Home » Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron_User_Group » EUG_30.ADF » F/+HINT8
F/+HINT8
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
Some of these files were originally commercial releases in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are now widely available online. I assume that copyright over them is no longer being asserted. If you own the copyright and would like files to be removed, please contact me.
| Tape/disk: | Home » Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron_User_Group » EUG_30.ADF |
| Filename: | F/+HINT8 |
| Read OK: | ✔ |
| File size: | 1323 bytes |
| Load address: | 2B204556 |
| Exec address: | 544E4948 |
File contents
7,2 Electron expansion middle module data buffer control
As two expansion modules can be used on the Electron simultaneously and in
any order, there may be a conflict on the data bus during read cycles if
buffers in a rear expansion unit are enabled when a peripheral device in a
middle expansion unit is being accessed. Also, data buffers in expansion
units must never be enabled when the Electron's own internal ROMs (8 to
11) are being accessed.
To prevent these collisions, a buffer enable line has been allocated
through which an expansion module will enable the data buffers of the
expansion module behind it when required. As Acorn have allocated the
spare pin on the expansion connector (pin 28) to SOUND IN, pin 27 (the
RDY line on the expansion connector) has been chosen to fulfil this buffer
enable function in middle expansion modules.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acorn Electron Microcomputers are set to display within the full picture
area defined by the PAL TV standard. This makes maximum use of the
display area and resolution available on a TV set, and is particularly
important when using a monitor.
However, some TV manufacturers have changed their policy with regard to
setting up TV pictures, and now adjust sets so that the top of the picture
is "off screen". This may mean that, when connected to your computer, you
may not see the top line of characters on the screen. If you have this
problem, you will usually find that TV retailers or rental companies will
adjust you set for you, either free of charge or for a small fee.
Most software authors are aware of this problem, and should write their
programs so that you do not lose important information. If you find a
commercially available program (eg a game) which exhibits this problem, we
suggest that you contact the software authors.
For your own use, a simple way around the problem which does not require
adjusting your TV set is to use the text window facility, which is
described on page 92 of the Electron User Guide. This restricts text
output to a specific area of the screen, which can be set to exclude the
top and/or bottom lines. Note that this method will not work for games or
other commercial software: you will need to contact the authors and make
them aware of the problem.
The command used depends on which screen mode is in use. After switching
on, the Electron is in mode 6. Entering the following command will ensure
that no further text is printed on the top line:
VDU 28,0,24,39,1
A VDU 28 command should be entered every time the Electron is switched on,
or whenever the mode is changed (by a MODE command). The commands for
each screen mode are listed below:
MODE COMMAND
0 VDU 28,0,31,79,1
1 VDU 28,0,31,39,1
2 VDU 28,0,31,19,1
3 VDU 28,0,24,79,1
4 VDU 28,0,31,39,1
5 VDU 28,0,31,19,1
6 VDU 28,0,24,39,1
These commands may be placed in a program (eg straight after a MODE
statement), or may be entered directly at the keyboard.
If you are likely to change mode a lot, it may be useful to set up the
function keys so that you can accomplish changing the mode and setting the
window with a single key press. If you enter and then SAVE the following
program, you can automatically set up the function keys just by CHAINing
the program when you switch on the Electron. Once this program has been
run, pressing (for example) FUNC-2 will select mode 2 and will
automatically set up the text window. (FUNC-2 is obtained by holding down
the FUNC key and then pressing and releasing "2").
Note that the "|" character is obtained by holding down SHIFT and pressing
the "right arrow" key.
10 *KEY 0 MODE 0 |M VDU 28,0,31,79,1 |M
20 *KEY 1 MODE 1 |M VDU 28,0,31,39,1 |M
30 *KEY 2 MODE 2 |M VDU 28,0,31,19,1, |M
40 *KEY 3 MODE 3 |M VDU 28,0,24,79,1 |M
50 *KEY 4 MODE 4 |M VDU 28,0,31,39,1 |M
60 *KEY 5 MODE 5 |M VDU 28,0,31,19,1 |M
70 *KEY 6 MODE 6 |M VDU 28,0,24,39,1 |M
If you wish to use the text window in other ways, the general form of the
VDU command is as follows:
VDU 28,a,b,c,d
where: a is the left hand column number (starting at 0)
b is the bottom row number (starting with row 0 at the top)
c is th e right hand column number
d is the top row number
of the area on the screen where text is to be displayed.
