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F/ADFS1
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron_User_Group » EUG_18.ADF |
| Filename: | F/ADFS1 |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 1A1A bytes |
| Load address: | 41204556 |
| Exec address: | 31534644 |
File contents
I have had numerous requests from a number of members who have
found some of the manuals supplied with the Elk confusing. You
are not the only ones! When I first started with computers I
thought that manuals were deliberatly writen that way to
persecute me. Since meeting a number of people involved in
design and programming of computers I now realise that these
people actually think that way. Lateral, totally logical and
infuriating.
This is my umteenth draft of a guide to using ADFS. I keep
drifting into analogy and end up taking a page to explain
anything.
Here goes.
SAVE LOAD *SAVE *LOAD CHAIN *SPOOL *EXEC *RUN ect. all work as
normal and are outlined in the Elk user guide.
At switch on or CTRL-BREAK, *. <RET> will initialise a disc in
drive 0. To initialise a disc in drive 1 if you have a second
drive type *MOUNT1 <RET>. Equally if you put another disc into
drive 0 it too must be initialised, type *MOUNT0 <RET>.
In actual fact *. in short for *CAT which catalogues a disc but
when the computer hasn't been told that a disc is there it looks
for one so saving some time.
When a file is saved to disc it is put in the next available
space after files already there. Its file-name is put onto a
list or catalogue called a directory. If you use the same
file-name as a file already in that directory the new file will
over-write the old one and the old one is lost.
Now, think of a family tree. There is the couple at the top who
might have some children. Each of those children has some kids
and each of them might produce offspring. With each succeeding
generation the family grows.
When you initially put an ADFS disc into the drive you can see a
list of what is on the disc or more precisely what is in the
ROOT DIRECTORY. Now some of the entries may have the letters
DLR after them. These are SUB DIRECTORIES. In some ofthese
sub-directories there may be more sub-directories with the
letters DLR after their names. These sub-directories may
themselves have sub-directories and so on.
$
(Root Directory)
|---------------|
1a 1b
|--------| |--------|
2a 2b 2c 2d
|---| |---| |---| |---|
3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 3g 3h
Diagram showing the
directory tree structure.
The tree is rarely this
elaborate though and
directory names or titles
are usually a bit more
descriptive.
The point of this is two fold. Firstly, a directory can only
hold 47 files, on my word processor disks when a directory has
46 files I simply create a new directory and start saving
there. Secondly different directories can be used to hold
differernt types of files. I have directories for personal
letters, business letters, household letters and one for those
which I don't talk about.
Suppose I'm in the root directory and I want to save a file in
directory 3f. I could move to 3f using the *DIR 1b.2c.3f <RET>
then save or I could type SAVE "1b.2c.3f.file" <RET>.
Afterwards I will still be in the root directory and my file
will be safely saved in 3f. I can ofcourse check this by
typing *.1b.2c.3f <RET>.
Notice the sequence of directory names. This is called a path.
It might be a little difficult to remember what each path is on
each disc but the way to write a path is simple, first
directory name, full stop, second directory name, full stop,
third and final directory name, full stop, filename.
Using the path structure you can also see the catalogue of
another directory type *.1a.2b.3c <RET>
Type *H. ADFS <RET>. This is a list of commands which are held
in the ADFS ROM.
The terms List Spec, Ob Spec and *Ob Spec* simply mean the file
names and were developed by the boffins to confuse people.
ACCESS <List Spec> (L) (W) (R) (E) In the directory catalogue
filenames are followed by two or three capitol letters. L
means that a file is locked. This file cannot be over written
or deleted. W means writable. Near enough the opposite of L
because you can save another file with the same name as this
one so over writing and losing this one. R means readable.
Never had much use for it myself. E is for protecting machine
code programs. Don't use it.
This command changes what you can do with a file. Initially
most files will be followed by WR but these can be changed by
typing for example *ACCESS filename LR <RET>
BACK You want to work on some files in directory 1a and also
some in directory 2b. Go to directory 1a then to directory 2b.
