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!FontEd/!Help
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
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File contents
> !FontEd.!Help version 0.29
The Font Editor
--------------
The Font Editor can be invoked by double-clicking either on the Editor
application itself or on a Font outline, bitmap or metrics file.
Outline files contain the device-independent form of a font, as a series of
straight lines and bezier curves, which when filled at an appropriate scale
factor using the Draw module will draw the required characters. This
technique is used by the new Font Manager, which caches the resulting
bitmaps in order to speed up the process of painting the fonts.
Bitmap files contain a single size of a font, produced on request by the
editor from a master outline font file. The bitmaps are computed by drawing
the outline font at the appropriate size into a set of bitmaps, which can
then be manually 'tweaked' using the editor if desired before being
compacted using a form of run-length encoding.
Note that if no manual tweaking is performed, the only advantage of
producing bitmap files is to speed up the process of font cacheing, since
the Font Manager can itself perform the conversion from outline to bitmap
fonts 'on the fly', as it reads in the font.
In order to improve the appearance of the bitmap fonts, a set of 'scaffold
lines' can be defined along with the character outlines, to which line
endpoints can be linked. The purpose of these scaffold lines is to allow
'grid constraints' to be enforced when an outline character is converted to
a bitmap form, using a technique based on an article in Siggraph '88 called
'Character Generation Under Grid Constraints' by Roger D. Hersch of the
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne.
The basic idea is to shift the positions of various parts of the character
so that they line up in a consistent way with the pixel grid, so that
horizontal and vertical lines of the same width will be drawn the same
width, rather than having a variation of one pixel due to grid alignment
problems. By creating a scaffold line which lines up with the horizontal or
vertical section and linking the relevant points to the line, that section
of the character will be adjusted when being converted to a bitmap so that
the ideal number of pixel centres fall within the line.
Apart from the 'normal' scaffold lines described above, there are two other
kinds of scaffold lines known as L- and R-tangent lines, which are used to
ensure that arcs positioned so as to avoid the drawing of 'pips' or long
runs of horizontal or vertical pixels at the edges. An L-tangent line
should be linked to an arc which bulges out to the left, while an R-tangent
line should be used for arcs bulging out to the right. For arcs in the
Y-plane, U- and D-tangent lines deal with arcs that bulge up or down
respectively.
The scaffolding mechanism is described in greater detail in a paper which is
available separately from Acorn - since it requires various diagrams, it
cannot adequately be reproduced here. If you are not familiar with Roger
Hersch's article, I would recommend that you read this paper before
continuing.
The rest of this document deals with the various user interfaces to the
editor - note that the Font Editor now supports interactive help, which is
often easier to understand than a document.
To use interactive help, double click on the !Help application and then
watch the help text as you move the mouse over the font editor's windows.
The Iconbar icon
----------------
Click SELECT on the IconBar icon to create a new (blank) font index window.
Click MENU to obtain the menu, which has an info box and a 'Quit' option.
Alternatively double-click on a font file or drag it onto the iconbar icon
to edit it.
When a font file (outlines or bitmaps) is loaded, a file called "IntMetrics"
is searched for in the same directory as the font file - if found, it is
loaded as the metrics file for the font.
When a font file is loaded, it is automatically checked for conformance with
the font file format, and if it does not correspond, a suitable error
message is generated and the file is not loaded. If required, the checking
step can be omitted by holding down the control key as the file is loaded.
This checking facility makes the font editor useful for verifying that fonts
generated by other means are valid.
The Font Index window
---------------------
When a font is loaded, a 'Font Index' window appears, which contains the
name of the font, and whether it is an outline or bitmap font. For bitmap
fonts, the point size and device resolution is displayed.
Characters which are defined will be displayed in black, while those with no
definition are displayed in grey. The index will then start to fill up with
the actual shapes of the characters - this process is done in the
'background', so that you can immediately start editing any of the
characters if you wish, without having to wait for it to be displayed.
For outline fonts:
Double-clicking SELECT on a character will display its 'Skeleton' window,
containing the outline of the character and its scaffold lines.
Double-clicking ADJUST on a character will display its 'full' window,
which shows what the character would look like at a particular size. This
size depends on the height of the window, so by dragging the size box you
can see immediately what the character will look like at a given size.
Dragging a character with SELECT onto another character box will copy the
first character's definition into the other's, overwriting it. If you
drag a character from the font index window onto Draw or a directory
window, the character outline is converted to a DrawFile object.
