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!AWMay94/Goodies/Amaze/Chem/!Periodic/Elements
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File contents
Hydrogen
H
1
1
1
-259
-253
sm
Colourless gas
Cavendish
1766
Hydrogen (+)
The word hydrogen comes from the greek hudor (water) and gennaien (to
produce). Hydrogen is the lightest element known to man. Hydrogen
is present in water and also in every acid. It is the most abundant
element in the universe. To test for hydrogen place a lighted splint
by the gas, if it pops hydrogen is present.
Helium
He
2
4
0
1
-270
-269
sm
Colourless gas
Lockyer
1868
The word helium comes from the greek helios (the Sun). It is one of
the inert gases, so very unreactive. Although it was first suspected
by Lockyer in 1868, it was only really discovered later on by
Hillebrand in 1895. It is sometimes used for gas mixtures for
deep-sea diving.
Lithium
Li
3
7
1
2
181
1331
gm
Silvery metal
1818
This is an extremely light alkali metal (relative density 0.53) and
its surface tarnishes quickly if exposed to air. It can be found in
tiny amounts in the sea, river bed and plants.
Beryllium
Be
4
9
2
2
1283
2487
gm
Silvery metal
1798
This alkali metal has a relative density of 1.64 and does not react
with water. Tiny amounts of beryllium are used in alloys,
particularly bronzes.
Boron
B
5
11
3
2
2027
3927
1808
This non-metallic element is found naturally in boracic acid and
borate salt. It also forms a complex series of hydrides called
boranes.
Carbon
C
6
12
4
2
3550
4827
gc
Black solid
Carbonate (2-)
Carbon is the basis of all organic life and whole branches of
chemistry have been devoted to it. It takes many shapes and forms,
the most purest, diamond. It is also used in the form of coal to
produce heat. It is found in the air as carbon dioxide and is also
the basis of the atomic weight system.
Nitrogen
N
7
14
5
2
-210
-196
sm
Colourless gas
Rutherford
1722
Nitrate (-)
Nitrogen was formerly called 'azote'. It is inert at normal
temperatures and makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. A small
amount of nitrogen is essential to life. Compounds of nitrogen are
used for laughing gas, propellant, acid and with hydrogen (NH3) as
ammonia.
Oxygen
O
8
16
6
2
-219
-183
sm
Colourless gas
Scheele
1771
Oxide (2-)
Oxygen is extremely abundant, it forms 23% air, 89% water, 50% rocks
on the Earth's crust. Although it was first discovered in 1771 by
Scheele, it was only recognised after being published by Priestley in
1774. It is extremely reactive and supports respiration in animals.
It also occurs as ozone (O3).
Fluorine
F
9
19
7
2
-220
-188
sm
Yellow gas
Moissan
1887
Fluorine belongs to the group of halogens. It is the most reactive
of all the elements and so is never found pure in nature. Fluorine
gas has an irritating smell and is only unaffected by oxygen,
chlorine and nitrogen. It is added to drinking water and toothpaste
to strengthen teeth.
Neon
Ne
10
20
0
2
-248
-246
sm
Gas
Ramsay & Travers
1898
Neon is a Greek word meaning 'new'. It is one of the inert gases and
is very unreactive. There is a tiny amount of neon in our
atmosphere. It is used for lights and can produce colourful displays
when electricity is run through it. Pure neon produces a red colour
in lights.
Sodium
Na
11
23
1
3
98
890
gm
Silvery metal
Sir Humphry Davy
1807
Sodium (+)
Sodium is a reactive alkali metal. It is just lighter than water
(relative density of 0.97) and tarnishes quickly if exposed to air.
Its most well known compound is common salt (sodium chloride) which
is essential for human life and is most commonly found in sea water.
Magnesium
Mg
12
24
2
3
650
1117
gm
Silvery metal
1808
Magnesium (2+)
This element is one of the alkali metals with a relative density of
1.74. It is quite reactive, malleable and ductile. At room
temperature it is unaffected by air, but when burned it produces a
brilliant white light.
Aluminium
Al
13
27
3
3
659
2447
gm
Silvery metal
1827
Aluminium (3+)
Aluminium is a metal which is malleable and non-magnetic. It has a
relative density of 2.70. If exposed to air the surface rapidly
oxidises, providing a layer which stops any more aluminium from
oxidising. It is used to make kitchen utensils, conductors, car and
'plane parts because it is light, easy to work with, yet very strong.
Silicon
Si
14
28
4
3
1410
2677
gc
Solid
1824
Silicon does not occur in its element form, but as compounds. It is
the second most abundant element on Earth, it forms 28% (in weight)
of the crust. It can form a series of inflammable hydrides, from
silane to silico-hexane. Silicon is used in steel and pure silicon
crystals are used as semiconductors in transistors and solar cells.
Phosphorus
P
15
31
5
3
44
281
sm
White solid
Brand
1674
Phosphate (3-)
This element does occur free in nature, but it is more commonly found
as phosphates. It is waxy and transparent and has a relative density
of 1.83. It is very poisonous, fatal in large doses and breathing in
phosphorus vapour could create 'phossy jaw'.
Sulphur
S
16
32
6
3
119
445
sm
Yellow solid
Sulphide (2-)
In its purest form sulphur can be found in volcanoes and lava. It is
a very bad conductor of heat and electricity. When boiled it
produces a deep red vapour. Its most well known compounds are
hydrogen sulphide, a poisonous gas which smells of rotten eggs, and
sulphur trioxide which when mixed with water forms sulphuric acid.
Chlorine
Cl
17
35.5
7
3
-101
-34
sm
Greenish gas
1774
Chloride (-)
Chlorine comes from the Greek 'chloros' (greenish-yellow). It is one
of the halogens. It does not occur pure in nature, but in
combination with metals such as sodium to form sodium chloride
(common salt). It was used as a poison gas, first by the Germans, in
World War One.
Argon
Ar
18
40
0
3
-189
-186
sm
Gas
1894
Argon is a Greek word meaning inactive. It is one of the inert
gases. It is used for gas-filled electric lamps.
Potassium
K
19
39
1
4
63
766
gm
Silvery metal
Davy
1807
Potassium (+)
Potassium is an alkali metal with a relative density of 0.859. When
burned it produces a lilac flame. It oxides quickly if exposed to
air and if put with water it bursts into flame, therefore it must be
stored in oil. As a compound it has may uses; photography, medecine,
gunpowder, preservatives, electroplating and extracting gold.
Calcium
Ca
20
40
2
4
850
1492
gm
Silvery metal
1808
Calcium (2+)
Calcium is one of the alkali metals and so is quite reactive and
oxidises when exposed to air. It reacts with water. It's soft and
malleable. Because it's reactive it does not occur pure in nature. In
nature calcium carbonate is found as chalk and limestone and calcium
phosphate as bones. If it is burned pure, it produces a red flame.
Scandium
Sc
21
45
4
1400
2477
gm
Silvery metal
Nilson
1879
This element was first predicted to exist by Mendel�ev, who put
together the modern periodic table. It is a fairly soft metal and is
difficult to get on its own. It is found in many minerals such as
gadolinite and wolframite and is found in great quantities in the Sun
and other stars.
Titanium
Ti
22
48
4
1677
3277
gm
White metal
1825
Titanium is a metal which is ranked ninth in the Earth's most
abundant elements. It is difficult to get a pure sample of titanium
from any ores as it is reactive at high temperatures. It has a
relative density of 4.5 and a high strength. It is resistant to
corrosion and so is used to make aircraft parts and surgical tools.
Vanadium
V
23
51
4
1917
3377
gm
Greyish metal
1830
There is a lot of vanadium in the Earth's crust and it is used to
make hard steels. It is difficult to obtain pure because it
oxidises at high temperatures.
Chromium
Cr
24
52
4
1903
2642
gm
Grey metal
1797
When pure, chromium is relatively soft, but when mixed with carbon it
becomes very hard. It is not found pure in nature. In industry it
is added to steel to create the much harder, stainless steel.
Manganese
Mn
25
55
4
1244
2041
gm
Scheele
1774
Manganese is one of the 'heavy metals' and of that group only iron is
more abundant. It is not used pure, but as a compound it is used as
a source of oxygen in laboratories (manganese dioxide) and as a
disinfectant (potassium permanganate).
Iron
Fe
26
56
4
1539
2887
gm
Metal
Iron(II) (2+) Iron(III) (3+)
Iron is the fourth most abundant element on Earth. It is found in
ores such as magnetite and haematite which also contain other
impurities. In industry it is usually turned into steel which is
stronger and less corrosive.
Cobalt
Co
27
59
4
1495
2877
gm
White metal
1735
Cobalt is a magnetic metal. It is a rare metal, but is most commonly
found in Ontario. It is used to make alloys and paints.
Nickel
Ni
28
59
4
1455
2837
gm
Silvery metal
Cronstadt
1751
This magnetic metal is nearly always found with cobalt. The main
nickel ores are in Ontario and the South Pacific. It is resistant to
corrosion and so is used to make laboratory tools. Invar, an alloy
of nickel is used to make clock pendulums and scientific instruments.
18% of stainless steel is nickel, it makes steel strong and durable.
Copper
Cu
29
64
4
1083
2582
gm
Bronze metal
Copper(I) (+) Copper(II) (2+)
The name copper comes from the Latin aes Cyprium (bronze of Cyprus).
It is a very tough metal and can be drawn out into a wire. It is
also cheap and very conductive, so ideal for electrical wiring.
Only silver is more conductive. It is also used for electrotyping.
Zinc
Zn
30
65
4
419
908
gm
White metal
1746
Zinc (2+)
Blende or zinc ore (zinc oxide) is found in Australia, Mexico and the
U.S.A. It has a relative density of 7 and is reasonably malleable.
It is used for galvanising. It also forms part of bronze and brass.
Zinc chloride is used in dentistry and a solution form is used as a
flux in soldering.
Gallium
Ga
31
70
3
4
30
2237
1875
Tiny amounts of this element are found in various ores and minerals.
It has similar properties to aluminium.
Germanium
Ge
32
73
4
4
937
2827
1886
This element occurs in the minerals euxenite and argyrodite. It is
used in the tiny crystals in transistors.
Arsenic
As
33
75
5
4
613
1250
This element is thought of as a semi-metal. It is found only in tiny
amounts in nature. Arsenic compounds are extremely poisonous.
Selenium
Se
34
79
6
4
217
685
Berzelius
1817
This element is closely related to tellurium and sulphur and is rare.
Selenium is used in glass making and making photoelectric cells which
are used in some optical and electrical devices.
Bromine
Br
35
80
7
4
-7
58
sm
Reddish liquid
1826
Bromide (-)
This name comes from the Greek bromos (stench). It is one of the
halogens. It has effects similar to chlorine if breathed in,
attacking the throat, nose, skin and eyes.
Krypton
Kr
36
84
0
4
-157
-153
sm
Gas
1898
The name is Greek, meaning hidden. It is one of the inert gases and
makes up 1/1500000th of air. It is quite unreactive. It has a
density of 3.71g/l.
Rubidium
Rb
37
85.5
1
5
39
686
gm
White metal
1861
Rubidium is one of the alkali metals and is quite reactive. Its
properties are similar to potassium. It is found in minerals such as
pollux and lepidolite and is also in tea, coffee, tobacco and cocoa.