After a VDU 28 command, text will only be printed inside the area
specified. See page 92 and page 112 of the Electron User Guide for
further details. By using a different number for "b", it is possible to
remove the bottom line of the display as well.
The *KEY command and function keys are described in chapter 24 of the
Electron User Guide.
00000000 0d 37 2c 32 20 20 45 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 20 65 |.7,2 Electron e| 00000010 78 70 61 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 |xpansion middle | 00000020 6d 6f 64 75 6c 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 62 75 66 66 |module data buff| 00000030 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 0d 0d 41 73 20 74 |er control..As t| 00000040 77 6f 20 65 78 70 61 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 6d 6f 64 |wo expansion mod| 00000050 75 6c 65 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 |ules can be used| 00000060 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 45 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e | on the Electron| 00000070 20 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 20 | simultaneously | 00000080 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 0d 61 6e 79 20 6f 72 64 65 72 |and in.any order| 00000090 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 61 |, there may be a| 000000a0 20 63 6f 6e 66 6c 69 63 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 | conflict on the| 000000b0 20 64 61 74 61 20 62 75 73 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 | data bus during| 000000c0 20 72 65 61 64 20 63 79 63 6c 65 73 20 69 66 0d | read cycles if.| 000000d0 62 75 66 66 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 72 65 61 |buffers in a rea| 000000e0 72 20 65 78 70 61 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 75 6e 69 74 |r expansion unit| 000000f0 20 61 72 65 20 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 64 20 77 68 65 | are enabled whe| 00000100 6e 20 61 20 70 65 72 69 70 68 65 72 61 6c 20 64 |n a peripheral d| 00000110 65 76 69 63 65 20 69 6e 20 61 0d 6d 69 64 64 6c |evice in a.middl| 00000120 65 20 65 78 70 61 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 75 6e 69 74 |e expansion unit| 00000130 20 69 73 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 | is being access| 00000140 65 64 2e 20 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 64 61 74 61 20 |ed. Also, data | 00000150 62 75 66 66 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 65 78 70 61 6e |buffers in expan| 00000160 73 69 6f 6e 0d 75 6e 69 74 73 20 6d 75 73 74 20 |sion.units must | 00000170 6e 65 76 65 72 20 62 65 20 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 64 |never be enabled| 00000180 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 45 6c 65 63 74 72 | when the Electr| 00000190 6f 6e 27 73 20 6f 77 6e 20 69 6e 74 65 72 6e 61 |on's own interna| 000001a0 6c 20 52 4f 4d 73 20 28 38 20 74 6f 0d 31 31 29 |l ROMs (8 to.11)| 000001b0 20 61 72 65 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 61 63 63 65 73 | are being acces| 000001c0 73 65 64 2e 0d 0d 54 6f 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 |sed...To prevent| 000001d0 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 63 6f 6c 6c 69 73 69 6f 6e | these collision| 000001e0 73 2c 20 61 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 20 65 6e 61 62 |s, a buffer enab| 000001f0 6c 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e |le line has been| 00000200 20 61 6c 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 0d 74 68 72 6f 75 | allocated.throu| 00000210 67 68 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 6e 20 65 78 70 61 |gh which an expa| 00000220 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 6d 6f 64 75 6c 65 20 77 69 6c |nsion module wil| 00000230 6c 20 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 |l enable the dat| 00000240 61 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |a buffers of the| 00000250 0d 65 78 70 61 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 6d 6f 64 75 6c |.expansion modul| 00000260 65 20 62 65 68 69 6e 64 20 69 74 20 77 68 65 6e |e behind it when| 00000270 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 2e 20 20 41 73 20 41 | required. As A| 00000280 63 6f 72 6e 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 6c 6c 6f 63 61 |corn have alloca| 00000290 74 65 64 20 74 68 65 0d 73 70 61 72 65 20 70 69 |ted the.spare pi| 000002a0 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 70 61 6e 73 69 |n on the expansi| 000002b0 6f 6e 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 6f 72 20 28 70 69 |on connector (pi| 000002c0 6e 20 32 38 29 20 74 6f 20 20 53 4f 55 4e 44 20 |n 28) to SOUND | 000002d0 49 4e 2c 20 70 69 6e 20 32 37 20 28 74 68 65 0d |IN, pin 27 (the.