Dragging a character with ADJUST onto another character box, or onto its
skeleton window, will cause the destination character to use the source
character as the 'base' character for its scaffold lines. Each scaffold
line in a character has a unique index in the range 1..7, and any scaffold
lines in the source character which have no equivalent line in the
destination character will be inherited by it. Note that such lines are
actually equivalent, rather than being copies - if either line is moved,
the other will be affected. Note that the destination character can
subsequently acquire new lines in addition to or instead of lines in the
source, but that new lines added in the source character will not appear
in the destination unless the 'add global line' facility is used, or the
source character is again dragged onto the destination.
Dragging a character with SELECT into any Skeleton window will cause the
character's outline to be displayed in grey as a 'template' in the window -
this allows different characters to be compared.
Dragging a character with SHIFT-select into another character box or
skeleton window will import that character as a composite character
segment. This segment is a direct link to the original character, and
so the use of composite sections can dramatically reduce the memory
requirements of a font. For example, to create a Udieresis (U umlaut):
double-click on the Udieresis box to create a null character
shift-drag the U onto the Udieresis box
shift-drag the dieresis onto the Udieresis box
It is also possible (and often necessary) to adjust the position of a
composite section after it has been imported. See the section about the
Skeleton window for further details. Note that any changes subsequently
made to the included character will affect the character in which it is
included, so you should be sure to get the character right before you
include it in another one.
Note that when a character is imported into another in this way, only the
'local' section of the character is imported - any composite sections in
the first character are not imported. This allows, for example, the
accented lower-case i's to be constructed without the need for a separate
dotless i, since the first accented i can be produced with a local dotless
section and an imported accent, and this character can then be included in
the others to produce further dotless i sections.
Dragging a character with CTRL-select onto another character that already
contains that character as a composite section will cause the composite
section to be removed.
For bitmap fonts:
Double-clicking SELECT on a character will open its 'Bitmap window',
showing an enlarged view of the characters definition, with the original
outline displayed on top if available (see below).
Outline font menu:
Redisplay - causes the font to be rescanned, so that all characters will
be recomputed to suit the curent screen mode's resolution. For example, if
you loaded a font while in mode 12, then changed to mode 20, the characters
in the font index would still be displayed at the old resolution. By
selecting 'Redisplay', you could force the Font Editor to make the
characters look better.
Show tree - displays a tree of the character definitions, showing which
characters inherit scaffold lines from which others. The characters on
the left are the 'parents' of the characters connected to the right of
them. When a scaffold line is selected in a skeleton window all
characters which contain that line are displayed in red, both in the tree
and any relevant font index windows (including bitmap fonts which depend
on that outline font).
Alter - allows various aspects of the font file to be altered:
Font name - note that in a finished font, the font name must
correspond with the directory (relative to Font$Prefix) in which it
resides. Also note that the font name displayed in the window
reflects that in the Outlines file, not the IntMetrics file. If the
metrics of the font are saved, the IntMetrics file will have this
font name written into it, and it is this file which must contain
the correct font name (to get the Font Manager to cache the font
correctly).
Design size - this number reflects the number of "design units" that
correspond to 1 "em". For example, if D is the design size of a
font, and this is then rendered at 12 point, then the outlines will
be scaled so that D design units equals 12 points. Note that
coordinates are 12 bit sign-extended, so they must be in the range
-2048 to 2047, and must be integers. A suitable value for the
design size is about 500. If the design size of a font is made
smaller, the characters will be rendered larger for a given point
size, while if the design size is increased, the characters will be
rendered smaller for a given point size.
Skeleton - this number is the threshold pixel size below which
skeleton lines will be drawn - above this they are ignored. See
below for an explanation of what skeleton lines are. The "pixel
size" of a font at a given size is the number of pixels per em, eg.
for a 12 point font rendered on a device with a resolution of 90
dots per inch the pixels per em is 12 * 90 / 72 (since there are 72
points per inch).
Format - this controls the format of the font file. You should
always use version 6, since version 7 cannot be understood by the
current font manager.
Save - clicking on Save will save the font and its metrics (if any) under
its old name, or alternatively you can click on Save=>Outlines or
Save=>Metrics to save only that file, or you can edit either filename and
press RETURN or drag the file into a directory.
Make bitmap - you can select the settings of point size and dots per inch
by typing into the writeable fields - SHIFT-cursor moves between fields, or
RETURN moves you to the next one and activates the operation if you are
already in the last field. A new Font Index window will appear for the
bitmap font, which will start to fill up as the characters are computed from
the outlines.
Debug - this is for debugging purposes and should not be used.
Bitmap font menu:
Save - allows the font file to be saved. Note that this option is greyed
out if the outline font has not yet been turned into bitmaps (this is done
in the background), since the file data depends on the bitmap information.