Strontium
Sr
38
88
2
5
769
1384
gm
White metal
1808
Strontium is one of the alkali metals and is found in nature as
strontianite and celestine. It has a relative density of 2.6 and is
similar to calcium. If exposed to air it oxidises and so is stored
in oil. It also reacts with water. Because it is similar to calcium,
sometimes radioactive strontium is used in bone, causing leukaemia.
Yttrium
Y
39
89
5
1522
3338
gm
1843
This metal is similar to aluminium and is in the group of
lanthanides. It produces colourless salts.
Zirconium
Zr
40
91
5
1852
4377
gm
1824
This metal is similar to silicon and occurs in nature as zircon and
baddeleyite.
Niobium
Nb
41
93
5
2467
4742
gm
Grey metal
1802
Niobium is also known as columbium. In nature it occurs in the
minerals tantalite, fergusonite and columbite. It has a relative
density of 8.56. It is resistant to corrosion, and so is used to
make chemical equipment.
Molybdenum
Mo
42
96
5
2610
5560
gm
Silvery metal
Hjelm
1782
This brittle metal is found in the mineral molybdenite, which has a
green tinge when burnt. Molybdenum is used in steel alloys and is
acid resistant.
Technetium
Tc
43
98
5
2172
4877
gm
1937
This element was originally called masurium. It is radioactive and
is a product of fission with uranium.
Ruthenium
Ru
44
101
5
2310
3900
gm
Grey metal
1844
This metal is found in platinum ore and is also found as a residue
from when osmium is separated from osmiridium. It has a relative
density of 12 and can absorb gases.
Rhodium
Rh
45
103
5
1966
3727
gm
White metal
1803
The name comes from the Greek rhodon (rose). It is found in platinum
ores. It has a relative density of 12.1, it is very hard, malleable
and ductile. It is used in pyrometers, and catalysts.
Palladium
Pd
46
106
5
1554
2970
gm
White metal
1803
This metal is found in platinum ore. It has a relative density of
11.8 and can absorb large amounts of hydrogen. It is used in
dentistry, jewellery and scientific instruments.
Silver
Ag
47
108
5
962
2212
gm
White metal
Silver (+)
Silver has a relative density of 10.5 and is extremely malleable and
ductile. It is also the best conductor of heat and electricity. It
is resistant to corrosion and is highly reflective. An alloy of
silver used to be used for coinage as pure silver is too soft.
Nowadays it is not used for coins, but electrical work and jewellery.
Cadmium
Cd
48
112
5
321
765
gm
Tin-white metal
Strohmeyer
1817
Cadmium is mainly found in zinc ores and the mineral greenockite. It
oxidises slowly if left in the air. It has a relative density of
8.6. It is used in electroplating and also in the conversion of
uranium-238 to uranium-235.
Indium
In
49
115
3
5
156
2080
gm
White metal
1863
Indium is a soft metal found in zinc-blende. It is similar to
aluminium and thallium. When burned it produces a violet flame.
Tin
Sn
50
119
4
5
232
2260
gm
Tin can be found pure in nature, but it is more commonly found as an
oxide in Cornwall, Africa, Australia or South America. As tin is not
acted upon by the air it is useful to cover iron. Tin is used as
many alloys for bronze, gunmetal, pewter, solder etc..
Antimony
Sb
51
122
5
5
631
1750
Silver metal
Antimony only occurs in nature with sulphur as stibnite, antimonite
or antimony sulphide. In large doses antimony is a poison.
Tellurium
Te
52
128
6
5
450
990
Blue-white metal
1783
This element can be found pure in nature, but is also found in
compounds such as tellurite and tetradymite. It has a relative
density of 6.26.
Iodine
I
53
127
7
5
114
184
sm
1811
Iodide (-)
This element belongs to the halogens and is the least reactive of
them. It has a relative density of 5 and is found in sea water as
potassium iodide. Iodine and its compounds are used a lot in
medecine. Iodine is needed by our bodies to produce thyroxin and a
lack of it can produce goitre.
Xenon
Xe
54
131
0
5
-112
-107
sm
1898
The word xenon is a Greek word meaning stranger. It is in the group
of inert gases and is the heaviest of them. It is unreactive. It
also makes up 1/20000000th of our atmosphere. It is used in lasers
and flash-lights.
Caesium
Cs
55
133
1
6
29
669
White metal
1860
This metal belongs to the alkali group. It is poisonous to plants
and is extremely rare, usually found with rubidium in a rare mineral
called pollucite. It has a specific density of 1.85.
Barium
Ba
56
137
2
6
725
1640
Davy
1808
The name barium comes from the Greek barus (heavy). This metal
belongs to the alkali group. Although Davy first showed that this
element existed, in 1774 Scheele predicted it. If put in a flame the
barium will turn the flame green. Barium salts are extremely
poisonous, they kill by paralysing the heart.
Lanthanum
La
57
139
6
921
3457
Grey metal
Mosander
1839
Lanthanum is the first of the group of lanthanides. It is malleable
and tarnishes in air and slowly reacts with water. It is used in
making gas mantles.
Cerium
Ce
58
140
6
645
Grey metal
Cerium is in the group of lanthanides. It has a relative density of
7 and looks like iron. It is a poor conductor of electricity and is
malleable and ductile. It burns in air and if put in a flame it
burns brighter than magnesium. It is used in cigarette lighters.
Praseodymium
Pr
59
141
6
gm
Metal
Auer von Welsbach
1885
This element is extremely rare and belongs to the group of
lanthanides. It is sometimes found in a few minerals such as
monazite.
Neodymium
Nd
60
144
6
gm
Metal
1885
This metal is in the lanthanide group and so is extremely rare. It
was originally thought to be didymia, and oxide of the metal
didymium, but in 1885 this oxide was split up into neodymium and
praseodymium.
Promethium
Pm
61
147
6
US research
WWII
This element is one of the lanthanides and is unstable, therefore it
is not found in nature.
Samarium
Sm
62
150
6
1350
This element is in the group of lanthanides and is found in minerals
such as monazite and gadolinite.
Europium
Eu
63
152
6
Demar�ay
1896
This element belongs to the lanthanide group.
Gadolinium
Gd
64
157
6
This element belongs to the lanthanide group and is used to make rods
for nuclear reactors.
Terbium
Tb
65
159
6
This element belongs to the lanthanide group.
Dysprosium
Dy
66
162.5
6
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
1886
This element belongs to the group of lanthanides. It occurs in the
minerals euxenite, fergusonite, xenotime, polycrose and gadolinite.
Holmium
Ho
67
165
6
This element belongs to the lanthanide group. It occurs in the
minerals gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase and others.
Erbium
Er
68
167
6
This element belongs to the group of lanthanides. It is found in the
minerals gadolinite, samarskite, euxenite, fergusonite and cerite.
Thulium
Tm
69
169
6
Cleve
1879
This element is in the group of lanthanides and is found in the
minerals gadolinite and euxenite etc.. Although it was first
discovered in 1879, it was only made pure by James in 1911.
Ytterbium
Yb
70
173
6
Ytterbium is a member of the lanthanide group and is obtained from
gadolinite.
Lutetium
Lu
71
175
6
Welsbach/Urbain
1905/7
This element belongs to the lanthanide group. It was discovered
twice, by Auer von Welsbach and G. Urbain, each working independantly
of each other. Welsbach named the element cassiopeium and Urbain
named it lutetium, which it is now called.
Hafnium
Hf
72
178.5
6
2227
4602
Coster & Hevesy
1923
This element is similar to zirconium and tiny amounts of it are found
in zirconium ore.
Tantalum
Ta
73
181
6
2996
5427
White metal
1802
This element can be found in the minerals tantalite and columbite.
It has a relative density of 16.8 and is very ductile. It used to be
used as lamp filaments, but nowadays it is used for acid resistant
equipment.
Tungsten
W
74
184
6
3410
5660
Grey metal
This hard metal (relative density of 19.3) is found in wolframite,
scheelite and wolfram ochre. It is very magnetic. Tungsten is
usually used as lamp filaments, but as an alloy, tungsten can be
used as a strong steel, especially as cutting tools.
Rhenium
Re
75
186
6
3180
5627
Grey metal
Noddack & Tacke
1925
This metal has a relative density of 20. When pure, rhenium is used
for protective clothing, as a compound it is a useful catalyst.
Osmium
Os
76
190
6
2700
5297
Osmium is very similar to platinum and iridium. It can be found in
plantinum ores. Osmium is used as a catalyst.
Iridium
Ir
77
192
6
2410
4130
Smithson Tennant
1803
This element is found as an alloy. It is hard to obtain pure. It is
used for thermocouples and bearings.
Platinum
Pt
78
195
6
1772
3827
Grey metal
1735
This very heavy metal is malleable and ductile and has a relative
density of 21.4. It is largely used for electrical appliances and
easily forms alloys with most other metals.
Gold
Au
79
197
6
1064
3080
gm
Yellow metal
Gold is a soft metal that is found pure. It is not affected by air
or water. It is the most malleable and ductile of all the metals and
is very heavy with a relative density of 19.4. It is very unreactive
and used to be used for coinage. Nowadays it is mainly used for
jewellery. The purity of gold is measured in carats.
Mercury
Hg
80
201
6
-39
357
Silvery liquid
Mercury (also known as quicksilver) is the only metal that is liquid
at room temperature. Because of this it is often used in
thermometers. When cooled down to a solid it is very malleable and
ductile. It is also a good conductor of heat and electricity.
It is poisonous, so alcohol is often used in thermometers instead.
Thallium
Tl
81
204
3
6
304
1457
Crookes
1861
The name comes from the Greek word thallos (green shoot). This metal
is found in the mineral crookesite and some thallium compounds are
used to make optical glass.
Lead
Pb
82
207
4
6
328
1740
Silvery metal
Lead is found in many minerals, but mainly galena. It has a relative
density of 11.4 and is very malleable, tough and flexible. It is
resistant to air and acids. Many lead compounds are poisonous, and
lead also forms many alloys, such as bronze, solder and pewter.
Bismuth
Bi
83
209
5
6
271
1560
Reddish metal
1753
This is a rare metal and is found in cobalt and silver ores. It is
hard and brittle and has a relative density of 9.75. It reacts if
left in the air and if burned it produces a blue flame. Some bismuth
compounds are used in medecine.
Polonium
Po
84
210
6
6
254
962
Curie
1898
This element is produced only after the radioactive decay of uranium
and thorium. It is a very dangerous radioactive element and needs
special handling. It is named after Poland, Marie Curie's home
country.
Astatine
At
85
210
7
6
302
337
1940
This element is one of the halogens and is quite reactive.
Radon
Rn
86
222
0
6
-71
-62
Colourless gas
1900
Radon (also known as niton) is an unreactive, inert gas. Small
amounts of radon are used in medecine.
Francium
Fr
87
223
1
7
27
677
1939
This is a member of the alkali metals and it acts similarly to them,
except it is extremely reactive, especially in water.
Radium
Ra
88
226
2
7
700
1137
White metal
Marie Curie
1898
This metal is a member of the alkali metals. It is similar to most
of the other metals in this group, but it is radioactive. Radium is
found in pitch-blende in Czechoslovakia. It is quickly attacked if
exposed to air.
Actinium
Ac
89
227
7
1050
3200
Debierne (Marie Curie worker)
1899
This radioactive element is in the actinide group. It is found in
pitch-blende and is chemically similar to other actinides.
