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Biology/bio2
This website contains an archive of files for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Acorn Archimedes, Commodore 16 and Commodore 64 computers, which Dominic Ford has rescued from his private collection of floppy disks and cassettes.
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| Filename: | Biology/bio2 |
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| File size: | 1644 bytes |
| Load address: | 1BF3 |
| Exec address: | 1BF3 |
Duplicates
There are 4 duplicate copies of this file in the archive:
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_5_25_discs_Biology-Acornsoftib_HD-BIOL.dsd » bio2
- AEW website » acornsoft_ib » acornsoft_ib_tapes_Biology-Acornsoftib_Biology-IvanBerg_BE.uef » bio2
- Personal collection » Acorn ADFS disks » Electron » Acornsoft_Educational.ADF » Biology/bio2
- Personal collection » Acorn hard disk » zipped_disks » elk08 » acornsofte/Biology/bio2
- Personal collection » Acorn tapes » Commercial_Releases » box04_tape02a_acorn_acornsoft_biology_data.wav » bio2
File contents
1645
BIOLOGY 2
1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis means 'made by light'.
Green plants use light energy to make
CARBOHYDRATES (starch, sugars) from
CARBON DIOXIDE and WATER.
o
A B C F S
A
CHLOROPHYLL (green
pigment) captures light
energy.
Red and blue light are
most effective.
p
0
B
Energy is used to split
water. Oxygen is
released. Known as the
light reactions.
Later stages can take
place in the dark.
Radioactive tracer
experiments show that
all the oxygen comes
from the water.
p
1
C
CARBON DIOXIDE is
converted to
CARBOHYDRATES (starch
and sugars) using the
HYDROGEN from water.
These can later be used
to synthesise FATS and
(with nitrate) PROTEINS.
p
2
F
Limiting factors:
LIGHT INTENSITY,
TEMPERATURE and
CARBON DIOXIDE
level all affect
the rate of
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Whichever is least
restricts the rate:
this is the
limiting factor -
CO� is shown.
p
3
S
SUMMARY
Equation to summarise photosynthesis:
Carbon dioxide � Carbohydrate
+ water LIGHT + oxygen
or, using formulae:
6CO� + 6H�O ����� C�H��O� + 6O�
LIGHT
#
2 SAPHROPHYTES
Saphrophytes are organisms which feed
on dead and decaying matter. Important
examples are the FUNGI and BACTERIA.
Saphrophytes are not green and
therefore cannot photosynthesise. They
obtain all their energy from their
consumed 'food'.
#
3 FUNGI
Fungi are organisms which play an
important part in ecological systems
by causing decay, e.g. moulds.
Other fungi may be important as human
food (e.g. mushrooms, yeast extract),
in brewing and baking (yeasts) or in
producing antibiotics (penicillin).
#
4 YEAST AND FERMENTATION
Yeast is able to respire without
oxygen (ANAEROBICALLY). When it does
so it produces ETHANOL (alcohol) and
CARBON DIOXIDE. This process is known
as FERMENTATION and is the basis of
the brewing industry.
GLUCOSE ����� ETHANOL + CARBON DIOXIDE
C�H��O� 2C�H�O 2CO�
#
5 MICRO-ORGANISMS
Micro-organisms can be grown on
NUTRIENT AGAR in a sterile petri dish.
This was how Fleming discovered the
first antibiotic, from the PENICILLIUM
fungus.
This stopped the growth
of bacteria around it.
p
4
#
6 BACTERIA
Bacteria are simple cells from 0.0005
to 0.005mm long. Under suitable
conditions they can reproduce every 20
to 30 minutes.
3 types of bacteria
(ROD, SPHERE, SPIRAL)
carry out a variety
of useful functions:
e.g. cheese, alcohol,
silage, sewage and
decay.
p
5
#
7 PARASITES
A PARASITE is an organism which lives
in or on another animal/plant (the
'host') from which it obtains its
food. Many parasites damage their
host, causing disease. Parasites may
be micro-organisms, plant or animal.
All parasites have:
(a) special adapted, feeding systems.
(b) structures for attachment to the
host.
(c) high rate of reproduction.
(d) special stages of life cycle for
distribution and survival.
Individual adaptations are also found.
#
8 ANIMAL PARASITE
Pork Tapeworm.
Absorbs food over large surface area;
Thin cuticle;
Hooks and suckers;
Anaerobic respiration;
Hermaphrodite;
Two hosts: human and pig.
Adult in
����� human gut ������
� �
� �
Bladder-worm Eggs in
in meat faeces
� �
� �
��� Embryo in pig �����
#
9 MICRO-ORGANISM PARASITE
MALARIA.
Caused by protozoan.
Two hosts: mosquito and human/mammal.
Symptoms when spores released from
red blood cells.
Infective stage in mosquito saliva.
Disease-causing = Pathogenic.
��� Spores from blood cells ���
� �
� �
Infection by Parasites in
"biting" blood
� �
� �
���� Parasites in mosquito ����
#
10 PLANT PARASITES
PLANT PARASITES.