| 000002e0 52 44 59 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |RDY line on the | 000002f0 65 78 70 61 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 |expansion connec| 00000300 74 6f 72 29 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 63 68 |tor) has been ch| 00000310 6f 73 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 66 75 6c 66 69 6c 20 74 |osen to fulfil t| 00000320 68 69 73 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 0d 65 6e 61 62 6c |his buffer.enabl| 00000330 65 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 6d 69 |e function in mi| 00000340 64 64 6c 65 20 65 78 70 61 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 6d |ddle expansion m| 00000350 6f 64 75 6c 65 73 2e 0d 0d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |odules...-------| 00000360 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |----------------| * 000003a0 2d 2d 0d 0d 41 63 6f 72 6e 20 45 6c 65 63 74 72 |--..Acorn Electr| 000003b0 6f 6e 20 4d 69 63 72 6f 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 |on Microcomputer| 000003c0 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 64 69 73 |s are set to dis| 000003d0 70 6c 61 79 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |play within the | 000003e0 66 75 6c 6c 20 70 69 63 74 75 72 65 0d 61 72 65 |full picture.are| 000003f0 61 20 64 65 66 69 6e 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 |a defined by the| 00000400 20 50 41 4c 20 54 56 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 | PAL TV standard| 00000410 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 6d 61 |. This makes ma| 00000420 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |ximum use of the| 00000430 0d 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 61 72 65 61 20 61 6e |.display area an| 00000440 64 20 72 65 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 76 61 |d resolution ava| 00000450 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 54 56 20 73 |ilable on a TV s| 00000460 65 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 70 61 72 74 69 |et, and is parti| 00000470 63 75 6c 61 72 6c 79 0d 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e |cularly.importan| 00000480 74 20 77 68 65 6e 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6d |t when using a m| 00000490 6f 6e 69 74 6f 72 2e 0d 0d 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 |onitor...However| 000004a0 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 54 56 20 6d 61 6e 75 66 61 |, some TV manufa| 000004b0 63 74 75 72 65 72 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 63 68 61 |cturers have cha| 000004c0 6e 67 65 64 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 70 6f 6c 69 63 |nged their polic| 000004d0 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 72 65 67 61 72 64 20 74 6f |y with regard to| 000004e0 0d 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 75 70 20 54 56 20 70 |.setting up TV p| 000004f0 69 63 74 75 72 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 77 |ictures, and now| 00000500 20 61 64 6a 75 73 74 20 73 65 74 73 20 73 6f 20 | adjust sets so | 00000510 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 20 6f 66 20 |that the top of | 00000520 74 68 65 20 70 69 63 74 75 72 65 0d 69 73 20 22 |the picture.is "| 00000530 6f 66 66 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 22 2e 20 20 54 68 |off screen". Th| 00000540 69 73 20 6d 61 79 20 6d 65 61 6e 20 74 68 61 74 |is may mean that| 00000550 2c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 |, when connected| 00000560 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 | to your compute| 00000570 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 0d 6d 61 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 |r, you.may not s| 00000580 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 |ee the top line | 00000590 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 6f 6e |of characters on| 000005a0 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 20 49 66 | the screen. If| 000005b0 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 69 73 0d 70 | you have this.p| 000005c0 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c |roblem, you will| 000005d0 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 | usually find th| 000005e0 61 74 20 54 56 20 72 65 74 61 69 6c 65 72 73 20 |at TV retailers | 000005f0 6f 72 20 72 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e |or rental compan| 00000600 69 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 0d 61 64 6a 75 73 74 20 |ies will.adjust | 00000610 79 6f 75 20 73 65 74 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 2c |you set for you,| 00000620 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 66 72 65 65 20 6f 66 20 | either free of | 00000630 63 68 61 72 67 65 20 6f 72 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 |charge