Thorium
Th
90
232
7
1750
4787
White metal
Berzelius
1818
This metal is one of the actinides. It is difficult to get pure, but
it is found in Sweden, Norway, Brazil and the U.S.A. as thorite,
gadolinite and orangeite. It is radioactive and if it is burned it
produces a brilliant light.
Protactinium
Pa
91
231
7
1597
4027
Soddy
1917
This metal is one of the actinides. It makes up about 1/100000000th
of pitch-blende.
Uranium
U
92
238
7
1132
3818
Silvery metal
1841
Uranium is a radioactive element which is used as a source for atomic
energy. It was first suspected to be present by Klaproth in 1789,
who named it uranium after the recently discovered planet, Uranus.
It can be found in Canada, U.S.A, Zaire, South Africa, Czechoslovakia
and Australia. It has a relative density of 18.7.
Neptunium
Np
93
237
7
This metal is in the group of actinides.
Plutonium
Pu
94
242
7
1940
This metal is in the actinide group. It can only be formed in
nuclear reactors by the collision of a neutron with uranium. It is
radioactive and is a source of atomic energy, used in 'fast breeder'
reactors.
Americium
Am
95
243
7
1944
This metal is radioactive and a member of the actinides. It is
produced by neutron bombardment of plutonium.
Curium
Cm
96
247
7
1944
This metal is radioactive and a member of the actinide group.
Generally it is similar to the rest of the actinide group, except it
corrodes very quickly.
Berkelium
Bk
97
247
7
1950
Berkelium is radioactive and in the actinide group. Not much is
known about it.
Californium
Cf
98
251
7
1950
This metal is radioactive and a member of the group of actinides.
Not much is known of it. It is produced in nuclear reactions.
Einsteinium
Es
99
254
7
1952
This element was named in honour of Albert Einstein shortly after his
death. It is radioactive and a member of the actinide group. Not
much is known of it and only tiny amounts have ever been found.
Fermium
Fm
100
253
7
1952
This element is named after the Italian, Enrico Fermi. Fermium is
radioactive and in the actinide group.
Mendelevium
Md
101
256
7
Ghiorso & Seaborg
1955
This element is radioactive and is in the actinide group. It is
named after Mendel�ev, who put together the modern periodic table.
Nobelium
No
102
254
7
Dr Albert Chiorso
1958
This element is radioactive and in the actinide group. It is
produced when curium is bombarded. It is named after the Swedish
chemist, Alfred Bernhard Nobel.
Lawrencium
Lw
103
257
7
A. Ghiorso
1961
This element is radioactive and a member of the actinide group. It
is made by bombarding californium with boron ions. It is named
after the US physicist, Ernest Orlando Lawrence.
00000000 48 79 64 72 6f 67 65 6e 0a 48 0a 31 0a 31 0a 0a |Hydrogen.H.1.1..| 00000010 31 0a 2d 32 35 39 0a 2d 32 35 33 0a 73 6d 0a 43 |1.-259.-253.sm.C| 00000020 6f 6c 6f 75 72 6c 65 73 73 20 67 61 73 0a 43 61 |olourless gas.Ca| 00000030 76 65 6e 64 69 73 68 0a 31 37 36 36 0a 48 79 64 |vendish.1766.Hyd| 00000040 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 28 2b 29 0a 54 68 65 20 77 6f |rogen (+).The wo| 00000050 72 64 20 68 79 64 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 63 6f 6d 65 |rd hydrogen come| 00000060 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 65 65 6b |s from the greek| 00000070 20 68 75 64 6f 72 20 28 77 61 74 65 72 29 20 61 | hudor (water) a| 00000080 6e 64 20 67 65 6e 6e 61 69 65 6e 20 28 74 6f 0a |nd gennaien (to.| 00000090 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 29 2e 20 20 48 79 64 72 6f |produce). Hydro| 000000a0 67 65 6e 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 67 68 74 |gen is the light| 000000b0 65 73 74 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6b 6e 6f 77 |est element know| 000000c0 6e 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6e 2e 20 20 48 79 64 72 6f |n to man. Hydro| 000000d0 67 65 6e 20 0a 69 73 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 |gen .is present | 000000e0 69 6e 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c 73 |in water and als| 000000f0 6f 20 69 6e 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 61 63 69 64 2e |o in every acid.| 00000100 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 | It is the most| 00000110 20 61 62 75 6e 64 61 6e 74 20 0a 65 6c 65 6d 65 | abundant .eleme| 00000120 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 69 76 65 72 |nt in the univer| 00000130 73 65 2e 20 20 54 6f 20 74 65 73 74 20 66 6f 72 |se. To test for| 00000140 20 68 79 64 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 70 6c 61 63 65 20 | hydrogen place | 00000150 61 20 6c 69 67 68 74 65 64 20 73 70 6c 69 6e 74 |a lighted splint| 00000160 20 0a 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 67 61 73 2c 20 69 66 | .by the gas, if| 00000170 20 69 74 20 70 6f 70 73 20 68 79 64 72 6f 67 65 | it pops hydroge| 00000180 6e 20 69 73 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 2e 0a 0a 48 |n is present...H| 00000190 65 6c 69 75 6d 0a 48 65 0a 32 0a 34 0a 30 0a 31 |elium.He.2.4.0.1| 000001a0 0a 2d 32 37 30 0a 2d 32 36 39 0a 73 6d 0a 43 6f |.-270.-269.sm.Co| 000001b0 6c 6f 75 72 6c 65 73 73 20 67 61 73 0a 4c 6f 63 |lourless gas.Loc| 000001c0 6b 79 65 72 0a 31 38 36 38 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 77 |kyer.1868..The w| 000001d0 6f 72 64 20 68 65 6c 69 75 6d 20 63 6f 6d 65 73 |ord helium comes| 000001e0 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 65 65 6b 20 | from the greek | 000001f0 68 65 6c 69 6f 73 20 28 74 68 65 20 53 75 6e 29 |helios (the Sun)| 00000200 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 |. It is one of | 00000210 0a 74 68 65 20 69 6e 65 72 74 20 67 61 73 65 73 |.the inert gases| 00000220 2c 20 73 6f 20 76 65 72 79 20 75 6e 72 65 61 63 |, so very unreac| 00000230 74 69 76 65 2e 20 20 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 |tive. Although | 00000240 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 73 75 73 |it was first sus| 00000250 70 65 63 74 65 64 0a 62 79 20 4c 6f 63 6b 79 65 |pected.by Lockye| 00000260 72 20 69 6e 20 31 38 36 38 2c 20 69 74 20 77 61 |r in 1868, it wa| 00000270 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 72 65 61 6c 6c 79 20 64 69 |s only really di| 00000280 73 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 6f |scovered later o| 00000290 6e 20 62 79 20 0a 48 69 6c 6c 65 62 72 61 6e 64 |n by .Hillebrand| 000002a0 20 69 6e 20 31 38 39 35 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 | in 1895. It is| 000002b0 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 | sometimes used | 000002c0 66 6f 72 20 67 61 73 20 6d 69 78 74 75 72 65 73 |for gas mixtures| 000002d0 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 64 65 65 70 2d 73 65 61 20 64 | for .deep-sea d| 000002e0 69 76 69 6e 67 2e 0a 0a 4c 69 74 68 69 75 6d 0a |iving...Lithium.| 000002f0 4c 69 0a 33 0a 37 0a 31 0a 32 0a 31 38 31 0a 31 |Li.3.7.1.2.181.1| 00000300 33 33 31 0a 67 6d 0a 53 69 6c 76 65 72 79 20 6d |331.gm.Silvery m| 00000310 65 74 61 6c 0a 0a 31 38 31 38 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 |etal..1818..This| 00000320 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 | is an extremely| 00000330 20 6c 69 67 68 74 20 61 6c 6b 61 6c 69 20 6d 65 | light alkali me| 00000340 74 61 6c 20 28 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 64 65 |tal (relative de| 00000350 6e 73 69 74 79 20 30 2e 35 33 29 20 61 6e 64 20 |nsity 0.53) and | 00000360 0a 69 74 73 20 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 20 74 61 72 |.its surface tar| 00000370 6e 69 73 68 65 73 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 20 69 |nishes quickly i| 00000380 66 20 65 78 70 6f 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 69 72 |f exposed to air| 00000390 2e 20 20 49 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 66 6f 75 |. It can be fou| 000003a0 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 74 69 6e 79 20 61 6d 6f 75 |nd in .tiny amou| 000003b0 6e 74 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 61 2c 20 |nts in the sea, | 000003c0 72 69 76 65 72 20 62 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 70 6c |river bed and pl| 000003d0 61 6e 74 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 42 65 72 79 6c 6c 69 |ants.....Berylli| 000003e0 75 6d 0a 42 65 0a 34 0a 39 0a 32 0a 32 0a 31 32 |um.Be.4.9.2.2.12| 000003f0 38 33 0a 32 34 38 37 0a 67 6d 0a 53 69 6c 76 65 |83.2487.gm.Silve| 00000400 72 79 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 0a 0a 31 37 39 38 0a 0a |ry metal..1798..| 00000410 54 68 69 73 20 61 6c 6b 61 6c 69 20 6d 65 74 61 |This alkali meta| 00000420 6c 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 |l has a relative| 00000430 20 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 31 2e 36 34 | density of 1.64| 00000440 20 61 6e 64 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 | and does not re| 00000450 61 63 74 20 0a 77 69 74 68 20 77 61 74 65 72 2e |act .with water.| 00000460 20 20 54 69 6e 79 20 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 6f | Tiny amounts o| 00000470 66 20 62 65 72 79 6c 6c 69 75 6d 20 61 72 65 20 |f beryllium are | 00000480 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 6c 6c 6f 79 73 2c 0a |used in alloys,.