching the p| 00003050 61 67 65 64 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 69 6e 74 6f |aged memory into| 00003060 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 | the main memory| 00003070 20 6d 61 70 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 0d 62 65 | map you must.be| 00003080 20 76 65 72 79 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 20 61 62 | very careful ab| 00003090 6f 75 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 4d 4f 53 20 73 75 |out using MOS su| 000030a0 62 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 |broutines becaus| 000030b0 65 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 74 74 6f 6d 20 37 2e 32 |e the bottom 7.2| 000030c0 35 6b 0d 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 4d 4f 53 20 68 61 |5k.of the MOS ha| 000030d0 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 |s been replaced | 000030e0 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 67 65 64 20 6d |with the paged m| 000030f0 65 6d 6f 72 79 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 |emory. You would| 00003100 20 62 65 20 77 69 73 65 0d 6e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 | be wise.not to | 00003110 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 4d 4f 53 20 61 74 20 61 |use the MOS at a| 00003120 6c 6c 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 20 |ll until it has | 00003130 62 65 65 6e 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 65 64 20 62 79 |been restored by| 00003140 20 63 61 6c 6c 69 6e 67 0d 70 61 67 65 6f 75 74 | calling.pageout| 00003150 2e 0d 0d 20 20 54 68 65 20 22 6c 65 67 61 6c 22 |... The "legal"| 00003160 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 | use of service | 00003170 63 61 6c 6c 20 31 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 |call 1 has been | 00003180 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 65 64 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 |explained above | 00003190 62 75 74 20 61 0d 6d 75 63 68 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 |but a.much more | 000031a0 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 22 69 6c 6c 65 67 61 6c 22 |common "illegal"| 000031b0 20 75 73 65 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6d 61 64 | use is also mad| 000031c0 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 |e of this servic| 000031d0 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 2e 0d 0d 20 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 20 |e call... Look | 000031e0 61 67 61 69 6e 20 61 74 20 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 |again at figure | 000031f0 31 32 2e 31 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f |12.1, the list o| 00003200 66 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 73 20 |f service calls | 00003210 69 73 73 75 65 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 0d 70 72 65 |issued after.pre| 00003220 73 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 42 72 65 61 6b 20 |ssing the Break | 00003230 6b 65 79 2e 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |key. Some of the| 00003240 73 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 73 2c 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 |se calls, includ| 00003250 69 6e 67 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c |ing service call| 00003260 20 31 2c 0d 61 72 65 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 69 | 1,.are always i| 00003270 73 73 75 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 42 42 43 |ssued on the BBC| 00003280 20 42 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 42 72 65 61 | B when the Brea| 00003290 6b 20 6b 65 79 20 69 73 20 70 72 65 73 73 65 64 |k key is pressed| 000032a0 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 0d 77 68 65 6e 20 74 | and also.when t| 000032b0 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 73 |he computer is s| 000032c0 77 69 74 63 68 65 64 20 6f 6e 2e 20 28 53 65 72 |witched on. (Ser| 000032d0 76 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 31 20 69 73 20 6f |vice call 1 is o| 000032e0 6e 6c 79 20 69 73 73 75 65 64 20 6f 6e 0d 43 74 |nly issued on.Ct| 000032f0 72 6c 2d 42 72 65 61 6b 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |rl-Break on the | 00003300 4d 61 73 74 65 72 20 62 75 74 20 73 65 72 76 69 |Master but servi| 00003310 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 26 46 45 20 63 61 6e 20 |ce call &FE can | 00003320 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 0d |be used instead.