The Skeleton window
-------------------
The skeleton window shows a character's outline definition, including
endpoints of lines and any scaffold lines. It can also show the outline of
one other character as a 'template', if you drag the relevant character from
its font index window into the skeleton window (see above).
Note that when editing the contents of the skeleton window (either the
character outline or any scaffold lines), any other windows which depend on
the skeleton (eg. Full char windows or bitmaps) will be automatically
updated as well. In particular, this means that if a bitmap has been
hand-tuned since it ws computed from its outline, altering the outline will
cause the bitmap to be recomputed, overwriting the hand-tuning.
The character outline is converted to a bitmap by filling all closed
subpaths using the Draw module (with even-odd window number rule, filling
interior and interior boundary pixels), and thin-stroking all open subpaths
(known as skeleton lines). In the 'Full char' window, the thin-stroking is
drawn first in red, and the filling is done over the top in black, so that
it is immediately apperent when the thin-stroking makes any difference to
the appearance. The idea is that for diagonal lines and thin curves, the
thin-stroking acts as a kind of 'insurance' against the line disappearing
altogether at small sizes - one should put an open subpath down the centre
of the line. The font has a threshold pixel size above which the open
subpaths are ignored completely, since they are likely to have no effect at
large sizes. This threshold can be changed using the menu option
Alter=>Skeleton.
While no scaffold lines are selected:
Clicking SELECT or ADJUST on a line segment selects that line, deselecting
any other. The line is displayed in light blue, with the control points
displayed in red.
Clicking SELECT not on a line deselects any selected line. If there are
more than one included composite section, this also selects the next one
in the list. This means that you can use the cursor keys to move that
section around within the character.
Dragging SELECT creates a new straight line segment: if the mouse was
originally over another point, the line segment is connected to it, and if
this was already a 2-node, the new line is linked in between the point and
the selected line (so you can choose which side of the point to insert the
line).
Dragging ADJUST over a point moves that point. For a Bezier curve, dragging
an endpoint moves both control points which are attached to that point by
the same amount, thus preserving the angle of the tangent, while dragging
either 'control point' of a straight line segment converts it to a Bezier
curve.
When dragging a point using SELECT or ADJUST, when the point is released,
the Font Editor checks to see if the point is sufficiently close to an
endpoint - if it is, and the endpoint is a 1-node, then it connects the
dragged point precisely to the other one, and 'beeps' to show that it has
done it. This has one important side-effect when drawing open subpaths
which are to act as thin-stroked 'skeletons' - for example, when doing the
skeleton for an 'O'. The problem is that one wants the first point in the
path to coincide with the last, without actually being connected to it. The
solution is to proceed normally, allowing the Font Editor to connect the
first and last points together. You can then press and release SELECT on
the final point, holding it down long enough to register as a drag
operation. This will cause a zero-length straight line to be inserted
between the first and last points in the skeleton - since it is also
selected, one can now select 'Delete' from the menu (see below) to remove
the line and achieve the desired open subpath.
Clicking on a scaffold line's control point selects that line:
When a scaffold line is selected, all characters which contain that line
are displayed in red in the Font Index window. This provides a quick check
as to which characters would be affected by moving the line.
In the skeleton window, any points connected to that line are displayed in
red. You can connect more points to the line by clicking on them using
SELECT, or by dragging a rectangle over a group of points and releasing
it. Note that Bezier curve control points are always linked to the same
scaffold line as their nearest endpoint, and that any endpoint is linked to
one X-scaffold and one Y-scaffold line (line 0 is the null line, see
'Disconnect' below).
You can also link any other scaffold line to the selected one by pressing
SHIFT-select on its control blob. When rendering the character, this
causes the position of the linked line to be adjusted by the movement
caused by the selected line, before the movement of the linked line is
itself computed. Any lines linked to the selected line have their control
blobs displayed in red, and if the selected line is linked to another
line, that line's control blobs are displayed in dark green, as opposed to
light green.
Typically one would use this feature on character baselines, where the
straight-bottomed and curve-bottomed characters are linked to different grid
lines, but one of the grid lines is linked to the other, to ensure that they
move in a consistent manner. One would normally also link the upper serif
line of a font to the baseline serif line, so that the height of the font
is kept close to the ideal value.