| 00000490 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 6c 79 20 62 72 6f |particularly bro| 000004a0 6e 7a 65 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 42 6f 72 6f 6e 0a 42 |nzes.....Boron.B| 000004b0 0a 35 0a 31 31 0a 33 0a 32 0a 32 30 32 37 0a 33 |.5.11.3.2.2027.3| 000004c0 39 32 37 0a 0a 0a 0a 31 38 30 38 0a 0a 54 68 69 |927....1808..Thi| 000004d0 73 20 6e 6f 6e 2d 6d 65 74 61 6c 6c 69 63 20 65 |s non-metallic e| 000004e0 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 |lement is found | 000004f0 6e 61 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 62 6f 72 |naturally in bor| 00000500 61 63 69 63 20 61 63 69 64 20 61 6e 64 0a 62 6f |acic acid and.bo| 00000510 72 61 74 65 20 73 61 6c 74 2e 20 20 49 74 20 61 |rate salt. It a| 00000520 6c 73 6f 20 66 6f 72 6d 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 70 |lso forms a comp| 00000530 6c 65 78 20 73 65 72 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 68 79 |lex series of hy| 00000540 64 72 69 64 65 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 0a 62 6f |drides called.bo| 00000550 72 61 6e 65 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 43 61 72 62 6f 6e |ranes.....Carbon| 00000560 0a 43 0a 36 0a 31 32 0a 34 0a 32 0a 33 35 35 30 |.C.6.12.4.2.3550| 00000570 0a 34 38 32 37 0a 67 63 0a 42 6c 61 63 6b 20 73 |.4827.gc.Black s| 00000580 6f 6c 69 64 0a 0a 0a 43 61 72 62 6f 6e 61 74 65 |olid...Carbonate| 00000590 20 28 32 2d 29 0a 43 61 72 62 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 | (2-).Carbon is | 000005a0 74 68 65 20 62 61 73 69 73 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c |the basis of all| 000005b0 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 63 20 6c 69 66 65 20 61 6e | organic life an| 000005c0 64 20 77 68 6f 6c 65 20 62 72 61 6e 63 68 65 73 |d whole branches| 000005d0 20 6f 66 20 0a 63 68 65 6d 69 73 74 72 79 20 68 | of .chemistry h| 000005e0 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 64 65 76 6f 74 65 64 |ave been devoted| 000005f0 20 74 6f 20 69 74 2e 20 20 49 74 20 74 61 6b 65 | to it. It take| 00000600 73 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 73 68 61 70 65 73 20 61 6e |s many shapes an| 00000610 64 20 66 6f 72 6d 73 2c 0a 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 |d forms,.the mos| 00000620 74 20 70 75 72 65 73 74 2c 20 64 69 61 6d 6f 6e |t purest, diamon| 00000630 64 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 75 |d. It is also u| 00000640 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 |sed in the form | 00000650 6f 66 20 63 6f 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 0a 70 72 6f 64 |of coal to .prod| 00000660 75 63 65 20 68 65 61 74 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 |uce heat. It is| 00000670 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 69 | found in the ai| 00000680 72 20 61 73 20 63 61 72 62 6f 6e 20 64 69 6f 78 |r as carbon diox| 00000690 69 64 65 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 0a |ide and is also.| 000006a0 74 68 65 20 62 61 73 69 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |the basis of the| 000006b0 20 61 74 6f 6d 69 63 20 77 65 69 67 68 74 20 73 | atomic weight s| 000006c0 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0a 0a 4e 69 74 72 6f 67 65 6e |ystem...Nitrogen| 000006d0 0a 4e 0a 37 0a 31 34 0a 35 0a 32 0a 2d 32 31 30 |.N.7.14.5.2.-210| 000006e0 0a 2d 31 39 36 0a 73 6d 0a 43 6f 6c 6f 75 72 6c |.-196.sm.Colourl| 000006f0 65 73 73 20 67 61 73 0a 52 75 74 68 65 72 66 6f |ess gas.Rutherfo| 00000700 72 64 0a 31 37 32 32 0a 4e 69 74 72 61 74 65 20 |rd.1722.Nitrate | 00000710 28 2d 29 0a 4e 69 74 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 77 61 73 |(-).Nitrogen was| 00000720 20 66 6f 72 6d 65 72 6c 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 | formerly called| 00000730 20 27 61 7a 6f 74 65 27 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 | 'azote'. It is| 00000740 20 69 6e 65 72 74 20 61 74 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c | inert at normal| 00000750 20 0a 74 65 6d 70 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 61 | .temperatures a| 00000760 6e 64 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 75 70 20 37 38 25 20 |nd makes up 78% | 00000770 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 45 61 72 74 68 27 73 20 61 |of the Earth's a| 00000780 74 6d 6f 73 70 68 65 72 65 2e 20 20 41 20 73 6d |tmosphere. A sm| 00000790 61 6c 6c 20 0a 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 6e |all .amount of n| 000007a0 69 74 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 69 73 20 65 73 73 65 6e |itrogen is essen| 000007b0 74 69 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 6c 69 66 65 2e 20 20 43 |tial to life. C| 000007c0 6f 6d 70 6f 75 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 20 6e 69 74 72 |ompounds of nitr| 000007d0 6f 67 65 6e 20 61 72 65 20 0a 75 73 65 64 20 66 |ogen are .used f| 000007e0 6f 72 20 6c 61 75 67 68 69 6e 67 20 67 61 73 2c |or laughing gas,| 000007f0 20 70 72 6f 70 65 6c 6c 61 6e 74 2c 20 61 63 69 | propellant, aci| 00000800 64 20 61 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 68 79 64 72 6f |d and with hydro| 00000810 67 65 6e 20 28 4e 48 33 29 20 61 73 20 0a 61 6d |gen (NH3) as .am| 00000820 6d 6f 6e 69 61 2e 0a 0a 4f 78 79 67 65 6e 0a 4f |monia...Oxygen.O| 00000830 0a 38 0a 31 36 0a 36 0a 32 0a 2d 32 31 39 0a 2d |.8.16.6.2.-219.-| 00000840 31 38 33 0a 73 6d 0a 43 6f 6c 6f 75 72 6c 65 73 |183.sm.Colourles| 00000850 73 20 67 61 73 0a 53 63 68 65 65 6c 65 0a 31 37 |s gas.Scheele.17| 00000860 37 31 0a 4f 78 69 64 65 20 28 32 2d 29 0a 4f 78 |71.Oxide (2-).Ox| 00000870 79 67 65 6e 20 69 73 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c |ygen is extremel| 00000880 79 20 61 62 75 6e 64 61 6e 74 2c 20 69 74 20 66 |y abundant, it f| 00000890 6f 72 6d 73 20 32 33 25 20 61 69 72 2c 20 38 39 |orms 23% air, 89| 000008a0 25 20 77 61 74 65 72 2c 20 35 30 25 20 72 6f 63 |% water, 50% roc| 000008b0 6b 73 20 0a 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 45 61 72 74 68 |ks .on the Earth| 000008c0 27 73 20 63 72 75 73 74 2e 20 20 41 6c 74 68 6f |'s crust. Altho| 000008d0 75 67 68 20 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 66 69 72 73 74 |ugh it was first| 000008e0 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 31 | discovered in 1| 000008f0 37 37 31 20 62 79 20 0a 53 63 68 65 65 6c 65 2c |771 by .Scheele,| 00000900 20 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 72 65 63 | it was only rec| 00000910 6f 67 6e 69 73 65 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 62 65 |ognised after be| 00000920 69 6e 67 20 70 75 62 6c 69 73 68 65 64 20 62 79 |ing published by| 00000930 20 50 72 69 65 73 74 6c 65 79 20 69 6e 0a 31 37 | Priestley in.17| 00000940 37 34 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 65 78 74 72 65 |74. It is extre| 00000950 6d 65 6c 79 20 72 65 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e |mely reactive an| 00000960 64 20 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 73 20 72 65 73 70 69 |d supports respi| 00000970 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c |ration in animal| 00000980 73 2e 0a 49 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6f 63 63 75 72 |s..It also occur| 00000990 73 20 61 73 20 6f 7a 6f 6e 65 20 28 4f 33 29 2e |s as ozone (O3).| 000009a0 0a 0a 46 6c 75 6f 72 69 6e 65 0a 46 0a 39 0a 31 |..Fluorine.F.9.1| 000009b0 39 0a 37 0a 32 0a 2d 32 32 30 0a 2d 31 38 38 0a |9.7.2.-220.-188.| 000009c0 73 6d 0a 59 65 6c 6c 6f 77 20 67 61 73 0a 4d 6f |sm.Yellow gas.Mo| 000009d0 69 73 73 61 6e 0a 31 38 38 37 0a 0a 46 6c 75 6f |issan.1887..Fluo| 000009e0 72 69 6e 65 20 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 73 20 74 6f 20 |rine belongs to | 000009f0 74 68 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 6f 66 20 68 61 6c |the group of hal| 00000a00 6f 67 65 6e 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 74 68 |ogens. It is th| 00000a10 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 72 65 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 |e most reactive | 00000a20 0a 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 6d |.of all the elem| 00000a30 65 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 69 73 20 6e |ents and so is n| 00000a40 65 76 65 72 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 70 75 72 65 20 |ever found pure | 00000a50 69 6e 20 6e 61 74 75 72 65 2e 20 20 46 6c 75 6f |in nature. Fluo| 00000a60 72 69 6e 65 20 0a 67 61 73 20 68 61 73 20 61 6e |rine .gas has an| 00000a70 20 69 72 72 69 74 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 6d 65 6c | irritating smel| 00000a80 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 75 6e |l and is only un| 00000a90 61 66 66 65 63 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 6f 78 79 67 |affected by oxyg| 00000aa0 65 6e 2c 20 0a 63 68 6c 6f 72 69 6e 65 20 61 6e |en, .chlorine an| 00000ab0 64 20 6e 69 74 72 6f 67 65 6e 2e 20 20 49 74 20 |d nitrogen. It | 00000ac0 69 73 20 61 64 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 64 72 69 6e |is added to drin| 00000ad0 6b 69 6e 67 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 74 |king water and t| 00000ae0 6f 6f 74 68 70 61 73 74 65 0a 74 6f 20 73 74 72 |oothpaste.to str| 00000af0 65 6e 67 74 68 65 6e 20 74 65 65 74 68 2e 0a 0a |engthen teeth...| 00000b00 4e 65 6f 6e 0a 4e 65 0a 31 30 0a 32 30 0a 30 0a |Neon.Ne.10.20.0.| 00000b10 32 0a 2d 32 34 38 0a 2d 32 34 36 0a 73 6d 0a 47 |2.-248.-246.sm.G| 00000b20 61 73 0a 52 61 6d 73 61 79 20 26 20 54 72 61 76 |as.Ramsay & Trav| 00000b30 65 72 73 0a 31 38 39 38 0a 0a 4e 65 6f 6e 20 69 |ers.1898..Neon i| 00000b40 73 20 61 20 47 72 65 65 6b 20 77 6f 72 64 20 6d |s a Greek word m| 00000b50 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 20 27 6e 65 77 27 2e 20 20 49 |eaning 'new'. I| 00000b60 74 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |t is one of the | 00000b70 69 6e 65 72 74 20 67 61 73 65 73 20 61 6e 64 0a |inert gases and.| 00000b80 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 75 6e 72 65 61 63 74 69 |is very unreacti| 00000b90 76 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 |ve. There is a | 00000ba0 74 69 6e 79 20 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 6e |tiny amount of n| 00000bb0 65 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 6f 75 72 20 0a 61 74 6d 6f |eon in our .atmo| 00000bc0 73 70 68 65 72 65 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 75 |sphere. It is u| 00000bd0 73 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 6c 69 67 68 74 73 20 61 |sed for lights a| 00000be0 6e 64 20 63 61 6e 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 63 |nd can produce c| 00000bf0 6f 6c 6f 75 72 66 75 6c 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 |olourful display| 00000c00 73 0a 77 68 65 6e 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 69 63 69 |s.when electrici| 00000c10 74 79 20 69 73 20 72 75 6e 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 |ty is run throug| 00000c20 68 20 69 74 2e 20 20 50 75 72 65 20 6e 65 6f 6e |h it. Pure neon| 00000c30 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 73 20 61 20 72 65 64 20 | produces a red | 00000c40 63 6f 6c 6f 75 72 20 0a 69 6e 20 6c 69 67 68 74 |colour .in light| 00000c50 73 2e 0a 0a 53 6f 64 69 75 6d 0a 4e 61 0a 31 31 |s...Sodium.Na.11| 00000c60 0a 32 33 0a 31 0a 33 0a 39 38 0a 38 39 30 0a 67 |.23.1.3.98.890.g| 00000c70 6d 0a 53 69 6c 76 65 72 79 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 0a |m.Silvery metal.