Home » Archimedes archive » Acorn User » AU 1997-10 A.adf » Extras » Apple][e/PD/BOB/ARMBOB/doc/Ref/Syntax
Apple][e/PD/BOB/ARMBOB/doc/Ref/Syntax
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
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File contents
ArmBob v.2.1 Reference GCW 29/11/94
----------------- SYNTAX ---------------
Armbob Syntax follows that of C, with some extensions and some omissions.
Every statement returns a value, including assignment statements.
This is one of the features of C that gives it its particular flavour.
Comments
--------
Armbob has two kinds of comment: single- and multi-line. They have
the same syntax as comments in C++.
Single-line comments are introduced by // and are terminated by the
end of the line or file.
Multi-line comments start with /* and end with the next */. They are
not nestable.
Names
-----
Blank spaces, tab characters and newlines are ignored in Armbob, except in so far as they mark the end of a name. Names must begin
with a letter of the alphabet, and subsequently must consist of letters of the alphabet ('A'-'Z', 'a'-'z'), digits ('0'-'9'), or the underscore character '_'. ArmBob also permits '@', '$', '�' and '`' in names.
It may be useful, but it is not mandatory, to use these extra characters
as prefixes or suffixes on names, to indicate the type of object they
denote, in the following way
@ for addresses of buffers in memory,
$ for strings,
� for integers or 4-byte words,
` for bytes or characters.
This mnemonic convention fits the names for the storage functions
needed for low-level access. Thus, if s is a string, @(s) denotes
the integer address at which the contents of s are held. If a is
an address, $(a) denotes the string at a, terminated by a control
character, �(a) denotes the word stored at a, and `(a) denotes the
byte stored at a.
Names may be up to 50 characters long. Program lines may be up to
200 characters long.
Grammar
-------
The grammar is very similar to that of C.
Syntactic classes (non-terminal symbols) are written in angle
brackets. Square brackets denote optional items, while '[' and
']' denote actual square brackets (terminal symbols). A solidus
(|) denotes an alternative.
Program ::= [ <Defs> ] <Main_def> [ <Defs> ]
Defs ::= <Def> [ <Defs> ]
Def ::= <Class_def> | <Fun_def>
Class_def ::= class <CName> [ : <CName> ] { <Class_body> }
Fun_def ::= [ <Cname> :: ] <FName> ( [ <FArgs> ] ) { <Fun_body> }
Main_def ::= main() { <Fun_body> }
Class_body ::= <Member> ; [ <Class_body> ]
Member ::= [static] <Data> | [static] <FName> ( [ <FArgs> ] )
Data ::= <Variable> [ , <Data> ]
FArgs ::= <Variable> [ , <FArgs> ]
Fun_body ::= [ local <Args> ; ] <Statements>
Statements ::= <Statement> <Statements>
Statement ::= [ <Single> ] ; | { <Statements> } | <Control>
Control ::= if ( <Expr> ) <Statement> [ else <Statement> ]
| while ( <Expr> ) <Statement>
| do <Statement> while ( <Expr> )
| repeat <Statement> until ( <Expr> )
| do <Statement> until ( <Expr> )
| repeat <Statement> while ( <Expr> )
| for ( <Expr> ; <Expr> ; <Expr> ) <Statement>
| switch ( <Expr> ) { <Alternatives> [ default : <Statements> }
| in <Expr> put { <Items> }
Single ::= break | continue | return <Expr> | <Expr>
Items ::= <Expr> ; <Items>
Alternatives ::= case <Expr> : <Statements> <Alternatives>
Expr ::= <Expr> , <Expr>
| <Lval> <Assign> <Expr>
| <Expr> ? <Expr> : <Expr>
| <Expr> <Binop> <Expr>
| <Unop> <Expr>
| ++ <Lvalue>
| <Lvalue> ++
| -- <Lvalue>
| <Lvalue> --
| new <Cname> ( [ <Expr> ] )
| <Expr> ( [ <Expr> ] )
| <Expr> -> <Fname> ( [ <Expr> ] )
| <Expr> '[' <Expr> ']'
| vector { <Components> }
| enum { <Data> }
| ( <Expr> )
| <Variable>
| <Number>
| "<String>"
| '<Character>'
| nil
| <Constant>
Components = <Expr> ; [<Components>]
Assign ::= = | += | -= | *= | /= | %= | &= | |= | ^= | <<= | >>=
Binop ::= || | && | '|' | ^ | & | == | != | < | <= | >= | >
| >> | << | + | - | * | % | /
Unop ::= - | ! | ~
Lvalue ::= <Variable> | <Expr> '[' <Expr> ']'
Number ::= <Decimal>[.<Decimal>] | &<Hexnumber>
Decimal ::= <Digit><Decimal>
Hexnumber ::= <Hexdigit><Hexnumber>
Digit ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Hexdigit ::= a | b | c | d | e | f | <Digit>
Character ::= <Char> | "
String ::= <Char><String>
Char ::= Any ASCII character except ", \ or control codes | \n | \t | \\
Cname ::= <Identifier>
Fname ::= <Identifier>
Variable ::= <Identifier>
Identifier ::= <Alpha><Alphanum>
Alphanum ::= <Alpha> | <Digit>
Alpha ::= [A-Z] | [a-z] | _ | @ | $ | � | `
The differences from C are:
No type declarations in Armbob. Use classes instead.