May infect other plants (e.g. Dodder,
Mistletoe) or animals.
True parasites take all nourishment
from the host, but mistletoe has green
leaves and takes only water and salts
from its host (the apple tree).
#
T
#1
1
Name the process by which green
plants make their food.
1
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
#2
1A
(a) What is the green pigment in
leaves?
(b) A green greenhouse would actually
be no good, because leaves cannot
absorb green light! Red is one
colour, which is the other?
2
~
CHLOROPHYLL
~
BLUE
#3
1C
What kind of chemical is produced by
the process of photosynthesis?
1
CARBOHYDRATE
#4
1B
During the light reaction:
(a) which chemical is split?
(b) which gas is produced?
2
~
WATER
H2O
~
OXYGEN
#5
1B
Radioactive tracer experiments have
shown that all the oxygen comes from
the ......
1
WATER
#6
1C
Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates.
What else does the plant need to make
proteins?
1
NITRATES
NITROGEN
#7
1F
Light intensity and carbon dioxide are
two limiting factors of
photosynthesis. What is the third?
1
TEMPERATURE
#8
2
Organisms which feed on dead and
decaying matter are called ......
1
SAPROPHYTES
#9
2
To which group of plants do bacteria
and fungi belong?
1
SAPROPHYTES
#10
5
(a) Antibiotics are produced by ......
1
FUNGI
#11
4
(a) What kind of respiration does not
require oxygen?
(b) The production of ethanol by yeast
is called ......
2
~
ANAEROBIC
~
FERMENTATION
#12
4
The chemical formula C�H��O� is for
.....
1
GLUCOSE
#13
5
Micro-organisms can be grown on .....
.....
1
NUTRIENT AGAR
#14
5
Who discovered penicillin?
1
FLEMING
ALEXANDER FLEMING
#15
6
Name the rod-like bacteria.
1
BACILLI
#16
7
What is the name given to an organism
living off another?
1
PARASITE
#17
9
Malaria is caused by a ......
1
PROTOZOAN
e
00000000 31 36 34 35 0d 42 49 4f 4c 4f 47 59 20 32 0d 31 |1645.BIOLOGY 2.1| 00000010 20 50 48 4f 54 4f 53 59 4e 54 48 45 53 49 53 0d | PHOTOSYNTHESIS.| 00000020 50 68 6f 74 6f 73 79 6e 74 68 65 73 69 73 20 6d |Photosynthesis m| 00000030 65 61 6e 73 20 27 6d 61 64 65 20 62 79 20 6c 69 |eans 'made by li| 00000040 67 68 74 27 2e 0d 0d 47 72 65 65 6e 20 70 6c 61 |ght'...Green pla| 00000050 6e 74 73 20 75 73 65 20 6c 69 67 68 74 20 65 6e |nts use light en| 00000060 65 72 67 79 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 0d 0d 43 41 |ergy to make..CA| 00000070 52 42 4f 48 59 44 52 41 54 45 53 20 28 73 74 61 |RBOHYDRATES (sta| 00000080 72 63 68 2c 20 73 75 67 61 72 73 29 20 66 72 6f |rch, sugars) fro| 00000090 6d 0d 0d 43 41 52 42 4f 4e 20 44 49 4f 58 49 44 |m..CARBON DIOXID| 000000a0 45 20 61 6e 64 20 57 41 54 45 52 2e 0d 6f 0d 41 |E and WATER..o.A| 000000b0 20 42 20 43 20 46 20 53 0d 41 0d 43 48 4c 4f 52 | B C F S.A.CHLOR| 000000c0 4f 50 48 59 4c 4c 20 28 67 72 65 65 6e 0d 0d 70 |OPHYLL (green..p| 000000d0 69 67 6d 65 6e 74 29 20 63 61 70 74 75 72 65 73 |igment) captures| 000000e0 20 6c 69 67 68 74 0d 0d 65 6e 65 72 67 79 2e 0d | light..energy..| 000000f0 0d 52 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 62 6c 75 65 20 6c 69 |.Red and blue li| 00000100 67 68 74 20 61 72 65 0d 0d 6d 6f 73 74 20 65 66 |ght are..most ef| 00000110 66 65 63 74 69 76 65 2e 0d 70 0d 30 0d 42 0d 45 |fective..p.0.B.E| 00000120 6e 65 72 67 79 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f |nergy is used to| 00000130 20 73 70 6c 69 74 0d 77 61 74 65 72 2e 20 4f 78 | split.water. Ox| 00000140 79 67 65 6e 20 69 73 0d 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 64 |ygen is.released| 00000150 2e 20 4b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 0d 6c |. Known as the.l| 00000160 69 67 68 74 20 72 65 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d |ight reactions..