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F/TUT1

This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.

Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.

Tape/disk: Home » Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron_User_Group » EUG_23.ADF
Filename: F/TUT1
Read OK:
File size: 1895 bytes
Load address: 54204556
Exec address: D315455
File contents
Introduction to programming.

Type in: PRINT"A" 
then press RETURN. The letter A will appear underneath.

Type in: PRINT A 
then press return and the computer will print the message:
No such variable

The " marks, called quotes in the first example told the computer that
anything inside the two quotes should be printed as it is. 

In the second example there are no quotes so the computer assumed that
what came after represented something, called a variable and since the
computer hasn't been told about any variables it told you so.

Type in:               10 A=5 
then press RETURN 
Type in:              20 PRINT A 
the press RETURN 
Type in               RUN 
then press RETURN and the number 5 will appear on the screen. 

This is a simple program. In line 10 you told the computer that A=5. The
computer now assumes that there is a variable called A and it equals 5.

Then in line 20 you told the computer to PRINT A. The computer assumes
that A is a variable and checks to see if it has been told about this
variable, it has and so it prints what it believes this variable
represents in this case 5.

Type in: 10 INPUT A 
         20 PRINT A 
now RUN the program and a ? will appear on the screen. Press a number and
RETURN  and that number will appear on the screen.

Here, in line 10 you told the computer INPUT A. The computer took this as
meaning wait for a number to be typed in followed by RETURN, assign this
number to the variable called A

In line 20 the computer was again told to PRINT A so it did and printed
the number you typed in in line 10.

So far, PRINT tells the computer to try to print what follows.

If what follows is enclosed within quotes then this is printed as it
originally was entered. If not it is treated as a variable. 

A variable is something which the computer assumes will have some
information which it can act upon such as PRINT. It is called a variable
because it can infact have different information at different times. This
was demonstrated using the command INPUT where A was equal to any number
you happened to type in.

Mark is GOOD Tom is BAD. 

If I say to you who is GOOD you say Mark. Equally who is BAD you say Tom

GOOD and BAD are variables with GOOD holding the information Mark 
and BAD holding the information Tom

The computer in fact will understand three types of variables, each is a
little different with different advantages and disadvantages and each
needs to be handled in a different way.

The variable we used above was called a Real variable. It can in fact
store numbers and decimal fractions such as 3.14 I gave it the name A but
it can in fact have almost any name. 

Type in: 10 INPUT A
         20 INPUT B
         30 C=A+B
         40 PRINT C
and RUN this program. You will see a ? as before from line 10, enter a
number, try a decimal number such as 3.14. After RETURN another ? will
appear this time from line 20 and you can enter another number. After
pressing RETURN the computer will add these two numbers together in line
30 and print the result in line 40. Notice that in line 30 the sum is
written with the result before the sum itself. What line 30 is saying to
the computer is a variable called C will be equal to a variable called A
added to  a variable called B. 

To subtract A from B you would use - 
To multiply A with B you would use *
To  divide  A  by  B you would use /

The symbols for multiply and divide used by the computer are different
from those used by us on paper.

Another variable is called an integer variable. An integer is a whole
number, that is one which does not include any fractions. 5 is an integer,
5.25 and 5 1/2 are not because they include fractions.

An integer is indicated by a % sign after the variable name. In comon
speach this sign is called percent so A% is...A  percent.

In fact if you wrote the last program using interger variables instead and
entered say 3.14 it would be treated as 3 with the .14 being ignored.

Integer variables are processed by the computer more quickly than real
variables, they can in some circumstances be more accurate and perhaps
more importantly integer variables begining with a capital letter of the
alphabet such as A% , B% , C% and so on are not cleared when a new program
is run or even after pressing BREAK. To mark this special status these
particular interger variables are called Resident Integer Variables. This
makes then especially useful when seveal program need to be loaded one
after another and numbers need to be passed from one program to the next.

So much for integer variables.

Now the last type of variable is called a string variable. It will hold a
string of letters or a single letter. Is is signified by the symbol $
after the variable name ie A$. In this case we would say A dollar.

A string variable doesn't actually do anything mathematical it simply
stores what it is told and then delivers it when it is told.

If you type in the last program again this time making each variable a
string variable the result will be each of the characters you typed in
being printed on the screen. If you enter 2 then 3 the result will be 23.
If you enter FR then ED the result will be FRED. 

Now there is another word which has been used called INPUT. This word
stops a program and wait for information to be typed in. The information
can be almost any length from nothing to 255 characters and once the
information has been type in the RETURN key must be pressed.