The use of vectors or methods instead of pointers.
Automatic memory allocation and garbage collection for strings
and vectors.
The 'in b put { x1; ... xn; }' structure.
The synonym 'repeat' for 'do'.
The use of 'nil' as well as zero as a conditional.
The absence of coercion between integer and real numbers in addition
and subtraction.
All datatypes are first-class. For example, functions and instance
objects can be arguments to functions or returned by functions.
--------- END ----------- 00000000 41 72 6d 42 6f 62 20 76 2e 32 2e 31 20 52 65 66 |ArmBob v.2.1 Ref|
00000010 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |erence |
00000020 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00000030 20 20 20 20 20 20 47 43 57 20 32 39 2f 31 31 2f | GCW 29/11/|
00000040 39 34 0a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d |94.. ---|
00000050 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 53 |-------------- S|
00000060 59 4e 54 41 58 20 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |YNTAX ----------|
00000070 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 41 72 6d 62 6f 62 20 53 79 |-----..Armbob Sy|
00000080 6e 74 61 78 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 74 68 61 |ntax follows tha|
00000090 74 20 6f 66 20 43 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 6f 6d |t of C, with som|
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00000160 6d 62 6f 62 20 68 61 73 20 74 77 6f 20 6b 69 6e |mbob has two kin|
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000001a0 0a 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 73 79 6e 74 61 78 |.the same syntax|
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000001f0 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 |and are terminat|
00000200 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 0a 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 |ed by the.end of|
00000210 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 66 69 6c | the line or fil|
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00000230 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 77 69 |omments start wi|
00000240 74 68 20 2f 2a 20 61 6e 64 20 65 6e 64 20 77 69 |th /* and end wi|
00000250 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 2a 2f 2e 20 |th the next */. |
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00000280 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 42 6c 61 6e 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 |----.Blank space|
00000290 73 2c 20 74 61 62 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 |s, tab character|
000002a0 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 65 77 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 61 |s and newlines a|
000002b0 72 65 20 69 67 6e 6f 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 41 72 |re ignored in Ar|
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00000350 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 6c 70 68 61 62 65 74 20 |of the alphabet |
00000360 28 27 41 27 2d 27 5a 27 2c 20 27 61 27 2d 27 7a |('A'-'Z', 'a'-'z|
00000370 27 29 2c 20 64 69 67 69 74 73 20 28 27 30 27 2d |'), digits ('0'-|
00000380 27 39 27 29 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 64 |'9'), or the und|
00000390 65 72 73 63 6f 72 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 |erscore characte|
000003a0 72 20 27 5f 27 2e 20 41 72 6d 42 6f 62 20 61 6c |r '_'. ArmBob al|
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00000410 65 73 65 20 65 78 74 72 61 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 |ese extra charac|
00000420 74 65 72 73 0a 61 73 20 70 72 65 66 69 78 65 73 |ters.as prefixes|
00000430 20 6f 72 20 73 75 66 66 69 78 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 | or suffixes on |
00000440 6e 61 6d 65 73 2c 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 |names, to indica|
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000004a0 6f 66 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 6d 65 |of buffers in me|
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00000ae0 6c 20 28 20 3c 45 78 70 72 3e 20 29 0a 20 20 20 |l ( <Expr> ). |
00000af0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7c 20 64 6f 20 3c 53 74 61 | | do <Sta|
00000b00 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 3e 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 28 20 |tement> until ( |
00000b10 3c 45 78 70 72 3e 20 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |<Expr> ). |
00000b20 20 20 20 7c 20 72 65 70 65 61 74 20 3c 53 74 61 | | repeat <Sta|
00000b30 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 3e 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 28 20 |tement> while ( |
00000b40 3c 45 78 70 72 3e 20 29 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |<Expr> ). |
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00000b70 70 72 3e 20 29 20 3c 53 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 |pr> ) <Statement|
00000b80 3e 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7c 20 73 77 |>. | sw|
00000b90 69 74 63 68 20 28 20 3c 45 78 70 72 3e 20 29 20 |itch ( <Expr> ) |
00000ba0 7b 20 3c 41 6c 74 65 72 6e 61 74 69 76 65 73 3e |{ <Alternatives>|
00000bb0 20 5b 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 3a 20 3c 53 74 | [ default : <St|
00000bc0 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 3e 20 7d 0a 20 20 20 20 |atements> }. |
00000bd0 20 20 20 20 20 20 7c 20 69 6e 20 3c 45 78 70 72 | | in <Expr|
00000be0 3e 20 70 75 74 20 7b 20 3c 49 74 65 6d 73 3e 20 |> put { <Items> |
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