| 00000170 0d 4c 61 74 65 72 20 73 74 61 67 65 73 20 63 61 |.Later stages ca| 00000180 6e 20 74 61 6b 65 0d 70 6c 61 63 65 20 69 6e 20 |n take.place in | 00000190 74 68 65 20 64 61 72 6b 2e 0d 0d 52 61 64 69 6f |the dark...Radio| 000001a0 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 74 72 61 63 65 72 0d 65 78 |active tracer.ex| 000001b0 70 65 72 69 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 73 68 6f 77 20 74 |periments show t| 000001c0 68 61 74 0d 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 6f 78 79 67 |hat.all the oxyg| 000001d0 65 6e 20 63 6f 6d 65 73 0d 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 |en comes.from th| 000001e0 65 20 77 61 74 65 72 2e 0d 70 0d 31 0d 43 0d 43 |e water..p.1.C.C| 000001f0 41 52 42 4f 4e 20 44 49 4f 58 49 44 45 20 69 73 |ARBON DIOXIDE is| 00000200 0d 63 6f 6e 76 65 72 74 65 64 20 74 6f 0d 43 41 |.converted to.CA| 00000210 52 42 4f 48 59 44 52 41 54 45 53 20 28 73 74 61 |RBOHYDRATES (sta| 00000220 72 63 68 0d 61 6e 64 20 73 75 67 61 72 73 29 20 |rch.and sugars) | 00000230 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 0d 48 59 44 52 4f 47 |using the.HYDROG| 00000240 45 4e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 61 74 65 72 2e 0d 0d |EN from water...| 00000250 54 68 65 73 65 20 63 61 6e 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 |These can later | 00000260 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 0d 74 6f 20 73 79 6e 74 68 |be used.to synth| 00000270 65 73 69 73 65 20 46 41 54 53 20 61 6e 64 0d 28 |esise FATS and.(| 00000280 77 69 74 68 20 6e 69 74 72 61 74 65 29 20 50 52 |with nitrate) PR| 00000290 4f 54 45 49 4e 53 2e 0d 70 0d 32 0d 46 0d 4c 69 |OTEINS..p.2.F.Li| 000002a0 6d 69 74 69 6e 67 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 3a 0d |miting factors:.| 000002b0 0d 4c 49 47 48 54 20 49 4e 54 45 4e 53 49 54 59 |.LIGHT INTENSITY| 000002c0 2c 0d 54 45 4d 50 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 20 61 6e |,.TEMPERATURE an| 000002d0 64 0d 43 41 52 42 4f 4e 20 44 49 4f 58 49 44 45 |d.CARBON DIOXIDE| 000002e0 0d 6c 65 76 65 6c 20 61 6c 6c 20 61 66 66 65 63 |.level all affec| 000002f0 74 0d 74 68 65 20 72 61 74 65 20 6f 66 0d 50 48 |t.the rate of.PH| 00000300 4f 54 4f 53 59 4e 54 48 45 53 49 53 2e 0d 0d 57 |OTOSYNTHESIS...W| 00000310 68 69 63 68 65 76 65 72 20 69 73 20 6c 65 61 73 |hichever is leas| 00000320 74 0d 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 |t.restricts the | 00000330 72 61 74 65 3a 0d 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 |rate:.this is th| 00000340 65 0d 6c 69 6d 69 74 69 6e 67 20 66 61 63 74 6f |e.limiting facto| 00000350 72 20 2d 0d 43 4f 82 20 69 73 20 73 68 6f 77 6e |r -.CO. is shown| 00000360 2e 0d 70 0d 33 0d 53 0d 53 55 4d 4d 41 52 59 0d |..p.3.S.SUMMARY.| 00000370 45 71 75 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 73 75 6d 6d |Equation to summ| 00000380 61 72 69 73 65 20 70 68 6f 74 6f 73 79 6e 74 68 |arise photosynth| 00000390 65 73 69 73 3a 0d 0d 43 61 72 62 6f 6e 20 64 69 |esis:..Carbon di| 000003a0 6f 78 69 64 65 20 20 20 20 96 20 20 20 20 43 61 |oxide . Ca| 000003b0 72 62 6f 68 79 64 72 61 74 65 0d 20 20 20 2b 20 |rbohydrate. + | 000003c0 77 61 74 65 72 20 20 20 20 20 20 4c 49 47 48 54 |water LIGHT| 000003d0 20 20 20 20 20 2b 20 6f 78 79 67 65 6e 0d 0d 6f | + oxygen..o| 000003e0 72 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 |r, using formula| 000003f0 65 3a 0d 0d 36 43 4f 82 20 2b 20 36 48 82 4f 20 |e:..6CO. + 6H.O | 00000400 91 91 91 91 96 20 43 86 48 81 82 4f 86 20 2b 20 |..... C.H..O. + | 00000410 36 4f 82 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |6O.. | 00000420 4c 49 47 48 54 0d 23 0d 32 20 53 41 50 48 52 4f |LIGHT.#.2 SAPHRO| 00000430 50 48 59 54 45 53 0d 53 61 70 68 72 6f 70 68 79 |PHYTES.Saphrophy| 00000440 74 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d |tes are organism| 00000450 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 65 65 64 0d 0d 6f 6e |s which feed..on| 00000460 20 64 65 61 64 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 63 61 79 69 | dead and decayi| 00000470 6e 67 20 6d 61 74 74 65 72 2e 20 49 6d 70 6f 72 |ng matter. Impor| 00000480 74 61 6e 74 0d 0d 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 61 |tant..examples a| 00000490 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 46 55 4e 47 49 20 61 6e 64 |re the FUNGI and| 000004a0 20 42 41 43 54 45 52 49 41 2e 0d 0d 53 61 70 68 | BACTERIA...Saph| 000004b0 72 6f 70 68 79 74 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 |rophytes are not| 000004c0 20 67 72 65 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 74 68 65 72 | green and..ther| 000004d0 65 66 6f 72 65 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 20 70 68 6f |efore cannot pho| 000004e0 74 6f 73 79 6e 74 68 65 73 69 73 65 2e 20 54 68 |tosynthesise. Th| 000004f0 65 79 0d 0d 6f 62 74 61 69 6e 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 |ey..obtain all t| 00000500 68 65 69 72 20 65 6e 65 72 67 79 20 66 72 6f 6d |heir energy from| 00000510 20 74 68 65 69 72 0d 0d 63 6f 6e 73 75 6d 65 64 | their..consumed| 00000520 20 27 66 6f 6f 64 27 2e 0d 23 0d 33 20 46 55 4e | 'food'..