Now whenever you want to jump from one directory to the other
type *BACK <RET>. You will be toggled back and forth between the
two directories.
BYE Useless command unless you hapen to have a hard disc and
even then...
CDIR <Ob Spec> This command is used to create a new directory.
Essential. Type *CDIR name <RET>.
CLOSE This is used to close some types of data files. If you get
an error FILE OPEN type *CLOSE <RET>.
COMPACT <List Spec> <Ob Spec> You save a 5k file, then an 8k
file then a 2k file. Then you load the 8k file add another 1k
to it and save it again with the same name. It won't fit in
the 8kspace it previously occupied so it will have to go after
the 2k file. Now there is an 8k space which is effectively
blank. Soon the disk is full of these spaces. Compact shuffels
each file down, so filling the empty spaces and creating more
free space at the end of the disc. To use it type
VDU23,1,0;0;0;0; <RET> then type *COMPACT <RET>.
The VDU command turns off the cursorand is VERY important.
Providing the cursor is still off you can type *COMPACT <RET>
repeatedly untill all the free space is available as you
undoubtedly will need to.
COPY <List Spec> <Ob Spec> A very useful command for copying
files from one directory to another and one disk drive to
another. You have a file xyz in directory 1a in drive 0 and you
want to copy it to directory 2c in drive 1. Type
*COPY :0.1a.xyz :1.1b.2c <RET> :1 means drive 1, the . separates
each of the following parameters so :1.1b.2c is a sequence or
path that must be taken, to drive 1, to directory 1b , to
directory 2c. Obviously if you want to copy to a directory
in the same drive then the :0. and the :1. can be ommited.
You can also type *COPY :0.1a.* :1.1b.2c <RET>. This will copy
everything in directory 1a on drive 0 to directory 2c on drive 1
DELETE <Ob Spec> To delete a file type *DELETE name <RET>
DESTROY <List Spec> To delete a group of files type
*DESTROY A* <RET>. All files beginning with A will be listed.
You must type YES to confirm and they will all be deleted.
Sort of block delete.
00000000 49 20 68 61 76 65 20 68 61 64 20 6e 75 6d 65 72 |I have had numer| 00000010 6f 75 73 20 72 65 71 75 65 73 74 73 20 66 72 6f |ous requests fro| 00000020 6d 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 6d 65 |m a number of me| 00000030 6d 62 65 72 73 20 77 68 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 0d |mbers who have .| 00000040 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |found some of th| 00000050 65 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 73 20 73 75 70 70 6c 69 |e manuals suppli| 00000060 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 45 6c 6b 20 |ed with the Elk | 00000070 63 6f 6e 66 75 73 69 6e 67 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 0d |confusing. You .| 00000080 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 |are not the only| 00000090 20 6f 6e 65 73 21 20 57 68 65 6e 20 49 20 66 69 | ones! When I fi| 000000a0 72 73 74 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 |rst started with| 000000b0 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 73 20 49 20 0d 74 68 | computers I .th| 000000c0 6f 75 67 68 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 |ought that manua| 000000d0 6c 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 64 65 6c 69 62 65 72 61 |ls were delibera| 000000e0 74 6c 79 20 77 72 69 74 65 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 |tly writen that | 000000f0 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 0d 70 65 72 73 65 63 75 74 |way to .persecut| 00000100 65 20 6d 65 2e 20 53 69 6e 63 65 20 6d 65 65 74 |e me. Since meet| 00000110 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 |ing a number of | 00000120 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 20 69 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 64 20 |people involved | 00000130 69 6e 20 0d 64 65 73 69 67 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 70 |in .design and p| 00000140 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 6f |rogramming of co| 00000150 6d 70 75 74 65 72 73 20 49 20 6e 6f 77 20 72 65 |mputers I now re| 00000160 61 6c 69 73 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 73 65 |alise that these| 00000170 20 0d 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c | .people actuall| 00000180 79 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 61 79 |y think that way| 00000190 2e 20 4c 61 74 65 72 61 6c 2c 20 74 6f 74 61 6c |. Lateral, total| 000001a0 6c 79 20 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 0d |ly logical and .