| 00000c80 53 69 72 20 48 75 6d 70 68 72 79 20 44 61 76 79 |Sir Humphry Davy| 00000c90 0a 31 38 30 37 0a 53 6f 64 69 75 6d 20 28 2b 29 |.1807.Sodium (+)| 00000ca0 0a 53 6f 64 69 75 6d 20 69 73 20 61 20 72 65 61 |.Sodium is a rea| 00000cb0 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 6c 6b 61 6c 69 20 6d 65 74 |ctive alkali met| 00000cc0 61 6c 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 6a 75 73 74 20 |al. It is just | 00000cd0 6c 69 67 68 74 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 77 61 74 |lighter than wat| 00000ce0 65 72 20 0a 28 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 64 65 |er .(relative de| 00000cf0 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 30 2e 39 37 29 20 61 |nsity of 0.97) a| 00000d00 6e 64 20 74 61 72 6e 69 73 68 65 73 20 71 75 69 |nd tarnishes qui| 00000d10 63 6b 6c 79 20 69 66 20 65 78 70 6f 73 65 64 20 |ckly if exposed | 00000d20 74 6f 20 61 69 72 2e 0a 49 74 73 20 6d 6f 73 74 |to air..Its most| 00000d30 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 63 6f 6d 70 | well known comp| 00000d40 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 73 |ound is common s| 00000d50 61 6c 74 20 28 73 6f 64 69 75 6d 20 63 68 6c 6f |alt (sodium chlo| 00000d60 72 69 64 65 29 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 69 73 20 |ride) which .is | 00000d70 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 68 75 |essential for hu| 00000d80 6d 61 6e 20 6c 69 66 65 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 |man life and is | 00000d90 6d 6f 73 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 66 6f |most commonly fo| 00000da0 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 73 65 61 20 77 61 74 65 72 |und in sea water| 00000db0 2e 0a 0a 0a 4d 61 67 6e 65 73 69 75 6d 0a 4d 67 |....Magnesium.Mg| 00000dc0 0a 31 32 0a 32 34 0a 32 0a 33 0a 36 35 30 0a 31 |.12.24.2.3.650.1| 00000dd0 31 31 37 0a 67 6d 0a 53 69 6c 76 65 72 79 20 6d |117.gm.Silvery m| 00000de0 65 74 61 6c 0a 0a 31 38 30 38 0a 4d 61 67 6e 65 |etal..1808.Magne| 00000df0 73 69 75 6d 20 28 32 2b 29 0a 54 68 69 73 20 65 |sium (2+).This e| 00000e00 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 |lement is one of| 00000e10 20 74 68 65 20 61 6c 6b 61 6c 69 20 6d 65 74 61 | the alkali meta| 00000e20 6c 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 |ls with a relati| 00000e30 76 65 20 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 20 0a |ve density of .| 00000e40 31 2e 37 34 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 71 75 69 |1.74. It is qui| 00000e50 74 65 20 72 65 61 63 74 69 76 65 2c 20 6d 61 6c |te reactive, mal| 00000e60 6c 65 61 62 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 64 75 63 74 69 |leable and ducti| 00000e70 6c 65 2e 20 20 41 74 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 0a 74 65 |le. At room .te| 00000e80 6d 70 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 |mperature it is | 00000e90 75 6e 61 66 66 65 63 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 69 |unaffected by ai| 00000ea0 72 2c 20 62 75 74 20 77 68 65 6e 20 62 75 72 6e |r, but when burn| 00000eb0 65 64 20 69 74 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 73 20 61 |ed it produces a| 00000ec0 20 0a 62 72 69 6c 6c 69 61 6e 74 20 77 68 69 74 | .brilliant whit| 00000ed0 65 20 6c 69 67 68 74 2e 0a 0a 0a 41 6c 75 6d 69 |e light....Alumi| 00000ee0 6e 69 75 6d 0a 41 6c 0a 31 33 0a 32 37 0a 33 0a |nium.Al.13.27.3.| 00000ef0 33 0a 36 35 39 0a 32 34 34 37 0a 67 6d 0a 53 69 |3.659.2447.gm.Si| 00000f00 6c 76 65 72 79 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 0a 0a 31 38 32 |lvery metal..182| 00000f10 37 0a 41 6c 75 6d 69 6e 69 75 6d 20 28 33 2b 29 |7.Aluminium (3+)| 00000f20 0a 41 6c 75 6d 69 6e 69 75 6d 20 69 73 20 61 20 |.Aluminium is a | 00000f30 6d 65 74 61 6c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 6d |metal which is m| 00000f40 61 6c 6c 65 61 62 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 6e |alleable and non| 00000f50 2d 6d 61 67 6e 65 74 69 63 2e 20 20 49 74 20 68 |-magnetic. It h| 00000f60 61 73 20 61 20 0a 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 64 |as a .relative d| 00000f70 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 32 2e 37 30 2e 20 |ensity of 2.70. | 00000f80 20 49 66 20 65 78 70 6f 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 | If exposed to a| 00000f90 69 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 20 72 |ir the surface r| 00000fa0 61 70 69 64 6c 79 20 0a 6f 78 69 64 69 73 65 73 |apidly .oxidises| 00000fb0 2c 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6c 61 |, providing a la| 00000fc0 79 65 72 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 73 74 6f 70 73 20 |yer which stops | 00000fd0 61 6e 79 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 61 6c 75 6d 69 6e 69 |any more alumini| 00000fe0 75 6d 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 6f 78 69 64 69 73 69 |um from .oxidisi| 00000ff0 6e 67 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 |ng. It is used | 00001000 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 6b 69 74 63 68 65 6e 20 |to make kitchen | 00001010 75 74 65 6e 73 69 6c 73 2c 20 63 6f 6e 64 75 63 |utensils, conduc| 00001020 74 6f 72 73 2c 20 63 61 72 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 27 |tors, car and .'| 00001030 70 6c 61 6e 65 20 70 61 72 74 73 20 62 65 63 61 |plane parts beca| 00001040 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 6c 69 67 68 74 2c |use it is light,| 00001050 20 65 61 73 79 20 74 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 77 69 | easy to work wi| 00001060 74 68 2c 20 79 65 74 20 76 65 72 79 20 73 74 72 |th, yet very str| 00001070 6f 6e 67 2e 0a 0a 53 69 6c 69 63 6f 6e 0a 53 69 |ong...Silicon.Si| 00001080 0a 31 34 0a 32 38 0a 34 0a 33 0a 31 34 31 30 0a |.14.28.4.3.1410.| 00001090 32 36 37 37 0a 67 63 0a 53 6f 6c 69 64 0a 0a 31 |2677.gc.Solid..1| 000010a0 38 32 34 0a 0a 53 69 6c 69 63 6f 6e 20 64 6f 65 |824..Silicon doe| 000010b0 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 6f 63 63 75 72 20 69 6e 20 69 |s not occur in i| 000010c0 74 73 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 66 6f 72 6d 2c |ts element form,| 000010d0 20 62 75 74 20 61 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 75 6e 64 | but as compound| 000010e0 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 0a 74 68 65 20 73 |s. It is .the s| 000010f0 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 61 62 75 6e 64 |econd most abund| 00001100 61 6e 74 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 45 |ant element on E| 00001110 61 72 74 68 2c 20 69 74 20 66 6f 72 6d 73 20 32 |arth, it forms 2| 00001120 38 25 20 28 69 6e 20 77 65 69 67 68 74 29 20 0a |8% (in weight) .| 00001130 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 72 75 73 74 2e 20 20 49 |of the crust. I| 00001140 74 20 63 61 6e 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 73 65 72 |t can form a ser| 00001150 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 66 6c 61 6d 6d 61 62 |ies of inflammab| 00001160 6c 65 20 68 79 64 72 69 64 65 73 2c 20 66 72 6f |le hydrides, fro| 00001170 6d 20 0a 73 69 6c 61 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 73 69 6c |m .silane to sil| 00001180 69 63 6f 2d 68 65 78 61 6e 65 2e 20 20 53 69 6c |ico-hexane. Sil| 00001190 69 63 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 |icon is used in | 000011a0 73 74 65 65 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 72 65 20 73 |steel and pure s| 000011b0 69 6c 69 63 6f 6e 20 0a 63 72 79 73 74 61 6c 73 |ilicon .crystals| 000011c0 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 61 73 20 73 65 6d | are used as sem| 000011d0 69 63 6f 6e 64 75 63 74 6f 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 |iconductors in t| 000011e0 72 61 6e 73 69 73 74 6f 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 |ransistors and s| 000011f0 6f 6c 61 72 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 2e 0a 0a 50 68 6f |olar cells...Pho| 00001200 73 70 68 6f 72 75 73 0a 50 0a 31 35 0a 33 31 0a |sphorus.P.15.31.| 00001210 35 0a 33 0a 34 34 0a 32 38 31 0a 73 6d 0a 57 68 |5.3.44.281.sm.Wh| 00001220 69 74 65 20 73 6f 6c 69 64 0a 42 72 61 6e 64 0a |ite solid.Brand.| 00001230 31 36 37 34 0a 50 68 6f 73 70 68 61 74 65 20 28 |1674.Phosphate (| 00001240 33 2d 29 0a 54 68 69 73 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 |3-).This element| 00001250 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6f 63 63 75 72 20 66 72 65 65 | does occur free| 00001260 20 69 6e 20 6e 61 74 75 72 65 2c 20 62 75 74 20 | in nature, but | 00001270 69 74 20 69 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f |it is more commo| 00001280 6e 6c 79 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 0a 61 73 20 70 68 6f |nly found.as pho| 00001290 73 70 68 61 74 65 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 |sphates. It is | 000012a0 77 61 78 79 20 61 6e 64 20 74 72 61 6e 73 70 61 |waxy and transpa| 000012b0 72 65 6e 74 20 61 6e 64 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 72 |rent and has a r| 000012c0 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 0a |elative density.| 000012d0 6f 66 20 31 2e 38 33 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 |of 1.83. It is | 000012e0 76 65 72 79 20 70 6f 69 73 6f 6e 6f 75 73 2c 20 |very poisonous, | 000012f0 66 61 74 61 6c 20 69 6e 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 64 |fatal in large d| 00001300 6f 73 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 62 72 65 61 74 68 69 |oses and breathi| 00001310 6e 67 20 69 6e 0a 70 68 6f 73 70 68 6f 72 75 73 |ng in.phosphorus| 00001320 20 76 61 70 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 72 | vapour could cr| 00001330 65 61 74 65 20 27 70 68 6f 73 73 79 20 6a 61 77 |eate 'phossy jaw| 00001340 27 2e 0a 0a 0a 53 75 6c 70 68 75 72 0a 53 0a 31 |'....Sulphur.S.1| 00001350 36 0a 33 32 0a 36 0a 33 0a 31 31 39 0a 34 34 35 |6.32.6.3.119.445| 00001360 0a 73 6d 0a 59 65 6c 6c 6f 77 20 73 6f 6c 69 64 |.sm.Yellow solid| 00001370 0a 0a 0a 53 75 6c 70 68 69 64 65 20 28 32 2d 29 |...Sulphide (2-)| 00001380 0a 49 6e 20 69 74 73 20 70 75 72 65 73 74 20 66 |.In its purest f| 00001390 6f 72 6d 20 73 75 6c 70 68 75 72 20 63 61 6e 20 |orm sulphur can | 000013a0 62 65 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 76 6f 6c 63 |be found in volc| 000013b0 61 6e 6f 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 76 61 2e 20 |anoes and lava. | 000013c0 20 49 74 20 69 73 0a 61 20 76 65 72 79 20 62 61 | It is.a very ba| 000013d0 64 20 63 6f 6e 64 75 63 74 6f 72 20 6f 66 20 68 |d conductor of h| 000013e0 65 61 74 20 61 6e 64 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 69 63 |eat and electric| 000013f0 69 74 79 2e 20 20 57 68 65 6e 20 62 6f 69 6c 65 |ity. When boile| 00001400 64 20 69 74 20 0a 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 73 20 61 |d it .produces a| 00001410 20 64 65 65 70 20 72 65 64 20 76 61 70 6f 75 72 | deep red vapour| 00001420 2e 20 20 49 74 73 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 77 65 6c 6c |. Its most well| 00001430 20 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 75 6e 64 73 | known compounds| 00001440 20 61 72 65 20 0a 68 79 64 72 6f 67 65 6e 20 73 | are .hydrogen s| 00001450 75 6c 70 68 69 64 65 2c 20 61 20 70 6f 69 73 6f |ulphide, a poiso| 00001460 6e 6f 75 73 20 67 61 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 73 |nous gas which s| 00001470 6d 65 6c 6c 73 20 6f 66 20 72 6f 74 74 65 6e 20 |mells of rotten | 00001480 65 67 67 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 73 75 6c 70 68 |eggs, and .sulph| 00001490 75 72 20 74 72 69 6f 78 69 64 65 20 77 68 69 63 |ur trioxide whic| 000014a0 68 20 77 68 65 6e 20 6d 69 78 65 64 20 77 69 74 |h when mixed wit| 000014b0 68 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 66 6f 72 6d 73 20 73 75 |h water forms su| 000014c0 6c 70 68 75 72 69 63 20 61 63 69 64 2e 0a 0a 43 |lphuric acid...C| 000014d0 68 6c 6f 72 69 6e 65 0a 43 6c 0a 31 37 0a 33 35 |hlorine.Cl.17.35| 000014e0 2e 35 0a 37 0a 33 0a 2d 31 30 31 0a 2d 33 34 0a |.5.7.3.