#.3 FUN| 00000530 47 49 0d 46 75 6e 67 69 20 61 72 65 20 6f 72 67 |GI.Fungi are org| 00000540 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 70 6c 61 |anisms which pla| 00000550 79 20 61 6e 0d 0d 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 |y an..important | 00000560 70 61 72 74 20 69 6e 20 65 63 6f 6c 6f 67 69 63 |part in ecologic| 00000570 61 6c 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0d 62 79 20 63 |al systems..by c| 00000580 61 75 73 69 6e 67 20 64 65 63 61 79 2c 20 65 2e |ausing decay, e.| 00000590 67 2e 20 6d 6f 75 6c 64 73 2e 0d 0d 4f 74 68 65 |g. moulds...Othe| 000005a0 72 20 66 75 6e 67 69 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 69 |r fungi may be i| 000005b0 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 61 73 20 68 75 6d 61 |mportant as huma| 000005c0 6e 0d 0d 66 6f 6f 64 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 6d 75 |n..food (e.g. mu| 000005d0 73 68 72 6f 6f 6d 73 2c 20 79 65 61 73 74 20 65 |shrooms, yeast e| 000005e0 78 74 72 61 63 74 29 2c 0d 0d 69 6e 20 62 72 65 |xtract),..in bre| 000005f0 77 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 62 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 |wing and baking | 00000600 28 79 65 61 73 74 73 29 20 6f 72 20 69 6e 0d 0d |(yeasts) or in..| 00000610 70 72 6f 64 75 63 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 74 69 62 69 |producing antibi| 00000620 6f 74 69 63 73 20 28 70 65 6e 69 63 69 6c 6c 69 |otics (penicilli| 00000630 6e 29 2e 0d 23 0d 34 20 59 45 41 53 54 20 41 4e |n)..#.4 YEAST AN| 00000640 44 20 46 45 52 4d 45 4e 54 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 59 |D FERMENTATION.Y| 00000650 65 61 73 74 20 69 73 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 |east is able to | 00000660 72 65 73 70 69 72 65 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 0d |respire without.| 00000670 0d 6f 78 79 67 65 6e 20 28 41 4e 41 45 52 4f 42 |.oxygen (ANAEROB| 00000680 49 43 41 4c 4c 59 29 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 69 74 |ICALLY). When it| 00000690 20 64 6f 65 73 0d 0d 73 6f 20 69 74 20 70 72 6f | does..so it pro| 000006a0 64 75 63 65 73 20 45 54 48 41 4e 4f 4c 20 28 61 |duces ETHANOL (a| 000006b0 6c 63 6f 68 6f 6c 29 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 43 41 52 |lcohol) and..CAR| 000006c0 42 4f 4e 20 44 49 4f 58 49 44 45 2e 20 54 68 69 |BON DIOXIDE. Thi| 000006d0 73 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 69 73 20 6b 6e 6f |s process is kno| 000006e0 77 6e 0d 0d 61 73 20 46 45 52 4d 45 4e 54 41 54 |wn..as FERMENTAT| 000006f0 49 4f 4e 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 62 |ION and is the b| 00000700 61 73 69 73 20 6f 66 0d 0d 74 68 65 20 62 72 65 |asis of..the bre| 00000710 77 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 64 75 73 74 72 79 2e 0d 0d |wing industry...| 00000720 47 4c 55 43 4f 53 45 20 91 91 91 91 96 20 45 54 |GLUCOSE ..... ET| 00000730 48 41 4e 4f 4c 20 2b 20 43 41 52 42 4f 4e 20 44 |HANOL + CARBON D| 00000740 49 4f 58 49 44 45 0d 0d 43 86 48 81 82 4f 86 20 |IOXIDE..C.H..O. | 00000750 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 43 82 48 86 4f 20 20 20 20 | 2C.H.O | 00000760 20 32 43 4f 82 0d 0d 23 0d 35 20 4d 49 43 52 4f | 2CO...#.5 MICRO| 00000770 2d 4f 52 47 41 4e 49 53 4d 53 0d 4d 69 63 72 6f |-ORGANISMS.Micro| 00000780 2d 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 |-organisms can b| 00000790 65 20 67 72 6f 77 6e 20 6f 6e 0d 0d 4e 55 54 52 |e grown on..NUTR| 000007a0 49 45 4e 54 20 41 47 41 52 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 |IENT AGAR in a s| 000007b0 74 65 72 69 6c 65 20 70 65 74 72 69 20 64 69 73 |terile petri dis| 000007c0 68 2e 0d 0d 54 68 69 73 20 77 61 73 20 68 6f 77 |h...This was how| 000007d0 20 46 6c 65 6d 69 6e 67 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 | Fleming discove| 000007e0 72 65 64 20 74 68 65 0d 0d 66 69 72 73 74 20 61 |red the..first a| 000007f0 6e 74 69 62 69 6f 74 69 63 2c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 |ntibiotic, from | 00000800 74 68 65 20 50 45 4e 49 43 49 4c 4c 49 55 4d 0d |the PENICILLIUM.