| 000001b0 69 6e 66 75 72 69 61 74 69 6e 67 2e 20 0d 0d 54 |infuriating. ..T| 000001c0 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 6d 79 20 75 6d 74 65 65 6e |his is my umteen| 000001d0 74 68 20 64 72 61 66 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 67 75 |th draft of a gu| 000001e0 69 64 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 41 44 46 |ide to using ADF| 000001f0 53 2e 20 49 20 6b 65 65 70 20 0d 64 72 69 66 74 |S. I keep .drift| 00000200 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 6e 61 6c 6f 67 79 |ing into analogy| 00000210 20 61 6e 64 20 65 6e 64 20 75 70 20 74 61 6b 69 | and end up taki| 00000220 6e 67 20 61 20 70 61 67 65 20 74 6f 20 65 78 70 |ng a page to exp| 00000230 6c 61 69 6e 20 0d 61 6e 79 74 68 69 6e 67 2e 0d |lain .anything..| 00000240 0d 48 65 72 65 20 67 6f 65 73 2e 0d 0d 53 41 56 |.Here goes...SAV| 00000250 45 20 10 4c 4f 41 44 20 10 2a 53 41 56 45 20 2a |E .LOAD .*SAVE *| 00000260 4c 4f 41 44 20 43 48 41 49 4e 20 2a 53 50 4f 4f |LOAD CHAIN *SPOO| 00000270 4c 20 2a 45 58 45 43 20 2a 52 55 4e 20 65 63 74 |L *EXEC *RUN ect| 00000280 2e 20 61 6c 6c 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 61 73 20 0d 6e |. all work as .n| 00000290 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 20 6f 75 |ormal and are ou| 000002a0 74 6c 69 6e 65 64 20 10 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 45 |tlined .in the E| 000002b0 6c 6b 20 75 73 65 72 20 67 75 69 64 65 2e 20 0d |lk user guide. .| 000002c0 0d 41 74 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 6f 6e 20 6f 72 |.At switch on or| 000002d0 20 43 54 52 4c 2d 42 52 45 41 4b 2c 20 2a 2e 20 | CTRL-BREAK, *. | 000002e0 3c 52 45 54 3e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 69 6e 69 74 69 |<RET> will initi| 000002f0 61 6c 69 73 65 20 61 20 64 69 73 63 20 69 6e 20 |alise a disc in | 00000300 0d 64 72 69 76 65 20 30 2e 20 54 6f 20 69 6e 69 |.drive 0. To ini| 00000310 74 69 61 6c 69 73 65 20 61 20 64 69 73 63 20 69 |tialise a disc i| 00000320 6e 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 31 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 |n drive 1 if you| 00000330 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 0d | have a second .| 00000340 64 72 69 76 65 20 74 79 70 65 20 2a 4d 4f 55 4e |drive type *MOUN| 00000350 54 31 20 3c 52 45 54 3e 2e 20 45 71 75 61 6c 6c |T1 <RET>. Equall| 00000360 79 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 70 75 74 20 61 6e 6f |y if you put ano| 00000370 74 68 65 72 20 64 69 73 63 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 10 |ther disc into .| 00000380 0d 64 72 69 76 65 20 30 20 69 74 20 74 6f 6f 20 |.drive 0 it too | 00000390 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 69 |must be initiali| 000003a0 73 65 64 2c 20 74 79 70 65 20 2a 4d 4f 55 4e 54 |sed, type *MOUNT| 000003b0 30 20 3c 52 45 54 3e 2e 20 0d 0d 49 6e 20 61 63 |0 <RET>. ..In ac| 000003c0 74 75 61 6c 20 66 61 63 74 20 2a 2e 20 69 6e 20 |tual fact *. in | 000003d0 73 68 6f 72 74 20 66 6f 72 20 2a 43 41 54 20 77 |short for *CAT w| 000003e0 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 74 61 6c 6f 67 75 65 73 20 |hich catalogues | 000003f0 61 20 64 69 73 63 20 62 75 74 20 0d 77 68 65 6e |a disc but .when| 00000400 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 68 61 | the computer ha| 00000410 73 6e 27 74 20 62 65 65 6e 20 74 6f 6c 64 20 74 |sn't been told t| 00000420 68 61 74 20 61 20 64 69 73 63 20 69 73 20 74 68 |hat a disc is th| 00000430 65 72 65 20 69 74 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 73 20 0d 66 6f |ere it looks .fo| 00000440 72 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 