-101.-34.| 000014f0 73 6d 0a 47 72 65 65 6e 69 73 68 20 67 61 73 0a |sm.Greenish gas.| 00001500 0a 31 37 37 34 0a 43 68 6c 6f 72 69 64 65 20 28 |.1774.Chloride (| 00001510 2d 29 0a 43 68 6c 6f 72 69 6e 65 20 63 6f 6d 65 |-).Chlorine come| 00001520 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 47 72 65 65 6b |s from the Greek| 00001530 20 27 63 68 6c 6f 72 6f 73 27 20 28 67 72 65 65 | 'chloros' (gree| 00001540 6e 69 73 68 2d 79 65 6c 6c 6f 77 29 2e 20 20 49 |nish-yellow). I| 00001550 74 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 0a 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |t is one.of the | 00001560 68 61 6c 6f 67 65 6e 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 64 6f |halogens. It do| 00001570 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 6f 63 63 75 72 20 70 75 72 |es not occur pur| 00001580 65 20 69 6e 20 6e 61 74 75 72 65 2c 20 62 75 74 |e in nature, but| 00001590 20 69 6e 20 0a 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e | in .combination| 000015a0 20 77 69 74 68 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 73 20 73 75 63 | with metals suc| 000015b0 68 20 61 73 20 73 6f 64 69 75 6d 20 74 6f 20 66 |h as sodium to f| 000015c0 6f 72 6d 20 73 6f 64 69 75 6d 20 63 68 6c 6f 72 |orm sodium chlor| 000015d0 69 64 65 20 0a 28 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 73 61 6c |ide .(common sal| 000015e0 74 29 2e 20 20 49 74 20 77 61 73 20 75 73 65 64 |t). It was used| 000015f0 20 61 73 20 61 20 70 6f 69 73 6f 6e 20 67 61 73 | as a poison gas| 00001600 2c 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 47 |, first by the G| 00001610 65 72 6d 61 6e 73 2c 20 69 6e 0a 57 6f 72 6c 64 |ermans, in.World| 00001620 20 57 61 72 20 4f 6e 65 2e 0a 0a 41 72 67 6f 6e | War One...Argon| 00001630 0a 41 72 0a 31 38 0a 34 30 0a 30 0a 33 0a 2d 31 |.Ar.18.40.0.3.-1| 00001640 38 39 0a 2d 31 38 36 0a 73 6d 0a 47 61 73 0a 0a |89.-186.sm.Gas..| 00001650 31 38 39 34 0a 0a 41 72 67 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 61 |1894..Argon is a| 00001660 20 47 72 65 65 6b 20 77 6f 72 64 20 6d 65 61 6e | Greek word mean| 00001670 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 61 63 74 69 76 65 2e 20 20 49 |ing inactive. I| 00001680 74 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |t is one of the | 00001690 69 6e 65 72 74 20 0a 67 61 73 65 73 2e 20 20 49 |inert .gases. I| 000016a0 74 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 67 61 |t is used for ga| 000016b0 73 2d 66 69 6c 6c 65 64 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 69 |s-filled electri| 000016c0 63 20 6c 61 6d 70 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 50 6f 74 |c lamps......Pot| 000016d0 61 73 73 69 75 6d 0a 4b 0a 31 39 0a 33 39 0a 31 |assium.K.19.39.1| 000016e0 0a 34 0a 36 33 0a 37 36 36 0a 67 6d 0a 53 69 6c |.4.63.766.gm.Sil| 000016f0 76 65 72 79 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 0a 44 61 76 79 0a |very metal.Davy.| 00001700 31 38 30 37 0a 50 6f 74 61 73 73 69 75 6d 20 28 |1807.Potassium (| 00001710 2b 29 0a 50 6f 74 61 73 73 69 75 6d 20 69 73 20 |+).Potassium is | 00001720 61 6e 20 61 6c 6b 61 6c 69 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 20 |an alkali metal | 00001730 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 |with a relative | 00001740 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 30 2e 38 35 39 |density of 0.859| 00001750 2e 20 20 57 68 65 6e 0a 62 75 72 6e 65 64 20 69 |. When.burned i| 00001760 74 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 73 20 61 20 6c 69 6c |t produces a lil| 00001770 61 63 20 66 6c 61 6d 65 2e 20 20 49 74 20 6f 78 |ac flame. It ox| 00001780 69 64 65 73 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 20 69 66 20 |ides quickly if | 00001790 65 78 70 6f 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 61 69 72 20 |exposed to .air | 000017a0 61 6e 64 20 69 66 20 70 75 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 |and if put with | 000017b0 77 61 74 65 72 20 69 74 20 62 75 72 73 74 73 20 |water it bursts | 000017c0 69 6e 74 6f 20 66 6c 61 6d 65 2c 20 74 68 65 72 |into flame, ther| 000017d0 65 66 6f 72 65 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 |efore it must be| 000017e0 0a 73 74 6f 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 6f 69 6c 2e 20 |.stored in oil. | 000017f0 20 41 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 | As a compound i| 00001800 74 20 68 61 73 20 6d 61 79 20 75 73 65 73 3b 20 |t has may uses; | 00001810 70 68 6f 74 6f 67 72 61 70 68 79 2c 20 6d 65 64 |photography, med| 00001820 65 63 69 6e 65 2c 0a 67 75 6e 70 6f 77 64 65 72 |ecine,.gunpowder| 00001830 2c 20 70 72 65 73 65 72 76 61 74 69 76 65 73 2c |, preservatives,| 00001840 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 70 6c 61 74 69 6e 67 20 | electroplating | 00001850 61 6e 64 20 65 78 74 72 61 63 74 69 6e 67 20 67 |and extracting g| 00001860 6f 6c 64 2e 0a 0a 43 61 6c 63 69 75 6d 0a 43 61 |old...Calcium.Ca| 00001870 0a 32 30 0a 34 30 0a 32 0a 34 0a 38 35 30 0a 31 |.20.40.2.4.850.1| 00001880 34 39 32 0a 67 6d 0a 53 69 6c 76 65 72 79 20 6d |492.gm.Silvery m| 00001890 65 74 61 6c 0a 0a 31 38 30 38 0a 43 61 6c 63 69 |etal..1808.Calci| 000018a0 75 6d 20 28 32 2b 29 0a 43 61 6c 63 69 75 6d 20 |um (2+).Calcium | 000018b0 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 6c |is one of the al| 000018c0 6b 61 6c 69 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |kali metals and | 000018d0 73 6f 20 69 73 20 71 75 69 74 65 20 72 65 61 63 |so is quite reac| 000018e0 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 6f 78 69 64 69 73 |tive and .oxidis| 000018f0 65 73 20 77 68 65 6e 20 65 78 70 6f 73 65 64 20 |es when exposed | 00001900 74 6f 20 61 69 72 2e 20 49 74 20 72 65 61 63 74 |to air. 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It is f| 00002060 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 6f 72 65 73 20 73 75 |ound in .ores su| 00002070 63 68 20 61 73 20 6d 61 67 6e 65 74 69 74 65 20 |ch as magnetite | 00002080 61 6e 64 20 68 61 65 6d 61 74 69 74 65 20 77 68 |and haematite wh| 00002090 69 63 68 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e |ich also contain| 000020a0 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 69 6d 70 75 72 69 74 69 | other .impuriti| 000020b0 65 73 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 69 6e 64 75 73 74 72 79 |es. 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It is used| 000021a0 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 6c 6c 6f 79 73 20 | to make alloys | 000021b0 61 6e 64 20 70 61 69 6e 74 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a |and paints......| 000021c0 4e 69 63 6b 65 6c 0a 4e 69 0a 32 38 0a 35 39 0a |Nickel.Ni.28.59.| 000021d0 0a 34 0a 31 34 35 35 0a 32 38 33 37 0a 67 6d 0a |.4.1455.2837.gm.| 000021e0 53 69 6c 76 65 72 79 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 0a 43 72 |Silvery metal.Cr| 000021f0 6f 6e 73 74 61 64 74 0a 31 37 35 31 0a 0a 54 68 |onstadt.1751..Th| 00002200 69 73 20 6d 61 67 6e 65 74 69 63 20 6d 65 74 61 |is magnetic meta| 00002210 6c 20 69 73 20 6e 65 61 72 6c 79 20 61 6c 77 61 |l is nearly alwa| 00002220 79 73 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 63 6f |ys found with co| 00002230 62 61 6c 74 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 |balt. The main | 00002240 0a 6e 69 63 6b 65 6c 20 6f 72 65 73 20 61 72 65 |.nickel ores are| 00002250 20 69 6e 20 4f 6e 74 61 72 69 6f 20 61 6e 64 20 | in Ontario and | 00002260 74 68 65 20 53 6f 75 74 68 20 50 61 63 69 66 69 |the South Pacifi| 00002270 63 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 72 65 73 69 73 74 |c. It is resist| 00002280 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 0a 63 6f 72 72 6f 73 69 6f 6e |ant to.corrosion| 00002290 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 | and so is used | 000022a0 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 6c 61 62 6f 72 61 74 6f |to make laborato| 000022b0 72 79 20 74 6f 6f 6c 73 2e 20 20 49 6e 76 61 72 |ry tools. 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It h| 00002540 61 73 20 61 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 64 65 |as a relative de| 00002550 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 37 20 61 6e 64 20 69 |nsity of 7 and i| 00002560 73 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 61 62 6c 79 20 6d 61 6c |s reasonably mal| 00002570 6c 65 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 0a 49 74 20 69 73 20 75 |leable. .It is u| 00002580 73 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 67 61 6c 76 61 6e 69 73 |sed for galvanis| 00002590 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 49 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 66 6f |ing. 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Be| 00002cd0 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 73 69 6d 69 |cause it is simi| 00002ce0 6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 63 61 6c 63 69 75 6d 2c 0a |lar to calcium,.