| 00000810 0d 66 75 6e 67 75 73 2e 0d 0d 0d 54 68 69 73 20 |.fungus....This | 00000820 73 74 6f 70 70 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 6f 77 |stopped the grow| 00000830 74 68 0d 0d 6f 66 20 62 61 63 74 65 72 69 61 20 |th..of bacteria | 00000840 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 74 2e 0d 70 0d 34 0d 23 |around it..p.4.#| 00000850 0d 36 20 42 41 43 54 45 52 49 41 0d 42 61 63 74 |.6 BACTERIA.Bact| 00000860 65 72 69 61 20 61 72 65 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 |eria are simple | 00000870 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 30 2e 30 30 30 |cells from 0.000| 00000880 35 0d 0d 74 6f 20 30 2e 30 30 35 6d 6d 20 6c 6f |5..to 0.005mm lo| 00000890 6e 67 2e 20 55 6e 64 65 72 20 73 75 69 74 61 62 |ng. Under suitab| 000008a0 6c 65 0d 0d 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 |le..conditions t| 000008b0 68 65 79 20 63 61 6e 20 72 65 70 72 6f 64 75 63 |hey can reproduc| 000008c0 65 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 32 30 0d 0d 74 6f 20 33 |e every 20..to 3| 000008d0 30 20 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 2e 0d 0d 33 20 74 79 |0 minutes...3 ty| 000008e0 70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 62 61 63 74 65 72 69 61 0d |pes of bacteria.| 000008f0 0d 28 52 4f 44 2c 20 53 50 48 45 52 45 2c 20 53 |.(ROD, SPHERE, S| 00000900 50 49 52 41 4c 29 0d 0d 63 61 72 72 79 20 6f 75 |PIRAL)..carry ou| 00000910 74 20 61 20 76 61 72 69 65 74 79 0d 0d 6f 66 20 |t a variety..of | 00000920 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 |useful functions| 00000930 3a 0d 0d 65 2e 67 2e 20 63 68 65 65 73 65 2c 20 |:..e.g. cheese, | 00000940 61 6c 63 6f 68 6f 6c 2c 0d 0d 73 69 6c 61 67 65 |alcohol,..silage| 00000950 2c 20 73 65 77 61 67 65 20 61 6e 64 0d 0d 64 65 |, sewage and..de| 00000960 63 61 79 2e 0d 70 0d 35 0d 23 0d 37 20 50 41 52 |cay..p.5.#.7 PAR| 00000970 41 53 49 54 45 53 0d 41 20 50 41 52 41 53 49 54 |ASITES.A PARASIT| 00000980 45 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d |E is an organism| 00000990 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 69 76 65 73 0d 0d 69 6e | which lives..in| 000009a0 20 6f 72 20 6f 6e 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 61 | or on another a| 000009b0 6e 69 6d 61 6c 2f 70 6c 61 6e 74 20 28 74 68 65 |nimal/plant (the| 000009c0 0d 0d 27 68 6f 73 74 27 29 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 |..'host') from w| 000009d0 68 69 63 68 20 69 74 20 6f 62 74 61 69 6e 73 20 |hich it obtains | 000009e0 69 74 73 0d 0d 66 6f 6f 64 2e 20 4d 61 6e 79 20 |its..food. Many | 000009f0 70 61 72 61 73 69 74 65 73 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 |parasites damage| 00000a00 20 74 68 65 69 72 0d 0d 68 6f 73 74 2c 20 63 61 | their..host, ca| 00000a10 75 73 69 6e 67 20 64 69 73 65 61 73 65 2e 20 50 |using disease. P| 00000a20 61 72 61 73 69 74 65 73 20 6d 61 79 0d 0d 62 65 |arasites may..be| 00000a30 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 2d 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 | micro-organisms| 00000a40 2c 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 20 6f 72 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 |, plant or anima| 00000a50 6c 2e 0d 0d 41 6c 6c 20 70 61 72 61 73 69 74 65 |l...All parasite| 00000a60 73 20 68 61 76 65 3a 0d 0d 28 61 29 20 73 70 65 |s have:..(a) spe| 00000a70 63 69 61 6c 20 61 64 61 70 74 65 64 2c 20 66 65 |cial adapted, fe| 00000a80 65 64 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2e 0d 0d |eding systems...| 00000a90 28 62 29 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 73 20 66 |(b) structures f| 00000aa0 6f 72 20 61 74 74 61 63 68 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f |or attachment to| 00000ab0 20 74 68 65 0d 20 20 20 20 68 6f 73 74 2e 0d 0d | the. host...| 00000ac0 28 63 29 20 68 69 67 68 20 72 61 74 65 20 6f 66 |(c) high rate of| 00000ad0 20 72 65 70 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0d | reproduction...