6f 20 73 61 76 69 6e 67 20 |r one so saving | 00000450 73 6f 6d 65 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 0d 0d 57 68 65 6e |some time...When| 00000460 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 73 61 76 65 64 | a file is saved| 00000470 20 74 6f 20 64 69 73 63 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 70 | to disc it is p| 00000480 75 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 61 |ut in the next a| 00000490 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 0d 73 70 61 63 65 20 |vailable .space | 000004a0 61 66 74 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6c 72 65 |after files alre| 000004b0 61 64 79 20 74 68 65 72 65 2e 20 49 74 73 20 66 |ady there. Its f| 000004c0 69 6c 65 2d 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 70 75 74 20 |ile-name is put | 000004d0 6f 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 0d 6c 69 73 74 20 10 6f 72 |onto a .list .or| 000004e0 20 10 63 61 74 61 6c 6f 67 75 65 20 10 63 61 6c | .catalogue .cal| 000004f0 6c 65 64 20 10 61 20 10 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 |led .a .director| 00000500 79 2e 20 10 49 66 20 10 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 20 |y. .If .you use | 00000510 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 0d 66 69 6c 65 2d 6e |the same .file-n| 00000520 61 6d 65 20 10 61 73 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 61 |ame .as a file a| 00000530 6c 72 65 61 64 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 |lready in that d| 00000540 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 |irectory the new| 00000550 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0d 6f 76 65 72 | file will .over| 00000560 2d 77 72 69 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 6f |-write the old o| 00000570 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 6f |ne and the old o| 00000580 6e 65 20 69 73 20 6c 6f 73 74 2e 0d 0d 4e 6f 77 |ne is lost...Now| 00000590 2c 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 61 6d |, think of a fam| 000005a0 69 6c 79 20 74 72 65 65 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 |ily tree. There | 000005b0 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 75 70 6c 65 20 61 74 |is the couple at| 000005c0 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 20 77 68 6f 20 0d 6d 69 | the top who .mi| 000005d0 67 68 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 68 |ght have some ch| 000005e0 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 |ildren. Each of | 000005f0 74 68 6f 73 65 20 63 68 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 20 68 |those children h| 00000600 61 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6b 69 64 73 20 0d 61 6e |as some kids .an| 00000610 64 20 65 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 6d 20 6d |d each of them m| 00000620 69 67 68 74 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 6f 66 66 |ight produce off| 00000630 73 70 72 69 6e 67 2e 20 57 69 74 68 20 65 61 63 |spring. With eac| 00000640 68 20 73 75 63 63 65 65 64 69 6e 67 20 0d 67 65 |h succeeding .ge| 00000650 6e 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 61 6d |neration the fam| 00000660 69 6c 79 20 67 72 6f 77 73 2e 20 0d 0d 57 68 65 |ily grows. ..Whe| 00000670 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 |n you initially | 00000680 70 75 74 20 61 6e 20 41 44 46 53 20 64 69 73 63 |put an ADFS disc| 00000690 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 | into the drive | 000006a0 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 65 65 20 61 20 0d 6c |you can see a .l| 000006b0 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 77 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 6f |ist of what is o| 000006c0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 63 20 6f 72 20 6d 6f |n the disc or mo| 000006d0 72 65 20 70 72 65 63 69 73 65 6c 79 20 77 68 61 |re precisely wha| 000006e0 74 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 10 74 68 65 20 0d 52 4f |t is in .the .RO| 000006f0 4f 54 20 44 49 52 45 43 54 4f 52 59 2e 20 4e 6f |OT DIRECTORY. No| 