or for a | 00000640 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 66 65 65 2e 0d 0d 4d 6f 73 74 |small fee...Most| 00000650 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 | software author| 00000660 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 77 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 |s are aware of t| 00000670 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 |his problem, and| 00000680 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 74 68 | should write th| 00000690 65 69 72 0d 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 73 6f 20 |eir.programs so | 000006a0 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 |that you do not | 000006b0 6c 6f 73 65 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 69 |lose important i| 000006c0 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 20 49 66 20 |nformation. If | 000006d0 79 6f 75 20 66 69 6e 64 20 61 0d 63 6f 6d 6d 65 |you find a.comme| 000006e0 72 63 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c |rcially availabl| 000006f0 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 28 65 67 20 61 20 |e program (eg a | 00000700 67 61 6d 65 29 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 65 78 68 69 |game) which exhi| 00000710 62 69 74 73 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 |bits this proble| 00000720 6d 2c 20 77 65 0d 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 20 74 68 |m, we.suggest th| 00000730 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 63 74 20 74 |at you contact t| 00000740 68 65 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 61 75 74 68 |he software auth| 00000750 6f 72 73 2e 0d 0d 46 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f |ors...For your o| 00000760 77 6e 20 75 73 65 2c 20 61 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 |wn use, a simple| 00000770 20 77 61 79 20 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 | way around the | 00000780 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 64 6f |problem which do| 00000790 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 0d 61 |es not require.a| 000007a0 64 6a 75 73 74 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 54 56 |djusting your TV| 000007b0 20 73 65 74 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 | set is to use t| 000007c0 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 66 |he text window f| 000007d0 61 63 69 6c 69 74 79 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 |acility, which i| 000007e0 73 0d 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 70 |s.described on p| 000007f0 61 67 65 20 39 32 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 45 6c |age 92 of the El| 00000800 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 20 55 73 65 72 20 47 75 69 64 |ectron User Guid| 00000810 65 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 |e. This restric| 00000820 74 73 20 74 65 78 74 0d 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 74 |ts text.output t| 00000830 6f 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 20 61 72 65 |o a specific are| 00000840 61 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2c |a of the screen,| 00000850 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65 | which can be se| 00000860 74 20 74 6f 20 65 78 63 6c 75 64 65 20 74 68 65 |t to exclude the| 00000870 0d 74 6f 70 20 61 6e 64 2f 6f 72 20 62 6f 74 74 |.top and/or bott| 00000880 6f 6d 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2e 20 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 |om lines. Note | 00000890 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 |that this method| 000008a0 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 66 | will not work f| 000008b0 6f 72 20 67 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 72 0d 6f 74 68 65 |or games or.othe| 000008c0 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 72 63 69 61 6c 20 73 6f 66 |r commercial sof| 000008d0 74 77 61 72 65 3a 20 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c |tware: you will| 000008e0 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 63 74 | need to contact| 000008f0 20 74 68 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 73 20 61 6e 64 | the authors and| 00000900 20 6d 61 6b 65 0d 74 68 65 6d 20 61 77 61 72 65 | make.them aware| 00000910 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 2e | of the problem.