| 00000ae0 28 64 29 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 73 74 61 67 |(d) special stag| 00000af0 65 73 20 6f 66 20 6c 69 66 65 20 63 79 63 6c 65 |es of life cycle| 00000b00 20 66 6f 72 0d 20 20 20 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 | for. distrib| 00000b10 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 73 75 72 76 69 76 |ution and surviv| 00000b20 61 6c 2e 0d 0d 49 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 |al...Individual | 00000b30 61 64 61 70 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 |adaptations are | 00000b40 61 6c 73 6f 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 2e 0d 23 0d 38 20 |also found..#.8 | 00000b50 41 4e 49 4d 41 4c 20 50 41 52 41 53 49 54 45 0d |ANIMAL PARASITE.| 00000b60 50 6f 72 6b 20 54 61 70 65 77 6f 72 6d 2e 0d 0d |Pork Tapeworm...| 00000b70 41 62 73 6f 72 62 73 20 66 6f 6f 64 20 6f 76 65 |Absorbs food ove| 00000b80 72 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 20 |r large surface | 00000b90 61 72 65 61 3b 0d 0d 54 68 69 6e 20 63 75 74 69 |area;..Thin cuti| 00000ba0 63 6c 65 3b 0d 0d 48 6f 6f 6b 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |cle;..Hooks and | 00000bb0 73 75 63 6b 65 72 73 3b 0d 0d 41 6e 61 65 72 6f |suckers;..Anaero| 00000bc0 62 69 63 20 72 65 73 70 69 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 3b |bic respiration;| 00000bd0 0d 0d 48 65 72 6d 61 70 68 72 6f 64 69 74 65 3b |..Hermaphrodite;| 00000be0 0d 0d 54 77 6f 20 68 6f 73 74 73 3a 20 68 75 6d |..Two hosts: hum| 00000bf0 61 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 70 69 67 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 |an and pig... | 00000c00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 64 | Ad| 00000c10 75 6c 74 20 69 6e 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ult in . | 00000c20 20 20 8a 91 91 91 96 20 20 68 75 6d 61 6e 20 67 | ..... human g| 00000c30 75 74 20 91 91 91 91 91 8c 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ut ....... | 00000c40 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 00000c50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 20 | .. | 00000c60 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 00000c70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 95 0d 20 20 | .. | 00000c80 20 20 20 42 6c 61 64 64 65 72 2d 77 6f 72 6d 20 | Bladder-worm | 00000c90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 67 67 73 20 69 | Eggs i| 00000ca0 6e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e 20 6d 65 61 74 20 20 |n. in meat | 00000cb0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 | f| 00000cc0 61 65 63 65 73 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |aeces. | 00000cd0 94 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | 00000ce0 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 00000cf0 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 00000d00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. | 00000d10 20 20 20 20 9c 91 91 20 45 6d 62 72 79 6f 20 69 | ... Embryo i| 00000d20 6e 20 70 69 67 20 97 91 91 91 8e 0d 23 0d 39 20 |n pig ......#.9 | 00000d30 4d 49 43 52 4f 2d 4f 52 47 41 4e 49 53 4d 20 50 |MICRO-ORGANISM P| 00000d40 41 52 41 53 49 54 45 0d 4d 41 4c 41 52 49 41 2e |ARASITE.MALARIA.| 00000d50 0d 0d 43 61 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 70 72 6f 74 |..Caused by prot| 00000d60 6f 7a 6f 61 6e 2e 0d 0d 54 77 6f 20 68 6f 73 74 |ozoan...Two host| 00000d70 73 3a 20 6d 6f 73 71 75 69 74 6f 20 61 6e 64 20 |s: mosquito and | 00000d80 68 75 6d 61 6e 2f 6d 61 6d 6d 61 6c 2e 0d 0d 53 |human/mammal...S| 00000d90 79 6d 70 74 6f 6d 73 20 77 68 65 6e 20 73 70 6f |ymptoms when spo| 00000da0 72 65 73 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 64 20 66 72 6f |res released fro| 00000db0 6d 0d 0d 72 65 64 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 63 65 6c |m..red blood cel| 00000dc0 6c 73 2e 0d 0d 49 6e 66 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 73 |ls...Infective s| 00000dd0 74 61 67 65 20 69 6e 20 6d 6f 73 71 75 69 74 6f |tage in mosquito| 00000de0 20 73 61 6c 69 76 61 2e 0d 0d 44 69 73 65 61 73 | saliva...Diseas| 00000df0 65 2d 63 61 75 73 69 6e 67 20 3d 20 50 61 74 68 |e-causing = Path| 00000e00 6f 67 65 6e 69 63 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 8a 91 96 |ogenic... ...