00000700 77 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e |w some of the en| 00000710 74 72 69 65 73 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 |tries may have t| 00000720 68 65 20 10 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 0d 44 4c 52 |he .letters .DLR| 00000730 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 65 | after them. The| 00000740 73 65 20 61 72 65 20 53 55 42 20 44 49 52 45 43 |se are SUB DIREC| 00000750 54 4f 52 49 45 53 2e 20 49 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 |TORIES. In some | 00000760 6f 66 10 74 68 65 73 65 0d 73 75 62 2d 64 69 72 |of.these.sub-dir| 00000770 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 6d |ectories there m| 00000780 61 79 20 62 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 73 75 62 2d 64 |ay be more sub-d| 00000790 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 |irectories with | 000007a0 10 74 68 65 20 0d 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 44 4c |.the .letters DL| 000007b0 52 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6e 61 |R after their na| 000007c0 6d 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 73 75 62 2d 64 |mes. These sub-d| 000007d0 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6d 61 79 20 10 |irectories may .| 000007e0 0d 74 68 65 6d 73 65 6c 76 65 73 20 68 61 76 65 |.themselves have| 000007f0 20 73 75 62 2d 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 | sub-directories| 00000800 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 6f 6e 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 | and so on... | 00000810 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 20 0d | $ .| 00000820 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 52 6f 6f 74 20 44 69 | (Root Di| 00000830 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 29 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |rectory). | 00000840 7c 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d ||---------------| 00000850 7c 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 61 20 20 20 20 20 20 ||. 1a | 00000860 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 62 0d 20 20 7c 2d 2d | 1b. |--| 00000870 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 7c 20 20 20 20 20 20 7c 2d 2d |------| |--| 00000880 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 7c 0d 20 20 32 61 20 20 20 20 |------|. 2a | 00000890 20 20 32 62 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 63 20 20 20 20 | 2b 2c | 000008a0 20 20 32 64 0d 7c 2d 2d 2d 7c 20 20 20 7c 2d 2d | 2d.|---| |--| 000008b0 2d 7c 20 20 20 7c 2d 2d 2d 7c 20 20 20 7c 2d 2d |-| |---| |--| 000008c0 2d 7c 0d 33 61 20 33 62 20 20 20 33 63 20 33 64 |-|.3a 3b 3c 3d| 000008d0 20 20 20 33 65 20 33 66 20 20 20 33 67 20 33 68 | 3e 3f 3g 3h| 000008e0 0d 0d 10 10 20 20 44 69 61 67 72 61 6d 20 73 68 |.... Diagram sh| 000008f0 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 0d 10 10 64 69 72 |owing the ...dir| 00000900 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 72 65 65 20 73 74 72 75 |ectory tree stru| 00000910 63 74 75 72 65 2e 0d 10 10 54 68 65 20 74 72 65 |cture....The tre| 00000920 65 20 69 73 20 20 72 61 72 65 6c 79 20 74 68 69 |e is rarely thi| 00000930 73 20 0d 10 10 65 6c 61 62 6f 72 61 74 65 20 74 |s ...elaborate t| 00000940 68 6f 75 67 68 20 61 6e 64 20 0d 10 10 64 69 72 |hough and ...dir| 00000950 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 72 20 |ectory names or | 00000960 74 69 74 6c 65 73 10 20 20 0d 10 10 61 72 65 20 |titles. ...are | 00000970 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 20 62 69 74 20 6d 6f |usually a bit mo| 00000980 72 65 20 0d 10 10 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 76 |re ...descriptiv| 00000990 65 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 6f 66 |e...The point of| 000009a0 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 77 6f 20 66 6f 6c | this is two fol| 000009b0 64 2e 20 46 69 72 73 74 6c 79 2c 20 61 20 64 69 |d. Firstly, a di| 000009c0 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6e 20 6f 6e 6c 79 |rectory can only| 000009d0 20 0d 68 6f 