INPUT must be followed by a variable name so that whatever is typed in can
be put somewhere to be dealt with later.

Another word for getting a program to ask for information is GET.

This is a particularly easy function to use. It comes in two forms 
GET and GET$

10 A=GET
20 PRINT A

When this program is RUN the computer will wait for a key to be pressed
The ASCII code for that key is put into the variable A and in line 20 A is
printed. (Do you know what ASCII codes are?)

Now this is a very useful little word. Suppose there's a list of options
for the computer to chose from: 1, ask for two numbers and add them
together, 2, ask for two number and subtract the second from the first, 3,
ask for two numbers and multiply them, 4, ask for two numbers and divide
the first by the second. A simple arithmetic program.

00000000  49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63  74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20  |Introduction to |
00000010  70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d  69 6e 67 2e 0d 0d 54 79  |programming...Ty|
00000020  70 65 20 69 6e 3a 20 50  52 49 4e 54 22 41 22 20  |pe in: PRINT"A" |
00000030  0d 74 68 65 6e 20 70 72  65 73 73 20 52 45 54 55  |.then press RETU|
00000040  52 4e 2e 20 54 68 65 20  6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 41  |RN. The letter A|
00000050  20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 70  70 65 61 72 20 75 6e 64  | will appear und|
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00000070  6e 3a 20 50 52 49 4e 54  20 41 20 0d 74 68 65 6e  |n: PRINT A .then|
00000080  20 70 72 65 73 73 20 72  65 74 75 72 6e 20 61 6e  | press return an|
00000090  64 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f  6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 77  |d the computer w|
000000a0  69 6c 6c 20 70 72 69 6e  74 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65  |ill print the me|
000000b0  73 73 61 67 65 3a 0d 4e  6f 20 73 75 63 68 20 76  |ssage:.No such v|
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000001f0  74 6f 6c 64 20 61 62 6f  75 74 20 61 6e 79 20 76  |told about any v|
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00000220  6e 3a 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |n:              |
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00000250  20 69 6e 3a 20 20 20 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  | in:            |
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00000270  65 20 70 72 65 73 73 20  52 45 54 55 52 4e 20 0d  |e press RETURN .|
00000280  54 79 70 65 20 69 6e 20  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  |Type in         |
00000290  20 20 20 20 20 20 52 55  4e 20 0d 74 68 65 6e 20  |      RUN .then |
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000002b0  20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d  62 65 72 20 35 20 77 69  | the number 5 wi|
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000003c0  76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65  20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 65  |variable and che|
000003d0  63 6b 73 20 74 6f 20 73  65 65 20 69 66 20 69 74  |cks to see if it|
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000005d0  67 61 69 6e 20 74 6f 6c  64 20 74 6f 20 50 52 49  |gain told to PRI|
000005e0  4e 54 20 41 20 73 6f 20  69 74 20 64 69 64 20 61  |NT A so it did a|
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00000600  75 6d 62 65 72 20 79 6f  75 20 74 79 70 65 64 20  |umber you typed |
00000610  69 6e 20 69 6e 20 6c 69  6e 65 20 31 30 2e 0d 0d  |in in line 10...|
00000620  53 6f 20 66 61 72 2c 20  50 52 49 4e 54 20 74 65  |So far, PRINT te|
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00000640  20 74 6f 20 74 72 79 20  74 6f 20 70 72 69 6e 74  | to try to print|
00000650  20 77 68 61 74 20 66 6f  6c 6c 6f 77 73 2e 0d 0d  | what follows...|
00000660  49 66 20 77 68 61 74 20  66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20  |If what follows |
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000006c0  6e 6f 74 20 69 74 20 69  73 20 74 72 65 61 74 65  |not it is treate|
000006d0  64 20 61 73 20 61 20 76  61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 2e  |d as a variable.|
000006e0  20 0d 0d 41 1a 20 76 61  72 69 61 62 6c 65 1a 20  | ..A. variable. |
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000007e0  20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64  20 49 4e 50 55 54 20 77  | command INPUT w|
000007f0  68 65 72 65 20 41 20 77  61 73 20 65 71 75 61 6c  |here A was equal|
00000800  20 74 6f 20 61 6e 79 20  6e 75 6d 62 65 72 0d 79  | to any number.y|