| 00000e10 20 53 70 6f 72 65 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 62 6c 6f | Spores from blo| 00000e20 6f 64 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 91 91 8c 0d 20 20 20 |od cells .... | 00000e30 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | 00000e40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 | .| 00000e50 0d 20 20 20 20 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. . | 00000e60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000e70 20 20 20 95 0d 49 6e 66 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 | ..Infection b| 00000e80 79 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 61 72 |y Par| 00000e90 61 73 69 74 65 73 20 69 6e 0d 22 62 69 74 69 6e |asites in."bitin| 00000ea0 67 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |g" | 00000eb0 20 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 0d 20 20 20 20 94 20 20 20 | blood. . | 00000ec0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000ed0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d 20 20 20 20 | .. | 00000ee0 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | 00000ef0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 90 0d | ..| 00000f00 20 20 20 20 9c 91 91 91 20 50 61 72 61 73 69 74 | .... Parasit| 00000f10 65 73 20 69 6e 20 6d 6f 73 71 75 69 74 6f 20 97 |es in mosquito .| 00000f20 91 91 8e 0d 23 0d 31 30 20 50 4c 41 4e 54 20 50 |....#.10 PLANT P| 00000f30 41 52 41 53 49 54 45 53 0d 50 4c 41 4e 54 20 50 |ARASITES.PLANT P| 00000f40 41 52 41 53 49 54 45 53 2e 0d 0d 4d 61 79 20 69 |ARASITES...May i| 00000f50 6e 66 65 63 74 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 70 6c 61 6e |nfect other plan| 00000f60 74 73 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 44 6f 64 64 65 72 2c |ts (e.g. Dodder,| 00000f70 0d 0d 4d 69 73 74 6c 65 74 6f 65 29 20 6f 72 20 |..Mistletoe) or | 00000f80 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 2e 0d 0d 54 72 75 65 20 70 |animals...True p| 00000f90 61 72 61 73 69 74 65 73 20 74 61 6b 65 20 61 6c |arasites take al| 00000fa0 6c 20 6e 6f 75 72 69 73 68 6d 65 6e 74 0d 0d 66 |l nourishment..f| 00000fb0 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 68 6f 73 74 2c 20 62 75 |rom the host, bu| 00000fc0 74 20 6d 69 73 74 6c 65 74 6f 65 20 68 61 73 20 |t mistletoe has | 00000fd0 67 72 65 65 6e 0d 0d 6c 65 61 76 65 73 20 61 6e |green..leaves an| 00000fe0 64 20 74 61 6b 65 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 77 61 74 |d takes only wat| 00000ff0 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 73 61 6c 74 73 0d 0d 66 72 |er and salts..fr| 00001000 6f 6d 20 69 74 73 20 68 6f 73 74 20 28 74 68 65 |om its host (the| 00001010 20 61 70 70 6c 65 20 74 72 65 65 29 2e 0d 23 0d | apple tree)..#.| 00001020 54 0d 23 31 0d 31 0d 4e 61 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 |T.#1.1.Name the | 00001030 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 62 79 20 77 68 69 63 68 |process by which| 00001040 20 67 72 65 65 6e 0d 0d 70 6c 61 6e 74 73 20 6d | green..plants m| 00001050 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 66 6f 6f 64 2e 0d |ake their food..| 00001060 31 0d 50 48 4f 54 4f 53 59 4e 54 48 45 53 49 53 |1.PHOTOSYNTHESIS| 00001070 0d 23 32 0d 31 41 0d 28 61 29 20 57 68 61 74 20 |.#2.1A.(a) What | 00001080 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 65 65 6e 20 70 69 67 |is the green pig| 00001090 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 6c 65 61 |ment in.. lea| 000010a0 76 65 73 3f 0d 0d 28 62 29 20 41 20 67 72 65 65 |ves?..(b) A gree| 000010b0 6e 20 67 72 65 65 6e 68 6f 75 73 65 20 77 6f 75 |n greenhouse wou| 000010c0 6c 64 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 0d 0d 20 20 20 |ld actually.. | 000010d0 20 62 65 20 6e 6f 20 67 6f 6f 64 2c 20 62 65 63 | be no good, bec| 000010e0 61 75 73 65 20 6c 65 61 76 65 73 20 63 61 6e 6e |ause leaves cann| 000010f0 6f 74 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 61 62 73 6f 72 62 20 67 |ot.. absorb g| 00001100 72 65 65 6e 20 6c 69 67 68 74 21 20 52 65 64 20 |reen light! 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What i| 00001350 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 68 69 72 64 3f 0d 31 0d 54 |s the third?.1.T| 00001360 45 4d 50 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 0d 23 38 0d 32 0d |EMPERATURE.#8.2.