Pressing CTRL-select on a scaffold line links it linearly between the
selected scaffold line and its parent. For example, for a captital 'E',
one would first link the top stem H-scaffold line to the bottom stem
H-scaffold line, and would then select the top stem scaffold line and
click CTRL-select on the middle stem H-scaffold line to link it linearly
between the other two. When the character is rendered, the top and bottom
stems are first adjusted to fit the grid, and then the middle line is
adjusted to restore the original proportions of the sections above and
below this line before that line is itself fitted to the grid. This
ensures that if the upper portion of the 'E' is meant to be slightly
smaller than the lower section, the final bitmap character will always
have the upper section smaller than or equal to the lower section.
You can drag any scaffold line using the SELECT or ADJUST buttons - any
other characters containing a reference to the line are also affected.
Clicking SELECT on the window background will only deselect the scaffold
line if SHIFT is pressed (this is to allow SELECT-drag to drag a rectangle
over a set of points without deselecting the scaffold line). Pressing
Escape will also deselect any selected scaffold line.
Skeleton menu:
Delete - deletes the selected line (straight line or Bezier curve) or
scaffold line, depending on which is selected at the time - note that
selecting a scaffold line automatically deselects any selected line.
Straighten - straightens the selected Bezier curve, if any (ie. turns it
back into a straight line segment).
Scaffold - various options dealing with scaffold lines, listed under
'Scaffold menu' below.
Display - the submenu allows various artifacts in the skeleton window
to be displayed or not as required:
Pointer - if not ticked, the pointer is removed whenever a drag
commences, and is restored afterwards.
Coords - if ticked, the coordinates of a point (in design units)
are displayed as it is dragged.
Width - if ticked, the character's origin and width are displayed.
If no metrics file is loaded, all characters have width 0 (the
origin is displayed as a cross).
Char BBox - if ticked, the character's current bounding box is
displayed in red.
Orig BBox - if ticked, the character's "original" bounding box (ie.
that specified by the metrics file) is displayed. This does not
change if the character is edited - only if the metrics file is
reloaded.
Font BBox - if ticked, the font bounding box is displayed, with two
horizontal lines showing the height of one em (in design units, the
distance between these two lines is the design size of the font).
Note that the font bbox is not updated until the font is saved or
reloaded.
Bitmap - if ticked, then any bitmap dragged into the skeleton window
will be displayed at its current scaling and orientation. Normally
the bitmap would be made invisible to allow the outline to be
inspected.
Handles - if ticked, then if there is a bitmap in this window then a
red box will be drawn round it with 8 'handles' to allow its size
and orientation to be altered. Note that if the handles are
displayed, dragging SELECT inside the area covered by the bitmap
will cause it to be moved - to draw lines over the bitmap, the
handles must be made invisible.
Full char - this allows another way of getting hold of the 'full char'
window, instead of double-clicking ADJUST on the Font Index window.
Zoom - this allows the size of the character display to be changed. If
the 'variable' box is ticked, then the displayed chacter size depends on
the height of the window, otherwise the numbers in the writeable fields
determine the scale factors. In multisync or VGA modes (modes 20 and 27),
a ratio of 2:1 gives an exact corespondence between design units and
pixels on the screen (useful when lining up scaffold lines).
Scaffold menu:
New local - this allows a new local scaffold line to be created, subject
to the restriction that any one character can have at most 7 vertical and
7 horizontal lines. The line will only exist in the current character,
but if an ADJUST drag operation is subsequently made which causes
another character to use this character as a base, the line will be
inherited by the new character.
New global - this is similar to the previous operation, except that the
new line is propagated along all children of the character (ie. all those
which use it as a base, and all their children) immediately inherit the
line. This operation is only allowed if a line index can be found which is
free in the current character and all its children.
Replace - if a scaffold line is selected, this operation can be used to
override it with a new local line. Any children of the character which
contained the old line will have it replaced by the new line.
The above three options share the same submenu, which is used to select
the type of scaffold line required. These options will be shaded if the
appropriate line type cannot be selected, eg. if there are no more
scaffold lines allowed in that direction, or if you are trying to replace
a line you can only replace it with one in the same direction (X or Y).
H-scaffold for horizontal stems (eg. middle of 'A')
U-tangent for upward-facing arcs (eg. top of 'C')
D-tangent for downward-facing arcs (eg. bottom of 'U')
V-scaffold for vertical stems (eg. left of 'b')
L-tangent for left-facing arcs (eg. left of 'C')
R-tangent for right-facing arcs (eg. right of 'D')
Undelete - this option is used to restore a line from a parent character
in its child if that line has been deleted or replaced in the child. To
use it, you should select the line in the parent that you want to put back
in the child, then click MENU in the child and choose Scaffold=>Undelete.
If the line had been replaced by another line in the child, this will be
replaced by the parent line, including any inheritances of that line in
children of the child(!).