| 00003330 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 6c |because it is al| 00003340 77 61 79 73 20 69 73 73 75 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e |ways issued when| 00003350 20 74 68 65 20 42 72 65 61 6b 20 6b 65 79 20 69 | the Break key i| 00003360 73 20 70 72 65 73 73 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 |s pressed on the| 00003370 0d 4d 61 73 74 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 |.Master computer| 00003380 29 2e 20 53 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 |). Service call | 00003390 31 20 6f 72 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c |1 or service cal| 000033a0 6c 20 26 46 45 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 0d 69 6e 74 |l &FE can be.int| 000033b0 65 72 63 65 70 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 61 72 72 |ercepted to carr| 000033c0 79 20 6f 75 74 20 61 6c 6d 6f 73 74 20 61 6e 79 |y out almost any| 000033d0 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 | function requir| 000033e0 65 64 20 61 74 20 72 65 73 65 74 20 69 66 2c 20 |ed at reset if, | 000033f0 61 6e 64 0d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 66 2c 20 61 6c 6c |and.only if, all| 00003400 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 73 20 61 | the registers a| 00003410 72 65 20 70 72 65 73 65 72 76 65 64 2e 0d 0d 20 |re preserved... | 00003420 20 49 6d 61 67 69 6e 65 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 | Imagine, for ex| 00003430 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 |ample, that you | 00003440 77 61 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 76 69 64 65 6f 20 69 |want the video i| 00003450 6e 74 65 72 6c 61 63 65 20 74 6f 20 73 74 61 79 |nterlace to stay| 00003460 0d 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 64 20 6f 66 66 2e 20 59 |.switched off. Y| 00003470 6f 75 72 20 53 57 52 20 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 |our SWR interpre| 00003480 74 65 72 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 69 6e 74 65 72 63 |ter could interc| 00003490 65 70 74 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c |ept service call| 000034a0 20 31 20 28 6f 72 0d 26 46 45 29 2c 20 70 75 73 | 1 (or.&FE), pus| 000034b0 68 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 |h all the regist| 000034c0 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 63 6b |ers on the stack| 000034d0 2c 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 6f 66 66 20 74 68 65 |, switch off the| 000034e0 20 69 6e 74 65 72 6c 61 63 65 2c 0d 70 75 6c 6c | interlace,.pull| 000034f0 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 | all the registe| 00003500 72 73 20 62 61 63 6b 20 6f 66 66 20 74 68 65 20 |rs back off the | 00003510 73 74 61 63 6b 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e |stack and return| 00003520 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 0d | control to the.| 00003530 4d 4f 53 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 64 65 61 20 68 |MOS. 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This type of| 00003670 20 69 6c 6c 65 67 61 6c 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 | illegal use of | 00003680 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 31 20 28 |service call 1 (| 00003690 6f 72 20 26 46 45 29 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 |or &FE) will be | 000036a0 75 73 65 64 0d 61 67 61 69 6e 20 69 6e 20 4d 6f |used.again in Mo| 000036b0 64 75 6c 65 20 32 32 20 77 68 65 6e 20 64 65 73 |dule 22 when des| 000036c0 69 67 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 66 74 77 |igning the softw| 000036d0 61 72 65 20 66 6f 72 20 61 75 74 6f 2d 62 6f 6f |are for auto-boo| 000036e0 74 69 6e 67 20 72 6f 6d 0d 63 61 72 74 72 69 64 |ting rom.cartrid| 000036f0 67 65 73 20 69 73 20 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64 2e 20 |ges is covered. | 00003700 49 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 |It will be used | 00003710 74 68 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 73 75 72 65 20 74 |then to ensure t| 00003720 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6d 0d 63 61 72 74 |hat the rom.cart| 00003730 72 69 64 67 65 20 69 73 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 |ridge is always | 00003740 74 68 65 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 20 62 6f 6f |the language boo| 00003750 74 65 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 61 20 73 6f 66 74 |ted after a soft| 00003760 20 72 65 73 65 74 2e 0d 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 31 30 | reset..... 10| 00003770 20 52 45 4d 3a 20 49 4e 54 4c 41 43 45 0d 20 20 | REM: INTLACE. | 00003780 20 32 30 20 4d 4f 44 45 37 0d 20 20 20 33 30 20 | 20 MODE7. 30 | 00003790 48 49 4d 45 4d 3d 26 33 43 30 30 0d 20 20 20 34 |HIMEM=&3C00. 4| 000037a0 30 20 44 49 4d 20 73 61 76 65 20 35 30 0d 20 20 |0 DIM save 50. | 000037b0 20 35 30 20 64 69 66 66 3d 26 38 30 30 30 2d 48 | 50 diff=&8000-H| 000037c0 49 4d 45 4d 0d 20 20 20 36 30 20 6f 73 62 79 74 |IMEM. 60 osbyt| 000037d0 65 3d 26 46 46 46 34 0d 20 20 20 37 30 20 6f 73 |e=&FFF4. 70 os| 000037e0 63 6c 69 3d 26 46 46 46 37 0d 20 20 20 38 30 20 |cli=&FFF7. 80 | 000037f0 46 4f 52 20 70 61 73 73 20 3d 20 30 20 54 4f 20 |FOR pass = 0 TO | 00003800 32 20 53 54 45 50 20 32 0d 20 20 20 39 30 20 50 |2 STEP 2. 90 P| 00003810 25 3d 48 49 4d 45 4d 0d 20 20 31 30 30 20 5b 20 |%=HIMEM. 100 [ | 00003820 20 20 20 20 20 20 4f 50 54 20 70 61 73 73 0d 20 | OPT pass. | 00003830 20 31 31 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 52 4b | 110 BRK| 00003840 0d 20 20 31 32 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 |. 120 B| 00003850 52 4b 0d 20 20 31 33 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |RK. 130 | 00003860 20 42 52 4b 0d 20 20 31 34 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 | BRK. 140 | 00003870 20 20 20 4a 4d 50 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 2b 64 | JMP service+d| 00003880 69 66 66 0d 20 20 31 35 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |iff. 150 | 00003890 20 20 4f 50 54 20 46 4e 65 71 75 62 28 26 38 32 | OPT FNequb(&82| 000038a0 29 0d 20 20 31 36 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |). 160 | 000038b0 4f 50 54 20 46 4e 65 71 75 62 28 28 63 6f 70 79 |OPT FNequb((copy| 000038c0 72 69 67 68 74 2b 64 69 66 66 29 20 4d 4f 44 20 |right+diff) MOD | 000038d0 32 35 36 29 0d 20 20 31 37 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 |256). 170 | 000038e0 20 20 20 42 52 4b 0d 20 20 31 38 30 20 20 20 20 | BRK. 180 | 000038f0 20 20 20 20 20 4f 50 54 20 46 4e 65 71 75 73 28 | OPT FNequs(| 00003900 22 49 4e 54 45 52 4c 41 43 45 22 29 0d 20 20 31 |"INTERLACE"). 1| 00003910 39 30 20 2e 63 6f 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 0d 20 20 |90 .copyright. | 00003920 32 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 52 4b 0d |200 BRK.| 00003930 20 20 32 31 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4f 50 | 210 OP| 00003940 54 20 46 4e 65 71 75 73 28 22 28 43 29 20 47 6f |T FNequs("(C) Go| 00003950 72 64 6f 6e 20 48 6f 72 73 69 6e 67 74 6f 6e 20 |rdon Horsington | 00003960 31 39 38 37 22 29 0d 20 20 32 32 30 20 20 20 20 |1987"). 220 | 00003970 20 20 20 20 20 42 52 4b 0d 20 20 32 33 30 20 2e | BRK. 230 .| 00003980 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 0d 20 20 32 34 30 20 20 20 |service. 240 | 00003990 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 4d 50 20 23 26 46 45 0d 20 | CMP #&FE. | 000039a0 20 32 35 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 45 51 | 250 BEQ| 000039b0 20 61 75 74 6f 62 6f 6f 74 0d 20 20 32 36 30 20 | autoboot. 260 | 000039c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 54 53 0d 20 20 32 37 | RTS. 27| 000039d0 30 20 2e 61 75 74 6f 62 6f 6f 74 0d 20 20 32 38 |0 .autoboot. 28| 000039e0 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 48 41 0d 20 20 |0 PHA. | 000039f0 32 39 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 58 41 0d |290 TXA.