| 00001370 4f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 |Organisms which | 00001380 66 65 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 64 65 61 64 20 61 6e 64 |feed on dead and| 00001390 0d 0d 64 65 63 61 79 69 6e 67 20 6d 61 74 74 65 |..decaying matte| 000013a0 72 20 61 72 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2e 2e 2e |r are called ...| 000013b0 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 0d 53 41 50 52 4f 50 48 59 54 45 |....1.SAPROPHYTE| 000013c0 53 0d 23 39 0d 32 0d 54 6f 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 |S.#9.2.To which | 000013d0 67 72 6f 75 70 20 6f 66 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 73 20 |group of plants | 000013e0 64 6f 20 62 61 63 74 65 72 69 61 0d 0d 61 6e 64 |do bacteria..and| 000013f0 20 66 75 6e 67 69 20 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 3f 0d 31 | fungi belong?.1| 00001400 0d 53 41 50 52 4f 50 48 59 54 45 53 0d 23 31 30 |.SAPROPHYTES.#10| 00001410 0d 35 0d 28 61 29 20 41 6e 74 69 62 69 6f 74 69 |.5.(a) Antibioti| 00001420 63 73 20 61 72 65 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 |cs are produced | 00001430 62 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 0d 46 55 4e 47 |by .......1.FUNG| 00001440 49 0d 23 31 31 0d 34 0d 28 61 29 20 57 68 61 74 |I.#11.4.(a) What| 00001450 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 72 65 73 70 69 72 61 | kind of respira| 00001460 74 69 6f 6e 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 0d 0d 20 |tion does not.. | 00001470 20 20 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 6f 78 79 67 65 | require oxyge| 00001480 6e 3f 0d 0d 28 62 29 20 54 68 65 20 70 72 6f 64 |n?..(b) The prod| 00001490 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 65 74 68 61 6e 6f |uction of ethano| 000014a0 6c 20 62 79 20 79 65 61 73 74 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |l by yeast.. | 000014b0 69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e |is called ......| 000014c0 0d 32 0d 7e 0d 41 4e 41 45 52 4f 42 49 43 0d 7e |.2.~.ANAEROBIC.~| 000014d0 0d 46 45 52 4d 45 4e 54 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 23 31 |.FERMENTATION.#1| 000014e0 32 0d 34 0d 54 68 65 20 63 68 65 6d 69 63 61 6c |2.4.The chemical| 000014f0 20 66 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 20 43 86 48 81 82 4f 86 | formula C.H..O.| 00001500 20 69 73 20 66 6f 72 0d 0d 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 | is for........1| 00001510 0d 47 4c 55 43 4f 53 45 0d 23 31 33 0d 35 0d 4d |.GLUCOSE.#13.5.M| 00001520 69 63 72 6f 2d 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 20 63 |icro-organisms c| 00001530 61 6e 20 62 65 20 67 72 6f 77 6e 20 6f 6e 20 2e |an be grown on .| 00001540 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 0d 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 0d 4e 55 |............1.NU| 00001550 54 52 49 45 4e 54 20 41 47 41 52 0d 23 31 34 0d |TRIENT AGAR.#14.| 00001560 35 0d 57 68 6f 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64 |5.Who discovered| 00001570 20 70 65 6e 69 63 69 6c 6c 69 6e 3f 0d 31 0d 46 | penicillin?.1.F| 00001580 4c 45 4d 49 4e 47 0d 41 4c 45 58 41 4e 44 45 52 |LEMING.ALEXANDER| 00001590 20 46 4c 45 4d 49 4e 47 0d 23 31 35 0d 36 0d 4e | FLEMING.#15.6.N| 000015a0 61 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 64 2d 6c 69 6b 65 |ame the rod-like| 000015b0 20 62 61 63 74 65 72 69 61 2e 0d 31 0d 42 41 43 | bacteria..1.BAC| 000015c0 49 4c 4c 49 0d 23 31 36 0d 37 0d 57 68 61 74 20 |ILLI.#16.7.What | 000015d0 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 67 69 76 65 |is the name give| 000015e0 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 6d |n to an organism| 000015f0 0d 0d 6c 69 76 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 66 20 61 6e 6f |..living off ano| 00001600 74 68 65 72 3f 0d 31 0d 50 41 52 41 53 49 54 45 |ther?.1.PARASITE| 00001610 0d 23 31 37 0d 39 0d 4d 61 6c 61 72 69 61 20 69 |.#17.9.Malaria i| 00001620 73 20 63 61 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 2e 2e |s caused by a ..| 00001630 2e 2e 2e 2e 0d 31 0d 50 52 4f 54 4f 5a 4f 41 4e |.....1.PROTOZOAN| 00001640 0d 65 0d 0d |.e..| 00001644
Biology/bio2.m0
Biology/bio2.m1
Biology/bio2.m2
Biology/bio2.m4
Biology/bio2.m5
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