00000810  6f 75 20 68 61 70 70 65  6e 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74  |ou happened to t|
00000820  79 70 65 20 69 6e 2e 0d  0d 4d 61 72 6b 20 69 73  |ype in...Mark is|
00000830  20 47 4f 4f 44 20 54 6f  6d 20 69 73 20 42 41 44  | GOOD Tom is BAD|
00000840  2e 20 0d 0d 49 66 20 49  20 73 61 79 20 74 6f 20  |. ..If I say to |
00000850  79 6f 75 20 77 68 6f 20  69 73 20 47 4f 4f 44 20  |you who is GOOD |
00000860  79 6f 75 20 73 61 79 20  4d 61 72 6b 2e 20 45 71  |you say Mark. Eq|
00000870  75 61 6c 6c 79 20 77 68  6f 20 69 73 20 42 41 44  |ually who is BAD|
00000880  20 79 6f 75 20 73 61 79  20 54 6f 6d 0d 0d 47 4f  | you say Tom..GO|
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000008c0  69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74  69 6f 6e 20 4d 61 72 6b  |information Mark|
000008d0  20 0d 61 6e 64 20 42 41  44 20 68 6f 6c 64 69 6e  | .and BAD holdin|
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00000960  61 64 76 61 6e 74 61 67  65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64  |advantages and d|
00000970  69 73 61 64 76 61 6e 74  61 67 65 73 20 61 6e 64  |isadvantages and|
00000980  20 65 61 63 68 0d 6e 65  65 64 73 20 74 6f 20 62  | each.needs to b|
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000009c0  73 65 64 20 61 62 6f 76  65 20 77 61 73 20 63 61  |sed above was ca|
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000009e0  61 62 6c 65 2e 20 49 74  20 63 61 6e 20 69 6e 20  |able. It can in |
000009f0  66 61 63 74 0d 73 74 6f  72 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65  |fact.store numbe|
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00000a10  72 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73  20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73  |ractions such as|
00000a20  20 33 2e 31 34 20 49 20  67 61 76 65 20 69 74 20  | 3.14 I gave it |
00000a30  74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65  20 41 20 62 75 74 0d 69  |the name A but.i|
00000a40  74 20 63 61 6e 20 69 6e  20 66 61 63 74 20 68 61  |t can in fact ha|
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00000a60  6d 65 2e 20 0d 0d 54 79  70 65 20 69 6e 3a 20 31  |me. ..Type in: 1|
00000a70  30 20 49 4e 50 55 54 20  41 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20  |0 INPUT A.      |
00000a80  20 20 20 32 30 20 49 4e  50 55 54 20 42 0d 20 20  |   20 INPUT B.  |
00000a90  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33  30 20 43 3d 41 2b 42 0d  |       30 C=A+B.|
00000aa0  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20  20 34 30 20 50 52 49 4e  |         40 PRIN|
00000ab0  54 20 43 0d 61 6e 64 20  52 55 4e 20 74 68 69 73  |T C.and RUN this|
00000ac0  20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d  2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69  | program. You wi|
00000ad0  6c 6c 20 73 65 65 20 61  20 3f 20 61 73 20 62 65  |ll see a ? as be|
00000ae0  66 6f 72 65 20 66 72 6f  6d 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 31  |fore from line 1|
00000af0  30 2c 20 65 6e 74 65 72  20 61 0d 6e 75 6d 62 65  |0, enter a.numbe|
00000b00  72 2c 20 74 72 79 20 61  20 64 65 63 69 6d 61 6c  |r, try a decimal|
00000b10  20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20  73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20  | number such as |
00000b20  33 2e 31 34 2e 20 41 66  74 65 72 20 52 45 54 55  |3.14. After RETU|
00000b30  52 4e 20 61 6e 6f 74 68  65 72 20 3f 20 77 69 6c  |RN another ? wil|
00000b40  6c 0d 61 70 70 65 61 72  20 74 68 69 73 20 74 69  |l.appear this ti|
00000b50  6d 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20  6c 69 6e 65 20 32 30 20  |me from line 20 |
00000b60  61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20  63 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 65  |and you can ente|
00000b70  72 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65  72 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72  |r another number|
00000b80  2e 20 41 66 74 65 72 0d  70 72 65 73 73 69 6e 67  |. After.pressing|
00000b90  20 52 45 54 55 52 4e 20  74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70  | RETURN the comp|
00000ba0  75 74 65 72 20 77 69 6c  6c 20 61 64 64 20 74 68  |uter will add th|
00000bb0  65 73 65 20 74 77 6f 20  6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20  |ese two numbers |
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00001890  61 6d 2e 0d 0d                                    |am...|
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F/TUT1.m1
F/TUT1.m2
F/TUT1.m4
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