6c 64 20 10 34 37 20 66 69 6c 65 73 | .hold .47 files| 000009e0 2c 20 6f 6e 20 6d 79 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f |, on my word pro| 000009f0 63 65 73 73 6f 72 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 77 68 65 |cessor disks whe| 00000a00 6e 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 68 61 |n a directory ha| 00000a10 73 20 0d 34 36 20 10 66 69 6c 65 73 20 49 20 73 |s .46 .files I s| 00000a20 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 6e |imply create a n| 00000a30 65 77 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 |ew directory and| 00000a40 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 73 61 76 69 6e 67 20 0d 74 | start saving .t| 00000a50 68 65 72 65 2e 20 10 53 65 63 6f 6e 64 6c 79 20 |here. .Secondly | 00000a60 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 |different direct| 00000a70 6f 72 69 65 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 |ories can be use| 00000a80 64 20 74 6f 20 68 6f 6c 64 20 0d 64 69 66 66 65 |d to hold .diffe| 00000a90 72 65 72 6e 74 20 10 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 |rernt .types of | 00000aa0 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 49 20 68 61 76 65 20 64 69 |files. I have di| 00000ab0 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 70 65 |rectories for pe| 00000ac0 72 73 6f 6e 61 6c 20 0d 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 2c |rsonal .letters,| 00000ad0 20 62 75 73 69 6e 65 73 73 20 10 6c 65 74 74 65 | business .lette| 00000ae0 72 73 2c 20 68 6f 75 73 65 68 6f 6c 64 20 6c 65 |rs, household le| 00000af0 74 74 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e 65 20 66 6f |tters and one fo| 00000b00 72 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 0d 77 68 69 63 68 20 49 |r those .which I| 00000b10 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 74 61 6c 6b 20 10 61 62 6f | don't talk .abo| 00000b20 75 74 2e 0d 0d 53 75 70 70 6f 73 65 20 49 27 6d |ut...Suppose I'm| 00000b30 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 64 69 72 | in the root dir| 00000b40 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 49 20 77 61 6e |ectory and I wan| 00000b50 74 20 74 6f 20 73 61 76 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 |t to save a file| 00000b60 20 69 6e 20 0d 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 33 | in .directory 3| 00000b70 66 2e 20 49 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 |f. I could move | 00000b80 74 6f 20 33 66 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 |to 3f using the | 00000b90 2a 44 49 52 20 31 62 2e 32 63 2e 33 66 20 3c 52 |*DIR 1b.2c.3f <R| 00000ba0 45 54 3e 20 0d 74 68 65 6e 20 73 61 76 65 20 6f |ET> .then save o| 00000bb0 72 20 49 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 79 70 65 20 53 |r I could type S| 00000bc0 41 56 45 20 22 31 62 2e 32 63 2e 33 66 2e 66 69 |AVE "1b.2c.3f.fi| 00000bd0 6c 65 22 20 3c 52 45 54 3e 2e 20 0d 41 66 74 65 |le" <RET>. .Afte| 00000be0 72 77 61 72 64 73 20 49 20 10 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 |rwards I .will s| 00000bf0 74 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 72 |till be in the r| 00000c00 6f 6f 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e |oot directory an| 00000c10 64 20 6d 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0d 77 69 6c 6c 20 |d my file .will | 00000c20 62 65 20 73 61 66 65 6c 79 20 10 73 61 76 65 64 |be safely .saved| 00000c30 20 69 6e 20 33 66 2e 20 49 20 63 61 6e 20 6f 66 | in 3f. I can of| 00000c40 63 6f 75 72 73 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 74 68 69 |course check thi| 00000c50 73 20 62 79 20 0d 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 2a 2e 31 |s by .typing *.1| 00000c60 62 2e 32 63 2e 33 66 20 3c 52 45 54 3e 2e 0d 0d |b.2c.3f <RET>...| 00000c70 4e 6f 74 69 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 71 75 65 |Notice the seque| 00000c80 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 |nce of directory| 00000c90 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 | names. 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