| 00002cf0 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 72 61 64 69 6f 61 |sometimes radioa| 00002d00 63 74 69 76 65 20 73 74 72 6f 6e 74 69 75 6d 20 |ctive strontium | 00002d10 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 62 6f 6e 65 2c |is used in bone,| 00002d20 20 63 61 75 73 69 6e 67 20 6c 65 75 6b 61 65 6d | causing leukaem| 00002d30 69 61 2e 0a 0a 59 74 74 72 69 75 6d 0a 59 0a 33 |ia...Yttrium.Y.3| 00002d40 39 0a 38 39 0a 0a 35 0a 31 35 32 32 0a 33 33 33 |9.89..5.1522.333| 00002d50 38 0a 67 6d 0a 0a 0a 31 38 34 33 0a 0a 54 68 69 |8.gm...1843..Thi| 00002d60 73 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 20 69 73 20 73 69 6d 69 6c |s metal is simil| 00002d70 61 72 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 75 6d 69 6e 69 75 6d 20 |ar to aluminium | 00002d80 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 |and is in the gr| 00002d90 6f 75 70 20 6f 66 20 0a 6c 61 6e 74 68 61 6e 69 |oup of .lanthani| 00002da0 64 65 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 |des. 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Molybd| 00003000 65 6e 75 6d 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 |enum is used in | 00003010 73 74 65 65 6c 20 61 6c 6c 6f 79 73 20 61 6e 64 |steel alloys and| 00003020 20 69 73 20 0a 61 63 69 64 20 72 65 73 69 73 74 | is .acid resist| 00003030 61 6e 74 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 54 65 63 68 6e 65 74 69 |ant.....Techneti| 00003040 75 6d 0a 54 63 0a 34 33 0a 39 38 0a 0a 35 0a 32 |um.Tc.43.98..5.2| 00003050 31 37 32 0a 34 38 37 37 0a 67 6d 0a 0a 0a 31 39 |172.4877.gm...19| 00003060 33 37 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 |37..This element| 00003070 20 77 61 73 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 | was originally | 00003080 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 6d 61 73 75 72 69 75 6d 2e |called masurium.| 00003090 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 72 61 64 69 6f 61 63 74 | It is radioact| 000030a0 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 69 73 20 61 20 70 72 |ive and .is a pr| 000030b0 6f 64 75 63 74 20 6f 66 20 66 69 73 73 69 6f 6e |oduct of fission| 000030c0 20 77 69 74 68 20 75 72 61 6e 69 75 6d 2e 0a 0a | with uranium...| 000030d0 0a 0a 0a 52 75 74 68 65 6e 69 75 6d 0a 52 75 0a |...Ruthenium.Ru.| 000030e0 34 34 0a 31 30 31 0a 0a 35 0a 32 33 31 30 0a 33 |44.101..5.2310.3| 000030f0 39 30 30 0a 67 6d 0a 47 72 65 79 20 6d 65 74 61 |900.gm.Grey meta| 00003100 6c 0a 0a 31 38 34 34 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 6d 65 |l..1844..This me| 00003110 74 61 6c 20 69 73 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 |tal is found in | 00003120 70 6c 61 74 69 6e 75 6d 20 6f 72 65 20 61 6e 64 |platinum ore and| 00003130 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 61 | is also found a| 00003140 73 20 61 20 72 65 73 69 64 75 65 20 0a 66 72 6f |s a residue .fro| 00003150 6d 20 77 68 65 6e 20 6f 73 6d 69 75 6d 20 69 73 |m when osmium is| 00003160 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | separated from | 00003170 6f 73 6d 69 72 69 64 69 75 6d 2e 20 20 49 74 20 |osmiridium. It | 00003180 68 61 73 20 61 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 0a |has a relative .| 00003190 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 31 32 20 61 6e |density of 12 an| 000031a0 64 20 63 61 6e 20 61 62 73 6f 72 62 20 67 61 73 |d can absorb gas| 000031b0 65 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 52 68 6f 64 69 75 6d 0a 52 |es.....Rhodium.R| 000031c0 68 0a 34 35 0a 31 30 33 0a 0a 35 0a 31 39 36 36 |h.45.103..5.1966| 000031d0 0a 33 37 32 37 0a 67 6d 0a 57 68 69 74 65 20 6d |.3727.gm.White m| 000031e0 65 74 61 6c 0a 0a 31 38 30 33 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 |etal..1803..The | 000031f0 6e 61 6d 65 20 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 |name comes from | 00003200 74 68 65 20 47 72 65 65 6b 20 72 68 6f 64 6f 6e |the Greek rhodon| 00003210 20 28 72 6f 73 65 29 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 | (rose). It is | 00003220 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 70 6c 61 74 69 6e 75 |found in platinu| 00003230 6d 0a 6f 72 65 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 68 61 73 20 |m.ores. 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I| 00003310 74 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 |t has a relative| 00003320 20 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 0a 31 31 2e | density of .11.| 00003330 38 20 61 6e 64 20 63 61 6e 20 61 62 73 6f 72 62 |8 and can absorb| 00003340 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 6f | large amounts o| 00003350 66 20 68 79 64 72 6f 67 65 6e 2e 20 20 49 74 20 |f hydrogen. It | 00003360 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 64 65 6e 74 |is used in .dent| 00003370 69 73 74 72 79 2c 20 6a 65 77 65 6c 6c 65 72 79 |istry, jewellery| 00003380 20 61 6e 64 20 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 66 69 63 20 | and scientific | 00003390 69 6e 73 74 72 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a |instruments.....| 000033a0 53 69 6c 76 65 72 0a 41 67 0a 34 37 0a 31 30 38 |Silver.Ag.47.108| 000033b0 0a 0a 35 0a 39 36 32 0a 32 32 31 32 0a 67 6d 0a |..5.962.2212.gm.| 000033c0 57 68 69 74 65 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 0a 0a 0a 53 69 |White metal...Si| 000033d0 6c 76 65 72 20 28 2b 29 0a 53 69 6c 76 65 72 20 |lver (+).Silver | 000033e0 68 61 73 20 61 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 64 |has a relative d| 000033f0 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 31 30 2e 35 20 61 |ensity of 10.5 a| 00003400 6e 64 20 69 73 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 20 |nd is extremely | 00003410 6d 61 6c 6c 65 61 62 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 0a 64 75 |malleable and.du| 00003420 63 74 69 6c 65 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 61 6c |ctile. It is al| 00003430 73 6f 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 73 74 20 63 6f 6e 64 |so the best cond| 00003440 75 63 74 6f 72 20 6f 66 20 68 65 61 74 20 61 6e |uctor of heat an| 00003450 64 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 69 63 69 74 79 2e 20 20 |d electricity. | 00003460 49 74 0a 69 73 20 72 65 73 69 73 74 61 6e 74 20 |It.is resistant | 00003470 74 6f 20 63 6f 72 72 6f 73 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 |to corrosion and| 00003480 20 69 73 20 68 69 67 68 6c 79 20 72 65 66 6c 65 | is highly refle| 00003490 63 74 69 76 65 2e 20 20 41 6e 20 61 6c 6c 6f 79 |ctive. An alloy| 000034a0 20 6f 66 20 0a 73 69 6c 76 65 72 20 75 73 65 64 | of .silver used| 000034b0 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 | to be used for | 000034c0 63 6f 69 6e 61 67 65 20 61 73 20 70 75 72 65 20 |coinage as pure | 000034d0 73 69 6c 76 65 72 20 69 73 20 74 6f 6f 20 73 6f |silver is too so| 000034e0 66 74 2e 20 20 0a 4e 6f 77 61 64 61 79 73 20 69 |ft. .Nowadays i| 000034f0 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 6f |t is not used fo| 00003500 72 20 63 6f 69 6e 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 65 6c 65 |r coins, but ele| 00003510 63 74 72 69 63 61 6c 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 61 6e 64 |ctrical work and| 00003520 20 6a 65 77 65 6c 6c 65 72 79 2e 0a 0a 43 61 64 | jewellery...Cad| 00003530 6d 69 75 6d 0a 43 64 0a 34 38 0a 31 31 32 0a 0a |mium.Cd.48.112..| 00003540 35 0a 33 32 31 0a 37 36 35 0a 67 6d 0a 54 69 6e |5.321.765.gm.Tin| 00003550 2d 77 68 69 74 65 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 0a 53 74 72 |-white metal.Str| 00003560 6f 68 6d 65 79 65 72 0a 31 38 31 37 0a 0a 43 61 |ohmeyer.1817..Ca| 00003570 64 6d 69 75 6d 20 69 73 20 6d 61 69 6e 6c 79 20 |dmium is mainly | 00003580 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 7a 69 6e 63 20 6f 72 |found in zinc or| 00003590 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 6e 65 72 |es and the miner| 000035a0 61 6c 20 67 72 65 65 6e 6f 63 6b 69 74 65 2e 20 |al greenockite. | 000035b0 20 49 74 0a 6f 78 69 64 69 73 65 73 20 73 6c 6f | It.oxidises slo| 000035c0 77 6c 79 20 69 66 20 6c 65 66 74 20 69 6e 20 74 |wly if left in t| 000035d0 68 65 20 61 69 72 2e 20 20 49 74 20 68 61 73 20 |he air. It has | 000035e0 61 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 64 65 6e 73 69 |a relative densi| 000035f0 74 79 20 6f 66 20 0a 38 2e 36 2e 20 20 49 74 20 |ty of .8.6. 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I| 00004b50 74 20 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 6d 61 67 6e 65 74 |t is very magnet| 00004b60 69 63 2e 20 20 54 75 6e 67 73 74 65 6e 20 69 73 |ic. Tungsten is| 00004b70 20 0a 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 61 | .usually used a| 00004b80 73 20 6c 61 6d 70 20 66 69 6c 61 6d 65 6e 74 73 |s lamp filaments| 00004b90 2c 20 62 75 74 20 61 73 20 61 6e 20 61 6c 6c 6f |, but as an allo| 00004ba0 79 2c 20 74 75 6e 67 73 74 65 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 |y, tungsten can | 00004bb0 62 65 20 0a 75 73 65 64 20 61 73 20 61 20 73 74 |be .used as a st| 00004bc0 72 6f 6e 67 20 73 74 65 65 6c 2c 20 65 73 70 65 |rong steel, espe| 00004bd0 63 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 73 20 63 75 74 74 69 6e |cially as cuttin| 00004be0 67 20 74 6f 6f 6c 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 52 68 65 6e 69 |g tools....Rheni| 00004bf0 75 6d 0a 52 65 0a 37 35 0a 31 38 36 0a 0a 36 0a |um.Re.75.186..6.| 00004c00 33 31 38 30 0a 35 36 32 37 0a 0a 47 72 65 79 20 |3180.5627..Grey | 00004c10 6d 65 74 61 6c 0a 4e 6f 64 64 61 63 6b 20 26 20 |metal.Noddack & | 00004c20 54 61 63 6b 65 0a 31 39 32 35 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 |Tacke.1925..This| 00004c30 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 72 65 6c | metal has a rel| 00004c40 61 74 69 76 65 20 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 |ative density of| 00004c50 20 32 30 2e 20 20 57 68 65 6e 20 70 75 72 65 2c | 20. When pure,| 00004c60 20 72 68 65 6e 69 75 6d 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 | rhenium is used| 00004c70 20 0a 66 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 76 65 | .for protective| 00004c80 20 63 6c 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 2c 20 61 73 20 61 20 | clothing, as a | 00004c90 63 6f 6d 70 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 |compound it is a| 00004ca0 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 63 61 74 61 6c 79 73 74 | useful catalyst| 00004cb0 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 4f 73 6d 69 75 6d 0a 4f 73 0a |......Osmium.Os.