| 00000920 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 75 73 |..The command us| 00000930 65 64 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 73 20 6f 6e 20 77 68 |ed depends on wh| 00000940 69 63 68 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 |ich screen mode | 00000950 69 73 20 69 6e 20 75 73 65 2e 20 20 41 66 74 65 |is in use. Afte| 00000960 72 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 69 6e 67 0d 6f 6e 2c 20 |r switching.on, | 00000970 74 68 65 20 45 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 |the Electron is | 00000980 69 6e 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 36 2e 20 20 45 6e 74 65 |in mode 6. Ente| 00000990 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 |ring the followi| 000009a0 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |ng command will | 000009b0 65 6e 73 75 72 65 0d 74 68 61 74 20 6e 6f 20 66 |ensure.that no f| 000009c0 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 74 65 78 74 20 69 73 20 70 |urther text is p| 000009d0 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f |rinted on the to| 000009e0 70 20 6c 69 6e 65 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |p line:.. | 000009f0 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 32 34 2c 33 39 2c | VDU 28,0,24,39,| 00000a00 31 0d 0d 41 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 20 63 6f 6d 6d |1..A VDU 28 comm| 00000a10 61 6e 64 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 65 6e |and should be en| 00000a20 74 65 72 65 64 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 74 69 6d 65 |tered every time| 00000a30 20 74 68 65 20 45 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 20 69 73 | the Electron is| 00000a40 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 64 20 6f 6e 2c 0d 6f 72 | switched on,.or| 00000a50 20 77 68 65 6e 65 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f | whenever the mo| 00000a60 64 65 20 69 73 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 20 28 62 |de is changed (b| 00000a70 79 20 61 20 4d 4f 44 45 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 |y a MODE command| 00000a80 29 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 |). The commands| 00000a90 20 66 6f 72 0d 65 61 63 68 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e | for.each screen| 00000aa0 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 61 72 65 20 6c 69 73 74 65 64 | mode are listed| 00000ab0 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | below:.. | 00000ac0 20 4d 4f 44 45 20 20 20 20 43 4f 4d 4d 41 4e 44 | MODE COMMAND| 00000ad0 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. 0 | 00000ae0 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 33 31 2c 37 39 2c | VDU 28,0,31,79,| 00000af0 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 20 20 |1. 1 | 00000b00 20 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 33 31 2c 33 39 | VDU 28,0,31,39| 00000b10 2c 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 20 |,1. 2 | 00000b20 20 20 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 33 31 2c 31 | VDU 28,0,31,1| 00000b30 39 2c 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 20 20 20 |9,1. 3 | 00000b40 20 20 20 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 32 34 2c | VDU 28,0,24,| 00000b50 37 39 2c 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 20 20 |79,1. 4 | 00000b60 20 20 20 20 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 33 31 | VDU 28,0,31| 00000b70 2c 33 39 2c 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 35 20 |,39,1. 5 | 00000b80 20 20 20 20 20 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 33 | VDU 28,0,3| 00000b90 31 2c 31 39 2c 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 |1,19,1. 6| 00000ba0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c | VDU 28,0,| 00000bb0 32 34 2c 33 39 2c 31 0d 0d 54 68 65 73 65 20 63 |24,39,1..These c| 00000bc0 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 70 |ommands may be p| 00000bd0 6c 61 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 |laced in a progr| 00000be0 61 6d 20 28 65 67 20 73 74 72 61 69 67 68 74 20 |am (eg straight | 00000bf0 61 66 74 65 72 20 61 20 4d 4f 44 45 0d 73 74 61 |after a MODE.sta| 00000c00 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 29 2c 20 6f 72 20 6d 61 79 20 |tement), or may | 00000c10 62 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 |be entered direc| 00000c20 74 6c 79 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 62 6f |tly at the keybo| 00000c30 61 72 64 2e 20 0d 0d 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 |ard. ..If you ar| 00000c40 65 20 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 6e |e likely to chan| 00000c50 67 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 61 20 6c 6f 74 2c 20 69 |ge mode a lot, i| 00000c60 74 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 |t may be useful | 00000c70 74 6f 20 73 65 74 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 0d 66 75 |to set up the.fu| 00000c80 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6b 65 79 73 20 73 6f 20 74 |nction keys so t| 00000c90 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 63 63 6f |hat you can acco| 00000ca0 6d 70 6c 69 73 68 20 63 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 |mplish