Disconnect - if there is a selected scaffold line, this will attach all
points currently connected to the selected line to line 0 (ie. no line).
Note that this only affects the scaffolding in the direction of the selected
line, so if an H/U/D-scaffold line was selected, the V/L/R-scaffold
connections of the points would be unaffected.
Skeleton keys (sic):
When the mouse is clicked in a skeleton window, it grabs the caret (its
window border lights up), wich allows various keyboard speedups to
operate:
f9 is equivalent to 'Scaffold=>Disconnect' on the menu
Escape deselects the current line / scaffold line
cursor keys while dragging, move the pointer by one pixel.
cursor keys while not dragging, and a scaffold line is selected, all
points connected to that line are moved by 1 design unit
in the appropriate direction.
cursor keys while not dragging, and no scaffold line is selected,
and there is a composite character segment, this segment
will be moved by 1 design units in the appropriate
direction. If there is more than one composite section,
clicking SELECT in the window will select the next
section for movement.
SHIFT-cursor as for cursor keys, but move by 4 design units
CTRL-cursor as for cursor keys, but move by 16 design units
Bitmap window
-------------
Clicking or dragging SELECT in the bitmap will set the pixel under the mouse
pointer to black.
Clicking or dragging ADJUST in the bitmap will clear the pixel under the
mouse pointer to white.
Bitmap menu:
Rectangles - if this is ticked, a rectangular grid will be displayed over
the character. Selecting this option toggles the state.
Diamonds - if this is ticked, a diamond grid will be displayed over the
character. This is useful when assessing whether a pixel will be filled by
the 'thin stroke' parts of the character outline, since the stroking
algorithm will fill a pixel if the line goes through the diamond shape
inscribed in the pixel.
Flatness - the flatness parameter passed to the draw module when making
the bitmap can be altered using this option. If 'flatness' is ticked, the
character outline displayed over the top of the bitmap will be tweaked to
show how the path was actually flattened by the Draw module, and how the
scaffolding has affected the outline.
Origin - this can be used to alter the position of the character origin
within the pixel grid, and should not normally be used (it is for
experimentation purposes).
Note that if the outline font that this bitmap font is derived from is
loaded in the editor, the outlines will be displayed over the bitmaps, and
the effect of altering scaffold lines or outlines will be reflected
immediately in the bitmap windows. This is a very good way of seeing how
the scaffolding process works.
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Origin| 000068f0 20 2d 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 | - this can be u| 00006900 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 |sed to alter the| 00006910 20 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | position of the| 00006920 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 6f 72 69 67 69 | character origi| 00006930 6e 0a 20 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 |n. within the p| 00006940 69 78 65 6c 20 67 72 69 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 |ixel grid, and s| 00006950 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c |hould not normal| 00006960 6c 79 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 28 69 74 20 69 |ly be used (it i| 00006970 73 20 66 6f 72 0a 20 20 65 78 70 65 72 69 6d 65 |s for. experime| 00006980 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 75 72 70 6f 73 65 73 |ntation purposes| 00006990 29 2e 0a 0a 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 66 |)...Note that if| 000069a0 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 6c 69 6e 65 20 66 6f 6e | the outline fon| 000069b0 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 62 69 74 6d |t that this bitm| 000069c0 61 70 20 66 6f 6e 74 20 69 73 20 64 65 72 69 76 |ap font is deriv| 000069d0 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 69 73 0a 6c 6f 61 64 65 |ed from is.loade| 000069e0 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 2c |d in the editor,| 000069f0 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 77 69 | the outlines wi| 00006a00 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 |ll be displayed | 00006a10 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 62 69 74 6d 61 70 73 |over the bitmaps| 00006a20 2c 20 61 6e 64 0a 74 68 65 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 |, and.the effect| 00006a30 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 73 63 61 | of altering sca| 00006a40 66 66 6f 6c 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 6f 72 20 6f |ffold lines or o| 00006a50 75 74 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 |utlines will be | 00006a60 72 65 66 6c 65 63 74 65 64 0a 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 |reflected.immedi| 00006a70 61 74 65 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 69 74 |ately in the bit| 00006a80 6d 61 70 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 73 2e 20 20 54 68 |map windows. Th| 00006a90 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 76 65 72 79 20 67 6f 6f |is is a very goo| 00006aa0 64 20 77 61 79 20 6f 66 20 73 65 65 69 6e 67 20 |d way of seeing | 00006ab0 68 6f 77 0a 74 68 65 20 73 63 61 66 66 6f 6c 64 |how.the scaffold| 00006ac0 69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 77 6f 72 6b |ing process work| 00006ad0 73 2e 0a |s..| 00006ad3
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