| 00003a00 20 20 33 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 48 | 300 PH| 00003a10 41 0d 20 20 33 31 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |A. 310 | 00003a20 54 59 41 0d 20 20 33 32 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |TYA. 320 | 00003a30 20 20 50 48 41 0d 20 20 33 33 30 20 20 20 20 20 | PHA. 330 | 00003a40 20 20 20 20 4c 44 41 20 23 26 39 30 0d 20 20 33 | LDA #&90. 3| 00003a50 34 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4c 44 58 20 23 |40 LDX #| 00003a60 26 46 46 0d 20 20 33 35 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |&FF. 350 | 00003a70 20 20 4c 44 59 20 23 31 0d 20 20 33 36 30 20 20 | LDY #1. 360 | 00003a80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4a 53 52 20 6f 73 62 79 74 | JSR osbyt| 00003a90 65 20 20 20 20 5c 20 2a 54 56 32 35 35 2c 31 0d |e \ *TV255,1.| 00003aa0 20 20 33 37 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 4c | 370 PL| 00003ab0 41 0d 20 20 33 38 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |A. 380 | 00003ac0 54 41 59 0d 20 20 33 39 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |TAY. 390 | 00003ad0 20 20 50 4c 41 0d 20 20 34 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 | PLA. 400 | 00003ae0 20 20 20 20 54 41 58 0d 20 20 34 31 30 20 20 20 | TAX. 410 | 00003af0 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 4c 41 0d 20 20 34 32 30 20 | PLA. 420 | 00003b00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 54 53 0d 20 20 34 33 | RTS. 43| 00003b10 30 20 2e 6c 61 73 74 62 79 74 65 0d 20 20 34 34 |0 .lastbyte. 44| 00003b20 30 20 5d 0d 20 20 34 35 30 20 4e 45 58 54 0d 20 |0 ]. 450 NEXT. | 00003b30 20 34 36 30 20 49 4e 50 55 54 27 22 53 61 76 65 | 460 INPUT'"Save| 00003b40 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 3d 20 22 66 69 6c | filename = "fil| 00003b50 65 6e 61 6d 65 24 0d 20 20 34 37 30 20 49 46 20 |ename$. 470 IF | 00003b60 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 24 3d 22 22 20 45 4e 44 |filename$="" END| 00003b70 0d 20 20 34 38 30 20 24 73 61 76 65 3d 22 53 41 |. 480 $save="SA| 00003b80 56 45 20 22 2b 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 24 2b 22 |VE "+filename$+"| 00003b90 20 22 2b 53 54 52 24 7e 28 48 49 4d 45 4d 29 2b | "+STR$~(HIMEM)+| 00003ba0 22 20 22 2b 53 54 52 24 7e 28 6c 61 73 0d 20 20 |" "+STR$~(las. | 00003bb0 20 20 20 20 74 62 79 74 65 29 2b 22 20 46 46 46 | tbyte)+" FFF| 00003bc0 46 38 30 30 30 20 46 46 46 46 38 30 30 30 22 0d |F8000 FFFF8000".| 00003bd0 20 20 34 39 30 20 58 25 3d 73 61 76 65 20 4d 4f | 490 X%=save MO| 00003be0 44 20 32 35 36 0d 20 20 35 30 30 20 59 25 3d 73 |D 256. 500 Y%=s| 00003bf0 61 76 65 20 44 49 56 20 32 35 36 0d 20 20 35 31 |ave DIV 256. 51| 00003c00 30 20 2a 4f 50 54 31 2c 32 0d 20 20 35 32 30 20 |0 *OPT1,2. 520 | 00003c10 43 41 4c 4c 20 6f 73 63 6c 69 0d 20 20 35 33 30 |CALL oscli. 530| 00003c20 20 2a 4f 50 54 31 2c 30 0d 20 20 35 34 30 20 45 | *OPT1,0. 540 E| 00003c30 4e 44 0d 20 20 35 35 30 20 44 45 46 46 4e 65 71 |ND. 550 DEFFNeq| 00003c40 75 62 28 62 79 74 65 29 0d 20 20 35 36 30 20 3f |ub(byte). 560 ?| 00003c50 50 25 3d 62 79 74 65 0d 20 20 35 37 30 20 50 25 |P%=byte. 570 P%| 00003c60 3d 50 25 2b 31 0d 20 20 35 38 30 20 3d 70 61 73 |=P%+1. 580 =pas| 00003c70 73 0d 20 20 35 39 30 20 44 45 46 46 4e 65 71 75 |s. 590 DEFFNequ| 00003c80 77 28 77 6f 72 64 29 0d 20 20 36 30 30 20 3f 50 |w(word). 600 ?P| 00003c90 25 3d 77 6f 72 64 20 4d 4f 44 20 32 35 36 0d 20 |%=word MOD 256. | 00003ca0 20 36 31 30 20 50 25 3f 31 3d 77 6f 72 64 20 44 | 610 P%?1=word D| 00003cb0 49 56 20 32 35 36 0d 20 20 36 32 30 20 50 25 3d |IV 256. 620 P%=| 00003cc0 50 25 2b 32 0d 20 20 36 33 30 20 3d 70 61 73 73 |P%+2. 630 =pass| 00003cd0 0d 20 20 36 34 30 20 44 45 46 46 4e 65 71 75 64 |. 640 DEFFNequd| 00003ce0 28 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 29 0d 20 20 36 35 30 20 21 |(double). 650 !| 00003cf0 50 25 3d 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 0d 20 20 36 36 30 20 |P%=double. 660 | 00003d00 50 25 3d 50 25 2b 34 0d 20 20 36 37 30 20 3d 70 |P%=P%+4. 670 =p| 00003d10 61 73 73 0d 20 20 36 38 30 20 44 45 46 46 4e 65 |ass. 680 DEFFNe| 00003d20 71 75 73 28 73 74 72 69 6e 67 24 29 0d 20 20 36 |qus(string$). 6| 00003d30 39 30 20 24 50 25 3d 73 74 72 69 6e 67 24 0d 20 |90 $P%=string$. | 00003d40 20 37 30 30 20 50 25 3d 50 25 2b 4c 45 4e 28 73 | 700 P%=P%+LEN(s| 00003d50 74 72 69 6e 67 24 29 0d 20 20 37 31 30 20 3d 70 |tring$). 710 =p| 00003d60 61 73 73 0d |ass.| 00003d64