changing | 00000cb0 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 74 |the mode and set| 00000cc0 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 0d 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 20 |ting the.window | 00000cd0 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6b 65 |with a single ke| 00000ce0 79 20 70 72 65 73 73 2e 20 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 |y press. If you| 00000cf0 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 | enter and then | 00000d00 53 41 56 45 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 |SAVE the followi| 00000d10 6e 67 0d 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 |ng.program, you | 00000d20 63 61 6e 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c |can automaticall| 00000d30 79 20 73 65 74 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 20 66 75 6e |y set up the fun| 00000d40 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6b 65 79 73 20 6a 75 73 74 20 |ction keys just | 00000d50 62 79 20 43 48 41 49 4e 69 6e 67 0d 74 68 65 20 |by CHAINing.the | 00000d60 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 |program when you| 00000d70 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 45 | switch on the E| 00000d80 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 2e 20 20 4f 6e 63 65 20 74 |lectron. Once t| 00000d90 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 68 61 73 20 |his program has | 00000da0 62 65 65 6e 0d 72 75 6e 2c 20 70 72 65 73 73 69 |been.run, pressi| 00000db0 6e 67 20 28 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 29 |ng (for example)| 00000dc0 20 46 55 4e 43 2d 32 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 65 6c | FUNC-2 will sel| 00000dd0 65 63 74 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 32 20 61 6e 64 20 77 |ect mode 2 and w| 00000de0 69 6c 6c 0d 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c |ill.automaticall| 00000df0 79 20 73 65 74 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 |y set up the tex| 00000e00 74 20 77 69 6e 64 6f 77 2e 20 20 28 46 55 4e 43 |t window. (FUNC| 00000e10 2d 32 20 69 73 20 6f 62 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 62 |-2 is obtained b| 00000e20 79 20 68 6f 6c 64 69 6e 67 20 64 6f 77 6e 0d 74 |y holding down.t| 00000e30 68 65 20 46 55 4e 43 20 6b 65 79 20 61 6e 64 20 |he FUNC key and | 00000e40 74 68 65 6e 20 70 72 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 61 6e |then pressing an| 00000e50 64 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73 69 6e 67 20 22 32 22 29 |d releasing "2")| 00000e60 2e 0d 0d 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 |...Note that the| 00000e70 20 22 7c 22 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 69 | "|" character i| 00000e80 73 20 6f 62 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 62 79 20 68 6f |s obtained by ho| 00000e90 6c 64 69 6e 67 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 53 48 49 46 54 |lding down SHIFT| 00000ea0 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 65 73 73 69 6e 67 0d 74 68 | and pressing.th| 00000eb0 65 20 22 72 69 67 68 74 20 61 72 72 6f 77 22 20 |e "right arrow" | 00000ec0 6b 65 79 2e 20 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |key. ... | 00000ed0 31 30 20 20 2a 4b 45 59 20 30 20 4d 4f 44 45 20 |10 *KEY 0 MODE | 00000ee0 30 20 7c 4d 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 33 31 |0 |M VDU 28,0,31| 00000ef0 2c 37 39 2c 31 20 7c 4d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |,79,1 |M. | 00000f00 20 32 30 20 20 2a 4b 45 59 20 31 20 4d 4f 44 45 | 20 *KEY 1 MODE| 00000f10 20 31 20 7c 4d 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c 33 | 1 |M VDU 28,0,3| 00000f20 31 2c 33 39 2c 31 20 7c 4d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |1,39,1 |M. | 00000f30 20 20 33 30 20 20 2a 4b 45 59 20 32 20 4d 4f 44 | 30 *KEY 2 MOD| 00000f40 45 20 32 20 7c 4d 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c 30 2c |E 2 |M VDU 28,0,| 00000f50 33 31 2c 31 39 2c 31 2c 20 7c 4d 0d 20 20 20 20 |31,19,1, |M. | 00000f60 20 20 20 20 34 30 20 20 2a 4b 45 59 20 33 20 4d | 40 *KEY 3 M| 00000f70 4f 44 45 20 33 20 7c 4d 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 2c |ODE 3 |M VDU 28,| 00000f80 30 2c 32 34 2c 37 39 2c 31 20 7c 4d 0d 20 20 20 |0,24,79,1 |M. | 00000f90 20 20 20 20 20 35 30 20 20 2a 4b 45 59 20 34 20 | 50 *KEY 4 | 00000fa0 4d 4f 44 45 20 34 20 7c 4d 20 56 44 55 20 32 38 |MODE 4 |M VDU 28| 00000fb0 2c 30 2c 33 31 2c 33 39 2c 31 20 7c 4d 0d 20 20 |,0,31,39,1 |M. | 00000fc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 30 20 20 2a 4b 45 59 20 35 | 60 *KEY 5| 00000fd0 20 4d 4f 44 45 20 35 20 7c 4d 20 56 44 55 20 32 | MODE 5 |M VDU 2| 00000fe0 38 2c 30 2c 33 31 2c 31 39 2c 31 20 7c 4d 0d 20 |8,0,31,19,1 |M. | 00000ff0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 37 30 20 20 2a 4b 45 59 20 | 70 *KEY | 00001000 36 20 4d 4f 44 45 20 36 20 7c 4d 20 56 44 55 20 |6 MODE 6 |M VDU | 00001010 32 38 2c 30 2c 32 34 2c 33 39 2c 31 20 7c 4d 0d |28,0,24,39,1 |M.