| 00004cc0 37 36 0a 31 39 30 0a 0a 36 0a 32 37 30 30 0a 35 |76.190..6.2700.5| 00004cd0 32 39 37 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 4f 73 6d 69 75 6d 20 |297......Osmium | 00004ce0 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 |is very similar | 00004cf0 74 6f 20 70 6c 61 74 69 6e 75 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 |to platinum and | 00004d00 69 72 69 64 69 75 6d 2e 20 20 49 74 20 63 61 6e |iridium. It can| 00004d10 20 62 65 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 70 6c | be found in .pl| 00004d20 61 6e 74 69 6e 75 6d 20 6f 72 65 73 2e 20 20 4f |antinum ores. O| 00004d30 73 6d 69 75 6d 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 61 73 |smium is used as| 00004d40 20 61 20 63 61 74 61 6c 79 73 74 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a | a catalyst.....| 00004d50 0a 49 72 69 64 69 75 6d 0a 49 72 0a 37 37 0a 31 |.Iridium.Ir.77.1| 00004d60 39 32 0a 0a 36 0a 32 34 31 30 0a 34 31 33 30 0a |92..6.2410.4130.| 00004d70 0a 0a 53 6d 69 74 68 73 6f 6e 20 54 65 6e 6e 61 |..Smithson Tenna| 00004d80 6e 74 0a 31 38 30 33 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 65 6c |nt.1803..This el| 00004d90 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 61 |ement is found a| 00004da0 73 20 61 6e 20 61 6c 6c 6f 79 2e 20 20 49 74 20 |s an alloy. It | 00004db0 69 73 20 68 61 72 64 20 74 6f 20 6f 62 74 61 69 |is hard to obtai| 00004dc0 6e 20 70 75 72 65 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 0a 75 |n pure. 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It | 00005e80 69 73 20 0a 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 62 79 20 |is .produced by | 00005e90 6e 65 75 74 72 6f 6e 20 62 6f 6d 62 61 72 64 6d |neutron bombardm| 00005ea0 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 70 6c 75 74 6f 6e 69 75 6d |ent of plutonium| 00005eb0 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 43 75 72 69 75 6d 0a 43 6d 0a |......Curium.Cm.| 00005ec0 39 36 0a 32 34 37 0a 0a 37 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 31 |96.247..7......1| 00005ed0 39 34 34 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 20 |944..This metal | 00005ee0 69 73 20 72 61 64 69 6f 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 |is radioactive a| 00005ef0 6e 64 20 61 20 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 |nd a member of t| 00005f00 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 6e 69 64 65 20 67 72 6f 75 |he actinide grou| 00005f10 70 2e 20 20 0a 47 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 69 |p. .Generally i| 00005f20 74 20 69 73 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 |t is similar to | 00005f30 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |the rest of the | 00005f40 61 63 74 69 6e 69 64 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2c 20 |actinide group, | 00005f50 65 78 63 65 70 74 20 69 74 0a 63 6f 72 72 6f 64 |except it.corrod| 00005f60 65 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 2e |es very quickly.| 00005f70 0a 0a 0a 0a 42 65 72 6b 65 6c 69 75 6d 0a 42 6b |....Berkelium.Bk| 00005f80 0a 39 37 0a 32 34 37 0a 0a 37 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a |.97.247..7......| 00005f90 31 39 35 30 0a 0a 42 65 72 6b 65 6c 69 75 6d 20 |1950..Berkelium | 00005fa0 69 73 20 72 61 64 69 6f 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 |is radioactive a| 00005fb0 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 6e 69 |nd in the actini| 00005fc0 64 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 20 6d |de group. Not m| 00005fd0 75 63 68 20 69 73 20 0a 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 61 62 |uch is .known ab| 00005fe0 6f 75 74 20 69 74 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 43 61 6c 69 |out it......Cali| 00005ff0 66 6f 72 6e 69 75 6d 0a 43 66 0a 39 38 0a 32 35 |fornium.Cf.98.25| 00006000 31 0a 0a 37 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 31 39 35 30 0a 0a |1..7......1950..| 00006010 54 68 69 73 20 6d 65 74 61 6c 20 69 73 20 72 61 |This metal is ra| 00006020 64 69 6f 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 |dioactive and a | 00006030 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 |member of the gr| 00006040 6f 75 70 20 6f 66 20 61 63 74 69 6e 69 64 65 73 |oup of actinides| 00006050 2e 20 20 0a 4e 6f 74 20 6d 75 63 68 20 69 73 20 |. .Not much is | 00006060 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 6f 66 20 69 74 2e 20 20 49 74 |known of it. It| 00006070 20 69 73 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 | is produced in | 00006080 6e 75 63 6c 65 61 72 20 72 65 61 63 74 69 6f 6e |nuclear reaction| 00006090 73 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 45 69 6e 73 74 65 69 6e 69 |s......Einsteini| 000060a0 75 6d 0a 45 73 0a 39 39 0a 32 35 34 0a 0a 37 0a |um.Es.99.254..7.| 000060b0 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 31 39 35 32 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 |.....1952..This | 000060c0 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 61 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 |element was name| 000060d0 64 20 69 6e 20 68 6f 6e 6f 75 72 20 6f 66 20 41 |d in honour of A| 000060e0 6c 62 65 72 74 20 45 69 6e 73 74 65 69 6e 20 73 |lbert Einstein s| 000060f0 68 6f 72 74 6c 79 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 68 69 73 |hortly after his| 00006100 20 0a 64 65 61 74 68 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 | .death. It is | 00006110 72 61 64 69 6f 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 |radioactive and | 00006120 61 20 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |a member of the | 00006130 61 63 74 69 6e 69 64 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2e 20 |actinide group. | 00006140 20 4e 6f 74 20 0a 6d 75 63 68 20 69 73 20 6b 6e | Not .much is kn| 00006150 6f 77 6e 20 6f 66 20 69 74 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e |own of it and on| 00006160 6c 79 20 74 69 6e 79 20 61 6d 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 |ly tiny amounts | 00006170 68 61 76 65 20 65 76 65 72 20 62 65 65 6e 20 66 |have ever been f| 00006180 6f 75 6e 64 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 46 65 72 6d 69 75 6d |ound.....Fermium| 00006190 0a 46 6d 0a 31 30 30 0a 32 35 33 0a 0a 37 0a 0a |.Fm.100.253..7..| 000061a0 0a 0a 0a 0a 31 39 35 32 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 20 65 |....1952..This e| 000061b0 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 |lement is named | 000061c0 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 49 74 61 6c 69 61 |after the Italia| 000061d0 6e 2c 20 45 6e 72 69 63 6f 20 46 65 72 6d 69 2e |n, Enrico Fermi.| 000061e0 20 20 46 65 72 6d 69 75 6d 20 69 73 20 0a 72 61 | Fermium is .ra| 000061f0 64 69 6f 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e |dioactive and in| 00006200 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 6e 69 64 65 20 67 72 | the actinide gr| 00006210 6f 75 70 2e 20 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 4d 65 6e 64 65 6c |oup. .....Mendel| 00006220 65 76 69 75 6d 0a 4d 64 0a 31 30 31 0a 32 35 36 |evium.Md.101.256| 00006230 0a 0a 37 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 47 68 69 6f 72 73 6f 20 |..7.....Ghiorso | 00006240 26 20 53 65 61 62 6f 72 67 0a 31 39 35 35 0a 0a |& Seaborg.1955..| 00006250 54 68 69 73 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 |This element is | 00006260 72 61 64 69 6f 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 |radioactive and | 00006270 69 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 6e 69 |is in the actini| 00006280 64 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 |de group. It is| 00006290 20 0a 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 4d 65 | .named after Me| 000062a0 6e 64 65 6c e9 65 76 2c 20 77 68 6f 20 70 75 74 |ndel.ev, who put| 000062b0 20 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f | together the mo| 000062c0 64 65 72 6e 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 20 74 61 |dern periodic ta| 000062d0 62 6c 65 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 4e 6f 62 65 6c 69 75 |ble......Nobeliu| 000062e0 6d 0a 4e 6f 0a 31 30 32 0a 32 35 34 0a 0a 37 0a |m.No.102.254..7.| 000062f0 0a 0a 0a 0a 44 72 20 41 6c 62 65 72 74 20 43 68 |....Dr Albert Ch| 00006300 69 6f 72 73 6f 0a 31 39 35 38 0a 0a 54 68 69 73 |iorso.1958..This| 00006310 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 72 61 64 69 | element is radi| 00006320 6f 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 |oactive and in t| 00006330 68 65 20 61 63 74 69 6e 69 64 65 20 67 72 6f 75 |he actinide grou| 00006340 70 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 0a 70 72 6f 64 75 |p. It is .produ| 00006350 63 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 63 75 72 69 75 6d 20 |ced when curium | 00006360 69 73 20 62 6f 6d 62 61 72 64 65 64 2e 20 20 49 |is bombarded. I| 00006370 74 20 69 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 |t is named after| 00006380 20 74 68 65 20 53 77 65 64 69 73 68 0a 63 68 65 | the Swedish.che| 00006390 6d 69 73 74 2c 20 41 6c 66 72 65 64 20 42 65 72 |mist, Alfred Ber| 000063a0 6e 68 61 72 64 20 4e 6f 62 65 6c 2e 0a 0a 0a 0a |nhard Nobel.....| 000063b0 4c 61 77 72 65 6e 63 69 75 6d 0a 4c 77 0a 31 30 |Lawrencium.Lw.10| 000063c0 33 0a 32 35 37 0a 0a 37 0a 0a 0a 0a 0a 41 2e 20 |3.257..7.....A. | 000063d0 47 68 69 6f 72 73 6f 0a 31 39 36 31 0a 0a 54 68 |Ghiorso.1961..Th| 000063e0 69 73 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 72 61 |is element is ra| 000063f0 64 69 6f 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 |dioactive and a | 00006400 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 |member of the ac| 00006410 74 69 6e 69 64 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2e 20 20 49 |tinide group. I| 00006420 74 20 0a 69 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 62 79 20 62 6f |t .is made by bo| 00006430 6d 62 61 72 64 69 6e 67 20 63 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 |mbarding califor| 00006440 6e 69 75 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 62 6f 72 6f 6e 20 |nium with boron | 00006450 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 6e 61 6d |ions. It is nam| 00006460 65 64 20 0a 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 55 53 |ed .after the US| 00006470 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 69 73 74 2c 20 45 72 6e 65 | physicist, Erne| 00006480 73 74 20 4f 72 6c 61 6e 64 6f 20 4c 61 77 72 65 |st Orlando Lawre| 00006490 6e 63 65 2e 0a 0a 0a |nce....| 00006497
.