| 00001020 0d 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 73 68 20 74 6f 20 |.If you wish to | 00001030 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 77 69 6e |use the text win| 00001040 64 6f 77 20 69 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 77 61 79 |dow in other way| 00001050 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 66 |s, the general f| 00001060 6f 72 6d 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 0d 56 44 55 20 63 |orm of the.VDU c| 00001070 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 61 73 20 66 6f 6c |ommand is as fol| 00001080 6c 6f 77 73 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 56 |lows:.. V| 00001090 44 55 20 32 38 2c 61 2c 62 2c 63 2c 64 0d 0d 20 |DU 28,a,b,c,d.. | 000010a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 65 72 65 3a 20 20 61 | where: a| 000010b0 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 66 74 20 68 61 6e | is the left han| 000010c0 64 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 |d column number | 000010d0 28 73 74 61 72 74 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 30 29 0d |(starting at 0).| 000010e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 000010f0 62 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 74 74 6f 6d 20 |b is the bottom | 00001100 72 6f 77 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 28 73 74 61 72 |row number (star| 00001110 74 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 72 6f 77 20 30 20 |ting with row 0 | 00001120 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 29 0d 20 20 20 20 |at the top). | 00001130 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 20 69 73 | c is| 00001140 20 74 68 20 65 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 68 61 6e 64 | th e right hand| 00001150 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 0d 20 | column number. | 00001160 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 | d| 00001170 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 20 72 6f 77 20 | is the top row | 00001180 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 66 |number. of| 00001190 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 65 61 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 | the area on the| 000011a0 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 65 | screen where te| 000011b0 78 74 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 64 69 73 70 |xt is to be disp| 000011c0 6c 61 79 65 64 2e 0d 0d 41 66 74 65 72 20 61 20 |layed...After a | 000011d0 56 44 55 20 32 38 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 |VDU 28 command, | 000011e0 74 65 78 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 62 |text will only b| 000011f0 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 69 6e 73 69 64 65 |e printed inside| 00001200 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 65 61 0d 73 70 65 63 69 66 | the area.specif| 00001210 69 65 64 2e 20 20 53 65 65 20 70 61 67 65 20 39 |ied. See page 9| 00001220 32 20 61 6e 64 20 70 61 67 65 20 31 31 32 20 6f |2 and page 112 o| 00001230 66 20 74 68 65 20 45 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 20 55 |f the Electron U| 00001240 73 65 72 20 47 75 69 64 65 20 66 6f 72 0d 66 75 |ser Guide for.fu| 00001250 72 74 68 65 72 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 2e 20 20 |rther details. | 00001260 42 79 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 64 69 66 66 65 |By using a diffe| 00001270 72 65 6e 74 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 66 6f 72 20 |rent number for | 00001280 22 62 22 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 70 6f 73 73 69 |"b", it is possi| 00001290 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 0d 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 |ble to.remove th| 000012a0 65 20 62 6f 74 74 6f 6d 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 |e bottom line of| 000012b0 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 61 73 20 | the display as | 000012c0 77 65 6c 6c 2e 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 2a 4b 45 59 20 |well...The *KEY | 000012d0 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 61 6e 64 20 66 75 6e 63 |command and func| 000012e0 74 69 6f 6e 20 6b 65 79 73 20 61 72 65 20 64 65 |tion keys are de| 000012f0 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 63 68 61 70 74 |scribed in chapt| 00001300 65 72 20 32 34 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 0d 45 6c 65 |er 24 of the.Ele| 00001310 63 74 72 6f 6e 20 55 73 65 72 20 47 75 69 64 65 |ctron User Guide| 00001320 2e 0d 0d |...| 00001323
F/+HINT8.m0
F/+HINT8.m1
F/+HINT8.m2
F/+HINT8.m4
F/+HINT8.m5
.